Template:Expert opinions in the Gaza genocide debate

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Link Name Date Profession Source Example statement (English or autotranslated and verified) Simplified stance on whether or not a genocide Included in Gaza genocide article Notes
[6] 800 scholars 15 October 2023 Various scholars, most of whom in relevant fields. TWAILR (Third World Approaches to International Law Review) "We are compelled to sound the alarm about the possibility of the crime of genocide being perpetrated by Israeli forces against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip."
"The Palestinian population of Gaza appears to be presently subjected by the Israeli forces and authorities to widespread killing, bodily and mental harm, and unviable conditions of life – against a backdrop of Israeli statements which evidence signs of intent to physically destroy the population."
"Evidence of incitement to genocide has also been present in Israeli public discourse."
"We call on all relevant UN bodies, including the Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect, as well as the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court to immediately intervene, to carry out the necessary investigations and invoke the necessary warning procedures to protect the Palestinian population from genocide." 		Likely Yes Signatories include Mohamed Adhikari and Taner Akçam
[7] California Indian Studies & Scholars Association 18 October 2023 Indian studies scholarly organization California Indian Studies & Scholars Association "CISSA condemns, in the strongest possible terms, the genocidal actions and policies of Israel towards the Indigenous Palestinian people." Yes No
[8] UN Special Rapporteurs: Pedro Arrojo-Agudo; Reem Alsalem; Francesca Albanese; Paula Gaviria Betancur; Michael Fakhri; Tlaleng Mofokeng; Balakrishnan Rajagopal [de]; Farida Shaheed 19 October 2023 Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation;

Special Rapporteur on Violence against women and girls; Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian Territory; Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons; Special Rapporteur on the right to food; Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health; Special Rapporteur on the right to adequate housing; Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights "'We are sounding the alarm: There is an ongoing campaign by Israel resulting in crimes against humanity in Gaza. Considering statements made by Israeli political leaders and their allies, accompanied by military action in Gaza and escalation of arrests and killing in the West Bank, there is also a risk of genocide against the Palestinian People,' the experts said." Maybe Yes Albanese, Alsalem, and Mofokeng later changed their public opinions to yes in March 2024, February 2025, and January 2025 respectively, see below
[9] Center for Constitutional Rights 19 October 2023 legal advocacy organization The Intercept "Katherine Gallagher, senior attorney with CCR and a legal representative for victims in the pending ICC investigation in Palestine, told The Intercept. 'U.S. officials can be held responsible for their failure to prevent Israel's unfolding genocide, as well as for their complicity, by encouraging it and materially supporting it.'" Yes Yes There is then also the CCR's full 44-page briefing declaring it genocide and naming the US as a complicit party (not in article).
[10] 100 civil rights organisations and 6 scholars 20 October 2023 Scholars:

Professor of Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Historian, specialising in Jewish History, Anatomical Pathology Technologist (part of Forensic Team at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia), Professor of Human Rights and Environmental Justice, Historian and Sociologist, Anthropologist specialising in Human Rights and Genocide

Al Mezan Center for Human Rights "clear intent to commit war crimes, crimes against humanity and incitement to commit genocide, using dehumanizing language to describe Palestinians." Incitement to genocide No
[11] Tariq Dana 29 October 2023 Professor of Conflict and Humanitarian Studies The New Arab "As the Israeli genocide in Gaza unfolds and global public awareness is becoming increasingly acute, it is becoming clearer that the myths surrounding the colonial conflict in Palestine serve not as guides to understanding, but as barriers. These myths, perpetuated by pro-Israel propagandists, Western powers, and Arab regimes have had dire consequences – ones measured in lost lives, crushed hopes, and a perpetually destabilised region."
"Israel's ongoing genocide in Gaza serves as a tacit admission of Israel's fragility". 		Yes No
[12] Manfred Kittel [de] 31 October 2023 History Professor Berliner Zeitung "No, Israel's military response is not genocide – regardless of whether one uses narrower or broader definitions of the term." No No
[13] 154 Holocaust scholars 1 November 2023 Holocaust scholars Open letter at a conference in Prague "Today, more than ever, we need to reaffirm, without any caveats, the right of Jews to live in Israel and to defend themselves against those who deny Israel and Jews the right to exist. We deplore the humanitarian catastrophe of the Palestinian people in Gaza and note that it derives directly from the use of civilians as human shields by the Hamas. We, the scholars of the Holocaust assembled in Prague at the Lessons & Legacies conference, as well as other Holocaust scholars and persons devoted to Holocaust memory, unequivocally condemn the politics of terror pursued by Hamas and denounce the forces of global antisemitism." No No McDoom talks about the statement in this journal article
[14] Günther Jikeli [de] 1 November 2023 Historian Research report[clarification needed] "It is worth noting that according to the United Nations definition of genocide, the Hamas massacre is genocide, while the Gaza war is not." No No
[15] Eitay Mack 1 November 2023 Human rights lawyer Haaretz "The contention that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza in retribution for Hamas' October 7 massacres is a false claim not founded in international law." No No
[16] Michael Berenbaum; Polly Zavadivker 4 November 2023 Historians and Holocaust scholars The Jerusalem Post "Israel has no greater ambition than to coexist with the Palestinians as peaceful neighbors; [The genocide claims] 'threaten future attempts to identify, prevent, and prosecute that crime. It is equally damaging to the legitimacy of Holocaust and Genocide Studies as a field when such false claims are presented in the guise of scholarly expertise.'" No Yes
[17] incl. Penny Green, Kristian Lasslett, Jude McCulloch, Bill Rolston, and Jeremy Keenan 9 November 2023 Professor of Law and Globalisation,

Professor of Criminology, Professor of Criminology, Senior lecturer in Sociology, Professor of Social Anthropology, 43 other scholars

International State Crime Initiative "the Israeli state is employing its extensive and advanced military capacity to inflict violence on Palestinian peoples on such a scale that it is accurate to frame it as the annihilation phase of genocide."
"Israel's announcement of a state of 'total siege' of Gaza, cutting off water, food, electricity and medical supplies, amounted to a clear statement of intent to commit genocide against the Palestinian people by 'deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part' (Genocide Convention 1948, Article 2)." 		Yes Yes
[18] Daniel Blatman 11 November 2023 Holocaust historian Haaretz "The mere fact that Israel and the Palestinians have been waging a bloody war between them for four generations, and they are both committing war crimes and hair-raising acts of violence, still does not mean that a genocide began in Gaza in October 2023." Maybe No Later joined Goldberg in saying it is a case of genocide.
[19] Ihsan Adel; Katherine Gallagher 12 November 2023 International lawyer and PhD researcher; Staff attorney at the CCR Al Jazeera English "What is happening in Gaza fits the definition of genocide."
"To understand what is transpiring in Gaza, we must turn to the key legal frameworks that define genocide: Article 6 of the Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court and Article 2 of the Genocide Convention. […] Gaza's devastating reality mirrors these components of genocide. Despite claiming to target only Hamas, Israel is engaged in an all-out assault on the whole population of Gaza." 		Yes No
[20] Bruno Karsenti [fr]; 'אק ארנפרוינד [he]; Luc Boltanski; Danny Trom [fr] 12 November 2023 Political scientist; historian; sociologist; sociologist AOC|italic=y [By denying their historical connection with Palestine and by attributing a genocidal intention to those who built a state to protect themselves from any genocidal recurrence, Didier Fassin reactivates a classic anti-Semitic gesture that always proceeds by inversion: accusing the Jews of being guilty of what one is preparing to do or fantasizes about doing to them.]
[And yet, one must choose sides on the question of whether or not one recognizes the right of the State of Israel to exist. If one recognizes it, then the massacre of civilians, intentionally targeted on its sovereign territory, gives it the right not only to defend itself, but to take the necessary measures to ensure that this can never happen again, and therefore to eliminate Hamas, whose program this is.] 		No Yes
Jürgen Habermas, Klaus Günther, Rainer Forst & Nicole Deitelhoff Jürgen Habermas; Klaus Günther (Jurist) [de]; Rainer Forst; Nicole Deitelhoff [de] 13 November 2023 Philosopher and Social Theorist; Professor of Law; Philosopher; Political Scientist Site of "Normative Orders" Research Center at Goethe University Frankfurt [The Hamas massacre with the declared intention of eliminating Jewish life in general has prompted Israel to strike back. How this retaliation, which is justified in principle, is carried out is the subject of controversial debate; principles of proportionality, the prevention of civilian casualties and the waging of a war with the prospect of future peace must be the guiding principles. Despite all the concern for the fate of the Palestinian population, however, the standards of judgement slip completely when genocidal intentions are attributed to Israel's actions.] No No
[21] Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor 13 November 2023 Human rights NGO Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor "Euro-Med Monitor renewed its calls on all countries across the world to take decisive action to end the Israeli genocide against the people of the Gaza Strip, citing their legal obligations to stop this horrifying crime against humanity." Yes No
[22] Ernesto Verdeja 13 November 2023 Professor of peace studies and global politics (with a focus on genocide) Time "Verdeja says Israel's actions in Gaza are moving toward a 'genocidal campaign'. While he notes that it is clear Israeli forces intend to destroy Hamas, 'the response when you have a security crisis ... can be one of ceasefire, negotiation, or it can be genocide.'" Maybe Yes
[23] Victoria Sanford 13 November 2023 Anthropologist specialising in Human Rights and Genocide Time "City University of New York professor Victoria Sanford compares what's happening in Gaza to the killing or disappearance of more than 200,000 Mayans in Guatemala from 1960 to 1996, known as the Guatemalan genocide" Yes Yes
[24] David Simon 13 November 2023 Global Affairs professor, Director of the genocide studies Time "Israel has only explicitly said they want to exterminate Hamas, and has not directly stated intent to 'destroy a religious, ethnic or racial group'. Simon says it's possible a court could conclude that either Hamas or some elements of the Israel Defense Force (IDF) could be found guilty of committing an act of genocide, but 'it's certainly not textbook in that connecting the intent to destroy ethnic group as such is difficult.'" Maybe Yes
[25] Ben Kiernan 13 November 2023 Historian, Professor of International and Area Studies Time "Israel's retaliatory bombing of Gaza, however indiscriminate, and its current ground attacks, despite the numerous civilian casualties they are causing among Gaza's Palestinian population, do not meet the very high threshold that is required to meet the legal definition of genocide." No Yes
[26] Rabea Eghbariah 21 November 2023 Human rights lawyer and academic The Nation "Some may claim that the invocation of genocide, especially in Gaza, is fraught. But does one have to wait for a genocide to be successfully completed to name it? This logic contributes to the politics of denial. When it comes to Gaza, there is a sense of moral hypocrisy that undergirds Western epistemological approaches, one which mutes the ability to name the violence inflicted upon Palestinians."
"If the international community takes its crimes seriously, then the discussion about the unfolding genocide in Gaza is not a matter of mere semantics."
"Numerous statements made by top Israeli politicians affirm their intentions. There is a forming consensus among leading scholars in the field of genocide studies that 'these statements could easily be construed as indicating a genocidal intent,' as Omer Bartov, an authority in the field, writes." 		Yes No
[27] David Crane 21 November 2023 International law scholar NPR "It's not an easy case because you have to have that smoking gun. So, you know, I respectfully disagree with his [Mokhiber's] approach on this. If you look at both parties in this tragedy that is unfolding, the prime minister of Israel has to specifically state that, I intend to destroy, in whole or in part, the Palestinian people. And I would suggest, respectfully, that that has not been said. Now, they have a long-term problem politically, practically and legally related to their treatment of the Palestinians. But I would beg to differ. I don't think one would categorize that as genocide." No Yes
[28] Joanna Michlic 26 November 2023 Genocide scholar Belfast Newsletter "The left that expresses these ideas have no intellectual knowledge of international laws making clear distinctions between different ways of killings"
"Israel's war against Hamas in Gaza that entails urban house-to-house fighting that regrettably creates many civilian casualties, as in other wars of this type". 		No No
[29] Elisabeth Hope Murray 26 November 2023 President of the International Network of Genocide Scholars News Letter "When asked if the Gaza events are 'genocide', [Murray] quoted approvingly from a piece by one of the network's members – Professor Martin Shaw [...]" Yes No
[30] Vincent Duclert 28 November 2023 Genocide historian Libération "Une situation humanitaire même effrayante ne suffit pas à définir un génocide" ["Even a frightening humanitarian situation is not enough to define genocide."] No No
[31] Verena Buser 28 November 2023 Historian The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles "This is not genocide." No No
[32] Tuvia Friling; Jockusch; Steier-Livny; Patt; Dina Porat 28 November 2023 Historians and Holocaust scholars Haaretz "Charging Israel With Genocide in Gaza Is Inflammatory and Dangerous. Historians must be guided by the facts, not political agendas. But when Omer Bartov in The New York Times charged Israel with 'verging' into genocide and ethnic cleansing, he grounded his argument in assertions, not evidence." No Yes
[33] Luis Moreno Ocampo 1 December 2023 Former chief prosecutor of the ICC Al Jazeera English "The siege of Gaza itself, that is extermination or persecution as a crime against humanity, and it's a form of genocide... Inflicting conditions to destroy the group, that itself is a genocide. So creating a siege itself is a genocide, and that is very clear, that Israel want the siege is very clear. And the intentions to destroy the people, many officers from the Israel government are expressing genocidal intentions. That's why it's easy to say — under reasonable basis to believe — Israel is committing a genocide in Gaza." Yes Yes
[34] Ryoichi Kuno 1 December 2023 Professor of global studies, specialising in Latin America, has written/contributed multiple books on Jewish history and culture Trans-Cultural Studies "1923 年の関東大震災・朝鮮人虐殺から 100 年が経過した。私が関わっているジェノサイド・奴隷制研究会は数年前から 2023 年を照準に定めて準備を進め、2023 年 6 月に調布の「せんがわ劇場」で「死者たちの夏 2023」と題し 3 日間、音楽会と朗読会を催した。プロの音楽家と俳優によって、音楽会ではイディッシュソングから朝鮮歌謡、南米の抵抗歌が演奏され、朗読会ではホロコースト、朝鮮人虐殺、カリブ・南米・アフリカの虐殺に関するテキストが朗読された。しかし2023 年 10 月 7 日以降、イスラエルによってガザ地区で大量殺戮が公然と行われ、改めてジェノサイドが過去の出来事ではないことを思い知らされた。" ["It's been 100 years since the Great Kanto Earthquake and the massacre of Koreans in 1923. The Genocide and Slavery Research Group, which I'm involved with, has been preparing for 2023 for several years. In June 2023, we held a three-day concert and reading event titled "Summer of the Dead 2023" at the Sengawa Theater in Chofu. Professional musicians and actors performed Yiddish songs, Korean folk songs, and South American resistance songs at the concert, while the reading featured texts on the Holocaust, the massacre of Koreans, and massacres in the Caribbean, South America, and Africa. However, since October 7, 2023, Israel has openly committed mass murder in the Gaza Strip, reminding us once again that genocide is no longer a thing of the past."] Yes No
[35] Anisha Patel 2 December 2023 Legal researcher, reader in International law (holds LLM) Canadian Broadcasting Corporation "'The intent that we have observed is extensive and it comes from all quarters of the Israeli state,' said Anisha Patel, a legal researcher with the group Law for Palestine — which provides legal analysis on international law as it relates to Palestinians." Yes Yes
[36] Raz Segal et al. 9 December 2023 60 scholars in Holocaust and Genocide Studies Contending Modernities "We, scholars of the Holocaust, genocide, and mass violence, feel compelled to warn of the danger of genocide in Israel's attack on Gaza."
"Moreover, dozens of statements of Israeli leaders, ministers in the war cabinet, and senior army officers since 7 October—that is, people with command authority—suggest an 'intent to destroy' Palestinians 'as such,' in the language of the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide." 		Maybe Yes
[37] Yazid Ben Hounet 13 December 2023 Social anthropologist Lundi.am "Beaucoup de chercheurs en France et en Europe se refusent à parler de génocide et évoquent, au mieux, le terme de nettoyage ethnique. Faut-il leur rappeler que de nombreux génocides ont été perpétrés dans la continuation du nettoyage ethnique et lorsque celui-ci a été rendu impossible ? Combien de cases faudra-il cocher avant que les puissances occidentales se décident à réagir fermement et que les intellectuels se saisissent vraiment de ce sujet ?" ["Many researchers in France and Europe refuse to talk about genocide and, at best, use the term ethnic cleansing. Should we remind them that many genocides have been perpetrated in the continuation of ethnic cleansing and when it has been made impossible? How many boxes will have to be ticked before Western powers decide to react firmly and intellectuals really take up this subject?"] Yes No
[38] A. Dirk Moses 19 December 2023 Genocide scholar Democracy for the Arab World Now "Today, international law on genocide is working as it was designed to: allowing states to ruthlessly exterminate security threats while making it difficult to apply that law. By the reasoning of international lawyers supporting Israel's war in Gaza today, there are no limits to the number of Palestinian civilians who can be killed incidentally in the pursuit of Israeli military objectives."
"The grotesque nature of the law of genocide, however, is that victim numbers are irrelevant. All that counts is intent. If the intention is military rather than genocidal, many will argue not only that legitimate self-defense rather than genocide is taking place, but also that it is legal and even moral." 		Yes No See also his November article in the Boston Review
[39] Kai Ambos 22 December 2023 Professor of criminal law and head of the Department of Foreign and International Criminal Law Hard to group into a clear category "Bartov chooses his words carefully. He warns of possibly impending genocide without claiming it is happening already. Some statements of certain Israeli policymakers are indeed worrisome. Yet, while they may be relevant for proving the necessary specific intent, they cannot automatically be attributed to the persons who are taking the military decisions." No Yes Ambos updated his opinion to "likely" in June 2025
[40] Philip Spencer 22 December 2023 Genocide scholar K. online journal "As far as I am concerned, the charge of genocide against Israel is particularly shocking. It betrays a wilful refusal to recognise that Hamas has openly stated its genocidal aims, and has perpetrated acts which fall quite clearly within the definition of genocidal acts according to the Convention." No No
[41] Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention 29 December 2023 Antigenocide NGO Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention "The genocide being perpetrated by the State of Israel is embedded in a complex historical, political, and strategic context that seems to have fostered and, ultimately, devolved into a pervasive genocidal dynamic on both sides of the conflict – Israel, on the one hand, and the Islamist militant organization known as Hamas, on the other – as well as among segments of their respective populations, especially, as will be explained below, in the case of Israel."
"The Lemkin Institute believes that Israel's retaliation against Palestinians amounts not only to war crimes and crimes against humanity, but also to genocide, as also asserted by, among others, the former Director of the New York Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Craig Mokhiber." 		Yes Yes
[42] Norman Swazo 1 January 2024 Professor of philosophy North South Journal of Peace and Global Studies "Undoubtedly, the State of Israel is an Occupying Power and subject to the law of the Geneva Conventions in the manner of its treatment of the Palestinian people. In relation to international positive law (the Geneva Conventions, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, etc.) and the morality central to the jus gentium, the State of Israel is by no means to be excepted in the way it decides to conduct itself vis-à-vis the Palestinian people in the Occupied Territories, including Gaza. The Palestinians throughout the Occupied Territories are entitled as a matter of jus gentium to the full protection the international community of nations can muster on those grounds. Thus, Louis Rene Beres (1989, 29) is entirely correct to remind that, the Genocide Convention, along with other 'human rights "regime"' treaties and declarations, 'represents the end of the idea of absolute sovereignty concerning non-intervention when human rights are in grievous jeopardy.' And, this certainly applies in the case of Israel's war being waged against the Palestinian people in Gaza (with spillover effects in the West Bank and East Jerusalem as the IDF supports settler Israelis in their hostile acts of dispossession and displacement of the Palestinians in those quarters)." Yes No
[43] Marcos Arana Cedeño 1 January 2024 Medical doctor, Researcher Social Medicine "There is no single statistic that better illustrates the genocide than the deaths of mothers and their newborns... maternal, and perinatal mortality are subject to an exponential increase that will not only cancel out the improvements of the past decades but also undoubtedly position Gaza as the most dangerous place in the world to give birth. " Yes No
[44] International Coalition to Stop Genocide in Palestine 3 January 2024 100 international organisations Common Dreams "urging governments across the globe to formally support South Africa's International Court of Justice case against Israel, accusing the government of genocidal violence in Gaza.", Yes Yes
[45] Michael Sfard 3 January 2024 Human rights lawyer The Guardian "Sfard said he was stunned by the speed with which incitement to genocide and other extreme speech had been normalised in Israel."
"The gap between that and the freedom and impunity for those who advocate all kinds of things – ethnic cleansing, killing civilians, bombarding civilian areas, and even genocide – doesn't square up, and that's something for the authorities to explain." 		Incitement to genocide Yes
[46] John Mearsheimer 4 January 2024 Political scientist and international relations scholar Self-published (Substack) "For the record, I believed Israel was guilty of serious war crimes--but not genocide—during the first two months of the war, even though there was growing evidence of what Bartov has called 'genocidal intent' on the part of Israeli leaders. But it became clear to me after the 24-30 November 2023 truce ended and Israel went back on the offensive, that Israeli leaders were in fact seeking to physically destroy a substantial portion of Gaza’s Palestinian population." Yes No
[47] Alix Faddoul, Geordan Shannon, Khudejha Asghar, Yamina Boukari, James Smith, Amy Neilson 6 January 2024 public health and humanitarian professionals The Lancet "Before October's escalation of violence, the effect of the Israeli siege of Gaza had already been described as a 'slow-motion genocide'."
"We situate this violence in relation to the definition of genocide as described in Article 2 of the Genocide Convention, focusing on physical elements including killing, causing serious bodily or mental harm, creating life-threatening conditions, preventing births, and forcibly transferring children."
"As public health and humanitarian professionals, we the authors state emphatically that the grave risk of genocide against the Palestinian people warrants immediate—and now overdue—action." 		Yes Yes
[48] Eitay Mack 6 January 2024 Human rights lawyer Middle East Eye "In view of the attorney general's failure to enforce the law or any accountability in the Huwwara case, it is no surprise that Israeli officials and politicians took advantage of the climate, following the Hamas attack, in order to incite deadly harm against the entire civilian population in Gaza."
"Given that senior members of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's government and those in the parliament have explicitly supported violence, terrorism and genocide against the Palestinians, any criminal proceedings initiated against them would be seen across the political spectrum in Israel as an attempt to overthrow a democratically elected government." 		Incitement to genocide No
[49] Menachem Z. Rosensaft 9 January 2024 Professor of law, expert on genocide law The Times of Israel "The word genocide is used willy-nilly by people all over the world, but genocide, as it has evolved since 1948 when the genocide convention was first adopted by the UN General Assembly, is a legal concept. And whatever else Israel is doing, and has done, it is not intending to destroy the Palestinian people; either on the West Bank or in Gaza"
"Even Netanyahu, with whom I fundamentally disagree on most issues, is not planning to evict the Palestinians from Gaza. So the term genocide does not work."
"October 7 was a deliberate action by a genocidal organization that targeted Israeli — meaning Jewish — civilians: women, men, children, and the elderly." 		No No
[50] 1,347 francophone academics 9 January 2024 (most relevant not all) L'Humanité "Nous nous opposons aux graves violations par Israël des droits humains et de la liberté académique des Palestiniens, à la guerre génocidaire en cours à Gaza ainsi qu'aux arrestations et détentions arbitraires en particulier celles subies par les étudiants et le personnel palestinien dans les universités de Cisjordanie." ["We oppose Israel's grave violations of Palestinian human rights and academic freedom, the ongoing genocidal war in Gaza, and arbitrary arrests and detentions, particularly those suffered by Palestinian students and staff in West Bank universities."] Yes No
[51] Joel Richard Paul 10 January 2024 Professor of law San Francisco Chronicle "I see no evidence that Israel is trying to destroy all or a substantial part of the Palestinians." No No
[52] Francis Boyle 10 January 2024 Professor of international law ITV "Professor Francis Boyle, who won the first case ever under the genocide convention at the ICJ for the republic of Bosnia Herzegovina against Yugoslavia, said he is confident South Africa will win an order against Israel to cease and desist from committing all acts of genocide against the Palestinians. He told ITV News: 'When I submitted my case, I had to work on it on my own. South Africa has an impressive team of experts who have managed to put together the most comprehensive and impeccable application.'" Yes No News article is in the article, but Boyle is not mentioned.
[53] Olivia Flasch 10 January 2024 Legal Consultant in Public International Law, with a focus on armed conflict EJIL:Talk! – Blog of the European Journal of International Law "Despite having been firmly established in international law for three quarters of a century, the definition and requisite elements of the international crime of genocide appear to have been misunderstood or, in some cases, deliberately misapplied, seemingly by both scholars and laypersons."
"Labelling Israel's military operation against Hamas as an act of genocide may threaten to undo 75 years of work to prevent and punish the commission of genocide, by diluting and diminishing the effect of the Genocide Convention." 		No No
[54] Lisa Wiese 11 January 2024 "research assistant and doctoral candidate at the Chair of European Law, Public International Law and Public Law" Stern "but is usually very difficult to prove"
"The destruction of the group must be the sole aim of the perpetrator"
"under international law, there is a right to self-defence" 		— No
[55] Larissa van den Herik 11 January 2024 Professor of international public law Leiden University website "That is a claim that is very difficult to prove, because you have to prove that Israel is acting with the specific purpose of exterminating the Palestinians." — No
[56] Kenneth Roth 11 January 2024 Lawyer and human rights activist PBS News Hour "I think there's not much question that the level of killing, the level of deprivation is sufficient to meet that predicate part of the crime of genocide."
"This is all genocidal intent. [South Africa] also kind of worked backwards from the acts on the ground to say that, because Israel is bombing so indiscriminately, because it's using these massive 2,000-pound bombs in heavily populated areas, that this also shows an indifference to Palestinian civilian life, which itself is indicative of genocidal intent." 		Yes No
[57] Christian Walter (Jurist) [de] 11 January 2024 Professor of international law Verfassungsblog[a] "Although the high number of civilian deaths and the enormous material damage are horrific, they do not necessarily prove an intent to commit genocide. For example, the repeated calls for the civilian population to leave certain parts of the area or the observance of the obligation to warn and set a deadline before withdrawing protection from a civilian hospital because it is being used outside its humanitarian purpose to commit acts harmful to the enemy speak against such an intent." No Yes
[58] Kristin Platt [de] 12 January 2024 Social sciences professor with a focus on genocide research Deutschlandfunk Kultur (Audio episode) "Genocide really doesn't fit here/does not fit at all" (from title) No No
[59] Marcello Flores [it] 12 January 2024 Historian, genocide scholar Gariwo Mag "I believe that the reaction that the Israeli army had in Gaza - undoubtedly disproportionate in terms of international law - cannot be considered as genocide, but it can certainly be considered as a war crime or as a crime against humanity" No No 2024: No (in Italian) [60]
[61] Al-Haq, Al Mezan Center for Human Rights, Palestinian Centre for Human Rights 14 January 2024 Palestinian human rights organizations Palestinian Centre for Human Rights "Al Mezan, Al-Haq, and PCHR reiterate that the Palestinian people in Gaza are facing an ongoing genocide. Israel’s actions in Gaza—encompassing killings, causing severe bodily or mental harm, deliberately imposing conditions of life aimed at physical destruction, and imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group—constitute genocidal acts under the 1948 Genocide Convention. These acts are committed with the intent to destroy, either wholly or in part, the Palestinian population in Gaza. This intent is substantiated by statements from official Israeli sources and individuals expressing the clear intention to carry out such destruction." Yes No 2023: Likely [62]; 2024: Yes [63]
[64] Max Boot 15 January 2024 Military historian The Washington Post "But while it's easy to second-guess the actions of Israeli forces, there is no evidence that they have engaged in a deliberate campaign to 'destroy, in whole or in part,' the Palestinian people — which is what 'genocide' means in international law. Awful as the civilian deaths in Gaza have been, they still constitute less than 1 percent of the territory's population. If Israel, with all the firepower at its disposal, had been trying to commit mass murder, the death toll would have been higher by orders of magnitude."
"That's why the charge of genocide has been rejected not only by the United States but also by Canada, Britain and Germany, among others." 		No No
[65] Abdelwahab El-Affendi 18 January 2024 Professor of Politics, Dean of Social Sciences Journal of Genocide Research "If the (televised) Syrian genocide was the first internationally tolerated series of atrocities, then the recent genocidal violence in Gaza is the first with active input from the 'international community.'"
"One maxim it should state is: if a series of actions approach genocide sufficiently to occasion a debate on whether they are genocide or not, then they are evil enough to be denounced without ifs or buts." 		Yes Yes Additional source: [66]
[67] Joshua Muravchik 18 January 2024 Political scientist The Wall Street Journal "Hamas, not Israel, is guilty of genocide." No No
[68] Zena Agha;
James Esson;
Mark Griffiths;
Mikko Joronen 		20 January 2024 Doctoral candidate in Human Geography;
Professor of Geography;
Political geographer specialising in military ecologies;
Associate Professor of Regional Studies 		Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers "This would make impossible the idea that the 7 October Hamas attacksarrived without context and would counter the indifferent or silencing responses that facilitate a genocide in Gaza." Yes No
[69] Mark Levene 21 January 2024 Professor of Jewish history and genocide Journal of Genocide Research "All that said, if the utterance of genocide too obviously sticks in the craw for those like Illouz, who might read an inherent dissonance in the implication of a post-Holocaust state committing the act – arguably the ultimate Jewish taboo – there might be other routes by which we could overcome a semantic disagreement."
"The reality of the situation, whatever nomenclature genocide scholars may consider most appropriate – genocide, genocidal warfare, permanent security, urbicide, social death –the Israeli state this time has dissolved any remaining vestige (if ever there was one) of moral unassailability and given other (liberal or illiberal) states who might have their own unfinished reckonings with communal adversaries the respectability of open season to do their worst." 		Yes Yes
[70] 1,600 academics 23 January 2024 Various, some relevant La Jornada "Luego de rechazar cualquier discurso de odio o discriminación, llamaron a los universitarios de todo el país a apoyar diversas acciones, entre ellas sumarse al exhorto que lanzaron mas de mil 600 académicos de todo el continente a los gobiernos progresistas de América Latina para que actúen de forma conjunta contra el 'genocidio' y presionen por un alto al fuego inmediato." ["After rejecting any hate speech or discrimination, they called on university students throughout the country to support various actions, including joining the exhortation launched by more than 1,600 academics from all over the continent to the progressive governments of Latin America to act together against the 'genocide' and press for an immediate ceasefire."] Yes No
[71] Alan Dershowitz 24 January 2024 Professor of law Ynetnews "Israel did not commit genocide, the number of civilians who were killed is proportional to the number of combatants, it is lower than any war in modern history. Israel is trying its best to preserve civilian life, whereas Hamas is doing its best to take civilian lives." No No
[72] Victor Kattan;
Gerhard Kemp 		24 January 2024 Professor of Public International Law;
Professor of Criminal Law, Extraordinary Professor of Public Law 		EJIL: Talk! "in light of the sheer scale of the killing of children specifically, we submit that it is not unreasonable to at least consider the possibility of special intent as inferred from the objective circumstances (targeting of civilian objects where children and women would typically or likely be present) in light of the history of targeting children in Palestine by Israeli forces" Maybe No
[73] Arnesa Buljusmic-Kastura 24 January 2024 Genocide researcher The New Arab "The aim of genocide is to destroy, certainly, but also to is erase the very fabric of the group's existence, their history, their culture, and in many ways, their very soul. We see these criteria in Israel's war on Gaza — a systematic attempt to destroy the Palestinian population." Yes No 2023: Yes [74]
[75] Eugene Kontorovich 25 January 2024 Lawyer, specialising in international law Israel Hayom "The good news was the International Court of Justice did not effectively order us to wait to be tortured and murdered, by demanding a halt to the Gaza War. That is certainly good – but only in the twisted world where the ICJ is putting Israel, not Hamas, on trial for the absolutely absurd charge of genocide." No Yes
[76] Raji Sourani 25 January 2024 Human rights lawyer, director of Palestinian Center for Human Rights El País "this is a genocide. And if people went to Gaza, they would see for themselves that it goes even beyond that, because of the way people are killed, the way everything is being destroyed, how people are being pushed to the limit. Gazans die many times a day in different ways. No one in Gaza knows if they'll still be alive in an hour." Yes No
[77] Uğur Ümit Üngör 26 January 2024 Professor of genocide studies Journal of Genocide Research "The dynamic of violence since 7 October then is not a qualitative transmutation, but a corollary of the path-dependent history of the conflict: asymmetrical power relations, and annihilatory attitudes towards civilians."
"It is also evident to most observers that the Israeli reaction is unmistakably counter-genocidal in terms of the quantity, quality, and dynamic of mass violence. Even if we disregard the quantitative dimension of the ongoing death toll, an analysis of the qualitative elements of the violence indicates a complex process of destruction." 		Yes Yes
[78] Ghassan Hage 1 February 2024 Professor of anthropology PERIPHERIE – Politik • Ökonomie • Kultur "Die Kolonisierenden setzen die fortgeschrittensten Tötungstechniken gegen eine weit unterlegene Militär-macht ein und gehen zu einem genozidalen Massaker mit dem Ziel über, den Eingeborenen eine Lektion zu erteilen, "die sie nie vergessen werden"" ["The colonizers use the most advanced killing techniques against a vastly inferior military power and resort to a genocidal massacre with the aim of teaching the natives a lesson "they will never forget.""] Yes No
[79] Ron Forthofer 1 February 2024 Retired Professor of Biostatistics Washington Report on Middle East Affairs "On Nov. 13 the Center for Constitutional Rights filed suit in U.S. federal court against the president, secretary of state and secretary of defense on behalf of two Palestinian organizations and eight Palestinians, some in the U.S. and some in Palestine, to challenge the U.S. government's aiding and abetting of genocide and demand that it work to prevent genocide and comply with its legal obligations under international law." Yes No
[80] Israel Charny 2 February 2024 Genocide scholar Genocide Watch "Israel is fighting back legitimately in Self-Defense in Response and in Self-Defense against Future Genocidal Attacks that Employ Citizens as Human Shields. The Geneva Conventions specifically outlaw use of human shields and justify fighting back in response. Self-Defense does not include genocidal intent." No No
[81] Tal Bruttman 3 February 2024 Holocaust historian K. La Revue "Indeed, for 40 years now, Israel has been regularly accused of committing genocide by its ideological opponents. But apart from thunderous declarations, no evidence of genocide has ever been produced. Today, of course, it's being brought up again, mostly by people who have no particular expertise in the field." No Yes
[82] Tom Mockaitis 4 February 2024 Historian The Hill "The IDF campaign has left much of Gaza in ruins, displacing people and creating a massive refugee and humanitarian crisis. However, the use of excessive force stems from an aversion to [Israeli military] casualties, not genocidal intent. If the massive assault on Gaza is not genocide, it may constitute a war crime, although that will be hard to prove. No No
[83] Barry Trachtenberg 7 February 2024 Historian, specialising in Jewish History The New Yorker "Trachtenberg testified to a consensus opinion among historians of genocide that what is happening in Gaza can indeed be called a genocide, largely because the intent to cause death on a massive scale has been so clear in the statements of Israeli officials. 'We are watching the genocide unfold as we speak,' he said. 'We are in this incredibly unique position where we can intervene to stop it, using the mechanisms of international law that are available to us.'" Yes Yes
[84] Mashinka Firunts Hakopian 7 February 2024 Professor of technology and social justice Social Text "By early October, an ongoing campaign of genocidal violence had intensified in Palestine, killing thousands and laying claim to the lifeworlds of millions. Most among them were refugees several times over, who had already watched each generation before them dispossessed." Yes No
[85] William Burke-White 8 February 2024 Professor of international law University of Pennsylvania website "It should be noted that genocide is an incredibly difficult crime to prove. Genocide refers to any of a series of acts – such as the killing or the transfer of children—undertaken with 'intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group.' Historically, courts have struggled to prove the relevant intent, which is not just murder but a concerted policy to destroy a people as a whole. For South Africa to win this case, it will need to find and provide evidence that the Israeli government's intent was not merely to prevent attacks such as those of October 7 or to degrade the capability of Hamas, but rather to annihilate the Palestinian people as a whole." — No
[86] Didier Fassin 8 February 2024 Anthropologist and sociologist Journal of Genocide Research "It is a similar exercise that I want to propose here about the arguments used by those who have championed the right of Israel to defend itself at whatever cost for Palestinian civilians and have attacked those who have alerted the world to the risk of a genocide being perpetrated in Gaza"
"As the destruction of public infrastructures, including hospitals and schools, and the tally of civilian casualties, mostly children and women, increased in Gaza on a scale never seen before in Palestine, the qualification of the war crimes committed by Israel as possibly a genocide by scholars, lawyers, experts from international organizations and even governments has generated hostile reactions in Israel and among supporters of the Israeli politics of retaliation, mostly in Western countries."
"The critics of this qualification, many of them academics, maintained that a state created for a people victim of the quintessential genocide could not be suspected of committing a similar crime"
"Alerting to the prospect of a genocide being perpetrated in Gaza is stigmatized as an unconscious desire to have a genocide perpetrated against the Jews." 		Yes Yes 2023: Yes [87] 2024: Yes [88], [89]
[90] Seyyd Mohammad Mahdi Gamami 10 February 2024 Associate Professor of Public Law Quarterly Journal of "Government and Law" "All these cases together with people's lack of access to food, medicine, water, etc. indicate the occurrence of genocide according to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), on 9 December 1948." Yes No
[91] As'ad AbuKhalil 14 February 2024 Professor of Political Science Consortium News "The genocide in Gaza continues unbated after the ruling and the Israeli government — by virtue of unconditional Western support — does not show any restraint whatever in the wake of the ruling." Yes No
[92] Penny Green 16 February 2024 Professor of Law and Globalisation State Crime Journal "Just two months after this special issue was finalized Israel launched its catastrophic, genocidal assault on Gaza."
"As this timely and crucially important volume demonstrates Israel's genocide of the Palestinians is bound both to the logic of settler colonialism and to the necessity of its abolition."
"What we are witnessing now, not only in Gaza but across historic Palestine is the denouement in Israel's genocide of the indigenous Palestinians...a second Nakba and as Knesset member Arial Kallner demanded one that dwarfs the Nakba of 1948." 		Yes No
[93] Grietje Baars 19 February 2024 International Humanitarian Law; IHL expert in 2008-2009 United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict Critical Legal Thinking "I imagine most of us who have been watching the genocide unfold on our screens day after day, while one national, and then international institution after the other has so blatantly and brazenly upheld its bias in favour of Israel in ways that has shown Empire's full nudity to the world. And yet, watching the ICJ this morning in its hallowed halls I WANT TO believe that law can save Gaza. That 'legal order' can be restored against the genocidal chaos." Yes No
[94] Pnina Sharvit Baruch 22 February 2024 Senior Researcher, Institute for National Security Studies; former legal advisor to the IDF ICC Forum "Israel has clearly stated that it is in a war of defense against Hamas, not against the Palestinian people. Its actions and official statements clearly indicate that there is no basis to accuse it of attempting to commit a genocide of the Palestinian people in Gaza." No No
[95] John Cox 22 February 2024 Professor, Director of Center for Holocaust, Genocide and Human Rights Studies ICC Forum "Is a genocide unfolding right before our eyes, eight decades after the world declared 'Never Again!' following the Holocaust? Seventy-five years, almost to the precise date, after the Convention to Prevent and Punish the Crime of Genocide? Yes, it is." Yes No
[96] Richard A. Falk 25 February 2024 Professor of international law, and Chair of EuroMed-Monitor Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor "This pattern is quite extraordinary because the states supporting Israel, above all the United States, have claimed the high moral and legal ground for themselves and have long lectured the states of the Global South about the importance of the rule of law, human rights, and respect for international law. This is instead of urging compliance with international law and morality by both sides in the face of the most transparent genocide in all of human history. In the numerous pre-Gaza genocides, the existential horrors that occurred were largely known after the fact and through statistics and abstractions, occasionally vivified by the tales told by survivors. The events, although historically reconstructed, were not as immediately real as these events in Gaza with the daily reports from journalists on the scene for more than three months." Yes No Additional source: [97]
[98] Michael Fakhri 27 February 2024 Professor of law, Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food The Guardian "Michael Fakhri says denial of food is war crime and constitutes 'a situation of genocide'"
"In my view as a UN human rights expert, this is now a situation of genocide." 		Yes Yes Additionally London Review of International Law
[99] 1,346 academics 1 March 2024 (some relevant not all) Academics 4 Peace "Israel's assault on Gaza appears to include both acts and intent stated in the definition of genocide.",
"President Biden, do not let the United States go down in history as the enabler of genocide" 		Yes No
[100] Palestine Legal 1 March 2024 Legal advocacy group Their website "It is this racism and dehumanization that has made possible Israel’s killing of at least 35,000 Palestinians and counting, the displacement and starvation of nearly the whole population of over 2 million people in Gaza, and the complete devastation of its infrastructure… Now more than ever, the US government has wholeheartedly adopted Israel and its lobby’s agenda of criminalizing and smearing Palestine solidarity in an effort to give cover to and justify the genocide." Yes No
[101] Akimaro Kikkawa 1 March 2024 Professor of economics Kanazawa Seiryo University Journal "一方，今日，ユダヤ人国家であるイスラエルは，戦争を遂行している現ネタニヤフ政権がそれ自体として，パレスチナ人の大量虐殺，殲滅，すなわち民族皆殺し＝ジェノサイドと見做していい戦争行為を行っている。" ["Meanwhile, today, the Jewish state of Israel, under the current Netanyahu administration, is waging a war that can be considered genocide, the massacre and annihilation of Palestinians."] Yes No
[102] Raz Segal; Luigi Daniele 5 March 2024 Professor of Holocaust and Genocide Studies; Professor of law, specialising in armed conflict, humanitarian, and international law Journal of Genocide Research "Finkel reasonably concluded that it was 'hard to imagine a more actionable template to destroy a national group', and that the 'combination of official statements denying Ukraine and Ukrainians the right to exist, and mounting evidence of deliberate, large-scale targeting of Ukrainian civilians' left 'little room for doubt' that 'the threshold from war crimes to genocide' was crossed."
"Applying the same standard indicated by Finkel to the Israeli mainstream political and media discourse about Palestinians, the threshold from war crimes to genocide has been crossed before 7 October. In May 2023, a clear template to destroy a national group was proposed by Jeffrey Camras in an article in the Times of Israel. Camras proposed that 'in order to right a wrong, in order to make peace and move forward, Palestine must be obliterated.'"
"Nonetheless, no Holocaust scholar viewed this situation in the way Finkel saw Russia's attack on Ukraine. Most Holocaust scholars, in fact, never even mentioned the large body of evidence of Israeli international crimes in the fifty-six years of Israeli occupation."
"The very different ways in which Holocaust scholars, on the one hand, and those working in Genocide Studies, on the other, have responded to the unfolding mass violence in Israel and Palestine after 7 October point to an unprecedented crisis in Holocaust and Genocide Studies. We argue that the crisis stems from the significant evidence for genocide in Israel's attack on Gaza, which has exposed the exceptional status accorded to Israel as a foundational element in the field, that is, the idea that Israel, the state of Holocaust survivors, can never perpetrate genocide." 		Yes Yes
[103] Middle East Studies Association 11 March 2024 Scholars of Middle East Studies Al Jazeera English "accelerating scale of genocidal violence being inflicted on the Palestinian population of Gaza" Yes Yes
[104] Hanna Pfeifer; Irene Weipert-Fenner; Timothy Williams 21 March 2024 Professor and scientific staff blog of peace research institute "Whether the ICJ will classify Israeli violence as genocide cannot be answered at this point in time." Maybe No
[105] Abdullah Shihipar; Brandon Marshall; Jacqueline Gold 27 March 2024 People, Place and Health Collective at Brown University School of Public Health Mondoweiss "By almost every measure, this is one of the greatest man-made public health catastrophes of our age. It is, as many experts have now declared, a genocide." Yes No
[106] Dylan Saba 29 March 2024 Attorney at Palestine Legal n+1 "This is not just the result of growing international outrage and diplomatic opposition to the genocide. There's simply nothing left in Gaza for Israel to destroy, and nowhere left for its military to go." Yes No
[107] Tetsuya Sahara 1 April 2024 Professor of political science The Journal of Research Institute for the History of Global Arms Transfer "The scale of violence of the recent Israeli war has already exceeded the initial stages of ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and is becoming an immense ethnic cleansing comparable with the Armenian case. In light of the bellicose discriminatory discourses of the Israeli leaders, systematic destruction of civilian targets, forced starvation, and rapidly deteriorating hygiene conditions in Gaza, there are ample grounds to believe that the war on Gaza will develop into a full-fledged genocide if unchecked." Maybe No
[108] 1,101 lawyers 3 April 2024 Various legal scholars and practitioners Open letter to Rishi Sunak "These facts demonstrate a pattern of behaviour giving rise not only to specific violations of IHL and of crimes against humanity but also, when taken together with the evidence of genocidal intent in statements by senior Israeli officials cited by the ICJ in its Provisional Order, a serious risk of genocide. That risk relates in particular to the Genocide Convention Article II (a) 'killing members of the group'; (b) 'causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group'; and (c) deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or part".
"In light of the infant and maternal mortality rates and the destruction of Gaza's healthcare system described above, these facts may also give rise to violations of Article II(d), i.e. 'imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group'." 		Yes Yes Signatories include Jonathan Sumption, Brenda Hale, Nicholas Wilson and Robert Carnwarth.
[109] Yehuda Bauer 6 April 2024 Genocide scholar Kan 11 "Of course this is not a genocide. It is absolutely clear. But it doesn't mean that I justify what Israel does in Gaza. I think the killing that we cause there is what is called in academic language mass atrocities crimes. But obviously all comparisons to genocide are baseless." No No
[110] Suella Braverman 9 April 2024 Former Attorney General of the United Kingdom LBC "I very strongly rebut suggestions that Israel is in breach of international law, that there's a genocide, that there's a forced starvation." No No
[111] Sami Ashour 10 April 2024 Professor of Economics, International relations project coordinator, Organiser Docentes con Palestina Público "Este viernes, Docentes con Palestina ha convocado concentraciones a mediodía en todos los centros de enseñanza de Galicia en solidaridad con el pueblo palestino, para alertar una vez más del genocidio y para que el alumnado educado en el siglo XXI sea consciente de que está viviendo en directo uno de los peores horrores que han ocurrido en la historia de la raza humana."
["This Friday, Teachers with Palestine has called for midday rallies in all educational centres in Galicia in solidarity with the Palestinian people, to warn once again of the genocide and so that students educated in the 21st century are aware that they are living in directly one of the worst horrors that have occurred in the history of the human race."]
"'Explicar que ahora mismo está ocurriendo un genocidio y exigir su final es difícil, pero es una tarea absolutamente pedagógica', sostiene." ["'Explaining that a genocide is happening right now and demanding its end is difficult, but it is an absolutely pedagogical task,' he maintains."] 		Yes No
[112] Nithya Nagarajan 11 April 2024 Doctoral candidate in Politics Antipode "Since October 7, 2023, workers' movements around the world have driven consequential mobilizations against Israel's genocidal war on Palestine." Yes No
[113] Michael Walzer 17 April 2024 Professor/well known philosopher and political scientist Die Zeit "No. There is no genocidal intent on the Israeli side. Some members of the Israeli government want to drive the Palestinians out of Gaza and relocate them. But fortunately, they are not the decisive force in government." No No
[114] Jessica Whyte 17 April 2024 Professor of philosophy, and political theorist] (see also) Journal of Genocide Research "Israel's conduct in Gaza, and the US's active legal support for it, forces us to grapple with the seemingly unthinkable: a perfectly legal genocide, that is a genocide legitimized via a permissive interpretation of IHL."
"By turning to Gaza, I show that Israel has mobilized a deeply permissive account of IHL to justify its use of starvation as a tool of genocide."
"Notably absent from Power's statement was the stance for which she became famous: moral condemnation of a US administration that responds to genocide by rendering 'the bloodshed two sided and inevitable, not genocidal.'" 		Yes No
[115] William I. Robinson 17 April 2024 Professor of Sociology Journal of World-Systems Research "Genocidal pressures were building up against the Palestinians well before the siege of Gaza that began in the wake of the October 7, 2023 Hamas attack. In Israel it is now perfectly normal to call for genocide against the Palestinians; whereas to the contrary, it is looked upon as treason to defend Palestinian life." Yes No
[116] John Docker 19 April 2024 Literary critic, philosopher, and historian specialising in genocide Law for Palestine "The genocide of Gaza, a region with a history of remarkable artistic and intellectual creativity that spans centuries, is therefore harming humanity collectively. Meanwhile, Zionism's aggressively escalating settler colonialism is disgracing Israel's own position in history." Yes No
[117] Anisha Patel; Hassan Ben Imran 21 April 2024 Legal researcher, reader in International law (holds LLM); Reader in International law (holds LLM) Al Jazeera English "Last month, our organisation, Law for Palestine, made the first in a series of submissions to the ICC, characterising the crime of genocide committed by Israeli leaders against the Palestinian people. The 200-page document, drafted by 30 lawyers and legal researchers from across the world and reviewed by more than 15 experts, makes a compelling case for the genocidal intent as well as for the prosecutorial policy that the court has followed in other cases."
"We also refer to the database we have put together of more than 500 instances of Israeli incitement to genocide as additional proof. While the statements form a substantial part of the intent component of the crime of genocide, the submission goes beyond and highlights the various actions and official policies that additionally prove intent." 		Yes No
[118] Rona Gabor 25 April 2024 Professor of international law University of Pennsylvania website "To me, it's very unlikely that the ICJ will give Israel a total clean bill of health. I think the evidence is already pretty well established that there have been instances in which, even representatives of the Israeli government have made statements that are incitement to genocide. I think there’s also significant amount of evidence already established that the Israeli military campaign [00:17:00] creates a risk of genocide occurring." "So, the short answer, I think, to your question is that it's a bit more hypothetical, because I think the more likely result is that the ICJ will find violations, although I also think the ICJ probably will not find that Israel committed genocide." Maybe No Yes on incitement to genocide
[119] Joan Donoghue 26 April 2024 President of the ICJ during the hearing on the SA case BBC News "The court decided that the Palestinians had a plausible right to be protected from genocide and that South Africa had the right to present that claim in the court. It then looked at the facts as well. But it did not decide – and this is something where I'm correcting what's often said in the media – it didn't decide that the claim of genocide was plausible. It did emphasize in the order that there was a risk of irreparable harm to the Palestinian right to be protected from genocide. But the shorthand that often appears, which is that there's a plausible case of genocide, isn't what the court decided." Maybe Yes
[120] Takeshi Tsuchiya 30 April 2024 Professor of International Studies Takasaki City University of Economics Journal "それにもかかわらず欧米諸国の政府や大手メディアはイスラエルの閣僚や高官から発せられるパレスティナ人の非人間化や悪魔化、民族浄化やジェノサイドを示唆する発言を無視している。" ["Yet Western governments and mainstream media outlets ignore statements from Israeli ministers and officials that dehumanize and demonize Palestinians, and suggest ethnic cleansing and genocide."] Likely No
[121] Maryam Jamshidi 6 May 2024 Professor of law Journal of Genocide Research "That application was preceded by weeks of public debate and insistence by Palestinians and others – including genocide scholars – that Israel was either already committing genocide against the residents of Gaza or risked committing genocide [...] The law of genocide often tells us to disregard what our eyes leave little doubt is happening. This creates a profound disconnect between the legal definition of genocide and popular and historical experiences and understandings of the term. By situating the catastrophe in Gaza both within Israel's long history of eliminationist violence towards Palestinians and fine-tuned legal arguments, South Africa has brought the law into line with the historical reality and lived-experiences of the victims of genocide, forcing a dialectical conversation between two, often, opposing planes – the law on genocide and the reality of genocide." Yes No
[122] Devaka Gunawardena 6 May 2024 Research Fellow, Social Scientists' Association in Colombo Polity "The campus protests opposing active genocide in Gaza are relevant here not because they anticipate a 'multipolar world'. Rather, it is because they reveal the specific outlines of an alternative order within the historical centre of imperialism." Yes No
[123] Nimer Sultany 9 May 2024 Reader in Public law Journal of Genocide Research "Legal discourse needs to match the reality of horror to maintain its relevance. Although legal scholars and commentators were slow to recognize the severity and urgency of the situation, this article sought to show that there is an emerging consensus that Israel's actions in Gaza are not another instance of armed conflict but instead amount to genocide. This genocide is committed against an integral component of the Palestinian people, a protected group under the Genocide Convention. The preceding discussion shows that obstacles facing a legal determination of genocide (namely, assessing the credibility of military logic and the existence of genocidal intent) are not insurmountable. The emerging consensus described here may not be overwhelming and will have to face opposition and potential judicial disagreement. Yet an overwhelming body of evidence supports it and a consistency in the application of standards requires it." Yes Yes
[124] Nakib Muhammad Nasrullah 9 May 2024 Vice chancellor, Law professor Dhaka Law Review "Israel's constant attack on the civilian population in Gaza claiming mostly the death of children and women and its repeatedly non-acceptance of calls for ceasefire from the General Assembly and other global civil societies is a clear proof of its 'intent to destroy' the people in Gaza and their next generation... This state of mind fulfils the criterion of mens rea as represented by the word 'intent to destroy' to constitute genocide according to the Genocide Convention, 1948." Yes No
[125] Several professors, including:

Eva Aladro Vico; Victor Alonso Rocafort; Maria Angeles Diez Rodriguez; Amparo Lasén

10 May 2024 Professor of information theory;

Professor of political science; Professor of sociology, with a specialism in politics; Professor of sociology

El País "La introducción al texto presentado por los catedráticos enumera cinco peticiones dirigidas al rector de la UCM: una condena 'clara y explícita' de la destrucción deliberada de las universidades palestinas y el ataque a profesores, estudiantes y personal universitario; la petición de alto al fuego 'inmediato y permanente'; la cancelación de toda colaboración con universidades israelís 'que se relacionen con el genocidio de Gaza'; financiar programas para acoger a estudiantes y maestros palestinos; y la cancelación de toda colaboración con empresas o instituciones 'que otorguen un apoyo directo o al genocidio en Gaza'." ["The introduction to the text presented by the professors lists five requests addressed to the rector of the UCM: a 'clear and explicit' condemnation of the deliberate destruction of Palestinian universities and the attack on professors, students and university staff; the request for an 'immediate and permanent' ceasefire; the cancellation of all collaboration with Israeli universities 'that are related to the genocide in Gaza'; funding programmes to welcome Palestinian students and teachers; and the cancellation of any collaboration with companies or institutions 'that provide direct support or genocide in Gaza'."] Yes No
[126] Nahla Abdo 13 May 2024 Sociologist and anthropologist Studies in Political Economy "This paper traces the continuity of Israel's settler colonial policies and practices of massacre and genocide, beginning with the 1948 Nakba, continuing up to today's Genocidal war on the Gaza Strip. It argues that genocide is a fundamental feature of the structure of settler colonialism. It is a process and not an event. Since 1947, Israel's settler colonialism has been accompanied by unrelenting military, juridical, geographical, economic, ideological, psychological, and cultural violence against Indigenous Palestinians." Yes No
[127] Nahla Abdo 13 May 2024 Professor of sociology Studies in Political Economy "But it must be emphasized here that the current genocidal war is not between Israel and Hamas but between Israel and the Palestinians." Yes No
[128] Ilan Pappé 15 May 2024 Historian, specialising in Israel-Palestine Al Jazeera English "What we see now are massacres which are part of the genocidal impulse, namely to kill people in order to downsize the number of people living in Gaza" Yes Yes
[129] Matthias Hartwig; Andreas Th. Müller 16 May 2024 Scholars of international law digital news partnering with big newspapers "I ultimately do not see sufficient grounds for genocide if one takes the legal term seriously."
"Even if individual actions by the Israeli armed forces can be described as war crimes, they do not [necessarily - added by me] at the same time constitute genocide." 		No Yes
[130] Marco Sassòli; Oliver Diggelmann [de] 20 May 2024 International Law Professors SRF "«Certain statements by Israeli politicians were genocidal». There was talk of extermination. «But the actions of the Israeli army are, in my opinion, directed against Hamas and not against the entire population»"
"He does not believe that the International Court of Justice will find a generational[sic]intent to commit genocide in the South Africa v. Israel case." 		No Yes
[131] Eli Rosenbaum 20 May 2024 US DOJ prosecutor of Nazi war criminals Jewish Insider "the only possible genocide Rosenbaum sees is the genocidal intent of Hamas" No No
[132] Eva Illouz 21 May 2024 Professor of sociology Haaretz "A fierce military response facing unprecedented challenges in the history of warfare – because of a highly densely populated urban area, an underground city built below a civilian population – has become in the eyes of many a bona fide case of genocide"
"Jews, Zionists and moderate people from all political parties and religions have watched the campus protests unfold in amazement, unable to believe the unselfconscious double standards, the baselessness of the historical parallels"
"these protests give me no choice but to ask myself if, after all, something like the phantasmagoric irrationality of antisemitism is at work here." 		No No 2023: No [133]; 2024: No [134]
[135] Eric Reinhart; Mary T. Bassett 21 May 2024 Political anthropologist, psychiatrist; Director of the FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Professor of Clinical Epidemiology The Nation "Will we continue to allow the same kind of forces that once endorsed US segregation and South African apartheid to determine our future and collective professional identity, or will we instead refuse ongoing complicity with the violence in Gaza and demand that our field use its authority to insist on an end to support for Israeli occupation and genocide?" Yes No
[136] Matiangai Sirleaf 24 May 2024 Professor of international law and transitional justice International Journal of Transitional Justice "this is the first 'live-streamed' genocide in history." Yes Yes
[137] Nabil Echchaibi 30 May 2024 Assistant professor of journalism and media studies and associate director of the Center for Media, Religion and Culture Critical Sociology "Worse yet, I write and scream because we are all binge-watching genocide." Yes No
[138] Journal des Anthropologues 1 June 2024 Association of French Anthropologists Journal des Anthropologues Yes No
[139] Daniel-Erasmus Khan [de] 1 June 2024 Professor of international law ZDF "The defining element is above all the intent to destroy, which, however, can currently hardly be proven by the Israeli leadership" No Yes
[140] Neil Ballantyne; Liz Beddoe 1 June 2024 Professor of social welfare; Professor of social work Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work "Perhaps we shouldn't be surprised that the most-read article published in 2023 was a special editorial on Justice for Palestine included in issue four (Ballantyne et al., 2023). This was a statement by editorial collective members on the situation in Palestine. In the context of the genocide, we were all witnessing on our television screens and the silence of the IFSW on this matter, we felt compelled to comment. Since that editorial was published in December 2023, the horrifying death toll has not stopped climbing, and despite the statements made by the International Criminal Court to halt the ground invasion of Rafah, Israel continues its assault on Gaza and the West Bank unabated. The editorial collective continues to express our utmost solidarity with the Palestinian people and our deep concern for the future prospects of an international rules-based order that respects all peoples' human rights, including the right to self-determination." Yes No
[141] David Gespass; Alan W. Clarke 1 June 2024 Attorneys and members of National Lawyers Guild National Lawyers Guild Review "To effectively argue that the U.S. must cease its complicity with Israeli genocide, one must be able to persuasively demonstrate that genocide, in its strictest legal sense, is being committed and that U.S. complicity with, and failure to prevent, genocide violates international law. This essay will sketch out a path towards effectively making that case." Yes No Not an exact date
[142] Mihajlo Vučić 1 June 2024 Professor of Public International Law and European Integration Diplomatija i bezbednost "Regarding the third hypothesis, it seems to us that by analyzing the content of the statements of certain senior Israeli military and political officials, we can come to the conclusion that these statements can be qualified as incitement to genocide. Given that the International Court of Justice issued an order on temporary measures based on South Africa's lawsuit against Israel for violating the UN Convention on Genocide, additional grounds for suspicion that genocide is being carried out in Gaza, or at least intended to be carried out against the Palestinian people, are confirmed." Yes No
[143] Gökhan Ak 3 June 2024 Professor of political science Journal of Humanity, Peace and Justice "this research will also contribute to the related field of the social sciences as being the first clear example of genocide acts perpetuated by Israel so far in one of the whole Palestine territory like the Gaza Strip."
"At first, it will not be wrong to claim that the Palestinian cause regarding recent Israeli Gaza assaults is a trickling genocide, slow but relentless." 		Yes No
[144] Transnational Institute 4 June 2024 Social change think tank Transnational Institute website "Israel's genocide in Gaza has shone a spotlight on the deep dysfunctionality of the EU as a collective political bloc and its unwillingness to hold its 'friend and ally' to account for one of the most egregious, catastrophic and barbaric events in recent history." Yes No
[145] Fábio Bacila Sahd 4 June 2024 Historian and Adjunct professor of Humanities Tensões Mundiais - Edição Extraordinária: Genocídio do Povo Palestino "Os indícios mais remotos da solução genocida aplicada pelo sionismo podem ser encontrados nos planos pré-estatais de "transferência populacional" e nas doutrinas de segurança, prescrevendo retaliações desproporcionais para conformar os “nativos” com a colonização. Os civis como alvo ou objetivo dos ataques nos aproxima dos atos genocidas de intencionalmente destruir uma parte ou o todo da população visada e criar condi-ções de vida que impossibilitem sua reprodução." ["The earliest evidence of the genocidal solution applied by Zionism can be found in pre-state "population transfer" plans and security doctrines, which prescribed disproportionate retaliation to conform the "natives" to colonization. Civilians as targets or objectives of attacks brings us closer to the genocidal acts of intentionally destroying part or all of the targeted population and creating living conditions that make their reproduction impossible."] Likely No
[146] Yoav Di-Capua 5 June 2024 Professor of history, focusing on intellectual history and the modern Arab world Journal of Genocide Research "Conditions for the emergence of a Jewish genocidal mindset in Israel evolved gradually since the 1970s."
"Positioned at the core of rural Palestinian life, these settlements serve as intellectual incubators and experimental laboratories of genocidal politics, chief of which is ethnic cleansing."
"By and large, though the IDF avoids drafting the most radical and violent members of Hardal, given the growing size of this demographic within the army, including among the officers' corps and the growing number of soldiers who sympathize or directly belong to these genocidal circles especially on the field level, their influence is growing."
"A decade later, and in the context of the current war in Gaza, the rhetoric of a genocidal Jewish Holy War is being pushed into the mainstream like never before and is featured in many of its ground operations, especially among the ranks of the more popular infantry and armoured divisions." 		Yes Yes
[147] Susan Akram 5 June 2024 LAW clinical professor of law and director of LAW's International Human Rights Clinic Boston University Today & University Network for Human Rights Q: "For all of the condemnation of Israel's actions, there is also strong opposition to Israel's actions being labeled a genocide. Where does that pushback come from?".

A: "The opposition is political, as there is consensus amongst the international human rights legal community, many other legal and political experts, including many Holocaust scholars, that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza."

Yes Yes
[148] Irene Pietropaoli 5 June 2024 Researcher in Business and Human Rights Obligations of Third States and Corporations to Prevent and Punish Genocide in Gaza "Arms, weapons, ammunition, vehicles, and other military supplies, including parts, technology, and fuel, are essential for the activities of the Israeli air force, ground forces, and navy and, therefore, make an essential contribution to violations of international humanitarian law and genocidal acts against the Palestinians in Gaza. Dozens of companies domiciled in Third States (especially in the US and Germany) are currently providing Israel with weapons and other military equipment used in its Gaza in operations that allegedly amount to genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and other violations of international human rights and humanitarian law." Maybe No Says that "genocidal acts" are being committed, but that operations "allegedly amount to genocide".
[149] Aryeh Neier 6 June 2024 Human rights activist The New York Review "Hamas has embedded itself in the civilian population of Gaza, and its extensive network of tunnels provides its combatants the ability to move around quickly. Even if Israel's bombers were intent on minimizing harm to civilians, they would have had difficulty doing so in their effort to destroy Hamas. And yet, even believing this, I am now persuaded that Israel is engaged in genocide against Palestinians in Gaza. What has changed my mind is its sustained policy of obstructing the movement of humanitarian assistance into the territory." Yes No Comments about how these actions are "indicative of genocide" are already in article attributed to Neier via this CNN interview
[150] Gilles Emmanuel Jacquet 6 June 2024 Professor of diplomacy and geopolitics Anadolu Agency "'Given the extent of the war crimes and the military operations carried out by the Israeli army on the ground, this situation can be considered genocide according to a growing number of international lawyers,' Jacquet said." Yes No
[151] Antonio Basallote Marín 6 June 2024 Professor in Interculturality and the Arab-Islamic World Mañé, Ferrer & Swartz: Revista Internacional de Educación y Análisis Social Crítico "El ataque de Hamas el 7 de octubre se convirtió en un casus bellipara el gobierno israelí y su ejército de ocupación, pero la descomunal violencia ejercida sobre Gaza y sobre toda su población debe estudiarseen el contexto de acción de una ideología fundamentalistanacionalista y religiosa, denominada neosionismo. Consideramos la guerra genocida sobre Gaza como última consecuencia práctica de dicha ideología." ["The Hamas attack on October 7 became a casus belli for the Israeli government and its occupying army, but the massive violence inflicted on Gaza and its entire population must be viewed within the context of a fundamentalist, nationalist, and religious ideology known as neo-Zionism. We view the genocidal war on Gaza as the ultimate practical consequence of this ideology."] Yes No
[152] Joseph Choonara 12 June 2024 Professor of political economy International Socialism "US president Joe Biden, along with British foreign secretary David Cameron, were also isolated in their backing for Israel's genocidal offensive in Rafah." Yes No
[153] Samuel Totten 15 June 2024 Professor of history, specialist in genocide Arkansas Democrat-Gazette "I firmly believed, and continue to do so, that the Israelis had every right to retaliate against Hamas and to free those Israelis being held hostage by Hamas."
"Under the cover of the Israel-Hamas war, Israeli 'settlers' on the West Bank are attacking Palestinian villages, forcibly removing the occupants from their homes and land, beating them (and in certain cases killing them), and stealing said land. And those Israeli thugs are doing so while under the protection and support of the Israeli army and police."
"It is crystal clear that both Hamas and the Israelis have already perpetrated, at the least, war crimes and crimes against humanity. Various others have also accused both Hamas and the Israelis of genocide. An international court will adjudicate this." 		Maybe No
[154] Brianna Suslovic;

Cameron W. Rasmussen; Mimi E. Kim; Sophia P. Sarantakos; Alan J. Dettlaff; Christina Roe; Vivanne Guevara

17 June 2024 Reader in social welfare;

Professor of social work; Professor of social work; Professor of social work; Professor of social work]; Organizer; Professor of social work

Abolitionist Perspectives in Social Work "Since October 7, 2023, the world has witnessed Israel's unrelenting mass assault against the people of Gaza, killing more than 37,000 Palestinians. The response to this genocide in most sectors of professional society has largely been one of denial and suppression of solidarity with Palestine, unveiling extremes of the longstanding Palestine exception in progressive politics. This article contextualizes the social work profession's response to Israel's ongoing genocide of Palestinian people after October 7, 2023, including responses from schools of social work, social work agencies and organizations, and academic journals." Yes No
[155] Lee Mordechai 19 June 2024 Historian The National "'The enormous amount of evidence I have seen, much of it referenced later in this document, has been enough for me to believe that Israel is currently committing genocide against the Palestinian population in Gaza,' Mr Mordechai said in the introduction to a report he published." Yes No The report, he previously wrote an article in Jacobin in April 2024 about the ongoing war crimes of the IDF, available here.
[156] 758 Scholars of the Middle East 20 June 2024 Brookings Institution "A majority of Middle East scholars see Israeli motives in Gaza to be about forcing Palestinians out [57%]"
"How would you define Israel's current military actions in Gaza? Response: Major war crimes akin to genocide (41%), Genocide (34%), Major war crimes but not akin to genocide (16%), Unjustified actions but not major war crimes (4%), Justified actions under the right to self-defense (4%)". 		Maybe Yes
[157] Tayab Ali 21 June 2024 Head of international law department at Bindmans LLP Middle East Monitor "He emphasised that, despite Israel's own repetition of genocidal intent, 'Western leaders are guilty of viewing Palestine and Israel through the prejudiced prism of a merciless Palestinian terrorists against the gentle Jewish victims who are desperately maintaining the only democracy in the Middle East.'" Yes No Also includes new comments from Albanese and Sultany
[158] Victor Alonso Rocafort;
Samer Hassan;
Alfonso Casani 		26 June 2024 Professor of political science;
Professor of computer science;
Professor of political science 		elDiario.es "Después de ocho meses de genocidio en Gaza y más de 37.000 muertos palestinos, son cada vez más las voces que llaman al boicot académico a las universidades israelíes." ["After eight months of genocide in Gaza and more than 37,000 Palestinian deaths, there are more and more voices calling for an academic boycott of Israeli universities."]
"Existen ya diversos casos particulares de represión directa desde las universidades contra profesorado crítico con el genocidio." ["There are already several particular cases of direct repression from universities against professors critical of the genocide."]
"Al contrario, las universidades israelíes han sido una fuerza activa en la legitimación y mantenimiento de un sistema de segregación que ha sido considerado equivalente al apartheid sudafricano. Ahora mismo son colaboradores necesarios en el genocidio en curso." ["On the contrary, Israeli universities have been an active force in legitimizing and maintaining a system of segregation that has been considered equivalent to South African apartheid. Right now they are necessary collaborators in the ongoing genocide."] 		Yes No
[159] Gerry McAlister 29 June 2024 Professor of history Canadian Foreign Policy Journal "The genocide in Gaza is an opportunity for Canada to change that. A majority of Canadians may want to see a ceasefire in Gaza, but are they or their political representatives prepared to condemn the genocide?" Yes No
[160] Razmig Keucheyan [fr] 1 July 2024 Professor of Sociology Le Monde diplomatique "Just as the Armenian genocide was one of the 20th century's earliest, the massacre in Gaza could prove to be the first this century. But defining genocide is not easy... Though most debates on the classification of events as genocide revolve around intent, perpetrators rarely declare their aims. Yet Israeli government figures have made many statements that suggest deliberate ethnic cleansing... Documenting the methodology will take time, but the intention to annihilate is clear from Israel's actions." Likely No Lists similarities between the Armenian genocide and the "potential" Gaza genocide
[161] Sabine Swoboda 4 July 2024 Professor of international and criminal law Ruhr University Bochum website "In my view, the criteria for genocide are not fulfilled, because the intention to commit genocide is not the only plausible motive for the use of violence. Israel justifies its attacks in the Gaza Strip with the right to self-defense and with the aim of freeing the hostages. This is permitted under international law, albeit perhaps within narrower limits than Israel is currently exercising." No Yes
[162] Nandini Sundar 8 July 2024 Professor of Sociology Middle East Eye "You can't destroy the entire educational system in Gaza and then expect to have normal academic exchanges. Any university, institution or individual who partners with Israel at this time should be considered complicit in the genocide" Yes No Additional source from April 2024: [163]
[164] Paul Zarembka 10 July 2024 Professor of Economics Trajectories of Declining and Destructive Capitalism style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"|Yes No
UN Special Rapporteurs 11 July 2024 SR right to food,

SR physical and mental health, SR human rights in the Palestinian Territory, SR drinking water and sanitation, SR human rights OF displaced persons, Independent Expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order, Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent

United Nations "We declare that Israel's intentional and targeted starvation campaign against the Palestinian people is a form of genocidal violence and has resulted in famine across all of Gaza. We call upon the international community to prioritise the delivery of humanitarian aid by land by any means necessary, end Israel's siege, and establish a ceasefire." Yes No
[165] Elyse Semerdjian 17 July 2024 History professor, Chair of Armenian genocide studies Journal of Genocide Research "By comparing contemporary examples of starvation warfare in Artsakh and Gaza, I seek to reintroduce the concept of genocide by attrition formulated by Raphael Lemkin in Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress (1944). Helen Fein's 1997 essay 'Genocide by Attrition, 1939–1993: The Warsaw Ghetto, Cambodia, and Sudan', gave formal nomenclature to this genocidal tool."
"The carceral conditions produced by the 2006 enclosure of the Gaza Strip could be called Gazification. Land and territory are not only bifurcated with a discrete line separating two parts, but are fractured several times over through the creation of physical and digital checkpoints, 'safe zones', and border inspections designed to make life suffocatingly unlivable. In order to survive, superfluous beings who resist these necropolitical forces live fugitive lives. Gazification should, therefore, be understood as an instrument of genocide by attrition that predates Hamas' attack on Israel on October 7." 		Yes Yes also Journal of Genocide Research
[166] Neve Gordon; Nicola Perugini 17 July 2024 International Humanitarian Law professor; Anthropologist; Co-authors of Human Shields: A History of People in the Line of Fire Jewish Currents "the moment Israel invokes international law to frame everything above ground in Gaza as a potential shield, it operationalizes the law itself as a tool legitimizing genocide. It's hard to overstate the frightening consequences of this maneuver. If the international legal apparatus can be used to justify acts that can destroy a people, 'in whole or in part', then the rules-based order created in the aftermath of World War II to regulate war according to humanitarian principles becomes a tool for its own undoing." Yes Yes
[167] Mohsen al Attar 25 July 2024 Associate Dean for Learning and Teaching, Department of International Studies; researches and lectures in the fields of International Law and Political Economy Opinio Juris "Even if unintended, imagining the 'day after', as I do, can displace focus from an ongoing genocide, making liberation appear as aesthetic or talking point, a violent and vulgar move since Palestinians are being butchered in real-time." Yes No
[168] Sbeih Sbeih 26 July 2024 Sociologist specialising in Arab and Muslim Worlds Contretemps: revue de critique communiste "La guerre génocidaire qui les décime est ainsi réduite dans le discours dominant à une « guerre contre le Hamas »." ["The genocidal war that is decimating them is thus reduced in the dominant discourse to a "war against Hamas"."] Yes No
[169] Shahd Hammouri 29 July 2024 Lecturer in International Law and Legal Theory London Review of International Law "During this live-streamed genocide, our words became swords in a violent game of lawfare." Yes No
[170] Nora Jaber 29 July 2024 Lecturer in Law London Review of International Law "This leaves me, as a critical scholar of international law, conflicted about what to do with international law during an ongoing genocide." Yes No
[171] Tor Krevor 29 July 2024 Assistant Professor of International Law London Review of International Law "We demand an end to war crimes, genocide, illegality in Palestine." Yes No
[172] Sophie Rigny 29 July 2024 Senior Lecturer in Law London Review of International Law "Many have called for the ICC to respond to the plausible genocide in Gaza through investigations and prosecutions." Maybe No
[173] Lori A. Allen 29 July 2024 Reader in Anthropology (Near and Middle East) London Review of International Law "Israel's supporters are now quaking in their boots since the ICC seems to have come off its leash, its Prosecutor having requested arrest warrants for Netanyahu and his fellow genocidaire, Israeli defence minister Yoav Gallant." Yes No
[174] Zinaida Miller 29 July 2024 Assistant Professor of Diplomacy and International Relations, specialising in international human rights London Review of International Law "Unburdened by the exigencies of criminal law, the South African legal team threaded a story of settler-colonialism and apartheid into their plea to halt an ongoing genocide." Yes No
[175] Ntina Tzouvala 29 July 2024 Senior lecturer of Law London Review of International Law "This moment stands apart from the anti-war movement of 2003: opposition to Israel's genocidal violence seems to be on the rise seven months into the war, while the 2003 movement deflated rapidly after the Coalition's invasion." Yes No
[176] Costas Douzinas 29 July 2024 Professor of Law London Review of International Law "In the debate about the war in Gaza, international lawyers should join their voices with the global anti-war campaign by giving technical arguments against the murderous and genocidal conduct of the war." Yes No
[177] Hani Sayed 29 July 2024 Associate Professor of Law London Review of International Law — No No position taken
[178] Mark A. Drumbl 29 July 2024 Professor of International Law London Review of International Law — No No position taken
[179] Ruti G. Teitel 29 July 2024 Professor of Comparative Law London Review of International Law — No No position taken
[180] Christine Schwöbel-Patel;
Nahed Samour;
Michelle Burgis-Kasthala 		29 July 2024 Professor of Critical Legal Studies;
Postdoctoral researcher in Law and Islamic Studies;
Lecturer of Middle East politics and International Law 		London Review of International Law — No No position taken
[181] Sara Kendall;
Clare da Silva 		29 July 2024 Lecturer in International Law;
Legal Consultant in Human Rights 		London Review of International Law — No No position taken
[182] Souheir Edelbi 29 July 2024 Lecturer in Law London Review of International Law "Each image is a stark reminder of the profound failings of international institutions in preventing and halting Israel's genocidal campaign against Palestinians.", "The ICJ case brought by South Africa against Israel demonstrates the symbolic power of law in exposing colonial genocide and Western complicity." Yes No
[183] Zeina Jallad;
Arnulf Becker Lorca 		29 July 2024 Director of the Palestine Land Studies Center and Assistant Professor of International Law;
Chair in Public International Law 		London Review of International Law "Most importantly, what is the cost of genocide? Are we ready to accept the implications of a Palestinian statehood that reproduces and crystalises the Israeli precedent of genocide as the price of sovereignty?" Yes No
[184] Alaa Hajyahia;
Reshard L. Kolabhai 		29 July 2024 Graduate student in Legal Studies;
Doctoral student in Law 		London Review of International Law — No No position taken
[185] Teresa Almeida Cravo 29 July 2024 Assistant Professor of International Relations London Review of International Law — No No position taken
[186] Madelaine Chiam 29 July 2024 Senior Lecturer in International Law London Review of International Law — No No position taken
[187] Laura Betancur-Restrepo;
Fabia Fernandes Carvalho 		29 July 2024 Assistant Professor of Law;
Assistant Professor of International Law 		London Review of International Law — No No position taken
[188] Lys Kulamadayil 29 July 2024 Scholar of International Law London Review of International Law "Confronting the suffering of Palestinian people would require a reckoning with the fact that the erasure of the Jewish people from German identity is not merely historical, but materialises concretely in the genocidal violence that we see today in Gaza." Yes No
[189] Darryl Li 29 July 2024 Assistant Professor of Anthropology and Lecturer in Law London Review of International Law "Palestinian steadfastness in the face of Israel's genocidal war in the Gaza Strip has opened a chasm of outrage between the states arming the Zionist regime and their enraged populaces." Yes No
[190] John Reynolds 29 July 2024 Assistant Professor of Law London Review of International Law "And yet, a century on, it remains the language of our time too. In December 2023, a full two months into the Gaza genocide, Israeli president Herzog said: 'it's a war that is intended, really, truly, to save western civilisation, to save the values of western civilisation'." Yes No
[191] Abdelghany Sayed;
Luis Eslava 		29 July 2024 Researcher in International Law;
Lecturer in International Law 		London Review of International Law "And yet, a century on, it remains the language of our time too. In December 2023, a full two months into the Gaza genocide, Israeli president Herzog said: 'it's a war that is intended, really, truly, to save western civilisation, to save the values of western civilisation'." — No No position taken
[192] Christopher Gevers 29 July 2024 Professor of International Law London Review of International Law "The success of South Africa's case going forward may well hinge on its ability to hold the Court's attention on the broader context of colonialism and apartheid that are the conditions of possibility for the ongoing genocide in Gaza." Yes No
[193] Nahed Samour 29 July 2024 Postdoctoral researcher in Law and Islamic Studies London Review of International Law — No No position taken
[194] Justina Uriburu 29 July 2024 Lecturer in International Law London Review of International Law "Yet the atrocities in Gaza have exposed extraordinary violence against and dehumanisation of the Palestinian people. The first genocide where victims are broadcasting their destruction in real time, someone said." Yes No
[195] Umut Özsu 29 July 2024 Professor of International Law London Review of International Law "The IDF is incinerating disabled children in Gaza? No need to worry, Article 2 of the Genocide Convention is here to assure us that this is genocide" Yes No
[196] Gleider Hernández 29 July 2024 Professor of Public International Law London Review of International Law — No No position taken
[197] Eman Abdelhadi 30 July 2024 Professor of Comparative Human Development, Division of Social Sciences Truthout "Israel's ruling coalition has repeatedly declared in statements and in their charter that it intends to conquer and colonize all of historic Palestine from the river to the sea. So, its aim in this war is to destroy Gaza, create an enormous humanitarian crisis and drive people into Washington’s two client states, Jordan and Egypt… Only the American ruling elite and its allies deny Israel’s genocidal aims." Yes No 2025: Yes [198]
2024: Yes [199]
[200] Ruba Ali Al-Hassani 1 August 2024 Postdoctoral researcher in Politics, Philosophy, and Religion SEPAD: Sectarianism, Proxies and De-sectarianisation "I have listened to academics in these different disciplines explore sovereignty, and after much reflection on the current genocide in Gaza, I am now convinced that sovereignty, in itself, is a concept weaponized to order and maintain European and Western hegemony over the global majority." Yes No
[201] Vincent Intondi 1 August 2024 Professor of history Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament "The Law for Palestine project, a UK based human rights organization has so far documented over 500 statements made by Israeli officials which could potentially amount to incitement of genocide, which is prohibited under international law."
"Are these individuals advocating for nuclear war or inciting? Is calling for the use of nuclear weapons, the same as calling for genocide?" 		incitement to genocide No
[202] Khalid Dader;
Wassim Ghantous;
Danna Masad;
Mikko Joronen;
Kirsi Pauliina Kallio;
James Riding;
Joni Vainikka 		2 August 2024 Doctoral candidate in Geography;
Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Business and Management;
Architect and Doctoral candidate in Geography;
Associate Professor of Regional Studies;
Professor of environmental pedagogy;
Senior Lecturer in Geography;
Post-doctoral researcher in Geography 		Fennia: International Journal of Geography "Instead, we urgently call on the global community to respond to end the genocidal violence, support the rebuilding of Gaza and restore the right to life and education for its people." Yes No
[203] Elad Lapidot 7 August 2024 Professor of Hebraic Studies Journal of Genocide Research "Like anti-antisemitism, anti-colonialism too, instead of unsettling the purity of Western conscience, becomes a powerful tool for generating a perfect logos of absolute humanity that condemns its enemies as evil and unleashes holy wars. This is a danger that should be considered in countering the Israeli genocide narrative with a Palestinian genocide, or by depicting the Hamas attacks on 7 October as a ghetto uprising instead of as a pogrom."
"ongoing exterminatory violence by Israel in Gaza" 		Maybe No
[204] Jairo I. Fúnez-Flores 8 August 2024 Professor of Curriculum Studies, interest in Decolonial Studies Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy "Drawing on Edward Said's critique of complicit intellectuals, it highlights the failure of many self-proclaimed critical, anti-racist, and decolonial scholars to take a principled stance on Palestine, especially in light of the ongoing genocide in Gaza." Yes No 2024: Yes [205]
[206] Parvathi Menon 13 August 2024 Professor of law Nordic Journal of International Law "This brings me to the comparisons between two recent cases: the wars in Gaza and Ukraine. Notwithstanding the vastly different histories leading up to the wars in Ukraine and Gaza, they both share an important similarity: the allegations of genocide against Russia and Israel."
"If Israel was using self-defence as its mode of reasoning, Russia was protecting the populations in Donetsk People's Republic, Luhansk People's Republic and Ukraine from violations of the 1948 Genocide Convention. Russian actions rendered immaterial whether Ukraine was in fact committing acts of genocide or not, as do Israeli arguments of self-defence. Russian and Israeli 'responsibility to protect' those in its (former) colonies was a strategy of empire that is not unknown." 		Yes No
[207] Patrick J. Vernon;
Charlotte Galpin 		15 August 2024 Lecturer in Gender and War Studies;
Associate Professor in Political Science and International Studies 		The British Journal of Politics and International Relations "At the time of writing in June 2024, Israel has been continuing its assault on Gaza for 8 months, with over 36,731 Palestinian civilians killed and 83,530 injured so far (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), 2024) in actions that likely amount to genocide, as Israel has defied the International Court of Justice’s (ICJ’s) ruling to prevent genocide from occurring (Human Rights Watch, 2024)." Likely No
[208] Shahd Hammouri 20 August 2024 Lecturer in international law The Guardian "'The case for the US's complicity in genocide is very strong,' said Dr Shahd Hammouri, lecturer in international law at the University of Kent and the author of Shipments of Death. 'It's providing material support, without which the genocide and other illegalities are not possible. The question of complicity for the other countries will rely on assessment of how substantial their material support has been.'" Yes Yes Additionally London Review of International Law
[209] Per Bauhn 21 August 2024 Professor of philosophy Israel Affairs "Israel and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) have been accused of 'massacring' Palestinian civilians, even attempting a 'genocide' on the Palestinian population in Gaza, as stated in a Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor posting on 16 May 2024, and reposted that same day by Relief Web, a news service provided by the UN office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Such accusations lack factual foundation about how the war against Hamas has been conducted."
"But there is no evidence whatsoever of any deliberate Israeli policy or plan to kill civilian Palestinians in Gaza that would remotely warrant terms like 'massacre' or 'genocide'." 		No No
[210] Irene Khan 23 August 2024 United Nations Special Rapporteur for freedom of expression and opinion Global threats to freedom of expression arising from the conflict in Gaza – Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Irene Khan (A/79/319) "The genocide in Gaza, the violation of human rights in the occupied Palestinian Territory and the failure of Israel to respect its international legal obligations, including the occupation of Palestinian territory, are matters of global public interest. There is no scope for restricting freedom of expression on such matters." Yes No Quoted in this academic article: [211]
[212] Michal Huss;
Sleman Altehe 		23 August 2024 Postdoctoral fellow in Geography and lecturer in Architectural Studies;
Graduate student in Sociology 		Political Geography "The physical destruction of Gaza provides ample evidence for such genocidal intent—evidence routinely ignored by Israel's Western allies." Yes No
[213] Sherene Razack 26 August 2024 Professor of gender studies Journal of Palestine Studies "The feminist truism that women are always raped in war is relied upon to confirm that mass rapes took place on October 7—a weaponization of feminism designed to shut down questions about evidence and the deliberate circulation of false narratives about rape, and, importantly, to legitimize Israeli state violence and genocide in Gaza." Yes No
[214] Gerard Ó Tuathail 30 August 2024 Professor of government and international affairs Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space "Israel's genocidal campaign against residents of Gaza" Yes No
[215] Rallie Murray 30 August 2024 Chief editor of the Journal of World-Systems Research Journal of World-Systems Research "Ten months into the genocide in Gaza" Yes No
[216] Yuri Dohi 1 September 2024 Assistant lecturer in political science 社会主義理論研究 [Research in Socialist Theory] "自己防衛と称するイスラエルに武器や資金の援助をすること自体がジェノサイドに間接的に関与することであり、反ユダヤ主義の負の遺産を何ら関係のないアラブ系の人びとに転嫁しているだけにすぎない。" ["Providing weapons and financial support to Israel in the name of self-defense is itself an indirect contribution to genocide, and the negative legacy of anti-Semitism is being passed on to Arabs who have nothing to do with it."] Yes No
[217] Sheetal Soni 1 September 2024 Lecturer in Bioethics and International Law South African Journal of Bioethics and Law — No No stance taken
[218] Souheir Edelbi 2 September 2024 Lecturer, School of Law Opinio Juris (blog) "Palestinian victims have faced double standards and unnecessary procedural hurdles at the ICC, leading to a 'state of exception' where standard legal procedures are either suspended or circumvented... The present proceedings are taking place against the backdrop of the severe impact of the ongoing genocide on Palestinian lives." Yes No
[219] Jasbir Puar 24 September 2024 Distinguished Professor of Arts at the Social Justice Institute, Extraordinary Professor in the Women's and Gender Studies Department The Public Source "I agree that the framework of liberal humanitarianism is not needed as cover for Israel's heinous acts of violence in this instance, nor in the genocide on Gaza. Instead, I think the right to maim is functioning as South African Advocate Tembeka Ngcukaitobi explained, in the testimony he delivered at the International Court of Justice hearings in January, where he stated that Israel will maim 'what it cannot destroy.'" Yes No
[220] Gilbert Achcar 25 September 2024 Professor of development studies and international relations Links "We are witnessing the first genocide in history to be televised and openly supported by the West" Yes No
[221] Prashant Bhushan, Cheryl D'Souza 25 September 2024 Lawyers at the Supreme Court of India The Hindu "In the midst of an unimaginable humanitarian crisis in Palestine and the international outcry against Israel’s continuing genocide, the Supreme Court’s failure to ensure that the Indian government halts its military aid to Israel and complies with its commitments under international law, will have serious repercussions in this war and its devastation that continues unabated" Yes No
[222] Camilla Boisen 26 September 2024 Professor specialising in intellectual history and political theory Journal of Genocide Research "Frequently invoking Jewish scriptures as a moral source for claims of just war in Gaza, Netanyahu proclaimed '[n]ow go and smite Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have, and spare them not; but slay both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and donkey.' Such genocidal language is further intensified by his Manichean framing of good and evil warfare." Incitement to genocide No
[223] John Esposito 26 September 2024 Professor of Religion and International Affairs and of Islamic Studies Georgetown University Bridge Initiative "to denounce the Israeli genocide in Gaza and, more recently the West Bank, today [is] often labeled as anti-semitic." (4:45) Yes No 2023: Yes [224]
[225] Lama Z. Khouri 30 September 2024 Cross-cultural psychoanalyst Studies in Gender and Sexuality "These are not just distractions, but part of a broader dehumanization process—a kind of moral gymnastics used to legitimize what is essentially a live-streamed genocide." Yes No
[226] Francesca Albanese[b] 1 October 2024 Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian Territory occupied since 1967; researcher and international lawyer United Nations "While the scale and nature of the ongoing Israeli assault against the Palestinians vary by area, the totality of the Israeli acts of destruction directed against the totality of the Palestinian people, with the aim of conquering the totality of the land of Palestine, is clearly identifiable. Patterns of violence against the group as a whole warrant the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention) in order to cease, prevent and punish genocide in the whole of the occupied Palestinian territory" Yes Yes 2024: Yes [227]
[228] Enzo Traverso[c] 1 October 2024 Historian, contemporary and modern Europe via Google Books "The only normative definition we have, codified at the United Nations Genocide Convention of 1948, accurately describes the current situation in Palestine ... describes exactly what is happening in Gaza today" [229] Yes Yes
[230] Jürgen Mackert [de] 1 October 2024 Professor of Sociology Middle East Eye "While being proud of presumably having learnt lessons from its history well, Germany is caught in an unresolvable dilemma that is exposed by supporting every new step of Israel's genocide, ethnic cleansing, colonisation, and invasion of sovereign countries." Yes No Included in Cultural discourse about the Gaza genocide
[231] Maéva Thibeault 1 October 2024 Doctoral candidate in Gender Studies GENDER.ED "The conference took place in the midst of an ongoing genocide against the Palestinian people, in which the Israeli Occupation Forces have killed over 25,000 Palestinians and where 90% of Gaza’s population has been displaced" Yes No
[232] Marie Lamensch 4 October 2024 Coordinator of Program and Outreach at Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies (MIGS) Le Devoir "Lorsqu'il lui est demandé si un génocide est en cours, selon les définitions du droit international, Marie Lamensch, coordonnatrice de projets à l'Institut montréalais d'études sur le génocide et les droits de la personne de l'Université Concordia, à Montréal, répond qu'il faudra encore des années pour déterminer si c'est le cas ou non. Même les plus grands experts juristes le disent, ajoute-t-elle : ils veulent attendre tous les éléments de preuve avant de se prononcer de façon définitive. Car la preuve d'un génocide est complexe, et pour obtenir une condamnation, il faut notamment démontrer devant la Cour l'« intention » précise de le commettre."
"When asked whether genocide is occurring, as defined by international law, Marie Lamensch, project coordinator at the Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies at Concordia University in Montreal, says it will take years to determine whether or not that is the case. Even the greatest legal experts say so, she adds: they want to wait for all the evidence before making a definitive decision. Because proving genocide is complex, and to obtain a conviction, it is necessary to demonstrate before the Court the precise 'intention' to commit it." 		Maybe No
[233] Noura Erakat 7 October 2024 Legal scholar and human rights attorney The Nation "It is Day 367* of genocide." Yes No
[234] Anitta Kynsilehto 7 October 2024 Professor of global mobilities, borders, and gender Gender, Place & Culture. A Journal of Feminist Geography "... and many supposedly decolonial and intersectional feminists have appeared incapable of connecting the realities of Gaza genocide to their previous analyses, at least in public. Above quote from Al Jazeera journalist Maram Humaid's New Year's essay, written amid genocide in Gaza sets the scene in clear terms." Yes No
[235] Nick Estes 7 October 2024 Professor of American Indian Studies, Historian Indigenous Solidarity with Palestine "After one year of genocide, we have plenty of gruesome evidence of what settler 'self-defense' looks like." Yes No
[236] K.M. Seethi 7 October 2024 Director of university Centre for Social Science Research, former Professor of International Relations and Dean of Social Sciences The Wire (India) "Not only do the genocide and occupation persist, but there has been no meaningful effort to halt Israel’s actions. This failure to enforce international law had eroded global stability and emboldened authoritarian regimes." Yes No
[237] José Manuel Barreto 8 October 2024 TWAIL Opinio Juris "The so-called Westphalian system has been inveterately depicted and legally defined in the UN Charter as one of 'equal' 'sovereign' 'states.' Against the black letter of positive international law, the Palestinian Genocide has made evident the material reality of the formally liberal (based on the sovereign liberty of states) and democratic (obeying the equal value of the will of each state) international legal order: this is not an order of equals, neither of sovereigns nor states. Rather, as the images of decapitated boys and girls and remains of bodies show up again and again for twelve months on the screens of mobile phones, computers, and televisions, the international legal system has revealed its true core: a colonial order before our very eyes —an order of unequal subjects; sovereigns and colonized; and of states, empires, settlers, and colonies." Yes No
[238] Mohammed Nijim 8 October 2024 Sociology PHD student Critical Sociology "This article addresses the ongoing genocide in Gaza and argues that it must be understood in a larger historical context of settler colonialism. While Israel has always sought the completion of its settler-colonial project, I argue that the current genocide seeks immediate results of dispossession and annexation.", "I argue that Israel's approach before 7th October constituted slow-motion genocide and after that date its approach marked an accelerated form of genocide." Yes Yes
[239] Haim Bresheeth-Žabner 10 October 2024 Film studies scholar, with an extensive history of writing on Israel-Palestine Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication "The essay advances that the step-change from the decades of 'good-old ethnic cleansing' to a new level of criminality and depravity—genocide—was not a simple issue of turning up the volume; it required a mindset which sees genocide not only as an 'option', but one perceiving it as the only option." Yes No He describes himself as an anti-Zionist activist
[240] Sai Englert; Gargi Bhattacharyya 11 October 2024 Professor of colonialism, specialising in the Middle East; Sociologist specialising in race and colonialism Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies "This is Israel's genocide, of course, but it is also the latest genocide in the long litany of dispossession, violence, and murder that has made, and consistently remakes global capitalism." Yes No
[241] Amos Goldberg 15 October 2024 Historian and Holocaust/Genocide Scholar Journal of Genocide Research "What is happening in Gaza is a genocide, in my opinion, because the level and pace of indiscriminate killing, destruction, mass expulsion, displacement, deliberate famine, executions, the wiping out of universities, cultural and religious institutions, the crushing of elites (including the killing of journalists), and the sweeping dehumanization of the Palestinians create an overall picture of genocide, of the intentional and conscious shattering of Palestinian existence in Gaza. Palestinian Gaza, as a geographical, political, cultural, and human entity no longer exists. Genocide is the deliberate destruction of a collective or part of it, not of all of its individual members – and that is what is happening in Gaza today." Yes Yes 2024: Yes [242]
[243] Zaha Hassan 18 October 2024 Human Rights Lawyer Al Jazeera "What is a day after when you have destroyed more than 70 percent of Gaza and rendered most people homeless and five percent of the population has been killed?... Where is justice, and accountability for the mass atrocities and likely genocide that we saw in Gaza?" Likely No See also: [244]

[245]

Yuval Noah Harari 19 October 2024 Historian and philosopher Ynet "Unequivocally, Israelis have no interest in committing genocide, and talk of genocide in the sense of a systematic extermination of millions is antisemitic propaganda." No Yes
[246] Conor Gearty 24 October 2024 Professor of human rights law Speech at the London School of Economics (archived via his website) "The days are largely gone when Israel pretended to be investigating its own atrocities or claimed its latest attack on a school or a hospital or the UN was really the work of Hamas. It just kills away. Meanwhile its supporters in the US and Europe mobilise the law against those determined to oppose the realisation in real time of the genocidal plan against which the ICJ has warned. University departments are coerced or naively fooled into debating the evils of anti-Semitism, a term that the supporters of Zionism have successfully distorted to embrace any criticism of Israel, even it would seem a genocidal Israel." Yes Yes
[247] Abdullah Arafeh;
Rahmat Hidayat Efendi 		24 October 2024 Senior Consultant and graduate teaching assistant;
Senior Officer at ASEAN and graduate teaching assistant 		14th Annual Symposium of the Consortium for Asian and African Studies "This study highlights the multifaceted impacts of the genocide on Gaza's educational landscape, including the destruction of schools and universities, the displacement of students and educators, and the psychological toll on the youth." Yes No
[248] Adam Jones[d] 25 October 2024 Professor in Political science, specialization in "comparative genocide studies and gender and international relations"; author of genocide textbook [249] Vox "Any early hesitation I had about applying the 'genocide' label to the Israeli attack on Gaza has dissipated over the past year of human slaughter and the obliteration of homes, infrastructure, and communities" Yes Yes 2023: Likely [250][251]
[252] Orna Ben-Naftali;
Eitan Diamond;
Aner Shofty 		25 October 2024 Professor of law;
Professor of law specialising in international humanitarian and human rights law;
Lawyer specialising in Human Rights 		Journal of Genocide Research "In retrospect, our analysis rested on an emotional denial of the very possibility. It was inconceivable. We still think that as a matter of positive law and international jurisprudence, the likelihood that the ICJ would eventually decide that genocide was committed is quite low. But with each day bringing additional evidence, we feel compelled to accept that the law as it is falls short of the law as it should be. Indeed, genocide scholars have long since observed that the legal definition of genocide is narrower than the socio-historical understanding of the concept, a point that is said to have been reenforced by the debate surrounding Israel’s war in Gaza." Yes No
[253] Matthias Goldmann 1 November 2024 Legal scholar specialising in German colonial history and armed conflict Legal Tribune Online  [de] "Aber: Die Anzeichen für einen Genozid verdichten sich. Zumindest das Risiko eines Genozids, von dem auch der IGH spricht, würde ich hier als gegeben ansehen." ["But: the signs of genocide are increasing. I would consider the risk of genocide, which the ICJ also speaks about, to be seen here."] Likely No 2024: No [254]
[255] Bilal Irfan et al. 6 November 2024 Various doctors and healthcare professionals World Medical & Health Policy "Alarms have been sounded around the world with respect to analyses of the crimes unfolding in Gaza constituting genocide, with a clear trajectory that mirrors historical cases of ethnic cleansing and systemic extermination, as a continuation of decades of occupation, rampant settler colonialism, and the implementation of an apartheid regime" "These are but a handful of over hundreds of documented cases of public incitement and weaponization of genocidal language" Likely No
[256] Abdelwahab Biad 8 November 2024 Professor of International Law and International Relations Paix et sécurité européenne et internationale "Le résultat est un nombre considérable de crimes de guerre, crimes contre l'humanité et actes potentiellement génocidaires commis en majorité par l'armée israélienne" ["The consequence is an impressive number of war crimes, crimes against humanity and potentially genocidal acts committed mainly by Israeli army"] Maybe No
[257] Lewi Stone; Gregory L. Rose 8 November 2024 Mathematician; Professor of law, specialising in maritime law Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism "false accusations of genocide" No No
[258] Marion Slitine 12 November 2024 Anthropologist Revue du Crieur "Ce qui se passe en Palestine – et à Gaza en particulier – est un acte qui va au-delà de la destruction physique et qui s'apparente bel et bien à un génocide culturel. Le musellement des voix créatives palestiniennes s'intègre à une politique générale visant à briser également les Palestiniens sur le plan psychique et émotionnel et s'inscrit dans un processus colonial de destruction qui suppose l'annihilation de l'identité palestinienne. En coupant le peuple palestinien de sa propre culture, en tentant de rompre les liens entre son passé et son présent, Israël cherche à effacer tous ses horizons et à le déposséder de son avenir, tout en créant de nouveaux traumatismes qui perdureront sur des générations" ["What is happening in Palestine—and in Gaza in particular—is an act that goes beyond physical destruction and truly amounts to cultural genocide. The silencing of Palestinian creative voices is part of a general policy aimed at also breaking Palestinians psychologically and emotionally and is part of a colonial process of destruction that presupposes the annihilation of Palestinian identity. By cutting the Palestinian people off from their own culture, by attempting to sever the ties between their past and present, Israel seeks to erase all their horizons and dispossess them of their future, while creating new traumas that will last for generations."] Yes No
[259] Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People 14 November 2024 UN Special Committee OHCHR website "The developments in this report lead the Special Committee to conclude that the policies and practices of Israel during the reporting period are consistent with the characteristics of genocide." Yes Yes
[260] Yann Jurovics; Iannis Roder [fr] 14 November 2024 Professor in International law; Professor in history Le Monde "Lorsque toute campagne violente devient génocide, la spécificité de ce crime n'est plus visible et on nie la volonté de le distinguer, ayant justement conduit à l'adoption de la Convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide." ["When any violent campaign becomes genocide, the specificity of this crime is no longer visible, and the desire to distinguish it, which led to the adoption of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, is denied."] No No
[261] Tom Dannenbaum;
Janina Dill 		15 November 2024 Professor of Law;
Professor of Global Security 		American Journal of International Law — No No position taken
[262] Yousef Kamal Alkhouri 21 November 2024 Professor of Biblical Studies International Journal of Public Theology Yes No
[263] Conor Tomás Reed 21 November 2024 Scholar of American Studies NACLA Report on the Americas "In April, as Israel's longstanding genocide against the Palestinian people continued to intensify, protests against the carnage reached the halls of universities, first in the United States and then around the world." Yes No
[264] Jemima Repo 25 November 2024 Reader in Political and Feminist Theory European Journal of Politics and Gender "Ongoing reporting accentuates the distinctly gendered nature of the genocide.", "In this gender update, I argue that when placed in the context of the broader settler-colonial strategy of the Israeli state towards Palestine (Abdo, 2024), the attack on social reproduction can be understood as a means of ethnic cleansing and genocide." Yes Yes Additionally European Journal of Politics and Gender
[265] Takeuchi Hajime 28 November 2024 Paediatrician and Professor of Paediatrics Social Medicine Research "中東紛争の歴史的背景の複雑さにもかかわらず，そして，10 月 7 日のハマスの攻撃で犠牲になったイスラエルの子どもたちと心身両面で傷ついた子どもたちへの継続的な心理サポートの必要性を心に刻んだとしても，ISSOP が声明で述べているように，パレスチナで 1.3 万人を超える子どもたちの命を奪うことは，私たち社会を形作るあらゆる道徳的倫理的枠組みに反している．私たち小児科医は，この大虐殺を止めなければならない．" ["Despite the complex historical background of the Middle East conflict, and mindful of the need for ongoing psychological support for the Israeli children killed and those physically and mentally injured in the Hamas attack on October 7, as ISSOP stated in its statement, the taking of the lives of over 13,000 Palestinian children violates every moral and ethical framework that shapes our society. We, as pediatricians, must stop this genocide."] Yes No
[266] Pascal Turlan 29 November 2024 Lawyer specialising in International law La Croix (newspaper) "Mais la réponse à cette question dépend d'une enquête pénale, qui permettrait de prouver non seulement les actes posés (meurtres, destructions, famine, privation de secours) mais aussi l'intention derrière ces actes, au-delà des chiffres qui eux-mêmes ne sont pas suffisants pour démontrer celle-ci." ["But the answer to this question depends on a criminal investigation, which would make it possible to prove not only the acts committed (murders, destruction, famine, deprivation of aid) but also the intention behind these acts, beyond the figures which themselves are not sufficient to demonstrate it."] — No
[267] Mariam Bin Ghaith 30 November 2024 Assistant Professor of International Law Journal of East Asia and international law "The dire situation in the Gaza Strip requires a firm stand from the international community, as what is happening to the Palestinian people is nothing short of genocide." Yes No
[268] Manal Hamzeh 1 December 2024 Professor of Genders and Sexualities, specialising in feminism and decolonialism Ethnic Studies Pedagogies "I chronicled my teaching of a course called "Palestine Studies 1 – History, Land, Resistance, and Justice" at New Mexico State University (NMSU) in 2024 while the Israeli genocidal war in Gaza was happening in real-time with unending brutality and horror." Yes No
[269] European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights 10 December 2024 Human rights NGO ECCHR website "In recent months, ECCHR has been conducting independent research and analysis on the topic of genocide, and analyzing this against the available information and evidence relating to Israel's actions in Gaza (see Question 6). This process has led us to the conclusion that there is a legally sound argument that Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinians in Gaza." Likely Yes
[270] Izat El Amoor 13 December 2024 Doctoral candidate in Sociology SQS – Suomen Queer-tutkimuksen Seuran lehti "Israel and its Zionist allies swiftly employed queer Palestinians to vindicate the genocide in Gaza" Yes No
[271] Shlomo Sand 15 December 2024 Post-Zionist historian Haaretz "אולם עד כמה שאני יודע לא היתה ואין גם היום תוכנית או כוונה לבצע השמדת עם." ["However, as far as I know, there was no plan or intention to carry out genocide, and there still is none today."] No No
[272] Amichai Cohen; Yuval Shany 17 December 2024 International Law Professors Just Security "Amnesty International's report on the war in Gaza fails to prove acts of genocide by Israel, even when attempts are made to move the goalposts." No No 2024: no [273]
2025: Shany changed to maybe
[274] Jamil Zugueib;
Ashjan Sadique Adi;
Fábio Bacila Sah 		22 December 2024 Professor of psychology;
Psychologist;
Adjunct professor of humanities, specialising in history 		Malala, Revista Internacional de Estudos Sobre O Oriente Médio E Mundo Muçulmano "In any case, it is also possible to derive from her reflections the long duration of the physical and mental damage caused to the Palestinian population by the Zionist colonial project, which invites us to expand the spatio-temporal limits of genocide. Gaza is the first case of an apartheid regime that resorted to the "crime of crimes" as the ultimate inhumane act to maintain racial domination." Yes No
[275] Francisco Jiménez García 23 December 2024 Professor of international law and international relations Revista española de derecho internacional "En el caso de Gaza, Israel ha demostrado, y publicitado como grandes logros alcanzados, que tecnológicamente puede acabar con los lideres de Hamas sin causar bajas civiles significativas, sin embargo, ha preferido el exterminio de la población gazatí que sustenta el liderazgo de Hamás o que sustentará otro liderazgo similar (genocidio del grupo por liderazgo)." ["In the case of Gaza, Israel has demonstrated, and publicized as major achievements, that it can technologically eliminate Hamas leaders without causing significant civilian casualties. However, it has preferred the extermination of the Gazan population that supports Hamas's leadership or that will support another similar leadership (genocide of the group by leadership)."] Yes No
[276] Khawla Badwan;
Alison Phipps 		23 December 2024 Reader in TESOL and Applied Linguistics;
Chair in Refugee Integration through Languages and the Arts and Professor of Sociology 		Language and Intercultural Communication "The article explores the notion of stunned languaging in the construction of poetic cries as a genre of grief in times of unspeakability while witnessing the online streaming of the Gaza Genocide.", "The war on the language of truth-telling started with ahistorical reporting, casting doubts on the numbers of the dead on the Palestinian side, the insistence on using the passive voice when reporting on the murdering of the Palestinians, the hostilities towards the term 'genocide', and the labelling of any criticism of Israel as 'antisemitic'." Yes No
[277] Anne Crowley-Vigneau; Andrey Baykov; Tinghao Zhang; Vladimir Morozov 30 December 2024 Associate Professor of International Affairs; Scholar of international relations; PhD student in area studies; Associate Professor in Diplomacy International Peacekeeping "This paper investigates international expert perceptions on the applicability of the concept of the Responsibility to Protect to what has been qualified as a 'slow-motion genocide' unfolding in the Gaza Strip following the 2023 military operation conducted by Israel resulting from the Hamas October 7th attacks against Israeli civilians.", "While some commit to using the term 'genocide', such as Shaw who noted the situation in Gaza is 'inescapably genocidal', others prefer to refer to 'genocidal violence' (pre-empting criticism that the situation does not present all the characteristics of a genocide), speak of 'genocidal intent' or call for going beyond the debates on terminology to protect the people of Gaza before the situation worsens further." No Does not take a position, discusses the assessment of others within the framework of the Responsibility to Protect
[278] Al-Haq 1 January 2025 Palestinian human rights organization Al-Haq "As shown throughout the report, by applying humanitarian terms to its practice of forcibly transferring Palestinians, without any legal basis and in a manner that breaches international law, and labelling areas as 'safe zones' despite being constantly attacked and lacking in all essentials for survival, Israel argues that it is acting in accordance with its legal obligations when in fact it is providing further evidence of its genocidal intent as it uses these measures to commit and contribute to the genocidal acts of killing, causing serious bodily and mental harm, and creation of conditions calculated to destroy Palestinians in Gaza." Yes No 2023: Likely [279]; 2024: [280]
[281] Jihan Zakarriya 1 January 2025 Associate professor of Arabic studies Postcolonial Interventions "When Ukrainians sought the right to join the NATO, that is against Russian national security, they

received all political, military, and sociocultural support from European and American authorities and populations, yet the Palestinian genocide was totally ignored."

Yes No
[282] Avraham Russell Shalev 1 January 2025 Researcher specialising in public law at the Kohelet Policy Forum (conservative, libertarian think-tank in Israel) San Diego International Law Journal "While reasonable legal debates exist over the scope of permissible siege tactics, conflating lawful military strategy with allegations of war crimes or genocide risks eroding the credibility of international legal institutions." No No
[283] Gregory Shafer 1 January 2025 Professor of English The Radical Teacher "I make these statements as classes across the nation begin to assess the Israeli slaughter of thousands of innocent Palestinians and the incredible failure of media to cover this obvious act of genocide." Yes No
[284] Tlaleng Mofokeng, Francesca Albanese 2 January 2025 UN Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health; the UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights "For well over a year into the genocide, Israel’s blatant assault on the right to health in Gaza and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory is plumbing new depths of impunity" Yes No
[285] Mark Lewis Taylor 7 January 2025 Professor of Theology and Culture Theology Today "The enormity of the slaughter in Gaza, together with the enormity of US military aid to enable it, more than justifies the prominence we now give to resisting US-backed Israel's genocide.", "This misrepresents Palestinian allies as simply pro-Hamas, not as resisters to US-backed Israeli genocide.", "In a second oversimplification, Smith pleas for remembering "the suffering of all parties," but fails to see that doing so requires our giving an asymmetrical preference to Gazans suffering genocidal assault." Yes No 2023: Yes [286]
[287] Amos Goldberg; Daniel Blatman 16 January 2025 Historian and Holocaust/Genocide Scholar, Historian and Holocaust Scholar Haaretz "ההגדרה הראויה לזוועות שמחוללת ישראל בעזה היא סוגיה שנתונה כבר יותר משנה בדיון בין חוקרים, משפטנים, פעילים פוליטיים, עיתונאים ואחרים — דיון שרוב הישראלים לא נחשפים אליו." [A comparative examination of the events of the past year, as we will present below, leads to the painful conclusion that Israel is indeed committing genocide in Gaza.] Yes Yes
[288] Communication, Culture and Critique Editorial Collective 17 January 2025 Peer-reviewed academic journal Communication, Culture & Critique "As we assume our responsibility to guide this journal and impact our fields, we would be remiss to ignore the glaring epicenter of the prevailing global order's efforts to reproduce itself: the State of Israel's ongoing campaign of genocide against Palestinians in Gaza and its gradual expansion into the West Bank." Yes No
[289] Yuu Nishimura 17 January 2025 Lecturer in history, specialising in Jewish history and antisemitism Ritsumeikan Journal of Language and Culture "この論理を現在まともに受け入れることは難しい。なぜなら建国当時，実際に迫害を受けるユダヤ人の文字通りの避難所として必要とされた小国イスラエルは，いまや世界第四位の軍事力を誇る強国へ，それも，他国への軍事侵攻や占領地への入植をはじめとする国際法違反，国内ならびに占領地におけるパレスチナ人の人権侵害，そして「ジェノサイド」―2023 年 10 月から現在（2024 年 5 月）まで続くイスラエルによるガザ攻撃をこのように呼ばないことは難しい―を公然と行って憚らない異様な強大国へと成長してしまったからである。" ["This logic is difficult to accept today, since at the time of its founding, the small state of Israel was needed as a literal refuge for persecuted Jews. It has now grown into a powerful nation boasting the fourth-largest military power in the world, and an unusually powerful nation that is not afraid to openly commit violations of international law, including military invasions of other countries and settlements in occupied territories, violations of the human rights of Palestinians both at home and in the occupied territories, and "genocide"—it is difficult not to call the Israeli attacks on Gaza, which have been ongoing since October 2023 and continue to this day (May 2024), a "genocide.""] Yes No
[290] Yipeng Ge 18 January 2025 Primary care physician and public health specialist International Journal of Health Policy Management "At a protest calling attention to the ongoing genocide in Gaza and ending Canada's complicity in Israel's genocide of the Palestinian people, there was a sign that read "Peace is the white man's word, liberation is ours."" Yes No
[291] Ernesto Verdeja 20 January 2025 Professor of peace studies and global politics (with a focus on genocide) Journal of Genocide Research "This article examines these issues as a series of cascading crises that have been amplified by the immediate genocidal crisis facing Gazans." Yes No 2024: Yes [292]
[293] Gurmendi Dunkelberg 22 January 2025 Legal scholar specialising in human rights and the regulation of war Journal of Genocide Research "In Rwanda, in Nazi Germany, in the Former Yugoslavia, in Brazil, in the US, and also in Israel, genocidal logics are consistently explained through the paradigm of modernity/coloniality. To empty these genocides from their political and historical context in a pointless search for pure hatred as the only reasonable explanation for the systematic killing of thousands, sometimes millions, of people, seems completely ahistorical and frankly gaslighting." Yes No
[294] Yair Wallach 22 January 2025 Director of the Centre for Jewish Studies at SOAS, University of London New Statesman "It appears impossible not to connect the genocidal discourse, widespread among Israeli politicians and military commanders, and Israel's aggressive and devastating operations in Gaza, with no clear aim other than destruction itself." Yes No
[295] Omer Shatz 22 January 2025 International lawyer who filed an incitement to genocide case against 8 Israeli public figures at the ICC Haaretz "Our case shows that Israeli officials' statements meet the legal criteria for direct and public incitement to genocide." Incitement to genocide Yes
[296] Rafael Medoff 27 January 2025 Professor of Jewish history Davar "The false charge of genocide in Gaza has emptied the word of its meaning. If we have reached the point that "genocide" is nothing more than a weapon for antisemites to use against the Jews, we might as well retire the word." No No
[297] Fatima-zahra Bourdim 28 January 2025 Lecturer in Economics Journal of Asian and African Studies "Despite the ongoing genocide in Gaza, these Arab nations have not taken meaningful steps to facilitate the entry of aid into the region, even as their citizens protest the trucks loaded with supplies headed for the Israeli occupation crossing through Jordan. However, these protests have had no tangible impact on the situation." "Compounding these failures, international organizations have similarly neglected to take a meaningful stand against this genocide." Yes No
[298] Martin Jay 30 January 2025 Intellectual historian Journal of Genocide Research "Although he indignantly resisted the charge that it meant a call for genocide when South Africa brought a case against him at the International Court of Justice, there is little to support his protestations in the continuing actions of the IDF." Likely No
[299] Dana El Kurd 1 February 2025 Assistant professor of comparative politics and international relations Debating American Primacy in the Middle East "Today, in the shadow of genocide in Gaza, Palestine may also become – paradoxically – a conduit to anti-American and pro-authoritarian sentiment both in the region and in the global North." Yes No
[300] Basma Hajir; Mezna Qato 2 February 2025 Lecturer in Education and International Development; Lecturer in Global Studies and History Globalisation, Societies and Education "In this reflective piece, we look at developments within universities and intellectual circles at the core of the 'liberal order' amidst an ongoing genocide." Yes No
[301] Reem Alsalem 3 February 2025 United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women and girls Middle East Monitor "'Israel's attacks on Palestinian women are part of a systematic genocide strategy,' said Alsalem on Sunday. 'When looking at Israel's actions overall, it is clear that targeting the reproductive capacity of Palestinians in particular serves this purpose.'" Yes Yes
[302] Ashjan Ajour 3 February 2025 Sociologist European Journal of Cultural Studies "This article addresses the ongoing genocidal war and extended blockade of Gaza that has been in effect since 2007, framing it as a manifestation of colonial violence against space and a collective punishment." Yes No
[303] James Smith et al. 5 February 2025 Lecturer in Humanitarian Policy and Practice
Various scholars and specialists in medicine and humanitarian work 		Conflict and Health "Firstly, Israel's acute-on-protracted genocidal violence against the Palestinian people continues unabated." Yes No
[304] Caitlin Procter 5 February 2025 Political anthropologist and Professor at the Migration Policy Centre Journal of Palestine Studies "Over the course of the last year, there has been no shortage of evidence of Israel's genocide in Gaza." Yes No
[305] Ntina Tzouvala 6 February 2025 Senior Lecturer in Law Australian Journal of International Affairs "For some, amongst whom I count myself, the largely unopposed live-streaming of genocidal violence in Gaza signifies a moment of rupture both for international law and for global politics as any hegemonic pretence of universalism and equality is openly abandoned", "Notably, at least a part of this block understand Gaza to be a crisis not because they ignore structural harm, but precisely because they deem the unfolding genocide to be symptomatic of longer-term maladies of global politics and of international law." Yes No
[306] Tamir Sorek 6 February 2025 Professor of History specialising in conflict and resistance, particularly in the context of Palestine/Israel Journal of Genocide Research "The eliminatory logic of settler-colonialism, decades of active colonization, as well as the imposition of an apartheid-like regime, have necessitated escalating violence to suppress resistance, coupled with the dehumanization of Palestinians and growing indifference to their lives."
"The most violent eliminatory expressions have historically emerged during periods when the Zionist settler community felt existentially threatened, and on two occasions, in 1948 and in 2023–2024, this anxiety has led to the mainstreaming of the genocidal imagination. The Hamas attack on 7 October 2023 acted as the missing element for the perfect storm. The mass murder of Israeli civilians reignited deep-seated traumas of annihilation, which were further instrumentalized by political forces with long-standing eliminatory agendas. This convergence of factors resulted in unprecedented levels of revengeful sentiment, enabling genocidal rhetoric to quickly enter the mainstream, adopted by radio broadcasters, journalists, politicians, and even the President of Israel." 		Yes Yes
[307] Nicola Pratt; Afaf Jabiri; Ashjan Ajour; Hala Shoman; Maryam Aldossari; Sara Ababneh 6 February 2025 Political scientist; Senior Lecturer of Development Studies; Sociologist; PhD researcher in Sociology; Senior lecturer in Human Resource Management; Political scientist and lecturer in International Relations International Feminist Journal of Politics "Bearing witness to the genocide in Gaza and the broader Palestinian struggle requires feminists, particularly in the West, to speak out, take action, and challenge the systems that perpetuate oppression and dispossession." Yes No
[308] Nitzan Lebovic 6 February 2025 Historian of political concepts Journal of Genocide Research "On the one hand, the genocide in Gaza has disrupted the liberal universalization of Jewish suffering." Yes No
[309] Leah Merrill, Liza Williams 7 February 2025 Historian; Political scientist Political Science Education and the Profession "Even with the current suspension in fighting in the ongoing Israel-Hamas war, ignited by the aftermath of the Hamas-led attacks against Israel on October 7th, 2023 and Israel's subsequent retaliation against the Palestinian territories beginning in late October 2023, scholars, human rights activists, and international lawyers continue to raise questions about whether the human rights atrocities and attacks on civilian life in Gaza satisfy the legal and conceptual criteria associated with the crime of genocide." Maybe No
[310] James Smith; Duha Shellah; Zoé Samudzi 8 February 2025 Lecturer in Humanitarian Policy and Practice; Physician and Medical Journalist; Sociologist The Lancet "A failure to acknowledge more fully the impact of direct violence in Gaza by the Israeli military, as sanctioned by the State of Israel, has arguably delayed meaningful global efforts to prevent further death and destruction; this situation, in our opinion, has been to the dereliction of our collective responsibility to prevent what we believe to be genocide." Yes No
[311] Richard Matthews 8 February 2025 Political philosopher and Associate Professor of Medical Ethics The Lancet "The point of engaging in genocide studies and of taking the Holocaust seriously is to ensure that such things never happen again to anyone and that such acts are not justifiable for any reason—whether self-defence, supreme emergency, or otherwise. Given the emphasis of the Commission on the skills to detect and prevent crimes against humanity and genocide, the failure to consider Israeli state potential for both undermines their claim to care for the victims of atrocities and to uphold the "healing ethos" central to the practice of medicine by legitimating the resulting injuries and deaths." Maybe No
[312] John B. Quigley 11 February 2025 Law professor Anadolu Agency "It's rather strange after genocide has been committed against a population to say that the way to deal with the resulting circumstance is to remove all the people. So Mr. Trump would obviously not acknowledge that genocide has been committed, but that is the factual situation." Yes No 2024: Maybe [313]; Yes [314]
[315] Mohammed Yunus Khanji et al. 12 February 2025 Various doctors BMJ Global Health "A growing body of evidence of both intent and effect now lends even greater weight to accusations that Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinian people." "Failure to uphold international legal protections and associated political commitments—most urgently in the form of action to prevent genocide—and to safeguard a minimum commitment to health and humanitarian caregiving in situations of armed conflict and genocide, will have profoundly negative consequences that extend far beyond the ongoing genocide in occupied Palestine, with widespread ramifications for people the world over." Yes No
[316] Ronald Grigor Suny 12 February 2025 Historian Journal of Genocide Research "But a year later, after the horrific and inexcusable Hamas massacres of 7 October 2023, the extreme right-wing government of Prime Minister Netanyahu has engaged in what now, in the opinion of many (and in my own judgment), has metastasized into genocide." Yes No 2024: Yes [317]
2025: Yes [318]
[319] Alfred-Maurice de Zayas 13 February 2025 Lawyer specialising in human rights and international law CounterPunch "Why endorse the on-going Israeli ethnic cleansing and genocide of the people of Gaza and Palestine?" Yes No
[320] Stephen Zunes 14 February 2025 Professor of politics and director of the Middle Eastern Studies program New Lines Magazine "In many respects, U.S. support for Israel's genocide against the Palestinians in Gaza is even less forgivable than these earlier cases, since the extent of the killing is so well-known. Rather than being relegated to the back pages of major newspapers, as some of these other tragedies were, on-screen images of the Gaza genocide have been readily available to Americans." Yes No
[321] Geoffery S. Corn 15 February 2025 Professor of law and expert on military law The New Yorker "Hamas's use of civilian buildings transformed those sites into 'military objectives'. The civilians killed were not targets but 'incidental deaths. [...] What I can say is that the systems and processes that the I.D.F. implemented are very similar to what we would implement in a similar battle space." No No 2023: No [322]
[323] Gary Fields 17 February 2025 Emeritus Professor in Department of Communications, Specialist in Historical Geography Jadaliyya "This essay seeks answers to these questions by arguing that today’s genocide in Gaza is rooted in the state-building project of Zionism itself, and that this genocidal violence reflects a pattern of atrocities perpetrated by Israel against Palestinians over decades." Yes No 2024: Yes [324]
[325] Jannis Julien Grimm;
Marcus Schneider 		18 February 2025 Associate Researcher in the Center for Middle Eastern and North African Politics;
Head of the FES regional project for peace and security in the Middle East 		Zeitschrift für Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik — No Doesn't take a position, but covers some of the published research, and looks at Germany's response to various aspects of the War and accusations of Genocide.
[326] Craig Mokhiber 18 February 2025 Specialist in international human rights law, policy, and methodology Dialectical Anthropology "A destructive force is now eroding the entire edifice of international law built up since the Second World War and a force that is now facilitating the horror of genocide in Palestine." Yes No 2023: Yes [327]
[328] Ta-Nehisi Coates 19 February 2025 Author and journalist, focus on race and colonialism Informed Comment "We are at a moment right now where people are asking themselves why can't the Democratic Party defend this assault on democracy . . . and I would submit to you that if you can't draw the line at genocide, you probably can't draw the line at democracy." Yes No
[329] Karen Wells; Susana Cortés-Morales; James Esson; Deirdre Horgan; Fikile Nxumalo; Ann Phoenix; Pauliina Rautio; Rachel Rosen 20 February 2024 Children's Geographies "The USA continues to supply Israel with military aid of USD 14.3 billion and has authorised the emergency sale of USD 147.5 million of military equipment to continue its genocidal war, bypassing Congress in the process" Yes Yes
[330] Adam Yaghi 21 February 2025 Professor of literature, researcher in global politics Arab Studies Quarterly "This article maps out the Gaza genocidal rhetoric onto a genealogy of European-American imaginative re-makings of the geography of Palestine. This tradition, rooted in nineteenth-century visions of ethnically cleansing and repurposing the land according to colonial and theological worldviews" Yes No
[331] Joni Aasi 21 February 2025 Professor of international law and political science Arab Studies Quarterly "What has been happening in Gaza since October 9, 2023, indicates an Israeli will to make the environmental damage in Gaza long-term, widespread and severe (the discourse of turning Gaza into an unlivable area or an area of epidemics and disease), which falls within the definition of the crime of genocide in the sense of murder and forced displacement, but also in the sense of environmental destruction and the slow pace of extermination." Yes No
[332] Adam A. H. Yaghi 21 February 2025 Clinical Associate professor in Writing, specialising in American and Arabic literature Arab Studies Quarterly "In light of the above, especially the genocidal Israeli-American statements calling for the ethnic cleansing of Gaza, this article maps out this recent genocidal mrhetoric onto a genealogy of European-American imaginative re-makings of the geography of Palestine.", "Banking on this matrimony between both traditions, Netanyahu has further attempted to sell the genocidal destruction of Gaza as "a struggle between the children of light and the children of darkness."" Yes No
[333] Dina Matar 22 February 2025 Professor of political communication and Arab media Third World Quarterly "This paper addresses the coverage by habitual Western legacy media of the 2023/24 Israeli genocidal war against Gaza.", "Tragic accounts of death, in fact, distort the political responsibility of the parties involved in the killing, including those third parties complicit in the genocidal actions." Yes No
[334] Raz Segal 24 February 2025 Professor of Holocaust and Genocide Studies The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History "The first part discusses the Jewish supremacism at the heart of Israeli settler colonialism, focusing on Israel's genocide in Gaza since October 2023. It traces how genocidal rhetoric by state leaders, articulated in the language of Jewish supremacy, shaped the dynamics of violence on the ground, as documented by Israeli soldiers and officers in Gaza who described their own crimes in videos they recorded and uploaded to social media." Yes No 2023: Yes [335]; 2024: Yes [336]; 2025: Journal of Palestine Studies
[337] Matthias Küntzel 25 February 2025 Political scientist and historian Center for Antisemitism and Racism Studies Working Papers "So unterstützen 32 Staaten und zwei Staatengruppen die unerhörte Anschuldigung Südafrikas, das von der Hamas angegriffene und sich dann gegen die Angreifer verteidigende Israel betreibe Völkermord an den Palästinensern." ["Thus, 32 states and two groups of states support South Africa's outrageous accusation that Israel, which was attacked by Hamas and then defended itself against the attackers, is committing genocide against the Palestinians."] No No
[338] Bilal Hamamra;
Fayez Mahamid;
Dana Bdier;
Mai Atiya 		26 February 2025 Professor of Literature;
Psychologist;
Researcher in Mental Health specialising in Gender and Trauma;
PhD student in educational and psychological counseling 		Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health "Thematic content analysis of the interview transcripts led to the identification of five main themes: [...] and (5) survival coping employed by Gazans following the on-going genocide against the Gaza Strip." Yes No For Hamamra & Fayez see also Disasters
[339] Muhannad Ayyash 26 February 2025 Professor of Sociology Third World Quarterly "Since October 2023, the US-led Western imperial alliance has not only refused to stop the genocidal onslaught, but has provided military, economic, and diplomatic support that is essential to Israel’s ability to carry out its genocidal operation. The USA sees Israel as a critical imperial outpost, which secures Western imperial interests in the region and indeed beyond, and no price including the genocide of non-Western people like the Palestinians is considered too high for achieving that goal." Yes Yes 2023: Yes [340] [341]
[342] Sultan Barakat; Savo Heleta; Logan Cochrane 26 February 2025 Professor of Public Policy; Scholar of Internationalisation; Associate Professor of Public Policy Higher Education "Given the enormity of the destruction of higher education in Gaza since October 2023, understanding past trends in aid flows to higher education in Palestine and the types of aid provided by donors presents a cautionary tale for what may be coming once the conflict and genocide in Gaza end." Yes No
[343] Anil Shah 27 February 2025 Researcher in development policy and postcolonial studies PROKLA. Zeitschrift für Kritische Sozialwissenschaft "In diesem Zusammenhang drückt sich der Genozid in Gaza sowohl in einer gewaltsamen Massenvertreibung als auch in der in-tentionalen, systematischen und groß-flächigen Zerstörung von Wohnraum, sozialer Infrastruktur, Landwirtschaft und Ökosystemen sowie des Gesundheits- und Bildungswesens aus." ["In this context, the genocide in Gaza is expressed both in a violent mass displacement and in the intentional, systematic and large-scale destruction of housing, social infrastructure, agriculture and ecosystems, as well as the health and education systems."] Yes No
[344] Paul James 28 February 2025 Professor of Globalization and Cultural Diversity Journal of Bioethical Inquiry "In summary, it is possible that genocide is occurring in Gaza, and this should be questioned, investigated, and responded to through a precisely enunciated precautionary principle." Maybe No
[345] Aidatul Fitriyah 28 February 2025 Multidisciplinary academic Sinergi International Journal of Law "Based on an analysis of various reports from international institutions, Israel's actions against Palestinians show strong indications of serious violations of international law, especially in the context of genocide and war crimes." Likely No
[346] Khalfallah Faouzi;
Atik Ali 		28 February 2025 Doctoral researchers in International Law International Journal of Law: "Law and World" "From the foregoing, we infer that Israel not only treated the lives of the population in the Gaza Strip with disdain, but also deliberately inflicted the greatest possible harm on civilians to commit genocide, which led to the exacerbation of the humanitarian crisis that provoked widespread condemnation from the international community." Yes No
[347] Avi Shlaim 1 March 2025 Historian Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies "Yes, this horrendous murdering of innocent civilians is not the same as previous Israeli assaults on the people of Gaza. This is ethnic cleansing and genocide." Yes No Additional source: [348], Book that the podcast discusses
[349] Sarah Cathryn Majed Dweik
Bernardita M. Yunis Varas 		1 March 2025 Graduate Assistant in Communication Arts and Sciences
Doctoral candidate in Communication in Rhetoric and Culture 		Transnational Feminist Rhetorical Studies "Since October 2023, we have entered a new era of Palestinian-experienced violence as the most documented genocide in history unfolds through news and Palestinian accounts on X (formerly Twitter) tweets, Instagram posts and reels, and TikTok videos." Yes No
[350] Kim Alley 1 March 2025 Senior lecturer in political science and Indigenous studies Native American and Indigenous Studies "While transnational Indigenous solidarities with Palestine are not new, they have grown to become more prominent on both national and international stages across the world as Israel's genocide in Gaza has intensified." Yes No
[351] Isabella Hammad 1 March 2025 Author, history of writing on Palestine The Yale Review "As Israel's genocidal war on the Palestinians in Gaza expanded to Lebanon with the complicity and support of many of the world's great powers, I found myself passing over books that failed to offer me a route into thinking about the great brutality of the period through which we are living." Yes No
[352] Marc Owen Jones 1 March 2025 Associate professor of media analytics Third World Quarterly "Since Israel's genocide in Gaza, which began on 7 October 2023, there has been a parallel war in the information space." Yes No
[353] Sally Azar 1 March 2025 Pastor in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Jordan and the Holy Land Christian Relief, Development, and Advocacy: The Journal of the Accord Network "Since October 7, 2023, Christian responses to the genocide in Gaza and the broader reality of Palestine and the Middle East have varied widely, reflecting a spectrum of theological and political perspectives." Yes No
[354] Deborah Lipstadt 4 March 2025 Historian specialising in modern Jewish history and Holocaust studies New York Times "It doesn't fit the definition of genocide. I mean, there's got to be an intent to wipe out a culture or people." No No
[355] Rafeef Ziadah 4 March 2025 Lecturer in Politics and Public Policy The Sociological Review ""The genocide in Gaza demands a critical reckoning with the role of Sociology as a discipline and the broader purpose of academic institutions."" Yes No
[356] Kirsteen Paton 4 March 2025 Lecturer in the Sociology of Class The Sociological Review "Over the last year we have witnessed a genocide unfold. Homes, hospitals, schools, every single university and essential infrastructure in Gaza – the very fabric of life – have been destroyed." Yes No
[357] Sarah Leah Whitson 5 March 2025 Director of Democracy for the Arab World Now (DAWN), former MENA director of Human Rights Watch The Nation "our organization ... filed a 172-page legal brief to the International Criminal Court urging it to investigate former President Joe Biden, former Secretary of State Antony Blinken, and former Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin for aiding and abetting war crimes, crimes against humanity, starvation, and genocide against Palestinians in Gaza." Yes No
[358] David Hirsh 5 March 2025 Antisemitism expert, Sociologist with interest in crimes against humanity, co-founder of Engage Times of Israel Hirsh labels the conflict in Gaza “an absolute tragedy,” recognizes that many children have died in it, and says it is legitimate to question Israel’s strategy in the wake of October 7. But, he insists, there is a “huge difference” between the tragic deaths of children in war and “children who are murdered deliberately in a campaign to eradicate a particular kind of people defined by their killers.” No No 2024: No [359],[360]
[361] Noah Feldman 6 March 2025 Professor of International Law Harvard Radcliffe Institute podcast "I see the argument on the other side, and there are some public statements by Israeli officials that are, as we say in the law, bad facts on the side of the Israeli's defense. But I don't think that the conduct fits the definition of conduct intended to destroy the Palestinian people in whole or in part. Could that change in the future? Of course, it's possible for it to change. It's not some immutable fact, I'm just describing the way I see it now." No No 2024: No [362]
[363] Fazil Moradi 6 March 2025 Associate professor of Humanities Journal of Genocide Research "Since 7 October 2023, the systematic bombing and burning of women, children and men, old and young, universities, schools, libraries, books, museums, heritage sites, homes, streets, neighbourhoods, trees, cats, birds, dogs, hospitals or the educational and health infrastructures in Gaza78 – alongside the relentless terrorization and deprivation of over two million people – have made two words increasingly unavoidable in planetary memory and discussions: genocide and scholasticide (destruction of knowledge or educational infrastructure)." No
[364] Idhamsyah Eka Putra
Muhammad Abdan Shadiqi
Ana Figueiredo 		9 March 2025 Lecturer in Psychology
Lecturer in Psychology
Professor in Social Sciences 		Social and Personality Psychology Compass "In the case of Israel, we argue that both competitive victimhood and perpetual ingroup victimhood orientation lead people to deny the mass atrocities and ongoing genocide, while justifying Israel's actions by blaming the outgroup." Yes No
[365] Muhammad Naveed Noor
Sujith Kumar Prankumar
Mohammed Alkhaldi
Irene Torres 		10 March 2025 Professor of Health Policy and Systems Research
Senior Research Associate at the Kirby Institute
Assistant Professor in Public Health
Member of the Expert Advisory Group of the Health Systems in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Settings Thematic Working Group of Health Systems Global, and a member of the International Council of the Global Society on Migration, Ethnicity, Race and Health. 		Medicine, Conflict and Survival "The published literature signalled a deep concern about fatalities, the destruction of infrastructure and the health and humanitarian crises in Gaza among the authors [...] Consistent with the ICJ rulings, the UNCHR.s special report, and Human

Rights Watch reports, almost a quarter of the articles claimed that Israel was committing 'genocidal acts' in Gaza."

No Does not take a position, but discusses some of the literature published.
[366] The Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel 13 March 2025 OHCHR website "The Commission finds that the ISF intentionally attacked and destroyed the Basma IVF clinic which was the main fertility centre in Gaza. The ISF destroyed all of the reproductive material that was stored for the future conception of Palestinians. The Commission did not find any evidence that this IVF clinic was a legitimate military target at the time that it was attacked by the ISF. The Commission concludes that the destruction of the Basma IVF clinic was a measure intended to prevent births among Palestinians in Gaza, which is a genocidal act under the Rome Statute and Genocide Convention. The Commission also concludes that this was done with the intent to destroy the Palestinians in Gaza as a group, in whole or in part, and that this is the only inference that could reasonably be drawn from the acts in question" Yes Yes
[367] Judith Butler 18 March 2025 Philosopher, Gender Studies Scholar Interview with Owen Jones "[Israel] doesn't understand its own annihilation practices as genocidal. It cannot. It saves that word for its own history but it will not accept a comparative genocide framework or understand its own actions as technically genocidal according to the Genocide Convention which it is." (46:13) Yes No 2023: Yes [368]
2024: Yes [369]
[370] Seyyed Amir Mohammad Mousavi
Seyyed Mahdi Seyyed Zadeh Sani 		18 March 2025 Master's student in Criminal Law and Criminology
Assistant Professor of Criminal Law and Criminology 		Journal of International Peacekeeping "The systematic nature of the current actions against the people of Gaza can be clearly observed in the political agendas, media, and speeches of high-ranking Israeli political and military officials, which is not commonly seen in other cases of genocide or crimes against humanity." Yes No
[371] Rebecca E. Karl 19 March 2025 Professor of History, specialising in China, Social Theory, and Gender Journal of Palestine Studies "We are expected to shut up, pipe down, and toe a line that is increasingly clearly drawn by an administration in lockstep with external funders and political forces—from the US and elsewhere—desperate to prevent the global condemnation of Israel's genocidal violence in Palestine from becoming a common-sensically held value of political action and universal public revulsion." Yes No
[372] Sarah Ihmoud 20 March 2025 Sociocultural anthropologist Journal of the Native American and Indigenous Studies Association "I argue that Israel's genocidal project, hypervisible now in the intensification of warfare against the occupied and besieged Gaza Strip, but also unfolding across occupied Palestinian territory since the 1948 Nakba, should be understood centrally as reproductive genocide, a systematic assault on Palestinian reproductive health, and an attempt to prevent the reproduction of present and future generations of Palestinian lives." Yes No
[373] Hala Shoman; Ashjan Ajour; Sara Ababneh; Afaf Jabiri; Nicola Pratt; Jemima Repo; Maryam Aldossari; 20 March 2025 PhD researcher in Sociology; Sociologist; Political scientist and lecturer in International Relations; Senior Lecturer of Development Studies; Political scientist; Reader in Political and Feminist Theory; Senior lecturer in Human Resource Management Gender, Work & Organization "In the case of Palestine, Israel's genocidal acts extend beyond immediate physical destruction, into deeply personal realms of health, bodily autonomy, and dignity, affecting every aspect of Palestinian life.", "Addressing the genocide in Palestine requires reclaiming feminism's transformative potential by bridging the gap between theory and practice. Silence in the face of atrocities is not neutrality—it is complicity." Yes No
[374] Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 20 March 2025 Non-Governmental Organization Press release "WILPF calls upon all relevant bodies in the United Nations and all Member States, to do everything in their power, immediately, so that Israel stops its genocidal operations, and to protect the people of Palestine." Yes Yes
[375] Hande Nur Bozbuğa 21 March 2025 Islamic Philosopher and Assistant Professor at Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University DergiPark Akademik "Gazze'de günümüzde yaşanan soykırım, Hannah Arendt'in 20. yüzyıl-da Nazi partisinin antisemitik politika izleyerek Yahudilere uzun bir dönem çeşitli işkence ve zulümleri ifade eden kötülük kuramından yararlanılarak açıklanabilir." [The genocide taking place in Gaza today can be explained by using Hannah Arendt's theory of evil, which describes the long-term torture and oppression of Jews by the Nazi party following anti-Semitic policies in the 20th century.] Yes No
[376] Henry Giroux 26 March 2025 Scholar and cultural critic Journal of Holy Land Studies "Genocide manifests itself not only in the creation of 'kill zones', where soldiers indiscriminately shoot Palestinians and in the use of lethal force against non-military targets such as hospitals and schools but also in the systematic destruction of Gaza's entire intellectual, cultural, and civic infrastructure. This calculated erosion seeks to eliminate the very fabric of Gaza's society, extending beyond physical violence to the obliteration of its historical and cultural identity." Yes No 2024: Yes [377]
[378] César Domínguez 28 March 2025 Professor of Comparative Literature Diacritics "This essay explores the concept of scholasticide—the systematic destruction of educational institutions and targeting of academics—as a dimension of genocide, particularly in the context of the ongoing war in Gaza. It situates scholasticide within the broader framework of cultural genocide." Yes No
[379] Richard Illingworth 31 March 2025 Lecturer in International Relations, with a research focus on Mass Atrocities Cooperation and Conflict "But the problem is deeper than this: it is not simply that key Western states are 'standing idly by', but rather that these states are directly aiding and abetting genocidal violence." Maybe No Says that genocidal violence is occurring, and compares the facilitating actions of third-states to their actions in other cases of genocide, but does not state outright that it is a case of genocide.
[380] Yaniv Reingewertz 1 April 2025 Professor of public administration and policy specialising in economics Political Geography "I argue that the dynamics in Gaza more closely reflect the characteristics of asymmetric warfare than of genocide" No No
[381] Ussama Makdisi 1 April 2025 Historian specialising in the modern middle east Critical Times "This official silence around Palestine is even more striking because Palestinians, Arabs, and Muslims—as well as those from other faiths, including Jewish anti-Zionists who support Palestinian solidarity and freedom—have been urgently protesting and encamping across US (and western European) campuses for months in an effort to break the institutional silence about the genocide.", "Both the genocidal violence to which Palestinians are being subjected in the twenty-first century and the way in which Palestine is denied as a major moral question in the West are out of sync with how US academic institutions, let alone the US government, like to represent themselves as liberal." Yes No
[382] Iain Michael Chambers 1 April 2025 Sociologist Studi culturali "The ongoing genocide in Gaza, accompanied by ethnic cleansing in the West Bank, is simultaneously a colonial and ecological aggression." Yes No 2024: Yes [383]
[384] Noureddine Miladi;
Aaya Miladi 		1 April 2025 Professor of Media & Communication;
MSc International Relations student at LSE 		Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies "These findings were discussed against the broader context of 'orientalizing' Arab/Muslim tropes, Israeli culpability and power asymmetries inherent in the Palestinian struggle against colonization, occupation and ongoing genocide." Yes No
[385] Benjamin‑Samuel Schlüter
Bruno Masquelier
Zeina Jamaluddine 		2 April 2025 PostDoc Fellow in Demography
Professor of Demography
Assistant Professor of Epidemiology 		Population Health Metrics "The age pattern associated with genocide is the closest to the observed death rates due to the war, especially below the age of 40 years." "Of particular concern is the similitude between the age schedule of relative risks in the first 3 months of the current war and the UN IGME schedule of excess deaths reflecting genocide. This highlights the importance of the International Court of Justice’s request for the indication of measures from Israel to fulfil their obligations under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide." Maybe No
[386] Devin G. Atallah;
Yasser M. Abu-Jamei 		3 April 2025 Assistant Professor of Psychology;
Director General of the Gaza Community Mental Health Programme 		Journal of Palestine Studies "In fact, genocide, by design, is un-survivable, leaving behind an unfathomable mental health impact with untold consequences on Gaza’s survivors—especially the children among them—for years to come. In March 2024, five months into the accelerated genocide that began in October 2023 and continues until today, Save the Children reported that the prolonged and frequent exposure of children to traumatic events and harsh living conditions in Gaza had resulted in a mental health crisis." Yes No
[387] Achin Vanaik 5 April 2025 Professor of International Relations and Global Politics (Ret.) The Wire (India) "That the US under the Trump administration has given Israel a green light to carry on with this genocide is obvious." Yes No 2024: Yes [388]
[389] Emna Ennouri;
Mohamed Boussarsar;
Chourouk Ben Mahfoudh;
Khamis Elessi;
Helmi Ben Saad 		14 April 2025 Doctor and Assistant professor in Intensive Care;
Head of the Medical Intensive Care Unit and Professor;
Medical biologist;
Neurorehabilitiation and Pain Medicine consultant and Associate Professor of Evidence-Based Medicine;
Professor of Physiology 		International Journal of Health Policy Management "The 2023-2024 Gaza Genocide has generated notable scholarly discourse, influenced by various historical, political, and social contexts. These academic writings, rooted in the longstanding "war of words," illustrate how language serves as a potent weapon in conflicts." Yes No
[390] Mark LeVine;
Eric Cheyfitz 		22 April 2025 Historian specialising in the Middle East;
Professor of American Studies and Humane Letters 		Journal of Genocide Research "Epitomized by South Africa’s claim before the ICJ, and more recently (as of December 2024) by Amnesty International’s reporting, the primary determinant is "intent," which is demonstrated by a combination of statements by responsible Israeli officials and acts of mass violence by the Israeli armed forces that go "beyond military objectives, aiming instead at the wholesale depopulation of Gaza through extreme violence and forced displacement."" Yes No
[391] Borbala Fellegi;
Brunilda Pali 		22 April 2025 Assistant Professor of Criminology and Social Policy:
Assistant Professor of Conflict Dynamics and Resolution 		International Journal of Restorative Justice "At the same time, we have also been struck by the level of resistance that we have experienced from relatives, friends and even colleagues when we have initiated discussions about the impact of this genocide not only on Palestinians, but on all of us." Yes No
[392] Donald Bloxham 3 April 2025 Professor of Modern History, specialising in genocide, war crimes and other mass atrocities studies Journal of Genocide Research "Israel's political and military leaders bear the direct and most extensive responsibility for Israel's subsequent actions. I am uninterested in scholastic disputation over whether Israel’s policies include genocide, though much of what has transpired is eminently consistent with genocide through direct killing and "deliberately inflicting on the [victim] group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part," as the 1948 UN Genocide Convention defines it." Yes No
[393] Devin G. Atallah;
Yasser M. Abu-Jamei 		3 April 2025 Assistant professor in psychology
Psychiatrist and Director General of the Gaza Community Mental Health Programme 		Journal of Palestine Studies "in the face of Israel's genocidal colonial violence and its devastating attempts at ibada (annihilation) in Gaza and across Palestine" Yes No
[394] Helen Lackner 15 April 2025 Professor of the Middle East and Yemen Jewish Currents "Now, though, due to the Houthis' defiance of Israel's genocide in the Gaza Strip, the STC doesn't dare say anything against any pro-Palestinian statements from their population" Yes No
[395] Khaldun Bshara 15 April 2025 Anthropologist and assistant Professor in social and behavioural sciences Journal of Palestine Studies "Indeed, Israel's genocidal military campaign has rendered the Gaza Strip largely uninhabitable." Yes No
[396] Bilal Hamamra;
Fayez Mahamid;
Asala Mayaleh;
Dana Bdier 		15 April 2025 Professor of Literature;
Lecturer in Counselling and Psychology, fellow in international development;
Instructor in applied linguistics;
Researcher in Mental Health specialising in Gender and Trauma 		OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying "Through qualitative interviews with 30 refugees from Rafah camp, thematic content analysis identified five key themes: constant fear of death, enduring grief, living under genocide's shadow, resilience through coping mechanisms, and sustaining love and legacy despite loss." Yes No
[397] Marriyam Siddique;
Ehsan Ahmed Khan 		16 April 2025 Assistant Professor in Foreign Policy;
Professor of International Relations 		FWU Journal of Social Sciences "The international society regardless of ample evidence of genocide, has failed to act conclusively, manipulated by international power dynamics and 'false equivalencies' that abstruse the disproportionate suffering wreaked on Palestinians as compared to ventures taken by Hamas." Yes No
[398] Michael Mansfield 16 April 2025 Leading human rights barrister Al Jazeera English Q: "Do you classify what's happening in Gaza as a genocide?"

A: "I do, yes, no question. In this particular instance, if you're attacked personally in the domestic sense or in any other, you're entitled to defend yourself but only up to a point. If you're attacked with somebody holding a wooden spoon, you can't use a machinegun to kill them...This has gone far beyond self-defence."

Yes Yes
[399] Nou Joudah 17 April 2025 Geographer and Assistant Professor in Asian American Studies Native American and Indigenous Studies "Today, seventeen years into an air, sea, and land blockade--and almost one year of genocidal warfare (at the time of writing)--we are on the cusp of both a potential return of settlers to Gaza city and the near total decimation of its once vibrant example of Indigenous urbanism." Yes No
[400] Guido Veronese and Ashraf Kagee 18 April 2025 Clinical Psychologist
Psychologist and director of the Alan Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health 		International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare "Yet, invoking both resilience and steadfastness may inadvertently serve the purpose of absolving the guilt of outsiders who are sympathetic to the Palestinian cause but feel profound helplessness while watching the genocide take place. The people of Gaza have been annihilated by starvation, the risk of infectious diseases, the destruction of their built environment and the total destruction of their cultural and religious heritage, and yet no government or state has intervened." Yes No
[401] Yasmin Gunaratnam 18 April 2025 Lecturer in Sociology The Sociological Review "Israel's deadly 2023 military assault on Gaza – recognised as genocide by humanitarian organisations – is at the heart of this article.", "The live streaming of the genocide has brought us all into a terrible, intimate witnessing of Israel's brutality and from the perspectives of those being targeted." Yes No
[402] [403] Julian Fernandez and Olivier de Frouville 18 April 2025 Professors of International Law Le Monde "The likelihood that the state of Israel may be responsible for committing genocide is greater now than ever." Yes No
[404] Jamalia J. Ghaddar 18 April 2025 Historian and Professor of information science Archival Science "How can we archive against genocide in Gaza and its extension elsewhere in Palestine and surrounding countries like Lebanon in this urgent moment while avoiding the pitfalls of white guilt and paternalistic benevolence?" Yes No
[405] Martin Shaw 22 April 2025 International relations professor, Sociologist specialising in genocide The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History "I (believing that genocides are highly variable events, historical in the strong sense of the term), emphasised a distinctive concatenation of the long structure of conflict in Palestine, which over a decade earlier I had been one of the first to discuss in a genocide frame. In this contribution, I discuss why I initially saw (and still see) Israel's post-2023 campaign as genocidal" Yes No 2024: Yes Journal of Genocide Research, Journal of Perpetrator Research; 2023: Yes [406]
[407] Fania Oz-Salzberger 22 April 2025 Historian Knack (magazine) "Israël voert een lelijke en vuile oorlog in Gaza, maar geen genocide en hopelijk ook geen etnische zuivering" ["Israel is waging an ugly and dirty war in Gaza, but not genocide and hopefully no ethnic cleansing"] No No 2024: No [408]
[409] Erin McCandless 26 April 2025 Researcher in international relations Third World Quarterly "The nature of atrocities in Gaza—which expansive evidence suggests amount to genocide—is dramatically fuelling a movement for a more principled and just rules-based international order." Maybe No
[410] Brian Cox 28 April 2025 International Law Professor National Post "Seeking to destroy a transnational terrorist group that promises a repeat of the October 7 massacre is not genocide — it's war." No No
[411] Anu Muhammad 29 April 2025 Former professor of economics, Activist The Daily Star (Bangladesh) "What we are witnessing today is not new. It is the continuation of decades of suffering, oppression, and genocide that began long before many of us were even born." Yes No
[412] Erica Burman 30 April 2025 Development psychologist Group Analysis "Group analytic discussions of 'chosen trauma' and the 'soldier matrix' are evaluated as analytical resources exploring subjective states enabling the current Israeli state genocide of Palestinians in Gaza." Yes No
[413] Jannis Julien Grimm; Lilian Mauthofer 1 May 2025 Associate Researcher in the Center for Middle Eastern and North African Politics at the Freie Universität Berlin; Associate Researcher at the INTERACT Center for Interdisciplinary Peace and Conflict Research Dædalus — No Does not take a position, but discusses the policing of language and other discourses used around both October 7, and Gaza.
[414] Guido Veronese; Bilal Hamamra; Fayez Mahamid; Dana Bdier; Federica Cavazzoni 1 May 2025 Clinical Psychologist; Professor of Literature; Psychologist; Researcher in Mental Health specialising in Gender and Trauma; Clinical Psychologist Women's Studies International Forum "This study adopts a qualitative research approach to explore violence against women in Gaza during genocide" Yes No
[415] Genocide Watch 1 May 2025 Antigenocide NGO Their website "Genocide Watch has concluded that Israel has committed all five acts of genocide enumerated in the Genocide Convention. Israel’s war and destruction of the Palestinian population of Gaza exemplifies all ten stages of genocide." Yes No 2024: Yes [416]
2023: Maybe [417]
[418] Farah Aboubakr 6 May 2025 Professor of Arabic and Affiliate of the Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities Memory Studies "The deterioration of Palestinians' humanitarian rights and living conditions over the years preceding the genocidal Gaza War are symptomatic of a crisis that began back in 1948." Yes No
[419] Ola H. Abuward;
Chiara Fiscone;
Nermin M. Abulibda;
Ala’ Mustafa;
Guido Veronese 		6 May 2025 Lecturer in public health;
;Doctoral student in social sciences specialising in education
Lecturer in public health;
;Doctoral student in clinical psychology
Clinical Psychologist specialising in war trauma 		International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare "The findings, derived from thematic content analysis, highlight five main themes: unprecedented violence and genocide, deliberate attempts to make Gaza unlivable, devastating impacts on families and communities, early psychological responses and daily acts of resistance for survival." Yes No
[420] Siniša Malešević; Lea David 11 May 2025 Sociologists Journal of Genocide Research "With the ever-increasing expansion of destructive military capacity, the deeper ideological penetration of social order, and the envelopment of micro-level solidarities, contemporary warfare is becoming more detached, dehumanizing, dispassionate, destructive, and ultimately genocidal. In this context, war and genocide can become indistinguishable, and Gaza might be a reliable indicator for what many future violent conflicts could look like." Yes No
[421] Alison MacKenzie 12 May 2025 Professor of education and social sciences Teaching in Higher Education "The Gazan genocide (what else can one call this?) could be seen as the natural outcome of the postcolonial legacy of the supremacist European settler colonial project: a land without people, supposedly, for a people without land. Terra nullius, ironically, perpetrated by the government of a people who endured the purest example genocide when six million Jews perished in the Holocaust." Yes No
[422] James Eadie et al. 13 May 2025 UK government lawyers The Guardian No evidence has been seen that a genocide is occurring in Gaza or that women and children were targeted by the IDF, UK government lawyers have claimed, as a high court case opened into the handling of arms exports controls to Israel. No No See also [423]
[424] Martijn Eickhoff 13 May 2025 Director of NIOD NOS "Als een hele bevolking toegang tot voedsel wordt ontzegd, is dat potentieel genocidaal." ["If an entire population is denied access to food, that is potentially genocidal."] Likely Yes
[425] International Sociological Association 13 May 2025 International body of sociologists their website "The ISA therefore calls for: An end to the genocide in Gaza and the escalating violence in the West Bank, and a complete end to Israel's military occupation and all colonial practices in these territories" Yes Yes 2025: [426]
[427] Seven genocide researchers 14 May 2025 Seven genocide researchers NRC "NRC sprak zeven gerenommeerde genocide-onderzoekers over Gaza. Zij zijn lang niet zo verdeeld als de publieke opinie: zonder uitzondering kwalificeren ze de Israëlische acties als 'genocidaal'. En volgens hen zijn nagenoeg al hun collega's het daarmee eens." ["NRC spoke to seven renowned genocide researchers about Gaza. They are not nearly as divided as public opinion: without exception, they qualify the Israeli actions as 'genocidal.' And according to them, almost all their colleagues agree with that."] Yes Yes Those interviewed:
[428] Alex de Waal 14 May 2025 Anthropologist specialising in famine London Review of Books "Last month the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights expressed concern 'that Israel appears to be inflicting on Palestinians in Gaza conditions of life increasingly incompatible with their continued existence as a group in Gaza.' These carefully weighed words evoke the Genocide Convention: Article 2(c) prohibits 'deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part'. Here again, Israel has done its sums, tested its policies and made clear that its permanent security overrides all other obligations. It can have no doubt about the outcomes of its actions. It may do just enough to keep most Palestinians alive. Whether this prevents the destruction of Palestinians in Gaza as a group is another matter." {{ }} No
[429] Sandra Babcock; Susan Akram, Thomas Becker; James Cavallaro 15 May 2025 Clinical professor of law in Human Rights;
LAW clinical professor of law and director of LAW's International Human Rights Clinic;
Professor of law and Senior Clinical Supervisor at the University Network for Human Rights;
Professor of law and executive director of the University Network for Human Rights 		The Guardian "The significance of Israel's apartheid has been overshadowed by its genocidal assault on Gaza. But the two are inextricably linked. The same racial hatred fuels apartheid as much as it does genocide." Yes No
[430] Lorenzo Veracini 17 May 2025 Historian specialising in Settler-colonialism The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History "The soldiery is clearly not misinterpreting: government ministers and spokespersons could not be more explicit in routinely proclaiming their genocidal determination.", "The genocidal policy was previously about ensuring the slow death of a whole population – it was 'Gazafication', genocide by attrition. Now there is unmistakable incitement and wrathful urgency." Yes No
[431] Zora Simic;
Jordana Silverstein;
Ben Silverstein 		19 May 2025 Historian and Gender Studies scholar;
Cultural historian;
Researcher in colonial and Indigenous histories 		History Australia "They outlined the extent of the destruction – which at that time included 'the killing of over 2,400 Palestinians … the injuring of over 10,000 Palestinians, the deliberate displacement of more than half a million Palestinians … the destruction of 60,000 residential units' and so on.Footnote6 This was just over a week into the genocide. How many times multiplied is the destruction now?" Yes No
[432] Rafaëlle Maison 20 May 2025 Professor of International Law Belgian Review of International Law "Si les Etats occidentaux sont réticents à reconnaître qu'un génocide est perpétré à Gaza, cela tient à l'assistance qu'ils continuent d'apporter à Israël, mais aussi à la nature spécifique de ce génocide." [Western States are reluctant to acknowledge that a genocide is being committed in Gaza. This reluctance is due in part to the fact that they keep providing aid to Israel. It is also grounded in the specific nature of this genocide.] Yes No 2024: Maybe [433]
2025: Yes [434]
[435] Atalia Omer 22 May 2025 Professor of religion, conflict, and peace studies Journal of Genocide Research "On the exit to the Offer Prison, near Ramallah, on the first day of the release of Palestinian political hostages and prisoners as a part of the ceasefire agreement between Hamas and Israel that paused one phase of the Gaza genocide (8 October 2023–19 January 2025), people noticed a large parting banner prepared by the Security Services written in three languages, with a differentiated final word. The message read: "The eternal nation does not forget. I will pursue my enemies and overtake them." The English word "overtake” appears in Hebrew as "I will get them" (asigam), and it evokes Psalm 18: 28: "I have pursued mine enemies, and overtaken them; neither did I turn back till they were consumed." In Arabic, the word used is abidahum, meaning "I will extinct them."" Yes No
[436] Nadim Rouhana 22 May 2025 Professor of International Affairs and Conflict Studies Journal of Genocide Research "The post-October 2023 Israeli genocidal war on Gaza demonstrates that "Mowing the Lawn" may have established the (im)moral groundwork for its unfolding." Yes No
[437] Joseph Massad 23 May 2025 Professor of Arab history and politics Middle East Eye "The ongoing genocide in Gaza, which has killed nearly 54,000 Palestinians, along with various plans to expel the remaining survivors, has one primary goal: to safeguard the Jewish settler-colony of Israel by restoring the lost Jewish demographic majority, which had been achieved through mass killings and expulsions since 1948." Yes No 2024: Yes [438]
[439] Human Rights Watch 25 May 2025 Human rights organization Their website "The Israeli government’s plan to demolish what remains of Gaza’s civilian infrastructure and concentrate the Palestinian population into a tiny area would amount to an abhorrent escalation of its ongoing crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing, and acts of genocide" Likely No 2024: Likely [440][441]
[442] 1,136 lawyers 26 May 2025 Various legal scholars and practitioners Open letter to Keir Starmer "Serious violations of international law are being committed and are further threatened by Israel in the oPt. First, genocide is being perpetrated in Gaza or, at a minimum, there is a serious risk of genocide occurring. The limited aid now allowed into Gaza, after an 11-week blockade on food, medical supplies and the essentials of human existence, remains gravely insufficient to address the unfolding humanitarian catastrophe. Israel continues simultaneously to escalate its military operations in Gaza, while senior Israeli Ministers have expressed their intention to “take control of all the territory of the [Gaza] Strip” and “conquer, cleanse and stay – until Hamas is destroyed”, further stating “what remains of the Strip is also being wiped out.”" Yes No Signatories include Sumption, Wilson, Mansfield, Anthony Hooper, Alan Moses, Stephen Sedley, and Theodore Huckle
[443] Anne de Jong 26 May 2025 Professor of Anthropology Public Anthropologist "I am not against using the word genocide to describe Israel's massive, indiscriminate, and deadly military attack on Gaza. At the time of finalizing this article, more than 52,000 Palestinians have been killed, many more lie still unrecovered under the debris of their bombed houses, and yet even more are under threat of starvation due to an Israeli-made famine. Raz Segal, associate

professor of Holocaust and Genocide studies and professor in the study of modern genocide, was but the first academic to analyze the situation as one of genocide. And the words of public Israelis like Defense Minister Yoav Gallant and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu8 leave little room to doubt the definition when it comes to "[intent] to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic or religious group.""

Maybe No Won't use the word genocide as she believes it limits the scope, assessment, and understanding of the situation in Palestine to the current Gaza war, but agrees that senior political and military officials show the intent necessary for genocide.
[444] Antonio De Lauri; Kharnita Mohamed 26 May 2025 Anthropologist specialising in Legal and Political anthropology; Social anthropologist specialising in disability and visual culture Public Anthropologist "This Special Issue of Public Anthropologist asserts the necessity of speaking out against the intensification of genocide in Palestine." Yes No
[445] Ruba Salih 26 May 2025 Professor of anthropology, specialising in social anthropology Public Anthropologist "These harrowing genocide statistics are only partially able to account for, let alone convey, a devastation which is incalculable, and which will continue to produce injuries (both physical and psychic) and deaths for years to come." Yes No
[446] Lori Allen; Heidi Mogstad 26 May 2025 Reader in Anthropology, specialising in the near and middle east; Social anthropologist specialising in border policies, humanitarianism and war Public Anthropologist "Forum: Confronting the Genocide of Palestinians and Refusing Repression, edited by Lori Allen and Heidi Mogstad" Yes No A series of articles by multiple authors all stating that what is happening is genocide and how people are confronting it.
[447] Alex Aviña 27 May 2025 Professor of Latin American history Foreign Exchanges "The extermination of Palestinians perpetrated by Israel is allowed, cheered, fueled, armed, financed, and supported by those geographer Linda Quiquivix refers to as the heirs of 'Columbus and Them.' More than five hundred years of genocide. The 'problem from hell' is not an aberration but a structural feature of empires and settler countries founded by Columbus and Them." Yes No 2023: Yes [448]
[449] Editorial Board 29 May 2025 Editorial board for the Journal of Community Systems for Health Journal of Community Systems for Health "What is now increasingly characterised as a genocide of the Palestinian people by the Israeli state in Gaza (and increasingly in the West Bank), represents not only a political and military crisis but an unprecedented humanitarian and public health catastrophe." Yes No
[450] Alon Ben-Meir 29 May 2025 Professor of International Relations (ret.) His weekly column that is syndicated to multiple sites "But over the last few months, as I was looking at the unfolding horror that's taking place in Gaza... I could not but come to the dreadfully sad conclusion that what Israel is committing is nothing but genocide." Yes No 2024: No [451]]
[452] Abdo Hassoun 30 May 2025 Professor of agricultural technology specialising in sustainability War on Gaza: Consequences on Sustainability and Global Security "Environmental destruction, including ecocide and pollution, intensifies the crisis as marine ecosystems suffer from overfishing and contamination, while land degradation accelerates due to habitat and biodiversity loss from bombardment and toxic munitions. The war, rooted in Israeli apartheid policies and genocidal practices, has fueled violence and lawlessness, further weakening governance and institutions. International cooperation remains hindered, leaving Gaza isolated and fragmented, making sustainable recovery increasingly challenging. Despite these immense challenges, the resilience of Gazans stands as a testament to their determination to resist and rebuild. The book underscores the urgent need for global intervention to address the humanitarian catastrophe, hold those responsible accountable for genocide and crimes against humanity, and pave the way for a sustainable and just future for Gaza and beyond." Yes No
[453] Yara Ashour;
Abdallah AbuJlambo;
Abdo Hassoun 		30 May 2025 Doctor and medical researcher;
Doctor of internal medicine;
Professor of agricultural technology specialising in sustainability 		War on Gaza: Consequences on Sustainability and Global Security "Neglecting them all from enjoying their health rights falls within the acts of genocide committed by the occupation against civilians in the Gaza Strip." Yes No
[454] Tahani Aldahdouh;
Khalid Dader;
Alaa Aldahdouh;
Rawia Awadallah;
Imed Romdhan 		30 May 2025 Research Fellow at the Tampere Institute of Advanced Study, focusing on resilience in higher education in war- and conflict-affected contexts;
Researcher focusing on violence in crises;
Researcher in educational technology;
Assistant professor of computer science;
Associate professor in networking 		War on Gaza: Consequences on Sustainability and Global Security "This study, set against the backdrop of the recent genocide in Gaza (October 2023–January 2025), investigates the motivations driving university students, graduates and academics to independently enroll in an initiative offering free access to onlinecourses through platforms such as Coursera, edX and DataCamp." Yes No
[455] Dunya Ahmed;
Mohamed Buheji;
Abdo Hassoun 		30 May 2025 Assistant professor of social sciences;
Professor of economics;
Professor of agricultural technology specialising in sustainability 		War on Gaza: Consequences on Sustainability and Global Security "This chapter examines the gendered impact of the recent genocidal war on Gaza, highlighting how these hostilities have severely hindered progress toward achieving Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG 5), focused on gender equality." "The gendered nature of the genocide is evident (Repo 2024), as women face

not only the physical toll of violence but also the psychological and societal consequences of losing their families, homes, and livelihoods."

Yes No
[456] Abdo Hassoun;
Mariam Fayad;
Nida Wasim;
Khansa Irfan;
Rima Kashash;
Khaled Abu Ali;
Mones Abu Obayd Allah;
Chantal Youssef 		30 May 2025 Professor of agricultural technology specialising in sustainability;
Engineer and humanitarian worker;
Public health professional researching clinical and public health;
Resident doctor;
Professor of global and community health;
Doctor of public health;
Professional specialising in humanitarian logistics, health, and emergency response;
Doctor specialising in geriatric medicine and internal medicine 		War on Gaza: Consequences on Sustainability and Global Security "This chapter examines the devastating impact of the recent genocidal war on Gaza, focusing on the physical, emotional, and societal consequences of widespread destruction of homes, communities, and critical infrastructure." Yes No
[457] Abdo Hassoun;
Samer Abuzerr;
Monica Trif;
Zuhaib Bhat;
Dalal Iriqat;
Rana Muhammad Aadil;
Bayan Arouri 		30 May 2025 Professor of agricultural technology specialising in sustainability;
Assistant professor of public health;
Biotechnology project manager;
Associate professor of veterinary science and animal husbandry;
Associate professor of diplomacy;
Associate professor of food science;
Doctoral researcher in violence and peace practices 		War on Gaza: Consequences on Sustainability and Global Security "Despite numerous United Nations (UN) resolutions and global calls to stop this genocide, these measures remain unfulfilled. This failure exacerbates immense suffering and undermines trust in international governance systems intended to safeguard human rights and uphold justice, further endangering one of the world’s most vulnerable populations." "Addressing the deep-seated impacts of

war, displacement, systemic inequality, and genocide in Gaza requires combined international interventions that prioritize humanitarian support, accountability, and institutional reform."

Yes No
[458] Ghinwa Harik;
Zaynab Nemr;
Rami Zurayk 		30 May 2025 Professor of environmental engineering, specialising in water management;
Research assistant in environmental geoscience;
Professor specialising in rural development and political ecology 		War on Gaza: Consequences on Sustainability and Global Security "The decades-long siege and the ongoing Israeli genocidal war in Gaza provide a clear and tragic illustration of how conflict renders the achievement of SDG 6 nearly impossible, turning water from a life-sustaining resource into a tool of control and deprivation." "The first step in addressing Gaza's water crisis is to stop Israel's ongoing genocidal war." Yes No
[459] Abdo Hassoun;
Khawla Al-Muhannadi;
Amira Haddarah;
Farah Slim;
Dalal Iriqat;
Ahmed Hamad;
Alix Faddoul;
Mohamed Buheji 		30 May 2025 Professor of agricultural technology specialising in sustainability;
President of the Environment Friends (PhD in Social Sciences and Sustainability);
Professor in food biotechnology;
;
Associate professor of diplomacy;
;
Consultant in International Health & Nutrition with World Bank Group;
Professor of economics 		War on Gaza: Consequences on Sustainability and Global Security "The situation had already been described as "slow-motion genocide" due to the nature of Israeli state control over the Palestinian population. [...] Many scholars, activists, and nongovernmental organizations and agencies have called for a ceasefire in order to prevent acts of genocide against the Palestinian people in Gaza." Yes No
[460] Nour Alhaj Abdullah;
Ammar Hdaifeh;
Khaled Babaadoune;
Ali Jebreen;
Nour Awad;
Abderahman Rejeb;
Yehia El-Temsah;
Abdo Hassoun 		30 May 2025 Researcher in agricultural science and food technology;
Doctoral researcher in circular economics;
R&D engineer in biotechnology;
Lecturer in microbiology and food processing;
;
Doctoral candidate in business administration;
Lecturer in environmental science and ecotoxicology;
Professor of agricultural technology specialising in sustainability 		War on Gaza: Consequences on Sustainability and Global Security "Finally, it is clear that achieving SDG 14 in Gaza remains unfeasible in the aftermath of the recent genocidal war." Yes No
[461] Mohammed Migdad;
Abdalrahman Migdad;
Isra Migdad;
Abdo Hassoun 		30 May 2025 Professor of economics;
Assistant professor of economics;
;
Professor of agricultural technology specialising in sustainability 		War on Gaza: Consequences on Sustainability and Global Security "Even before this recent genocidal war, many economic indicators showed degraded economic situation in Gaza due to the long-standing blockade, political division since 2007, and repeated military assaults on the Strip." "Ending the genocide and the humanitarian crisis is fundamental to any hope for sustainable development in Gaza. This includes creating a framework that fosters long-term economic empowerment and job opportunities for all." Yes No
[462] Samer Abuzerr;
Najla Trabelsi;
Toufik Ouatmani;
Zuhaib Bhat;
Mohammed Nijim;
Abderahman Rejeb;
Abdo Hassoun 		30 May 2025 Assistant professor of public health;
Assistant professor of biology and biotechnology;
Food science professional;
Associate professor of veterinary science and animal husbandry;
Doctoral candidate in sociology;
Doctoral candidate in business administration;
Professor of agricultural technology specialising in sustainability 		War on Gaza: Consequences on Sustainability and Global Security "Recent studies report an even higher mortality rate in the Gaza Strip, underscoring the devastating human toll of this genocidal war." "Since the first day of the genocide, electricity was deliberately cut off under the orders of Israel's defense minister, Yoav Gallant." "Prior to the recent war on Gaza, fishing was restricted to within three nautical miles under strict limitations, but during this genocidal war, venturing into the sea meant facing imminent danger, as Israeli naval forces targeted anyone attempting to fish." Yes No
[463] Yasmine Fakhry;
Dalal Iriqat;
Abdo Hassoun 		30 May 2025 Human rights educator and activist;
Associate professor of diplomacy;
Professor of agricultural technology specialising in sustainability 		War on Gaza: Consequences on Sustainability and Global Security "Therefore, it is crucial to recognize that the social and economic disparities in Gaza result from systemic barriers compounded by the strategy of collective punishment; a component of genocide aimed at dismantling the foundations of Gazan society." "Persons with disabilities and medically vulnerable Palestinians in a region experiencing genocide, occupation, and a long-standing siege are at a higher risk of dying due to both sudden acts of violence and the ongoing, slower harm caused by these condition." Yes No
[464] Abdo Hassoun;
Iman Dankar;
Hussein F. Hassan 		30 May 2025 Professor of agricultural technology specialising in sustainability;
Lecturer in food sustainability;
Professor of food science and technology 		War on Gaza: Consequences on Sustainability and Global Security "This Israeli genocidal war has severely disrupted consumption and production systems in Gaza, leading to unsustainable practices that hinder long-term development and environmental stability." Yes No
[465] Rasha Abousalem 30 May 2025 Humanitarian worker and adjunct professor of peace studies War on Gaza: Consequences on Sustainability and Global Security " But that promise is in peril, as the genocide in Gaza has put a spotlight on global double-standards—the international community, primarily the Global North and Western states, advocate for universal human rights, while all-too-often ignoring Gaza's suffering." Yes No
[466] Martin Griffiths 30 May 2025 Former UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator Sky News "I think now we've got to the point this is unequivocal. Of course it is genocide." Yes No
[467] Anwar Mhajne 30 May 2025 Associate professor of Political Science Journal of Genocide Research — No No position taken
[468] Maha Shuayb;
Mai Abu Moghli;
Jáfia Naftali Câmara 		30 May 2025 Sociologist of education;
Assistant professor in Human Rights;
Doctoral Researcher in Education 		International Review of Education "The ongoing genocide in Gaza has served as the ultimate litmus test for Western humanitarianism and its liberal pretensions, one it has failed catastrophically." Yes No
[469] Aneela Shahzad 30 May 2025 Geopolitical analyst Policy Perspectives "The war depicts an epitome of what has become a relentless combination of apartheid and genocide spanning seven decades." Yes No
[470] Jason C. Mueller 31 July 2025 Lecturer in Sociology Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory "Thousands of students across the United States participated in campus protests, building occupations, and encampments during their Spring 2024 semesters. This was done in response to the US-backed Israeli Genocide in Gaza, Palestine, that began in October 2023." Yes No
[471] Ragini Saira Malhotra;
Nadia El-Shaarawi 		1 June 2025 Assistant Professor of Sociology;
Associate Professor of Global Studies 		Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography "In contrast to a liberal humanitarian conception of children as apolitical, innocent victims, and to the Israeli state's view of Palestinian children as undesirable and threatening, Palestinian children develop an oppositional consciousness (Katz 2004) that informs a

politics of resistance and survival in the face of settler colonial violence and genocide."

Yes No
[472] Ana Esther Ceceña 1 June 2025 Economist Imperialism Unveiled: Modes of War and Colonization on the 21st Century Geopolitical Chessboard "Today, the fear of communism has shifted toward cultural differences, included in the dominant narrative as precursors to potential acts of terrorism, thus masking the real projects of extermination or colonization, and deploying racisms on multiple scales that erode communal networks and undermine the trust and solidarity that have taken so long to manifest in a blatant genocide like that of Gaza." Yes No
[473] Martin Strous 1 June 2025 Chairperson, South African Association of Jewish Mental Health and Allied Practitioners South African Medical Journal CORRESPONDENCE "Without evidence, the authors label Israel's response a 'modern-day genocide', a term with specific legal meaning and one without any ruling or determination from an international judicial body. The International Court of Justice did not conclude that Israel had committed genocide." No No
[474] A B van As;
et al. 		1 June 2025 Professor of Paediatric Surgery;
Various other medical practitioners and professors 		South African Medical Journal CORRESPONDENCE "Indeed, Holocaust survivors and their descendants can be found at the forefront of global protests against the current genocide in Gaza.", "We are not alone in arguing that the actions of the Israeli government in Gaza have crossed a line of genocide. There are numerous scholars of genocide, history, politics and Jewish studies, many of whom are Israeli Jews, who have come to the conclusion that Israel is responsible for a genocide in Gaza." Yes No
[475] Daniel Levy 2 June 2025 Former advisor to the Israeli government and co-founder of J Street Democracy Now! "Everyone must redouble their efforts to end this. Stop genocide, end apartheid, sanctions now." Yes No
[476] Zora Hesová 2 June 2025 Professor of Political Science Czech Journal of International Relations "The Czech stance has not changed after the International Court of Justice issued an order for Israel to take steps to prevent acts of genocide in Gaza in January 2024, when it requested Israel to halt its military offensive in Rafah and secure the unhindered provision of humanitarian aid in May 2024 or after it put out an advisory opinion qualifying Israel’s occupation of Palestinian territory as unlawful. The contracting parties, such as Czechia, had the obligation to prevent acts of genocide and to differentiate between Israel in its 1967 borders and the occupied territories. The Czech government did not openly acknowledge that these facts have legal consequences." — No
[477] Norman Goda; Jeffrey Herf 3 June 2025 Historians and Holocaust scholars The Washington Post "And in fact, genocide charges against Israel litter the records of the United Nations throughout Israel’s existence, from 1948 to the present. [...] All such accusations are false." No No 2023: No [478]; 2025: No [479]
[480] Florian Griese 3 June 2025 Survey Manager (SOEP-Core and IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees in Germany) German Socio-Economic Panel study The Annual Review of Criminal Justice Studies "Furthermore, Israel's occupation and current genocide in Gaza made Israel the main root cause of the dire situation of Palestinian women.", "However, beginning with Hamas' strike against Israel on October 7 th , 2023 and continuing during the resulting genocide by Israel against the Palestinians, IDF soldiers started to post uncensored and unequivocal photos and videos of the war crimes they committed in Gaza and later Lebanon and Syria." Yes No
[481] Kai Ambos; Stefanie Bock [de] 4 June 2025 Professor of criminal law and head of the Department of Foreign and International Criminal Law; Professor of Criminal Law Verfassungsblog[e] "To sum up: While it was relatively easy to dismiss (as indeed done by one of the authors here) the genocide claim in the first few months of this Gaza war invoking the high threshold of the intent to destroy, this becomes more difficult with each day this war continues in this brutal and disproportionate manner. Put differently, on the whole, the dynamics of the conflict now speak more in favour of genocide than against it" Likely Yes
[482] Natasha Hausdorff 4 June 2025 Barrister and Legal director of UK Lawyers for Israel The Spectator "Those who accuse Israel of genocide also conveniently ignore the definition of genocide, as recognised in international law. This requires the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such. Attributing such intent to Israel, in the face of overwhelming evidence to the contrary, is the modern version of the ancient blood libel that Jews gleefully kill Christian children for their blood." No No Pro-Israel legal advocacy group
[483] Rafeef Ziadah;
Christian Henderson;
Omar Jabary Salamanca;
Sharri Plonski;
Charmaine Chua;
Riya Al Sanah;
Elia El Khazen 		4 June 2025 Lecturer in Politics and Public Policy;
Scholar of political economy and development in the Middle East;
Urban geographer;
Senior lecturer in international politics;
Assistant Professor of Global Studies;
Campaign and communication coordinator at the Palestine NGO Network;
Organizer and a researcher at Disrupt Power 		Geopolitics "The current genocidal assault on Gaza does not represent a rupture, but an escalation of this long-standing assault." Yes No
[484] Yousfi Chakib Khalil;
Raked Ouahiba 		4 June 2025 Lecturer in French Literature and Linguistics;
Associate professor in English Literature and Linguistics 		Langues & Cultures "Cet article propose une lecture du génocide de Gaza à travers la philosophie de Nietzsche, en mobilisant des concepts clés comme le nihilisme, la volonté de puissance, le Surhomme et l'éternel retour." ["This article offers a reading of the Gaza genocide through Nietzsche's philosophy, mobilizing key concepts such as nihilism, the will to power, the Superman, and the eternal return."] Yes No
[485] Jeremy Moses 5 June 2025 Associate Professor in Political Science and International Relations Global Responsibility to Protect "Israel's assault on Gaza is now widely recognised as genocidal, yet the Responsibility to Protect (r2p) has had little impact on debates over how the international community might respond to protect Palestinian civilians." "Despite the well-documented mass atrocities, now routinely portrayed as genocide, having continued for over 500 days" "We are, therefore, currently faced with the bizarre spectacle of the United States, a current member of the 'Group of Friends of the Responsibility to Protect', actively and publicly embracing genocide and ethnic cleansing as a policy position." Yes No 2024: Yes [486]
[487] Melanie O'Brien 5 June 2025 Associate Professor of International Law and president of the International Association of Genocide Scholars Middle East Eye "Applying the legal definitions of genocide as found in the Genocide Convention and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, I would determine that what is happening in Gaza constitutes genocide" Yes Yes More extensive assessment available in this August 2025 Opinio Juris article.
[488] Sarah Teitt 5 June 2025 Senior lecturer in Political science Global Responsibility to Protect "have indicated that Israel's conduct may amount to war crimes, crimes against humanity, or genocide." "What sets the international response apart, as I previously noted, is the apparent hypocrisy of many Western states, as 'yesterday's proponents of the "responsibility to protect" doctrine are today's biggest supporters of Israel's genocidal assault on Gaza'." Maybe No
[489] Andrew Forde 5 June 2025 Professor of International Law Irish Legal News "The litany of international crimes committed by Israel in Gaza bear the hallmarks of genocide: displacement and ethnic cleansing of large swathes of Gaza, deliberately targeting civilians, creating conditions incompatible with life, forcibly transferring the population and starvation as collective punishment." Yes No 2025: Yes [490]
[491] Aneeza Pervez 10 June 2025 Social psychologist Globalisation, Societies and Education "Communications from academic institutions that gesture toward inclusivity—while avoiding explicit reference to the genocide—exemplify what Mbembe (2001) describes as the necropolitical consolidation of colonial power through silence, a pattern evident in other settler-colonial contexts." Yes No
[492] Maura Finkelstein 10 June 2025 Anthropologist The New Arab "When we enter into disingenuous antisemitism debates, we are allowing the story to shift away from what really matters and what really matters is genocide and the global indifference to Palestinian death." Yes No 2023: Yes [493];
2024: Yes [494]
[495] Hamid Dabashi 13 June 2025 Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature Middle East Eye "The systematic and relentless slaughter of Palestinians that began after the Hamas attack on 7 October 2023, and continues apace to this day, marks the culmination of generations of genocidal violence, which eminent Israeli historian Ilan Pappe has called an incremental genocide." Yes No
[496] Marie-Anne Paveau 15 June 2025 Professor of Linguistics La Pensée du Discours "Depuis le 7 octobre 2023 et le début de la guerre d’anéantissement israélienne contre Gaza, le spectre à la fois lexical et juridique du génocide plane sur le territoire de la bande et sur le peuple palestinien." ["Since October 7, 2023, and the beginning of Israel's war of annihilation against Gaza, the lexical and legal specter of genocide has loomed over the Strip and the Palestinian people."], "Dans ce premier billet, je décris la façon dont les mots pour dire les événements actuels à Gaza me semblent s’inscrire dans les manières de dire les génocidesaux XXe et XXIe siècle ; dans le second, je détaillerai les différents items et j’essaierai d’analyser leur fonction et leur place dans les discours sur la guerre contre Gaza." ["In this first post, I describe how the words used to describe current events in Gaza seem to me to be part of the ways in which genocides have been described in the 20th and 21st centuries; in the second, I will detail the different items and attempt to analyze their function and place in discourses on the war against Gaza."] Yes No
[497] Nic Cheeseman 16 June 2025 Professor of democracy Law & Social Inquiry — No Does not take a position but points to similarities between Turkish denial of the Armenian genocide, and Israeli response to accusations of genocide.
[498] Zohar Lederman;
Anne Irfan
Shmuel Lederman 		16 June 2025 Emergency medicine physician with a PhD in Bioethics;
Historian and Lecturer in interdisciplinary race, gender, and postcolonial studies;
Holocaust scholar 		Journal of bioethical inquiry "State-sanctioned policies and acts that aim to destroy any of these components and/or sever its links to the group as such, coupled with the intention to destroy said group, constitutes genocide. Particularly in Gaza, Israel-sanctioned policies and acts that exert exactly that kind of destruction are evident." Yes No
[499] Robi Friedman 17 June 2025 Clinical Psychologist Group Analysis "As far as I know, Israel is not genocidal. While I deeply, deeply deplore the killing of so many in Gaza's civil population, their death has explanations other than genocide." No No
[500] Cordelia Freeman;
Hala Shoman 		23 June 2025 Political geographer, Senior lecturer in Geography;
PhD researcher in Sociology 		Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters "Genocide not only seeks to eradicate a group of people but also erases their future by destroying their ability to reproduce and have children... Beyond these direct violations, people in Gaza have also had the right to have children taken away from them through the obstacles created by the genocide that mean they cannot become pregnant or sustain a pregnancy." Yes No
[501] Elie Barnavi 24 June 2025 Historian specialising in European history RTBF "C'est un mot de propagande que j'évite à cause de la connotation qu'il traîne, à cause du souvenir historique, à cause de la mauvaise foi de beaucoup de ceux qui l'utilisent. Il y a des ministres qui ont exprimé des pulsions génocidaires, cela est évident. Mais il n'y a jamais eu de décision du gouvernement d'Israël d'éliminer les Gazaouis." ["It's a propaganda word that I avoid because of the connotation it carries, because of historical memory, because of the bad faith of many of those who use it. There are ministers who have expressed genocidal impulses, that's obvious. But there has never been a decision by the Israeli government to eliminate the Gazans."] Incitement to genocide No
[502] Benny Morris 26 June 2025 Historian K. Jews, Europe, the XXIst century "I’m not a genocide researcher, but together with Dror Ze’evi, I wrote a book about the Turkish genocide against Armenians, Greeks, and Syrians between 1894 and 1924. I know what a genocide looks like. A genocide must be organized by the state, systematic, and targeted. There must be the intention to actually destroy a people. None of that exists regarding the Palestinians, except perhaps in a few Israeli ministers. The Israeli airstrikes target Hamas fighters. It’s known that they hide among civilian infrastructure, which is why other people are killed as well, something that is even allowed under international law. The question of proportionality then arises." No No 2025: No [503]
[504] Charlotte Al-Khalili 26 June 2025 Social anthropologist specialising in revolutionary politics Public Anthropologist "We spoke about the current genocidal war in Gaza, the solidarity protests and fundraising efforts taking place in Idleb, as well as the larger significance of Gaza and Palestine for Syrian revolutionaries." Yes No 2024: yes [505]
[506] Noha Aboueldahab 26 June 2025 International Law Professor Third World Quarterly "This article considers the role of international law in countering the dehumanisation of Palestinians in the context of the ongoing genocide in Gaza. " Yes No
[507] Harun Halilović 27 June 2025 Assistant Professor of Law The Boğaziçi Law Review "5.FAILURE OF GENOCIDE PREVENTION: BEYOND SREBRENICA
One of the biggest problems of genocide prevention is the failure to detect “red flags” and the unwillingness to call the events by their true names. Especially in the case of Gaza, evidence and facts are dismissed as politically motivated and anti-Semitic, while many Jews themselves oppose and protest the actions of the State of Israel.39 The inefficiency of the UN system leaves tragic results, which we saw in Srebrenica. Unfortunately, this paralysis and unwillingness to act only emboldens those who violate the basic norms of international law." 		No He doesn't explicitly call Gaza a genocide, but includes Gaza in a subsection on the failure to prevent genocide.
[508] Helena Niua;
Marella Bedggood;
Matthew Jenkins;
Sana Pathane;
Daud Saeeda;
Jon Jureidini 		28 June 2025 Psychiatrists The Lancet "The silence of so many of our medical institutions in the face of this genocide reflects a profound failure to uphold the ethical principles these institutions claim to espouse and seek to instil in their members." Yes No
[509] Asep Setiawan 28 June 2025 Political scientist Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research "In the Gaza case, while numerous human rights organizations, including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, documented patterns of mass targeting and civilian harm, the application of the genocide label remained controversial and heavily politicized." — No Doesn't take a position on the allegation of genocide, but details issues in using the term, and issues in the UN's ability to respond to such allegations.
[510] Bernard-Henri Lévy 30 June 2025 Philosopher i24 News "Il n'y a pas d'intention génocidaire mais il n'y a pas non plus d'effet génocidaire. [...] Cette affaire de génocide est en train de composer une tambouille qui nous fabrique la machine antisémite la plus diabolique que j'ai vue dans ma vie d'homme." ["There is no genocidal intent, but there is also no genocidal effect.[...]This genocide affair is in the process of composing a mess that is creating the most diabolical anti-Semitic machine that I have seen in my life as a man."] No No 2024: No [511]
[512] Svetah Chakhmakhchyan;
Edgar Meyroyan 		30 June 2025 Researcher Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute;
Senior Researcher (LLM) Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute 		International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies "The healthcare system has emerged as a principal target in the ongoing Israeli military operations in Gaza, with numerous international organizations and legal scholars characterizing these actions as bearing genocidal implications" "Theblockadesof the Lachin Corridorand the Gaza serve as a stark illustration of this evolving reality. No longer can starvation, the denial of healthcare, or engineered deprivation be dismissed as mere side effects of war; rather, they have become intentional instruments of destruction, capable of satisfying Article II(c) of the Genocide Convention." Likely No
[513] William Dalrymple 1 July 2025 Historian, specialising in Asian history Prospect "I originally resisted the idea that what the Israelis were up to in Gaza was genocide, rather than just mass murder or a terrible unforgivable slaughter. Now we have it from the mouths of many of their senior politicians that this is indeed their intention." Yes No 2025: Yes [514][515]
[516] Joost Vintges;
Bassam Abu Hamad
Nicola Jones 		1 July 2025 Research associate specialising in Semitic languages and cultures;
Professor of Public Health;
Principal researcher specialising in political science 		Gender & Adolescence: Global Evidence "The ongoing genocide in Gaza has forever altered the lives of those who live there on account of the humanitarian blockade and indiscriminate bombing campaigns." Yes No
[517] Ahmad Mokhtar Abodahab;
Abdel Azim Nagdy Elsergany;
Zeinab Ayman Azzam;
Mohammed Sayed Korany 		1 July 2025 Radiologist;
Paediatrician;
Clinical pharmacist;
Gynecologist 		The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine "The ongoing genocidal war has led to a significant rise in preterm births. Stress and trauma experienced by pregnant women, associated with limited access to healthcare and essential supplies, have contributed to this increase." Yes No
[518] Hala Shoman 1 July 2025 Doctoral candidate in Sociology Institute for Palestine Studies "This article argues that reprocide must be understood as a distinct strategy within the broader framework of Israeli settler-colonial genocide.", "The following sections trace how reprocide functions as both a genocidal mechanism and a colonial logic aimed at eradicating Palestinian futurity." Yes No
[519] Joslin AlDadah;
Razan R AbuMusameh;
Dana A Salem;
Bisan Al Habil;
Rawan El-Ijla;
Nour Abu Aqlain;
Reham Hjela;
Ayda Helles;
Husam Jouda 		1 July 2025 Various medical professionals BMC Nephrology "We would also like to dedicate this work to the souls of the martyrs of Palestine in general and the martyrs of the recent Genocide on Gaza in particular, and to all prisoners and wounded." Yes No
[520] Andrew Brooks;
Mark Griffiths 		2 July 2025 Reader in Uneven Development and Deputy Head of Geography;
Political geographer specialising in military ecologies 		Political Geography "We argue that academic discourse must resist impulses to balance that can distract and detract from the violence of Israel's apartheid and genocidal acts." Yes No
[521] Oqab Jabali;
Hanadi Dwikat 		2 July 2025 Director of English Studies;
Assistant professor of Media 		Perspectives on Global Development and Technology "Utilizing hi-tech weapons in state terror strikes is largely pointless and ineffective as a form of vengeance for the destruction, genocide, and forced relocation of Gazans." Yes No
[522] Lucrezia Selva Curreri;
Justin Piché 		4 July 2025 Doctoral student in criminology;
Associate professor in criminology 		Criminological Encounters "Prior to this, the unfolding genocidal violence occurring in Palestine – which is just the latest volley in an ethnic cleansing campaign Palestinians have endured since the Nakba and founding of Israel in 1948 (El-Kurd, 2025) – prompted and continues to prompt massive demonstrations across the world calling for the liberation of Palestine." Yes No
[523] Amnesty International 3 July 2025 International human rights NGO Amnesty International website "over a month since the introduction of its militarized aid distribution system, Israel has continued to use starvation of civilians as a weapon of war against Palestinians in the occupied Gaza Strip and to deliberately impose conditions of life calculated to bring about their physical destruction as part of its ongoing genocide." Yes Yes 2024: Yes [524]; Likely [525]
[526] Tim Crosland 5 July 2025 Former UK government lawyer, specialising in human rights The Face (secondhand reporting on public statement) "On 5th July, Crosland was arrested on for holding a sign that read “I oppose genocide, I support Palestine Action” at a protest organised by Defend Our Juries." Yes No
[527] Yann Jurovics 6 July 2025 Professor of International Law, former jurist in genocide tribunals Marriane "Dans un contexte de conflit, parler de génocide n'est pas approprié. Le génocide, c'est une attaque contre une population civile qui vise à la détruire comme telle et qui est indépendante du conflit armé." ["In a context of conflict, talking about genocide is not appropriate. Genocide is an attack against a civilian population aimed at destroying it as such and which is independent of the armed conflict."] No No 2024: No [528]; 2025: No [529] [530]
[531] Moustafa Bayoumi 6 July 2025 Author and professor The Guardian "This steady shift of the acceptable has resulted in criminal policies and practices of forcible displacement, mass suffering and genocide, all conducted under passive acquiescence or active complicity of powerful countries. " Yes Yes
[532] Joël Kotek [fr] 7 July 2025 Genocide scholar Centre communautaire laïc juif [fr] "Le risque de purification ethnique est réel — certains membres du cabinet israéliens y songent ouvertement. Mais de génocide, point. ["The risk of ethnic cleansing is real—some members of the Israeli cabinet are openly considering it. But not genocide."] No No 2023: No [533]; 2025: No [534]
[535] Sari Hanafi 7 July 2025 Professor of Sociology ISA Forum of Sociology "I will argue in this talk that the war on Gaza is a continuation of the Israeli colonial project in the Occupied Palestinian territories in which there is a passage from spacio-cide (targeting land for the purpose of rendering it unlivable to foster the inevitable 'voluntary' transfer of the Palestinian population) to genocide." Yes No
[536] Somaya Abueita 7 July 2025 Journalist and linguistics researcher ISA Forum of Sociology "This paper examines the vital role of Palestinian women in resistance during the 2023 Gaza genocide, focusing on their embodied resilience in the face of colonial violence." Yes No
[537] Ralph Wilde 8 July 2025 Professor of International Law Al Jazeera "Finally also it is genocide. It is part of the existing ongoing process of intending to inflict on the Palestinian people conditions of life calculated to destroy them in whole or in part." (4:06) Yes Yes 2025: yes [538]; 2024: likely [539]
[540] Facundo Guelfi;
María Florencia San Jorge 		8 July 2025 Associate professor of political science;
Graduate in political science 		Revista Integración y Cooperación Internacional "Adicionalmente, las declaraciones de altos funcionarios del gobierno de Israel respecto al pueblo palestino, así como las dificultades que tienen los gazatíes para acceder a los servicios básicos y la ayuda humanitaria producto del bloqueo israelí, son indicios para pensar en la posibilidad de que en Gaza se estarían cometiendo actos que entran en contradicción con la Convención sobre Genocidio, principalmente los mencionados en los incisos a, b y c de su Artículo II." ["Furthermore, statements by senior Israeli government officials regarding the Palestinian people, as well as the difficulties Gazans face in accessing basic services and humanitarian aid as a result of the Israeli blockade, are indications that acts that contradict the Genocide Convention, primarily those mentioned in Article II, paragraphs a, b, and c, may be taking place in Gaza."] Likely No
[541] Danny Orbach;
Yagil Henkin;
Jonathan Boxman;
Jonathan Braverman 		9 July 2025 Professor of history and Asian studies;
Lecturer in military history and strategy;
data analyst;
specialist in international human rights law 		Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies "There is no evidence to suggest a systematic Israeli policy of targeting or massacring civilians... those who accuse Israel of genocide erroneously suggest that most civilian casualties in Gaza were entirely unjustified from a military standpoint... A detailed statistical analysis shows that the frequently cited claim that 70% of war casualties are women and children is incorrect, even according to the GMOH's own data – and was false from the very beginning of the war. ... Finally, we feel compelled to express our deep concern about the widespread use of the term "genocide" by certain parties we have reviewed. ... the term "genocide" will lose its profound legal and emotional weight, becoming a political tool." No No Pro-Israel think tank
[542] Minoo Moallem 9 July 2025 Professor of Gender and Women's Studies ISA Forum of Sociology "While a transnational feminist approach has criticized every other form of nationalism, the question of Palestine, its history of colonization, and the entanglement of feminism and Zionism remains to be explored further from a transnational perspective since the genocide in Gaza." Yes No
[543] Helena Kennedy 9 July 2025 Human rights barrister The National "I have now moved to a position where I believe that we're now witnessing a genocide taking place before our eyes. I was very reluctant to go there because the threshold has to be very high. There has to be specific intent for genocide, but what we're now seeing is genocidal behaviour." Yes No
[544] Hiba Zafran;
Brenda L. Beagan, Dominique Shephard, Heidi Lauckner, Karen Whalley Hammell, Katie Lee Bunting, Marie-Lyne Grenier,

Pier-Luc Turcotte, Sara Abdo, and Tal Jarus

9 July 2025 Occupational therapist and psychotherapist;
Various other professionals/researchers in occupational therapy. 		Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy "Our aim in this commentary is to urge conversation and action within the profession about our role in responding to global conflicts currently taking place, with a particular focus on the genocide of Palestinians." Yes No
[545] Médecins Sans Frontières 10 July 2025 International humanitarian NGO MSF website "This is not a term we use lightly. Our decision to describe what's happening in Gaza as a 'genocide' is based on nearly two years of extensive, firsthand information from our teams, who are witnessing massive levels of death and destruction by Israeli forces, a campaign of ethnic cleansing and the almost total dismantling of the health care system." Yes Yes 2024: Likely [546]
[547] Tareq Baconi 10 July 2025 President of Al-Shabaka Board, PhD in International Relations London Review of Books "The response to this genocide shouldn't be to allow more food into Gaza so that Palestinians can be saved from starving but killed by Israeli bombing. Rather, it should be to undo the system of control and killing that Israel has forced on Palestinians, and to hold those responsible for it accountable." Yes No 2024: Yes [548][549]
[550] Eliav Lieblich, Tamar Megiddo, Eyal Benvenisti, Yuval Shany, David Kretzmer, et al 10 July 2025 Letter from 16 Israeli legal scholars condemning Israeli plan to "concentrate" Palestinians in Rafah Just Security "Additionally, the concentration of civilians under extreme density and existing humanitarian conditions may be interpreted as the deliberate infliction on the group of conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part, a conduct which falls under the prohibition of genocide. Several ministers and MKs have made statements that may be interpreted as expressing such intent. The plan also appears to contradict the ICJ's provisional measures in the South Africa v Israel case concerning possible violations of the Genocide Convention, particularly those relating to living conditions in Gaza and Rafah." Maybe No Shany was a no in 2024; Benvenisti defended Israel in ICJ genocide case [551]
[552] James Sweeney 10 July 2025 Professor, Law school The Conversation (website) "Forcibly relocating a population is prohibited, even in war. It is also a crime against humanity and could even amount, under certain circumstances, to genocide." Maybe No See also: [553]
[554] Adam Shatz 11 July 2025 Author and commentator, editor of the London Review of Books London Review of Books "The regime of occupation, apartheid, ethnic cleansing and now genocide has eroded Israel’s moral capital, and opposition has not only grown, but has begun to make itself felt in a new generation of progressive activists and politicians." Yes No
[555] Anthony J. Harb;
Nancy Stern;
Lilly Padía 		11 July 2025 Assistant Professor of Communication and Adjunct Lecturer of Anthropology;
Professor of Bilingual Education;
Assistant Professor of Raciolinguistic justice 		Journal of Critical Study of Communication and Disability "The US-funded, Israeli-conducted genocide in Gaza has been a mass disabling event, with tens of thousands of amputees, severe health and nutrition crises, and in-tense psychological trauma for every resident. "Israel's genocidal war [is] a cause of disability. The weapons of war injure bodies, break bones, burst eardrums, and blind eyes"" Yes No
[556] Omer Bartov 15 July 2025 Professor of Holocaust and Genocide Studies The New York Times "I have been teaching classes on genocide for a quarter of a century. I can recognize one when I see one." Yes Yes 2023: No [557];
2024: Yes [558][559]
2025: [560]
[561] Itamar Mann
Janina Dill 		16 July 2025 Professors of international law Der Spiegel Mann: "I am becoming increasingly convinced that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza."
Dill: "I can imagine the ICJ ultimately ruling: Yes, it is genocide. What is happening in Gaza isn't all that far off from the historical archetype of genocide." 		Yes No
[562] Jonathan Sumption 16 July 2025 Former senior judge of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom New Statesman "The most plausible explanation of current Israeli policy is that its object is to induce Palestinians as an ethnic group to leave the Gaza Strip for other countries by bombing, shooting and starving them if they remain. A court would be likely to regard that as genocide." Likely Yes 2025: Maybe [563]
2024: signed the "Lawyers letter" to Rishi Sunak that argues it is genocide.
[564] Azmi Bishara 18 July 2025 Political philosopher; Director of the Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies EL PAÍS "Starting a genocide against the Palestinians was a political decision. The allusion to October 7 is propaganda, an effective mechanism that resonates in Europe, not because of the history of Palestine, but because Jews were victims of antisemitism on that continent, and thus countries like Germany are somehow cleansed of their guilt." Yes No 2024: Yes [565] [566]
[567] Thane Rosenbaum 20 July 2025 Law professor, legal analyst Jewish Journal "Happy days for Jew-haters came last week with a gargantuan op-ed in the New York Times—3,620 words in length—denouncing Israel's war in Gaza with the damning title: 'I'm a Genocide Scholar. I Know It When I See It'...The op-ed is utter nonsense." No No
[568] Michael Berenbaum, Menachem Z. Rosensaft 21 July 2025 Holocaust scholar and an expert on genocide law eJewishPhilanthropy "The terms of the war that began with those horrific events have been dictated by the conditions imposed by Hamas, which uses Palestinian civilians as shields for their military operations. Spuriously charging Israel with genocide does not change this incontrovertible fact." No No
[569] Heidi Matthews 21 July 2025 Scholar of international criminal law Osgoode Legal Studies Research Paper No. 5352683 "This article uses the ongoing genocidal violence in Gaza to argue that 'preventing births' should be decoupled from an attachment to conflict-related sexual and gender-based violence which, despite some limited advances to include men and boys within its purview, remains overwhelmingly dedicated to advancing the rights of women and girls in war." Yes No
[570] Menachem Klein 23 July 2025 Professor of Political Science, former adviser to the Israeli peace team Al Jazeera English "the pressure is not enough on the Israeli government to stop the genocide and the starvation and the operations that the government, that the army takes in the Gaza Strip." Yes No
[571] Bill Rolston 23 July 2025 Professor of Sociology Race & Class "There are numerous other comparisons that can be made: the genocidal responses to the original violence, the religious zealotry involved, the proposed solution being the displacement of the remaining population, etc." Yes No
[572] Philip Dwyer 24 July 2025 Emeritus Professor of History and former Director of the Centre for the Study of Violence Australian Broadcasting Corporation "Proving incitement to genocide in a court of law is even more difficult...There are other more accurate descriptions of what has been taking place in Gaza, including: 'massacre'...'mass killing'...'ethnic cleansing'...One can argue about whether genocide is happening in Gaza, but the debate at this point in time seems academic." No No
[573] Huwaida Arraf 24 July 2025 Lawyer, activist New Arab "The blockade is illegal. The genocide must end. And those responsible must and will be held accountable." Yes No
[574] International Federation for Human Rights 25 July 2025 Human rights NGO FIDH "Actors such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, as well the European Union and others bear direct and ongoing responsibility for the current genocide in Gaza. Their continued military, logistical, economic, financial, and diplomatic support sustains Israel’s machinery of destruction and international crimes." Yes No 2024: Yes [575]
2023: Yes [576]
[577] Jason Stanley 26 July 2025 Chair of American Studies, Professor of Philosophy (specialty in philosophy of language), Fascism Expert Zeteo "My Jewish identity is inextricably tied to my parents' experience in Europe, and the fate of my family in the European Holocaust. [...] When I hear Palestinians today speaking about the loss in their families, it is immediately familiar – the loss of homes, and the almost complete annihilation of individual families – that is the language I grew up hearing, and that is how I initially recognized, on a visceral level, before the academic scholarship, that we are witnessing a genocide. Today, it is the Palestinians who face the extermination we endured." Yes No 2023: Maybe [578]
[579] Juliette McIntyre 27 July 2025 Senior lecturer in law The Guardian "While it's really slow and frustrating, one of the benefits of [the ICJ's deliberate pace] is that when the court, almost inevitably I think at this point, finds that Israel has been committing genocide, we will be able to say that there is no doubting this conclusion." Yes No
[580] B'Tselem 28 July 2025 Israeli human rights organization B'Tselem "An examination of Israel's policy in the Gaza Strip and its horrific outcomes, together with statements by senior Israeli politicians and military commanders about the goals of the attack, leads to the unequivocal conclusion that Israel is taking coordinated, deliberate action to destroy Palestinian society in the Gaza Strip. In other words: Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip." Yes Yes
[581] Physicians for Human Rights–Israel 28 July 2025 Israeli human rights organization Physicians for Human Rights–Israel "Today, PHRI is releasing a position paper that documents this assault for what it is: a deliberate, cumulative dismantling of Gaza’s health system, and with it, its people’s ability to survive. This amounts to genocide." Yes Yes
[582] Nitsana Darshan-Leitner 28 July 2025 Attorney and political activist, founder of Shurat HaDin Jerusalem Post "The truth is clear: This war is brutal, but it is not genocide." No No Has campaigned extensively to prevent aid from being allowed into Gaza.
[583] John Spencer 29 July 2025 War scholar NPR "Q: Why is that not genocide? A: The prime minister, defense minister, the chief of staff saying, our fight is not with the people of Gaza. It is with Hamas. And all the mountain of evidence of what Israel is doing to preserve infrastructure, civilian life, to provide services - both medical. I mean, the number of field hospitals, the number of water pipes, the amount of aid. All of these things are contradictions." No No 2023: No [584]
[585] Taner Akçam
Marianne Hirsch
Michael Rothberg 		29 July 2025 Genocide scholars of various disciplines The Guardian "Since the 7 October massacre, Israeli officials and their accomplices have justified genocidal violence against Palestinians by equating Hamas with Nazism, instrumentalizing the memory of the Holocaust to advance, rather than prevent, mass violence. Meanwhile, too many governments materially support the genocide in Gaza while silencing protest." Yes No
[586] Muhammet Celal Kul 29 July 2025 Assistant Professor, international law Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi "The author outlines Israel's deliberate targeting of civilians, including those in evacuation zones and humanitarian aid queues, and the blockade policies that have created unlivable conditions for the population. Citing acts such as the indiscriminate destruction of civilian infrastructure, obstruction of humanitarian aid, use of starvation as a method of warfare, and explicit genocidal rhetoric by Israeli officials, the article establishes both the actus reus and mens rea of genocide. The persistent disregard for the principles of distinction, proportionality, and military necessity under IHL, other contemporary examples reinforce the conclusion that Israel’s actions represent a systematic campaign aimed at the destruction of the Palestinian people in Gaza. As such, these acts amount to war crimes, grave breaches of IHL and finally the crime of genocide" Yes No
[587] Yara Asi 29 July 2025 Assistant professor at the School of Global Health Management and Informatics Institute for Middle East Understanding "If besieging a civilian population and weaponizing hunger against them, systematically destroying their food infrastructure and healthcare system, shooting at them at militarized aid distribution sites, and otherwise deliberately producing the conditions for mass starvation is acceptable, and carried out by a government that has made abundantly clear that its goal is ethnic cleansing and genocide, then the entire infrastructure of human rights, humanitarian law, and even just basic global norms have become meaningless." Yes No 2025: Yes [588]
[589] Yousef M. Aljamal 29 July 2025 Researcher in Middle Eastern Studies and Gaza Coordinator at the Palestine Activism Program at the American Friends Service Committee Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal "This feature article presents a poignant reflection on the deeply altered reality for Palestinian Christians in Gaza during Christmas amidst the ongoing Israeli bombardment and genocide." Yes No
[590] William Schabas[f] 30 July 2025 Professor of international law, and expert in genocide MSNBC "However, even under the provision of the U.N. law which specifically designates killings as genocidal, Gaza meets the threshold, Schabas says." Yes No 2024: Maybe [591], Yes [592],[593]; 2025: Yes [594]
[595] 1,300 professionals and academics 30 July 2025 Public health, health care, and the social sciences The Lancet "To challenge this selective silence, we issued an open letter urging professional and academic associations in the fields of health care, public health, and the social sciences to publicly recognise the genocide in Gaza and to revise their official positions accordingly" Yes Yes Supplementary appendix: [596]
[597] Hiba B. Ibrahim;
Savo Heleta 		30 July 2025 Doctoral candidate in applied linguistics;
Research and professor of internationalisation 		Journal of Global Higher Education "The genocide and scholasticide in Gaza have been a global affair, from international support for Israel, on one side, to a growing global movement against the genocide, much of it spearheaded by university students, on the other." Yes No
[598] Kersten Mark 31 July 2025 Assistant professor in criminal justice The Globe and Mail "A growing consensus of Israeli and international human-rights organizations, editorial boards, Israeli Holocaust historians and former attorneys-general, as well as Canadian figures like Roméo Dallaire have all come to the same conclusion: What is happening in Gaza is a genocide." Yes No
[599] Anas Iqtait 31 July 2025 Lecturer in Economics and Political Economy of the Middle East Third World Quarterly "Donors' stance on Palestinian aid amidst Israel's genocide in Gaza turned into a choreographed diplomatic performance, a public relations exercise by foreign ministers and spokespersons." Yes No
[600] Jason C. Mueller 31 July 2025 Lecturer in Sociology Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory "This was done in response to the US-backed Israeli Genocide in Gaza, Palestine, that began in October 2023." Yes No
[601] Stefan Talmon 1 August 2025 Professor of International Law Euronews "There is no clear intent to commit genocide in Gaza, top international law expert says" No No 2024: No [602]; 2025: No [603]
[604] Dov Waxman 1 August 2025 Professor of political science Medium "Israel's intent to destroy Palestinian life in Gaza now seems undeniable. At a minimum, Israel's actions are having a genocidal impact on Palestinians in Gaza. Because this impact is foreseeable (there have been countless warnings), one can reasonably infer genocidal intent from Israel's conduct in Gaza." Yes No 2023: Maybe [605]
2024: No [606]
[607] Rashid Khalidi 1 August 2025 Professor of Middle East history The Guardian "Disgracefully, all of this is being done to cover up one of the greatest crimes of this century, the ongoing genocide in Gaza, a crime in which Columbia's leadership is now fully complicit." Yes No
[608] Niall Ferguson 1 August 2025 Professor of history specialising in the British Empire and US history The Times "Let us begin with the fallacious claim that Israel is engaged in genocide in Gaza — a claim long made by Iran and its proxies but now echoed on an almost daily basis by left-wing politicians, as well as a growing number of right-wing populists [...] The war in Gaza is brutal, ... But one cannot call this nasty war genocide. [...] Accusing Israel of genocide and recognising a non-existent state are the luxury beliefs of western foreign policy, elicited in response to misleading photographs on front pages and fake fatality statistics, and utterly divorced from strategic reality." No No
[609] Eliyahu V. Sapir 1 August 2025 Political scientist Times of Israel blogs "If war itself becomes evidence of genocide, then no democracy can ever defend itself against terror." No No
[610] Federica Cavazzoni;
Guido Veronese;
Mona Ameen Nofal;
Rozyan AbuHawila;
Cindy Sousa;
Giorgia Fasola;
Elena Lambardi di San Miniato;
Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian 		1 August 2025 PhD Clinical Psychology, Research fellow in Human Sciences & Education;
Associate Professor in Clinical Psychology;
Research assistant in Human Sciences & Education;
Community Mental Health Professional;
Professor of Social Work;
Research fellow in Human Sciences & Education;
Research assistant in Psychology;
Professor of law, specialising in trauma, state crimes, genocide, gender violence and surveillance 		Feminism & Psychology "Writing this work has helped us try to make sense of this unbelievable violence and brutality, to piece together parts of ourselves in the face of the vision of scattered body parts of the colonized on Gaza’s soil (i.e., Ashla’a; Shalhoub-Kevorkian, 2024), of the cruel dismemberment of genocide and ongoing historical uprooting, continuing to seek hope, life, and continuity." Yes No
[611] Lihi Ben Shitrit 2 August 2025 Professor of Israel Studies The Forward "The destruction of Gaza, including the killing of thousands of children and the restriction on humanitarian aid is undeniable. The incitement for genocide and ethnic cleansing in the Israeli public sphere — from the government, in the pro-government media, and in everyday speech is also undeniable." Yes No
[612] Paul Michael Garrett 4 August 2025 Professor of Social Work British Journal of Social Work "As illuminated during the ongoing genocide, this fusion is catastrophic for the subjected and dominated Palestinian populations along with others viewed as enemies of the state." Yes No Additionally Critical Social Policy
[613] Donatella della Porta;
Laura Mendoza Sandoval;
Martín Portos Garcia;
Federica Stagni 		4 August 2025 Sociologist and political scientist;
Doctoral candidate in Sociology and Political Science;
Senior Assistant Professor of Political Science;
Doctoral candidate in Political Science and Sociology 		South European Society and Politics "Future analyses should unpack how racism and white supremacy influence mobilisations around 'distant conflicts', and also how the genocide in Gaza is embedded in the development of capitalism, patriarchy, colonialism and racism." Yes No
[614] Mario Pansera 5 August 2025 Researcher in Economics Journal of Responsible Technology "Genocide: Nowhere is this clearer than in Palestine, were Israel government no longer hides its intention to physically displace Gaza's population to neighbouring countries while Israeli tech firms monetize tools of repression honed in the strip and the West Bank." Yes No
[615] Kawtar Najib 5 August 2025 Lecturer in Human Geography The Geographical Journal "The narratives dehumanising Muslims in Britain echo the dehumanisation of Gazans who were subjected to genocide for nearly 10 months in the summer of 2024." Yes No
[616] Eyal Mayroz 6 August 2025 Lecturer in Peace and Conflict Studies The Conversation "In my opinion, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that Israel's deadly military campaign in Gaza has, for many months now, crossed the high threshold of genocide." Yes No
[617] Defence for Children International – Palestine 6 August 2025 Palestinian child rights organization their website "Highlighting their lack of access to shelter, healthcare, food, water, and education, each child described how their most basic human rights have been stripped from them and their families by Israel's genocide." Yes No 2023: Yes [618]
[619] Shannon Bosch 6 August 2025 Associate Professor in Law The Conversation "Israel's warfare tactics, therefore, meet the threshold of genocide. In particular, this threshold is met through the deliberate imposition of conditions of life incompatible with human survival." Yes No
[620] Ben Saul 6 August 2025 Professor of International Law The Conversation "I would say it's reasonably arguable that Israel's actions amount to genocide – and this argument has strengthened the longer the conflict has gone on." Likely No
[621] Paul James 6 August 2025 Professor in Globalization and Cultural Diversity The Conversation "As we wait its judgement, I would argue there are other, less contested terms to describe the types of crimes that many agree are being committed in Gaza." — No
[622] Steven Robins 6 August 2025 Professor of Sociology and Social Anthropology PERIPHERIE – Politik • Ökonomie • Kultur — No No position taken
[623] Monika Polzin 7 August 2025 Professor of Public Law and Public International Law Israel law Review "There are strong indications that the ICJ acted outside the scope of its authority by adopting a very vague but progressive interpretation of the Genocide Convention combined with a novel application of Article 41 of the ICJ Statute, which allowed the ICJ to adopt specific interim measures in the first, second and third orders." No No

[624]

Zoya Hasan 8 August 2025 Political Scientist The Wire (India) "The intent is evident in the scale and nature of the assault. Genocide is not just a legal term; it is a process. That process is now underway in Gaza." Yes No 2024: Yes [625]
[626] Abdallah Abudayya 8 August 2025 Associate professor in Public Health Mental Health & Prevention "This study aims to raise the voice of innocent Palestinians living in the Gaza Strip under the current genocide and underline the coping strategies and mechanisms they have developed." Yes No
[627] Laleh Khalili 8 August 2025 Professor of Gulf Studies Safundi "In the current genocide on Gaza, the deliberate targeting of hospitals and clinics, universities, medical professionals, teachers, and academics has intended to decapitate the Palestinian polity." Yes No
[628] Dana Bdier;
Bilal Hamamra;
Fayez Mahamid 		9 August 2025 Researcher in Mental Health specialising in Gender and Trauma;
Professor of Literature;
Psychologist 		Children and Youth Services Review "Genocide in Gaza has interrupted children's play, endangering their growth and overall well-being. This research employed semi-structured interviews with thirty participants in Gaza between November 2024 and January 2025 to examine the effects of ongoing war, which began in October 7, 2023 on Gazan children's play." Yes No
[629] Asa Kasher 10 August 2025 Philosopher and author of the IDF code of ethics Kan 11 "אני ראיתי מאות סרטונים שחיילים צילמו את עצמם והעלו לאינטרנט. בלי סוף מעשים לא תקינים יש שם. שום מעשה שהוא ממשפחת הג'נוסייד. ראיתי הרבה מאוד מעשים שלא הולמים את ערכי צה"ל"." ["I have seen hundreds of videos that soldiers filmed themselves and uploaded to the Internet. There are endless improper acts there. No act that is in the family of genocide. I have seen many acts that are not in keeping with the values of the IDF."] No No Kasher has been criticised for years for repeatedly publishing opinions justify the killing of civilians.
[630] Graham Blewitt 10 August 2025 Deputy Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1994-2004) SBS (Australian TV channel) "we're seeing on a daily basis the atrocities that are happening in Gaza. And it's clear that there's a genocide taking place there as well. When you add all of the various incidents happening on a daily basis together, to me the only logical conclusion is that yes, the Israelis are intent on destroying the Palestinians in Gaza." Yes No
[631] Steven E. Zipperstein 11 August 2025 Professor of law and history Times of Israel blogs "Is Israel committing genocide in Gaza? The clear answer, both legally and factually, is a resounding no." No No
[632] Manuel Schwab 12 August 2025 Assistant professor of Anthropology Journal of Genocide Research "That explanation has much going for it, but it fails to account for the all-consuming eclipse of Palestinian injuries, and the ferocity with which punishment is meted out on those who dissent from the Israeli state, its military campaigns, its occupation, and the genocidal animus on full display since 7 October." Yes No
[633] Jan Bergstra;
Marcus Düwell 		14 August 2025 Computer scientist;
Professor of Philosophical Ethics 		Self-published "Assuming Hypothesis 5.1, assuming Hypothesis 1.1, and assuming Claim 1.5 we propose that one may conclude (given the analysis in [10]) from the absence of intentional tribocide that Israel has not been perpetrating genocide in Gaza during 2023/2024." No No
[634] Michael A. Becker 15 August 2025 Assistant Professor of Law Legal Tribune Online "Based on information in the public domain as of August 2025, Israel's actions in relation to Gaza since 7 October 2023 strongly suggest that the situation has come to fit within the definition of genocide under Article II of the 1948 Convention." Likely No 2024: Maybe [635]
[636] Vasuki Nesiah 15 August 2025 Professor of Practice in Human Rights and International Law International Journal of Transitional Justice "Moreover, I also argue that the genocide in Gaza not only exemplifies the validity of these lines of critique, it is the synecdoche of the darkside of human rights – the repression of the Palestine question is foundational to the post-war human rights regime and offers a possible explanation for why the default response has been to double down on received approaches." Yes No Additionally London Review of International Law
[637] Gleb Bogush 15 August 2025 Research Fellow at the Institute for International Peace and Security Law, University of Cologne Legal Tribune Online "Yes, Israel is committing Genocide in Gaza." Yes No
[638] Tom Dannenbaum 15 August 2025 Associate Professor of International Law Legal Tribune Online "In Gaza, Israel is perpetrating war crimes and crimes against humanity of a gravity equivalent to genocide. These include starvation of civilians as a method of warfare, inhumane acts, and extermination. There is, at minimum, a serious risk that this conduct also entails genocide, meaning that third-party states have an urgent obligation to employ all reasonably available means to prevent it, including by cutting off military and dual-use supplies. In the longer term, although uncertain, the probability is growing that the ICJ will reach a final determination of genocide in the case South Africa brought against Israel." Likely No
[639] Janina Dill 15 August 2025 Professor of Global Security Legal Tribune Online "There is a serious risk that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza. Israel is visibly inflicting conditions of life on Palestinians in Gaza that are calculated to bring about their displacement and very plausibly also their (partial) destruction as a group." Likely No
[640] Patrycja Grzebyk 15 August 2025 Associate professor of international law Legal Tribune Online "The assessment might vary depending on whether we assess individual responsibility or state responsibility. Having in mind statements of some politicians who treated the whole Gaza population as the target, I would not exclude genocidal intent, but I would be very cautious to assign this intent to all Israeli people involved in the operation. " Maybe No
[641] Adil Haque 15 August 2025 Professor of Law Legal Tribune Online "Yes, I believe that Israel's conduct in Gaza meets the legal definition of genocide." Yes No
[642] Miguel Manero de Lemos 15 August 2025 Professor of law Legal Tribune Online "there is not sufficient evidence publicly available to support the claim that the operations conducted by the Israel Defence Forces in, and around, Gaza are the result of a 'specific intent' of the persons who ultimately lead those forces 'to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, as such'." No No
[643] Itamar Mann 15 August 2025 Professor of Law Legal Tribune Online "Yes. As of February 2025, the only reasonable inference from the cumulative evidence is that Israel's conduct in Gaza constitutes genocide, understood as the intentional destruction of a protected group in whole or in part." Yes No
[644] Manuel Ollé Sesé 15 August 2025 Associate Professor of Criminal Law and International Criminal Law Legal Tribune Online "There are reasonable indications that certain actions taken by Israel in Gaza could meet the criteria for the crime of genocide." Likely No
[645] Ka Lok Yip 15 August 2025 Assistant professor of law Legal Tribune Online "Israel's conduct in and in relation to Gaza meet the requirements of genocide." Yes No
[646] Hans Vest 15 August 2025 Professor Emeritus of criminal law, international criminal law and legal theory Legal Tribune Online "Prima facie, there is strong evidence to affirm a genocidal intent to destroy on the part of key figures within the Israeli government." Likely No
[647] Binaifer Nowrojee 15 August 2025 President of Open Society Foundations, International Human Rights Lawyer Project Syndicate "When it becomes a more expansive policy undertaken with the intent 'to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group,' it becomes genocide. Multiple senior Israeli officials have openly expressed such intent... Although signs of the coming horrors were clear within months of the war's onset, many governments averted their eyes... Now, they are failing in their duty to prevent and stop a genocide." Yes No
[648] Roberto De Voglia;
Jonathan Montomoli;
Ghassan Abu-Sittah;
Ilan Pappé 		16 August 2025 Associate Professor of Global Health and Vice-Director of the Human Rights Centre;
Anesthesiologist;
plastic and reconstructive surgeon;
Historian, specialising in Israel-Palestine 		The Lancet "The genocide in Gaza is a defining ethical test for the global public health community, social scientists, and academic associations." Yes No
[649] Randa Abdel-Fattah 18 August 2025 Sociologist, lawyer, author Deep Cut News "People of conscience know that if silence is demanded over a livestreamed genocide, then silence will eventually be demanded over everything else." Yes No 2023: Yes [650]
2024: Yes [651][652]
[653] Zarefah Baroud 19 August 2025 Lecturer in Middle East and Ethnic Studies PhD Thesis - University of Exeter "Although this thesis centres its attention on the Mandate period (1920-–1948) and the early years of the Israeli occupation, its findings provide a framework for understanding contemporary Israeli carceral regime across occupied Palestine, particularly in light of the current, and ongoing, genocide in Gaza, much of which has taken place within settler spaces of captivity." Yes No
[654] Norman Goda 20 August 2025 Historian and Holocaust scholar The New Yorker "I don’t think that saying that this is not a genocide is letting down the entire field of Holocaust studies. I can name many, many Holocaust historians who do not believe that this is a genocide. Is it the deliberate attempt to destroy an entire people in whole or in part? No, it’s simply not. It just isn’t." No No 2023: No [655]; 2025: No [656],[657]
[658] Yuvraj Singh, Simina Dragoș, Jessica Oddy, Arathi Sriprakash, and Sharon Walker 20 August 2025 Researchers and Sociologists of Education Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education "The dehumanising, racist logics that can fuel a genocide can also be used within a supposed 'liberal' framework, steering global humanitarianism away from its self-declared moral responsibility." Yes No
[659] Anna Stavrianakis 20 August 2025 Lecturer in International Relations The Political Quarterly "The intricacies of the legal arguments in the case must not distract us from the wider question of the role of the arms trade with Israel in facilitating not only its genocidal war on Gaza, but also its occupation of Palestinian land and system of apartheid rule, and the demands of a two-way arms embargo." Yes No
[660] Ron Dudai 22 August 2025 Professor in Department of Sociology and Anthropology +972 Magazine "Israel's ongoing genocidal campaign in Gaza may be the most thoroughly documented atrocity in recent history, measured both by the sheer volume of evidence and the speed of its circulation." Yes No
[661] Adam Saifer;
Fahad Ahmad 		23 August 2025 Assistant Professor in Management;
Assistant Professor of Criminology 		Organization "Students also sought expressions of solidarity from their universities, including public condemnation of the genocide in Gaza and affirmation of the rights of Palestinians to resist occupation and apartheid—rights grounded in international law (Moses, 2017)." Yes No
[662] Clemens Heni [de] 24 August 2025 Political scientist Times of Israel Blogs "There are massive war crimes in Gaza, committed by the IDF, including hunger policies and the intentional shooting of civilians. However, this is still not a "genocide" as all anti-Semites from Australia to Germany and New York City claim." No No
[663] Anne Irfan 24 August 2025 Historian and Lecturer in interdisciplinary race, gender, and postcolonial studies Journal of Genocide Research "The large-scale displacement, enforced containment and planned expulsion of the current genocide marks the culmination of this nexus, which has always been central to the settler colonial scheme in Palestine." Yes No
[664] Mehran Kamrava 25 August 2025 Professor of Government Doha News "Up until this point, Netanyahu has calculated that for his political position, it is more important to continue with the genocide than to bring about the release of the [captives]." Yes No 2024: Yes [665]; 2025: Yes [666]
[667] Juan Cole 25 August 2025 Professor of History Informed Comment "yes, it is a genocide." Yes No 2024: Yes [668]
[669] Maung Zarni 25 August 2025 Genocide scholar Zeteo "Israel's genocide in Gaza is being supported and funded by the United States." Yes Yes 2023: Yes [670]; 2024: Yes [671][672]
[673] Mery Diaz;
Antonia R.G. Alvarez;
Sarah Mountz;
Kelly F. Jackson;
Sam Harrell;
Mimi E. Kim;
E. Goldblatt Hyatt 		25 August 2025 Clinical Social Worker, Professor of Social Work;
Assistant Professor of Social Work;
Associate Professor of Social Welfare;
Associate Professor of Social Work;
Assistant Professor of Social Work;
Assistant Professor of Social Work;
Associate Professor of Professional Practice for Reproductive Justice 		Affilia "We come to you, our readers and supporters in the social work feminist community, to acknowledge that Affilia has been complicit in the ongoing genocide unfolding in Gaza since October 2023." Yes No
[674] International Association of Genocide Scholars 1 September 2025 The world's biggest academic association of genocide scholars Reuters "This is a definitive statement from experts in the field of genocide studies that what is going on on the ground in Gaza is genocide," the association's president, Melanie O'Brien, a professor of international law at the University of Western Australia who specialises in genocide, told Reuters." Yes Yes In June 2025, the president of this organisation, Melanie O'Brien, stated that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza. Of 500 members, 140 (28%) participated in the vote and 120 (86%) supported the statement.[675] The 28% participation rate "is within the usual range of votes received for a resolution, which falls between 25 and 34%" [676]
[677] James Smith 1 September 2025 Lecturer in Humanitarian Policy and Practice The Lancet "Recently, WHO has coordinated EMTs in response to the earthquake in Myanmar; the ongoing genocide, widespread displacement, and famine in Sudan; and the ongoing genocide in Palestine, among several other crises." Yes No
[678] Christine Schwöbel-Patel 1 September 2025 Professor of law, specialising in public international law International Law and Architecture "The rubble is not just materially and numerically significant; it also signifies the trauma of occupation and genocide, that which cannot be captured in the horrific numbers." Yes No
[679] Guy Goodwin-Gill 2 September 2025 Emeritus Fellow at Oxford, Former Professor of International Law Opinio Juris (blog) "Few if any of us will ever meet Benjamin Netanyahu, Bezalel Smotrich, Itamar Ben-Gvir, or others of that ilk who have organised the aberrant architecture of genocide and encouraged the climate of death, maiming, starvation and destruction that is Gaza today." Yes No 2025: Incitement [680]
[681] Zahra Ali 4 September 2025 Assistant Professor in Sociology Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews "Like in Gaza, the violence unleashed by the United States on Iraq and the region is incommensurable, obscene, unspeakable. The impunity of those responsible for the latter—Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld, Rice, Bolton, Bremer, and let us remember Biden, and many more—is astonishing. More than two decades later, there is still no accountability, any mention of reparation, or any efforts toward some form of justice for the victims. Far from it, the United States is pursuing its "war on terror" in Gaza, arming, funding, and enabling Israel's genocide." Yes No
[682] Scholars for truth about genocide, organised by UK Lawyers for Israel 7 September 2025 400+ assorted individuals and organizations "Scholars for truth about genocide" website "Thus, Hamas committed the crime of genocide and remains the only party to legally meet the requirements of the elements of the crime of genocide." No No Created and organised by advocacy group UK Lawyers for Israel.
Many signatories are not scholars and most are not experts. [683] Some names may have been included without consent: [684] (Now removed, but present in archive of the list])[g]
[685] UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory 16 September 2025 United Nations fact-finding mission to investigate possible war crimes and other abuses in Palestine and Israel UN OHCHR website "Israel has committed genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel said in a new report today. The Commission urges Israel and all States to fulfil their legal obligations under international law to end the genocide and punish those responsible for it." Yes Yes
[686] Navi Pillay 16 September 2025 former President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, chair of the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory The New York Times "Our conclusion is stark: Israel has committed genocide against Palestinians in Gaza... These are not the accidents of war. They are acts calculated to bring about the destruction of a people." Yes No
[687] Sarah Cathryn Majed Dweik 16 September 2025 Graduate Assistant in Communication Arts and Sciences Communication Education "The 2023–2025 ongoing, accelerated genocide in Gaza prompted all sectors of society to rise in opposition to the Zionist settler colonization of Palestine." Yes No
[688] Zachariah Mampilly 18 September 2025 Chair of International Affairs Journal of Genocide Research — No No position taken
[689] Kobi Kabalek 18 September 2025 Assistant professor of Holocaust studies and visual studies Journal of Genocide Research "The scholars who utterly reject the indictment of Israel's actions as a genocide despite numerous declarations by Israeli politicians to spare no Palestinians in Gaza as well as widespread evidence of genocidal measures on the ground are often those who demand to view the Holocaust as a historical event that cannot and should not be compared to the crimes of colonial and postcolonial societies." Maybe No
[690] Lidia Zessin-Jurek 18 September 2025 Historian and Postdoctoral researcher in memory Journal of Genocide Research — No No position taken
[691] Jeffrey S. Bachman;
Esther Brito Ruiz 		18 September 2025 Associate Professor with a focus on genocide, political violence, and human rights;
Doctoral candidate and Adjunct instructor in genocide studies 		Journal of Genocide Research "The current conflict between Israel and Hamas was triggered on 7 October 2023, when Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups launched coordinated attacks across southern Israel. In response to the attacks, Israel has waged a total and genocidal war against Palestinians in the Gaza strip, with large military operations now having extended to the West Bank and into neighboring Lebanon." Yes No
[692] Zoé Samudzi 18 September 2025 Sociologist Journal of Genocide Research "Much of the critical political conceptualization of Israel’s ongoing genocidal assault on Gaza has pointed towards an historical unprecedentedness. As many genocide and legal scholars, historians, and others have observed, annihilatory intent has rarely been more explicit than the repeated comments made by Israeli leadership in the progression of the state's aggression from the days after 7 October 2023, to the 16 May 2025 announcement of Operation Gideon Chariots, the expansion of the Israeli military campaign in the Gaza Strip, to the present." Yes No 2024: Yes Journal of Genocide Research
[693] Sonia Boulos 19 September 2025 Associate Professor of international human rights law Journal of Genocide Research "In the wake of Israel’s most recent campaign of genocidal, settler-colonial violence against Palestinians in Gaza, a number of prominent Israeli liberal academics, public intellectuals, and human rights lawyers have sought to sidestep the term genocide." Yes No
[694] Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian 19 September 2025 Professor of law, specialising in trauma, state crimes, genocide, gender violence and surveillance Journal of Genocide Research "Palestinian dispossession and death as a result of Zionism reveal a genocidal economy, which is embedded in the geopolitics of racism and white supremacy that dispossesses Palestinian humanity, even of newborn babies. This economy’s codes, technologies, aesthetics, and visuality enable the ongoing genocide and its ontological consumption." Yes No 2024: Yes The Guardian
[695] Shmuel Lederman 19 September 2025 Holocaust scholar Journal of Genocide Research "Roughly since mid-2024, there seems to have emerged a broad agreement among genocide scholars – at least those who have expressed their views on the matter – that this is indeed the case.", "Where does this analysis leave us as to the issues at stake? On the one hand, at exactly the same place: as I mentioned above, the consensus that did exist as to how to respond to 7 October was already genocidal, and once no limits were placed on Israel it relatively quickly led to what amount to a genocide in Gaza." Yes Yes 2024: Maybe Journal of Genocide Research
[696] Sara Roy 19 September 2025 Political economist and Associate of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies Journal of Genocide Research "Israel's genocidal policy is not an aberration; rather, it is a more extreme expression of a policy that has long sought to diminish and disable Gaza through a variety of measures because Gaza is the fulcrum of a Palestinian state and without Gaza, a Palestinian state is not possible.", "Hence, the refusal by most Israelis to acknowledge the genocide of Gaza's people – representing a philosophical distance that separates Jews from Palestinians (and Palestinians from humankind?) – is not surprising." Yes No
[697] Norman Finkelstein 22 September 2025 Political scientist Gaza's Gravediggers "The genocide commenced immediately after Hamas’s attack—the initial public statements by senior Israeli officials perfectly, indeed eerily, foreshadowed what would unfold in the next two years—but it was necessarily calibrated to take account of the response abroad. If Israel didn’t outright nuke Gaza, that's because, functioning as Israel must within the constraints, albeit feeble, imposed by the vicissitudes of international public opinion, it couldn't. But even as Israel's overarching objective was not to annihilate but rather to ethnically cleanse Gazans, it was also prepared to kill off as many civilians and pulverize as much infrastructure as was politically feasible in order to 'persuade' the population to leave or 'persuade' the international community to take it in. This is not idle speculation, it’s a fait accompli: Israel has already committed genocide in Gaza." Yes Yes 2023: Yes [698]
[699] Mohammed Y. Khanji;
Naomi Green;
Nadia Khan;
Shehla Imtiaz-Umer;
Mohammed Ejaz Faizur Rahman;
Peter Hopkins;
Tarek Younis;
Yasmin Kader 		22 September 2025 Consultant Cardiologist;
Sociologist;
Palliative Medicine Consultant;
GP Principal;
Doctor;
Professor of Social Geography;
Cultural and Critical Clinical Psychologist;
Policy officer for Equity and Inclusion 		Medicine, Conflict and Survival "The Israeli government has publicly expressed genocidal intent and has conducted systematic attacks on the civilian population of Gaza and wider Palestinian territories against a backdrop of decades of illegal, ongoing and expanding occupation, racial segregation and apartheid" Yes No
[700] Ghassan Elkahlout 22 September 2025 Director of the Center for Conflict and Humanitarian Studies, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies Journal of Peacebuilding & Development "The purpose of this article is to analyze the collapse of the international humanitarian system through the Gaza lens during the Israeli genocidal war that began on October 7, 2023." Yes No 2024: Yes Gaza's Cycle of Destruction and Rebuilding page 250
[701] Andrew Milne 23 September 2025 Doctoral candidate in International Relations Inter- The Journal of Global Thought "Furthermore, I posit that religious practices and the transcendental meaning which they unveil might serve to motivate collective decolonial political praxis and thus offer a means of addressing an ongoing crisis in global thought exemplified by Israel’s genocide in Gaza" Yes No
[702] Raiya Taha;
Zeana Hamdonah;
Janelle Joseph 		24 September 2025 Sociologist of sport;
Doctoral candidate and instructor in kinesiology;
Assistant professor in Health and Sport 		International Review for the Sociology of Sport "The ongoing blockade and genocide imposed by the Israeli State on Palestinians in Gaza begets the question of life: who, how, and where does one deserve to live?" Yes No
[703] Salena Fay Tramel;
Annelien Groten 		24 September 2025 Post-doctoral researcher in Political Ecology;
International Development Consultant and Post-doctoral researcher in International Studies 		The Journal of Peasant Studies "This phenomenon occurs in violent cycles that dismantle territorial relations, involving measures such as siege and military invasions that have escalated to the level of genocide." Yes No
[704] Bilal Hamamra;
Ekrema Shehab 		26 September 2025 Professor of Literature;
Associate professor of translation studies 		Journal of Human Trafficking "The findings of this study carry significant implications for practice. In contexts such as Gaza, where humanitarian actors and child protection agencies are absent during genocide, the urgent need for trauma-sensitive, rights-based interventions remains unmet." Yes No
[705] Saleh Aljadeeaha;
Gautam Satheeshb;
Sali Hafezc;
Mina Naguibd;
Amy Neilsonb;
Asil Alaloule;
Gorik Oomsa;
Duha Shellahf;
Bissan Ismail Abu Shammalah;
Raffaella Ravinettoa 		26 September 2025 Pharmacist;
Global Health Researcher;
Researcher in Public Health specialising in Humanitarian responses;
Doctor in Trauma and Orthopaedics;
Doctor in Extreme Medicine;
Pharmacist and Medical Translator;
Human rights lawyer and Professor of Health Policy;
Physician and Medical Journalist;
Doctor and Public Health Researcher;
Pharmacist and Professor in Pharmaceutical Public Health 		The Lancet "The blockade, a policy enacted by the Israeli Government, severely restricted the entry of medicines to Gaza, and arbitrary rejections, prolonged inspections, and so-called dual use designations delayed access to medicines. These practices reflect the weaponisation of access to medicines in violation of International Humanitarian Law and form part of genocide." Yes No
[706] Brendan Ciarán Browne 9 October 2025 interdisciplinary scholar with an LL.B, LL.M (Law & Human Rights) and PhD in Sociology TheJournal.ie "After 734 days of Genocide in Gaza, finally, perhaps there exists a glimmer of hope, that an end may be in sight." Yes No 2024: Yes [707][708]
[709] Mohan Rao 16 October 2025 former professor, Centre of Social Medicine and Community Health The Wire (India) "India too is more than complicit – not just by its silence on the genocide, but by the close economic links being forged, the supply of labour to replace Palestinian labour, and the Indian IT industry’s links with the Israeli defence system." Yes No



Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Reputable online legal publication
  2. ^ [1][2]
  3. ^ [3]
  4. ^ [4]
  5. ^ Reputable online legal publication
  6. ^ [5]
  7. ^ Checking the archive, Paul Bartrop appears at position 424, in the live version he appears at 406, so at least 18 names have been removed on 8 September alone.