Niujie Mosque

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Niujie Mosque
牛街清真寺
Niú Jiē Qīng Zhēn Sì
مسجد نيوجيه
Religion
AffiliationSunni Islam
Ecclesiastical or organisational statusMosque
StatusActive
Location
LocationNiujie, Xicheng, Beijing
CountryChina
Niujie Mosque is located in Beijing
Niujie Mosque
Location of the mosque in Beijing
Map
Geographic coordinates39°53′04″N 116°21′29″E / 39.88444°N 116.35806°E / 39.88444; 116.35806
Architecture
ArchitectNazaruddin
TypeMosque
StyleChinese
Completed
  • 996 CE (original)
  • 1443 CE (rebuild)
  • 1696 CE (current)
Destroyed1215 CE
(by Genghis Khan)
Specifications
Capacity1,000 worshipers
Interior area600 m2 (6,500 sq ft)
Site area10,000 m2 (110,000 sq ft)
MaterialsTimber
Official nameNiujie Mosque
牛街礼拜寺
TypeCultural
CriteriaReligion
Reference no.3-134
[1][2][3]

The Niujie Mosque (simplified Chinese: 牛街礼拜寺; traditional Chinese: 牛街禮拜寺; pinyin: Niú Jiē Lǐ Bài Sì; Wade–Giles: Niu-chieh Li-pai-ssu), also known as the Oxen Street House of Worship (Chinese: 牛街清真寺; pinyin: Niú Jiē Qīng Zhēn Sì; Wade–Giles: Niu-chieh Ch'ing-chen-ssu), or the Oxen Street Mosque, is the oldest mosque in Beijing, China.

It was built in 996 CE during the Liao dynasty, destroyed during the Mongol conquest of China, was rebuilt during the 15th century, and was reconstructed and enlarged during the 17th century, under the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722) of the Qing dynasty.[4] The mosque is listed as a Chinese major cultural heritage site.[citation needed]

The mosque is located in the Niujie area of Beijing's Xicheng District, the spiritual centre for the almost 10,000 Muslims living in the vicinity and it is the biggest and oldest one in Beijing. It was within the Xuanwu District before it merged into Xicheng in 2010. Niujie in Xicheng District, where the mosque is located, is the largest and biggest area inhabited by Muslims in Beijing.

The Niujie Mosque covers an area of approximately 10,000 square metres (110,000 sq ft). The mosque reflects a mixture of Islamic and Han Chinese cultural and architectural influences. From the outside, its architecture shows traditional Chinese influence and the inside has a blend of Islamic calligraphy and Chinese design. The main prayer hall is 600 square metres (6,500 sq ft) in area, and can hold more than 1,000 worshipers. The mosque, built out of timber, is home to some important cultural relics and tablets such as the upright tablet of an emperor's decree proclaimed in 1694 during the Qing dynasty.

History

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The Niujie Mosque, the largest of all the mosques in Beijing,[1] was first built in 996 during the Liao dynasty (r. 916–1125).[5][2] The local Muslim community constructed the mosque using traditional Chinese architecture, with the exception that it displays Arabic calligraphy in the interior. It was originally designed by Nazaruddin, the son of an imam. After it was destroyed by armies of Genghis Khan in 1215, the mosque was rebuilt in 1443 in the Ming dynasty; and Muslim eunuchs contributed funds in 1496 to repair the mosque.[6]

It was significantly expanded in 1696 under the Qing dynasty. During the Qing dynasty, the neighbouring markets were known for Halal beef and mutton, even until today, the presence is still quite strong with Muslim grocery stores with Arabic signage along the road. The actual name of the mosque is Lǐbàisì, which was given by the Chenghua Emperor in 1474, but since it is located in Oxen Street (Niú means Oxen and jiē means street) the mosque is simply called Niujie.[5] It is one of the major mosques in north China.

The mosque has undergone three renovations since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, respectively in 1955, 1979 and 1996.[citation needed]

As of 2002, the master plan of the renovation of Niujie stated that the mosque will remain at its current location and that a grassy area and large square would be developed around the mosque.[7]: 117 

Architecture

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The mosque consists of a group of buildings which follow the norms of traditional Chinese architecture. It has two courtyard according to the Siheyuan layout.[3] Facilities include a worship hall, the Wangyue Building, Building for Publicising Etiquette, a lecture hall, the Tablet Pavilion, the Twin Pavilions, and bathrooms.[8] The mosque is home to an ancient Quran over 300 years old, tombs of Arabian sages, and an incense burner dating from the Ming dynasty. The mosque also houses a library with ancient manuscripts.[8] The prayer hall was applied the cruciform plan.[9]

Tourism and official visits

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The Government of the People's Republic of China often uses the Niujie Mosque as a visiting site for delegations coming from Islamic countries. Han Chinese and Hui tourists and Muslims from outside of China visit the Niujie Mosque for tourism reasons.[7]: 118 

While non-Muslims are not allowed to enter the prayer hall, people working at the mosque are quite friendly to all visitors and happy to talk about their beliefs with those who can speak Chinese. Visitors to the mosque may also be interested in the China Islamic Institute, which is just southeast, at the corner of Nanheng W. Road and Jiaozi Hutong.

Transportation

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The mosque is accessible within walking distance south west of Caishikou Station of Beijing Subway.

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  • Main hall
    Main hall
  • Main prayer hall
    Main prayer hall
  • The minaret
    The minaret
  • The sahn
    The sahn
  • The Moon Tower
    The Moon Tower
  • Main entrance
    Main entrance

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Hagras, Hamada Muhammed (May 2019). ""Steles and Inscribed Stones of the Beijing's Mosques" An Archaeological Study". Castle Journal (in Arabic). 5. Archived from the original on June 17, 2019.
  2. ^ a b Hagras, Hamada Muhammed (2017). "An Ancient Mosque in Ningbo-China: Historical and Architectural Study". Journal of Islamic Architecture. 4 (3): 102–113. doi:10.18860/jia.v4i3.3851.
  3. ^ a b Hagras, Hamada (2019). "Xi'an Daxuexi Alley Mosque: Historical and Architectural Study". Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies. 9: 97–113. doi:10.21608/ejars.2019.38462.
  4. ^ "Restorations: Olympic Torch Or Rural Touch?". China Heritage Quarterly. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  5. ^ a b "Niujie Mosque". China Culture. Archived from the original on January 16, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  6. ^ Naquin, Susan (2000). Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900. University of California Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-520-92345-4.
  7. ^ a b Wang, Wenfei; Zhou, Shangyi; Fan, C. Cindy (2002). "Growth and Decline of Muslim Hui Enclaves in Beijing" (PDF). Eurasian Geography and Economics. 43 (2). V. H. Winston & Son, Inc: 104–122. doi:10.1080/10889388.2002.10641195. ISSN 1538-7216. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2014. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
  8. ^ a b NORRIS, H. T. (2001). "The Mushaf in Beijing's (Bikīn's) Oldest Mosque". Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 3 (1): 123–134. doi:10.3366/jqs.2001.3.1.123. ISSN 1465-3591.
  9. ^ Hagras, Hamada (January 1, 2023). تخطيط المساجد الأثرية الباقية في مدينة بكين. Journal of Archaeology and Tourism-Must (in Arabic). 1 (2): 81–104. doi:10.21608/jatmust.2023.284382. ISSN 2812-6378.
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  • Media related to Niujie Mosque at Wikimedia Commons