Draft:Najd Revolution

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Najd Revolution
Part of After the Wahhabi war
Najd in the nineteenth century
Date 1819-1824 Location The Arabian Peninsula (Specifically najd) Result Saudi victory Establishment of the Emirate of Najd Territorial changes End of Ottoman existence in Nejd Turki bin Abdullah restored Al Saud control over Najd, Al Ahsa, Oman, and Ras Al Khaimah by 1832.[1]
Belligerents
Emirate of Najd Arab tribes	Ottoman Empire Eyalet of Egypt Egyptian garrison in Najd Mu'ammarid Imamate
Turki bin Abdullah Mishari bin Saud  † Umar bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (POW)	Muhammad Ali Hussein Bey Muhammad bin Mishari  † Ibrahim Kashif  † Musa Kashif  † Abu Ali Al-Maghribi   Muhammad Agha   Faisal bin Watban Al-Duwish
Casualties and losses
Heavy	Heavy The Wahhabis captured weapons and money from the remains of the Ottoman garrisons[2]

Najd Revolution (in Arabic: ثورة نجد ) is a series of battles and rebellions that took place in Najd following the fall of the Emirate of Diriyah at the hands of the Egyptian-Ottoman forces. The rebellion aimed to get rid of Ottoman rule in the region, but some princes were calling for the continuation of Ottoman authority. The rebellion was led by Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud, the grandson of the founder of the first Saudi state.^[3]

Background

As a result of the Wahhabi invasions of the Hijaz, the Wahhabi War broke out, during which the Saudis were defeated and their capital, Diriyah, fell into the hands of Ibrahim Pasha, son of Muhammad Ali Pasha. Some of the fleeing Al Saud were forced to hide from the Egyptian forces. After seizing Diriyah, Ibrahim Pasha appointed princes over the regions of Najd, and they fought each other for power.^[4]

Rebellion

Rise of Ibn Mu'ammar

Ibrahim Pasha left Najd destroyed and in a state of famine. and returned to Egypt. After his departure, Muhammad bin Mishari bin Muammar headed from Uyayna to Diriyah, which was destroyed, and rebuilt it. Some of the residents of Diriyah who had fled because of Ibrahim Pasha returned and Ibn Muammar made it the capital of the emirate. He added to his emirate the lands of Al-Kharj, Riyadh, Huraymila, and Al-Washm.^[5]

Ibn Muammar continued to rule most of Najd under the authority of the Ottoman Empire until the emergence of Mishari bin Saud Al Saud, brother of Abdullah bin Saud, who fled from his captivity near Yanbu and hid in Al Washm. He gathered supporters of Al Saud in Al Qassim and Az Zulfi and headed to Diriyah. Ibn Muammar pledged allegiance to him, but he regretted giving up power and gathered his supporters in Sadus, and Al Hamad, leaders of Huraymila, joined him.He asked for support from the Sheikh of the Mutair tribe, Faisal bin Watban Al-Duwaish, who agreed to support him. He was able to seize Diriyah and capture Mishari bin Saud, imprisoning him in Sadus.^[6][7]

After Mishari was captured and imprisoned, Ibn Muammar headed to Riyadh, where Turki bin Abdullah was residing. However, Turki fled to Al-Ha'ir in southern Najd, so Ibn Muammar returned to Diriyah and appointed his son, Mishari, as the governor of Riyadh. At the same time, Muhammad Ali Pasha sent an army of 400 soldiers led by Abush Agha to capture Mishari. When Ibn Muammar learned that Turki bin Abdullah was in Dhruma, he sent his son Mishari at the head of 100 soldiers, but Turki defeated and captured him. After that, Turki took control of Diriyah and Riyadh and captured Ibn Muammar. When he confirmed that Mishari had died in captivity, he executed Ibn Muammar and his son Mishari^[8][9]

Siege of Riyadh

And after that, Feisal bin Watban Al-Duwish, along with Ghuboush Agha, attempted to besiege Imam Turki bin Abdullah in Riyadh. However, Imam Turki resisted with his group, and the siege failed^[10]. Muhammad Ali Pasha became angry and Sent all Ottoman forces present in Medina to Riyadh, led by Hussein Bey. He was able to reach Riyadh without any problems and besieged Turki in the Riyadh Royal Palace. Turki and some of his supporters were forced to withdraw from the Riyadh Royal Palace at night and head to the Al-Halwa region in southern Najd.^[11] After Turki's withdrawal, the remains of his supporters that remained in Riyadh surrendered, and Hussein Bey captured Omar bin Abdulaziz and his son Abdul Malik and killed 70 of the remaining Turki supporters.^[12]

arrival of Hassan Bey and the failed campaigns

After the departure of Hussein Bey, the governor of Medina, Hassan Pasha, sent a campaign of 800 horsemen led by Hassan Bey (Abu Zahir). After preparing the forces, he headed to Al-Rass and from there to Unaizah and plundered the cities of Najd, such as Jabal Shammar, Al-Majma’ah, and Sudair.^[11] and He wanted to collect zakat from the Bedouins, and this angered the people of Najd and its tribes, which made him send campaigns against them. ^[13]

Battle of Al-Ha'ir

A few months later, the soldiers in Riyadh and Manfuha, led by Ibrahim Kashif, the brother of Musa Kashif, and with them the Emir of Riyadh, Nasser bin Nasser Al-Aydhi, and the Emir of Manfuha, Musa bin Mazrou, headed towards the Subaie tribe in a location called (Al-Bada’),^[13] located south of Riyadh to the east of Al-Ha’ir. The Subaie tribe was led by Sheikh Muhammad bin Daghim Al-Omani. Severe fighting took place between them. They defeated the Ottomans, killing more than 300 soldiers and men, and their commander Ibrahim Kashif and Nasser Al-Aydi were killed.^[14]

Battle of Majzal

The Turkish army in Al Majma'ah, led by Musa Kashif, marched to the Sahul tribe - near Al Majma'ah^[14]- and raided it. I defeated them and killed their leader, Musa Kashif, they killed more than 30 soldiers, and their remnants fled to Al Majma'ah, along with Abdullah Al Jami'i, the Emir of Unaizah.^[13]

Unayzah revolution

Then the people of Unaizah revolted against its garrison of six hundred soldiers led by Muhammad Agha, due to the injustice, high taxes and theft committed by the soldiers.^[15] They besieged it in Al-Safa Palace. About seventy Turks were killed, and a peace treaty was signed with the people of city. They withdrew from the city, leaving only the garrison of Riyadh in Najd.^[11]

Return of Turki

first attack on Riyadh

In Ramadan 1823, Turki bin Abdullah returned with 30 soldiers, gained the support of the leaders of Al-Mahmal, Jaljal, and Sudair^[16], and made Arqa his base of operations. He then launched an attack on the Turkish garrison in Riyadh and Manfuha, which numbered 600 soldiers. However, the attack failed, and Turki was forced to withdraw to Arqa. The Ottomans then attacked Arqa, but Turki repulsed them^[15]

An imaginary drawing of Imam Turki bin Abdullah in Thadig

Subjugation of Najd

At the end of 1823, Turki moved from Arqa and attacked Dhurma and was able to seize it after killing its emir. However, Najd was full of wars, and this helped Turki defeat the leaders who rejected his rule, such as Mazid bin Ahmed, the emir of Al Majma'ah, and Hamad bin Mubarak, the emir of Huraymila. The leaders of Zulfi, Al-Ghat, Manikh, Sudair, and Shaqra surrendered to Turki without wars. He headed to Manfuha, which surrendered after negotiations with its emir, Ibrahim bin Salamah, and they expelled the garrison that joined the Riyadh garrison.^[10]

An imaginative drawing of Abu Ali al-Maghribi surrendering the city of Riyadh to Turki bin Abdullah.

Capture of Riyadh (1824)

In August 1824, Turki headed from Manfuha to Riyadh with all his forces. Battles took place between him and the Turks near Riyadh, and they were forced to fortify themselves in the city. Turki besieged him for a month. Turki was forced to withdraw because Faisal Al-Dawish came with his soldiers to support the Ottoman forces. Immediately after Faisal Al-Dawish left, Turki attacked Riyadh again. The head of the garrison, Abu Ali Al-Maghribi, asked for safety before handing over the city to Turki. Turki agreed, and the last Turkish forces withdrew from Najd^[17][18]

Aftermath

While the Ottoman Empire was busy with the Greek War of Independence, Turki expanded his influence by launching several campaigns to subjugate Al-Kharj, Al-Qassim, and Jabal Shammar. By 1828, all of Najd was under his rule, After his son Faisal fled from Egypt, he sent him to a skirmish with the Emirate of Bani Khalid. This skirmish ended in the Battle of Al Subia, where Faisal led the Qahtan, Ajman, and Subay' tribes against the forces of Majid bin Ariar, the Emir of Bani Khalid, who was allied with the Anazah tribe. The battle ended with the death of Majid bin Ariar, who was killed, and the fall of Al Ahsa and Qatif under the rule of Al Saud.^[19]

References

1. Blunt, Lady Anne (1881). A Pilgrimage to Nejd (2nd ed.). London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. p. 262.
2. Ibn Bishr, Uthman ibn Abdullah. The Title of Glory in the History of Najd (in Arabic) (2nd ed.). Darah King Abdulaziz. p. 33.
3. Lady Anne Blunt (1881). A Pilgrimage To Nejd (2 ed.). LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. p. 262.
4. christopher keesee mellon (2015). resiliency of the saudi monarchy: 1745-1975. beirut: the american university of beirut. p. 59.
5. Uthman ibn Abdullah, ibn Bishr. The Title of Glory in the History of Najd (in Arabic) (1 ed.). Darah King Abdulaziz. pp. 441–444.
6. Winder 1965, p. 64.
7. Vassiliev 2013.
8. Munir Al-Ajlani. History of the country of Saudi Arabia (in Arabic) (5 ed.). Dar Al-Shabl for Publishing, Distribution and Printing. pp. 95–96.
9. John Philby, Abdullah Philby (1955). Saudi Arabia. LONDON: ERNEST BENN LIMITED. pp. 152–153.
10. Abdullah Philby, John Philby (1955). Saudi Arabia. LONDON: ERNEST BENN LIMITED. pp. 156–157.
11. Uthman ibn Abdullah ibn Bishr. The Title of Glory in the History of Najd (1-2) (in Arabic). Darah King Abdulaziz. p. 25.
12. Abdul Rahim, Abdul Rahman (2001). From Documents of the Arabian Peninsula in the Era of Muhammad Ali, Vol. 5 (in Arabic). Dar Al-Kitab Al-Jami'i. p. 53.
13. Al-Salman, Muhammad bin Abdullah (1999). Political conditions in Al-Qassim during the Second Saudi State (in Arabic). King Fahd National Library. p. 67.
14. ibn Bishr, Uthman ibn Abdullah. The Title of Glory in the History of Najd (1) (in Arabic). Darah King Abdulaziz. p. 462.
15. Al-Ajlani, Munir. History of the country of Saudi Arabia (in Arabic) (5 ed.). Dar Al-Shabl for Publishing, Distribution and Printing. p. 102.
16. Abdullah Philby, John Philby (1955). Saudi Arabia. LONDON: ERNEST BENN LIMITED. p. 155.
17. Abdullah Philby, John Philby (1955). Saudi Arabia. LONDON: ERNEST BENN LIMITED. p. 157.
18. ibn Bishr, Uthman ibn Abdullah. The Title of Glory in the History of Najd (in Arabic) (2 ed.). Darah King Abdulaziz. pp. 34–35.
19. christopher keesee mellon (2015). resiliency of the saudi monarchy: 1745-1975 (1 ed.). the american university of beirut. p. 62-63.