Osing language

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Osing
Native toIndonesia
RegionEast Java, Indonesia
EthnicityOsing people
Native speakers
(300,000 cited 2000 census)[1]
Javanese script and Latin
Pegon script (historical)
Language codes
ISO 639-3osi
Glottologosin1237
  Areas where Osing is spoken by a majority of the population
  Areas where Osing is spoken by a significant minority of the population
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
An Osing speaker, recorded in Indonesia which still mixed with Indonesian language.

The Osing language (Osing: Basa Using; Indonesian: Bahasa Osing), locally known as the language of Banyuwangi, is the Modern Javanese dialect of the Osing people of East Java, Indonesia. Speakers of the Osing language can also be found in Osing communities or enclaves in Jember, Situbondo, and Bondowoso. The Osing language in these areas has been influenced by other Javanese dialects (Mataraman Javanese, Arekan Javanese) and the Madurese language, making it seem or be considered less pure (deles) compared to the Osing language in Banyuwangi.

The Osing language is one of the conservative dialects of Javanese that still uses many Old Javanese words, along with the Tegal, Banyumasan, and Tengger dialects. However, the Osing dialect uses the vowel O instead of A, while Tegal, Banyumasan, and Tengger retain the vowel A. This is thought to be due to the influence of the Mataram Sultanate’s attack on the Blambangan Kingdom in the 17th century. Despite using the vowel O, the Osing dialect still maintains the clear and firm pronunciation of the consonant (k) at the end of syllables, similar to the Banyumasan and Tegal dialects. Linguistically, this language is part of the Javanese language family, which belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family.

A dictionary of the language was published in 2002 by Hasan Ali, an advocate for the language's use in Banyuwangi.[2]

Phonology

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The Osing language has unique features in its pronunciation system, including:

  1. The diphthong [ai] for the vowel [i]: All lexicons ending in ⟨i⟩ in Osing are always pronounced as /ai/. For example, geni /gəni/ ('fire') is pronounced genai, bengi /bəŋːi/ ('night') becomes bengai, and gedigi /gədigi/ ('like this') becomes gedigai.
  2. The diphthong [au] for the vowel [u]: Lexicons ending in ⟨u⟩ are almost always pronounced as /au/. For example, gedigu /gədigu/ ('like that') is pronounced gedigau, asu ('dog') becomes asau, and awu ('that') becomes awau.
  3. Final consonant [k] for the glottal stop [ʔ]: The final consonant /k̚/ is always pronounced clearly instead of the glottal stop. For instance, apik /apiʔ/ (good) is pronounced apik̚, manuk /manuʔ/ ("bird") is pronounced manuk̚ or manok̚.
  4. Glottal stop [ʔ]: Represented orthographically by an apostrophe, such as piro ('how much'), kiwo ('left'), and so on.
  5. Palatalization of consonants: This is marked by the insertion of -y- in words containing [ba], [ga], [da], [wa]. Examples:
  • barong /baroŋ/ ("barong") is pronounced byarong /bʲaroŋ/
  • uwak ("aunt/uncle") becomes uwyak /uwʲak̚/
  • embah /əmbah/ ("grandparent") becomes embyah /əmbʲah/
  • dhawuk /ɖawuʔ/ ("dauk") becomes dhyawuk /ɖʲawuk̚/ or dhyawok̚.

The pronunciation of Banyuwangi /baɳːuwaŋːi/ combines both the diphthong [ai] and the palatalization [j], resulting in Byanyuwangai /bʲaɳːuwaŋːi/ or **Biaɳːuwaŋːi/.

Osing language shares similarities and retains Middle Javanese vocabulary that has been preserved. The variant considered more archaic is primarily found in the areas of Giri, Glagah, and Licin, where the Osing language is still regarded as pure. On the other hand, the Osing language spoken in Jember Regency has been significantly influenced by Madurese and standard Javanese, making it appear mixed or less pure when compared to the more original and authentic Osing language in Banyuwangi.

Grammar

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Among the Osing-speaking people, there are two speech styles used in different situations: Cara Osing and Cara Besiki.

  1. Cara Osing is the language style used in everyday life. The main differences lie in intonation and pronouns, which are adjusted based on the social status of the interlocutor. Examples include:
  • Siro wis madhyang? = Have you (informal) eaten?
  • Riko wis madhyang? = Have you (polite) eaten?
  • Ndiko wis madhyang? = Have you (respectful) eaten?

Pronoun Levels

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  • Hiro/Iro – used for someone younger (age).
  • Siro – used for someone of the same level (age).
  • Riko – used for someone older or higher in status.
  • Ndiko – used for elders and respected figures.

Cara Besiki is considered the ideal or refined form of speech. It was originally used only in special or sacred situations, such as rituals or traditional ceremonies. However, it is now also used to address elders, in a way similar to Krama Inggil in Javanese. Additionally, it is used during pre-wedding gatherings and formal meetings.

Some words in the Osing language still retain the infix ⟨-y-⟩ (which is placed in the middle of the word), such as "ngumbyah" (wash) and "kidyang" (deer), which differ from their pronunciation in standard Javanese, which are /ŋum.bah/ and /ki.daŋ/ respectively.

Additionally, the Osing language has vocabulary that differs from other forms of standard Javanese, as follows:

  • osing/sing (Translation: "Not"; Standard Javanese: ora)
  • paran (Translation: "What"; Standard Javanese: åpå)
  • kadhung (Translation: "If"; Standard Javanese: yèn, lèk, nèk)

Vocabulary

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Some vocabulary in the Osing language is a direct derivative of Middle Javanese. According to research by Prof. Dr. Suparman Heru Santosa, Osing is thought to have branched off from late Middle Javanese (during the transition to Modern Javanese) since the late 15th century. Thus, by the time the Blambangan Kingdom was established, the Osing dialect had already developed and was used in Banyuwangi. Therefore, some words in the Osing language originate from both Middle and Modern Javanese, with a slightly significant influence from Balinese also evident in this language, such as the words sing ("not") and bojog ("monkey").

Divergent Osing vocabulary includes:[3]

  • osing/sing 'not' (standard Javanese: ora)
  • paran 'what' (standard Javanese: åpå Paran in standard Javanese mean existing)
  • kadhung 'if" (standard Javanese: yèn, lèk, nèk, dhonge)
  • kelendhi 'how' (standard Javanese: kepiyè, piyè)
  • maning 'again' (standard Javanese: manèh, the Banyumasan dialect and some Gresik of Javanese also uses 'maning')
  • isun 'I/me' (standard Javanese: aku, Kedu and Gresik sometimes also uses 'isun')
  • rikå 'you' (standard Javanese: kowè, the Banyumasan dialect also uses "rikå")
  • ring/nong 'in/at/on' (standard Javanese: ning, nang, Malang also uses 'nong', the Balinese language and Old Javanese also uses "ring")
  • masiyå/ambèknå 'even if'/'although' (standard Javanese: senadyan, senajan, najan, the Arekan dialect of Javanese also uses 'masiyå' / ambekna )

References

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  1. ^ Osing at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ "Bapak Bahasa Using itu Telah Berpulang". Tempo (in Indonesian). 15 June 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  3. ^ "Projects > Javanese Dialectology > Osing Dialect". Jakarta Field Station. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
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Osing language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator