List of computing and IT abbreviations

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This is a list of computing and IT acronyms, initialisms and abbreviations.

0–9

[edit]
  • 0-day—Zero-day vulnerability
  • 1GL—first-generation programming language
  • 1NF—first normal form
  • 10B2—10BASE-2
  • 10B5—10BASE-5
  • 10B-F—10BASE-F
  • 10B-FB—10BASE-FB
  • 10B-FL—10BASE-FL
  • 10B-FP—10BASE-FP
  • 10B-T—10BASE-T
  • 100B-FX—100BASE-FX
  • 100B-TX—100BASE-TX
  • 100BVG—100BASE-VG
  • 286—Intel 80286 processor
  • 2B1Q—2 binary 1 quaternary
  • 2FA—Two-factor authentication
  • 2GL—second-generation programming language
  • 2NF—second normal form
  • 3DES—Triple Data Encryption Standard
  • 3GL—third-generation programming language
  • 3GPP—3rd Generation Partnership Project – 3G comms
  • 3GPP2—3rd Generation Partnership Project 2
  • 3NF—third normal form
  • 386—Intel 80386 processor
  • 486—Intel 80486 processor
  • 4B5BLF—4-bit 5-bit local fiber
  • 4GL—fourth-generation programming language
  • 4NF—fourth normal form
  • 5GL—fifth-generation programming language
  • 5NF—fifth normal form
  • 6NF—sixth normal form
  • 8B10BLF—8-bit 10-bit local fiber
  • 802.11—wireless LAN
  • 8D—Eight disciplines problem solving

A

[edit]
  • A11Y—Accessibility
  • AAA—Authentication, authorization, and accounting
  • AABB—Axis Aligned Bounding Box
  • AAC—Advanced Audio Coding
  • AAL—ATM Adaptation Layer
  • AALC—ATM Adaptation Layer Connection
  • AARP—AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol
  • ABAC—Attribute-Based Access Control
  • ABCL—Actor-Based Concurrent Language
  • ABI—Application Binary Interface
  • ABM—Asynchronous Balanced Mode
  • ABR—Area Border Router
  • ABR—Auto Baud-Rate detection
  • ABR—Available Bitrate
  • ABR—Average Bitrate
  • ABR—Adaptive Bitrate (Streaming)
  • AC—Acoustic Coupler
  • AC—Alternating Current
  • AC—Authorization certificate
  • ACD—Automatic Call Distributor
  • ACE—Advanced Computing Environment
  • ACID—Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability
  • ACK—ACKnowledgement
  • ACK—Amsterdam Compiler Kit
  • ACL—Access Control List
  • ACL—Active Current Loop
  • ACM—Association for Computing Machinery
  • ACME—Automated Classification of Medical Entities
  • ACP—Airline Control Program
  • ACPI—Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
  • ACR—Allowed Cell Rate
  • ACR—Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio
  • AD—Active Directory
  • AD—Administrative Domain
  • ADC—Analog-to-Digital Converter
  • ADC—Apple Display Connector
  • ADB—Apple Desktop Bus
  • ADCCP—Advanced Data Communications Control Procedures
  • ADO—ActiveX Data Objects
  • ADSL—Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
  • ADT—Abstract Data Type
  • AE—Adaptive Equalizer
  • AE—Authenticated encryption
  • AEAD—Authenticated encryption with associated data
  • AES—Advanced Encryption Standard
  • AF—Anisotropic Filtering
  • AFP—Apple Filing Protocol
  • AGI—Artificial General Intelligence
  • AGP—Accelerated Graphics Port
  • AH—Active Hub
  • AH—Authentication Header
  • AI—Artificial Intelligence
  • AIS—Automated Indicator Sharing
  • AIX—Advanced Interactive eXecutive
  • Ajax—Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
  • AL—Active Link
  • AL—Access List
  • ALAC—Apple Lossless Audio Codec
  • ALE—Annualized loss expectancy
  • ALGOL—Algorithmic Language
  • ALSA—Advanced Linux Sound Architecture
  • ALU—Arithmetic and Logical Unit
  • AM—Access Method
  • AM—Active Matrix
  • AMOLED—Active-Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode
  • AM—Active Monitor
  • AM—Allied Mastercomputer
  • AM—Amplitude Modulation
  • AMD—Advanced Micro Devices
  • AMQP—Advanced Message Queuing Protocol
  • AMR—Audio Modem Riser
  • ANN—Artificial Neural Network
  • ANSI—American National Standards Institute
  • ANT—Another Neat Tool
  • AoE—ATA over Ethernet
  • AOP—Aspect-Oriented Programming
  • AOT—Ahead-Of-Time
  • AP—Access point
  • APCI—Application-Layer Protocol Control Information
  • APFS—Apple File System
  • API—Application Programming Interface
  • APIC—Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
  • APIPA—Automatic Private IP Addressing
  • APL—A Programming Language
  • APR—Apache Portable Runtime
  • APT—Advanced persistent threat
  • ARC—Adaptive Replacement Cache
  • ARC—Advanced RISC Computing
  • ARIN—American Registry for Internet Numbers
  • ARIS—Architecture of Integrated Information Systems
  • ARM—Advanced RISC Machines
  • ARO—Annualized rate of occurrence
  • AROS—AROS Research Operating System
  • ARP—Address Resolution Protocol
  • ARPA—Address and Routing Parameter Area
  • ARPA—Advanced Research Projects Agency
  • ARPANET—Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
  • AS—Access Server
  • ASCII—American Standard Code for Information Interchange
  • ASG—Abstract Semantic Graph
  • ASK—Amplitude-shift keying
  • ASIC—Application-Specific Integrated Circuit
  • ASIMO—Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility
  • ASLR—Address Space Layout Randomization
  • ASM—Algorithmic State Machine
  • ASMP—Asymmetric Multiprocessing
  • ASN.1—Abstract Syntax Notation 1
  • ASP—Active Server Pages
  • ASP—Application Service Provider
  • ASR—Asynchronous Signal Routine
  • AST—Abstract Syntax Tree
  • AT—Advanced Technology
  • AT—Access Time
  • AT—Active Terminator
  • ATA—Advanced Technology Attachment
  • ATAG—Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines
  • ATAPI—Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface
  • ATM—Asynchronous Transfer Mode
  • ATT&CK—Adversarial Tactics, Techniques, and Common Knowledge
  • AUP—Acceptable use policy
  • AuthIP—Authenticated Internet Protocol
  • AuthN—Authentication
  • AuthZ—Authorization
  • AV—Antivirus software
  • AVC—Advanced Video Coding
  • AVI—Audio Video Interleaved
  • AWK—Aho Weinberger Kernighan
  • AWS—Amazon Web Services
  • AWT—Abstract Window Toolkit

B

[edit]
  • B2B—Business-to-Business
  • B2C—Business-to-Consumer
  • B2E—Business-to-Employee
  • BaaS—Backend as a service
  • BaaS—Banking as a service
  • BaaS—Blockchain as a service
  • BAL—Basic Assembly Language
  • BAM—Block Availability Map
  • BAN—Body area network
  • BAS—Building automation systems
  • Bash—Bourne-again shell
  • BASIC—Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
  • BBP—Baseband ProcessorCo
  • BBS—Bulletin Board System
  • BC—Business Continuity
  • BCC—Blind Carbon Copy
  • BCD—Binary Coded Decimal
  • BCD—Boot Configuration Data
  • BCNF—Boyce–Codd normal form
  • BCP—Business continuity planning
  • BCP—Best Current Practice
  • BE—Backend
  • BEEP—Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol
  • BER—Basic Encoding Rules
  • BER—Bit Error Rate
  • BFD—Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
  • BFD—Binary File Descriptor
  • BFS—Breadth-First Search
  • BFT—Byzantine Fault Tolerant
  • BGP—Border Gateway Protocol
  • BI—Business Intelligence
  • BIA—Business impact analysis
  • BiDi—Bi-Directional
  • bin—binary
  • BINAC—Binary Automatic Computer
  • BIND—Berkeley Internet Name Domain
  • BIOS—Basic Input Output System
  • BJT—Bipolar Junction Transistor
  • bit—binary digit
  • Blob—Binary large object
  • Blog—Web Log
  • BMP—Basic Multilingual Plane
  • BNC—Baby Neill Constant
  • BOINC—Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing
  • BOM—Byte Order Mark
  • BOOTP—Bootstrap Protocol
  • BPA—Oracle Business Process Analysis (BPA) Suite
  • BPDU—Bridge Protocol Data Units
  • BPEL—Business Process Execution Language
  • BPL—Broadband over Power Lines
  • BPM—Business Process Management
  • BPM—Business Process Modeling
  • bps—bits per second
  • BRM—Business Reference Model
  • BRMS—Business Rule Management System
  • BRR—Business Readiness Rating
  • BRS—Broadband Radio Service
  • BSA—Business Software Alliance
  • BSB—Backside Bus
  • BSD—Berkeley Software Distribution
  • BSoD—Blue Screen of Death
  • BSS—Block Started by Symbol
  • BT—BitTorrent
  • BT—Bluetooth
  • B TAM—Basic Telecommunications Access Method
  • BW—Bandwidth
  • BYOD—Bring Your Own Device
  • Byte—By eight (group of 8 bits)

C

[edit]
  • CA—Certificate authority
  • CA—Computer Associates International, Inc.
  • CaaS—Content as a service
  • CAD—Computer-aided design
  • CAE—Computer-aided engineering
  • CAID—Computer-aided industrial design
  • CAI—Computer-aided instruction
  • CAM—Computer-aided manufacturing
  • CAN—Campus network
  • CAP—Consistency availability partition tolerance (theorem)
  • CAPA—Corrective and preventive action
  • CAPTCHA—Completely automated public Turing test to tell computers and humans apart
  • CAQ—Computer-aided quality assurance
  • CASB—Cloud access security broker
  • CASE—Computer-aided software engineering
  • CAT—Computer-aided translation
  • CBC—Cipher block chaining
  • CBC-MAC—Cipher block chaining message authentication code
  • CBPRNG—Counter-based pseudo-random number generator
  • CBRNG—Counter-based random number generator
  • cc—C compiler
  • CC—Carbon copy
  • CC—Creative Commons
  • CCM—Central control module
  • CCMP—CCM mode Protocol
  • CCTV—Closed-circuit television
  • CCX—Cisco Compatible eXtensions
  • CD—Compact Disc
  • CDE—Common Desktop Environment
  • CDMA—Code-division multiple access
  • CDN—Content delivery network
  • CDP—Cisco Discovery Protocol
  • CDP—Continuous data protection
  • CD-R—CD-Recordable
  • CD-ROM—CD Read-Only Memory
  • CD-RW—CD-Rewritable
  • CDSA—Common Data Security Architecture
  • CER—Canonical Encoding Rules
  • CERT—Computer emergency response team
  • CES—Consumer Electronics Show
  • CF—Compact Flash
  • CFB—Cipher feedback
  • CFD—Computational fluid dynamics
  • CFG—Context-free grammar
  • CFG—Control-flow graph
  • CG—Computer graphics
  • CGA—Color graphics array
  • CGI—Common Gateway Interface
  • CGI—Computer-generated imagery
  • CGT—Computational Graph Theory
  • CHAP—Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol
  • CHS—Cylinder–head–sector
  • CIA—Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability[1]
  • CICS—Customer Information Control System
  • CIDR—Classless inter-domain routing
  • CIFS—Common Internet Filesystem
  • CIM—Common Information Model
  • CIO—Chief information officer
  • CIP—Critical infrastructure protection
  • CIR—Committed information rate
  • CISC—Complex-instruction-set computer
  • CISO—Chief information security officer
  • CIT—Center for Information Technology
  • CIT—Computer Information Technology
  • CJK—Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
  • CJKV—Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese
  • CLI—Command line interface
  • CLR—Common Language Runtime
  • CM—Configuration management
  • CM—Content management
  • CMDB—Configuration management database
  • CMMI—Capability Maturity Model Integration
  • CMOS—Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor
  • CMS—Content management system
  • CN—Canonical Name
  • CN—Common Name
  • CNC—Computerized numerical control
  • CNG—Cryptographic Next Generation
  • CNR—Communications and Networking Riser
  • COBOL—Common Business-Oriented Language
  • COM—Component Object Model or communication
  • ConfigMgr—Microsoft Configuration Manager
  • COOP—Continuity of Operations
  • COPE—Corporate-owned, personally enabled
  • CORBA—Common Object Request Broker Architecture
  • CORS—Cross-origin resource sharing
  • COTS—Commercial off-the-shelf
  • CPA—Cell processor architecture
  • CPAN—Comprehensive Perl Archive Network
  • CP/CMS—Control Program/Cambridge Monitor System
  • CPF—Control Program Facility
  • CP/M—Control Program/Monitor
  • CPRI—Common Public Radio Interface
  • CPS—Characters per second
  • CPU—Central processing unit
  • CQS—Command–query separation
  • CQRS—Command Query Responsibility Segregation
  • CR—Carriage return
  • CRAN—Comprehensive R Archive Network
  • CRC—Cyclic redundancy check
  • CRL—Certificate revocation list
  • CRLF—Carriage return line feed
  • CRM—Customer Relationship Management
  • CRS—Computer Reservations System
  • CRT—Cathode-ray tube
  • CRUD—Create, read, update and delete
  • CS—Cable Select
  • CS—Computer Science
  • CSE—Computer science and engineering
  • CSF—Cybersecurity Framework
  • CSI—Common System Interface
  • CSM—Compatibility support module
  • CSMA/CD—Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection
  • CSO—Chief security officer]]
  • CSP—Cloud service provider
  • CSP—Communicating sequential processes
  • CSPRNG—Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
  • CSR—Certificate signing request
  • CSRF—Cross-site request forgery
  • CSS—Cascading style sheets
  • CSS—Content-scrambling system
  • CSS—Closed-source software
  • CSU—Channel service unit
  • CSV—Comma-separated values
  • CT—Computerized tomography
  • CTAN—Comprehensive TeX Archive Network
  • CTCP—Client-to-client protocol
  • CTI—Computer telephony integration
  • CTFE—Compile-time function execution
  • CTL—Computation tree logic
  • CTM—Close To Metal
  • CTS—Clear to send
  • CTSS—Compatible Time-Sharing System
  • CUA—Common User Access
  • CVC—Card Verifiable Certificate
  • CVE—Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
  • CVS—Concurrent Versions System
  • CVSS—Common Vulnerability Scoring System
  • CX—Customer experience

D

[edit]
  • DAC—Digital-to-analog converter
  • DAC—Discretionary access control
  • DAL—Database Abstraction Layer
  • DAO—Data Access Object
  • DAO—Data Access Objects
  • DAO—Disk-At-Once
  • DAP—Directory Access Protocol
  • DARPA—Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
  • DAS—Direct Attached Storage
  • DAT—Digital Audio Tape
  • DB—Database
  • DSKT—DesktopDRM
  • DBA—Database AdministratorDV
  • DBCS—Double Byte Character Set
  • DBMS—Database Management System
  • DCC—Direct Client-to-Client
  • DCCP—Datagram Congestion Control Protocol
  • DCCA—Debian Common Core Alliance
  • DCL—Data Control Language
  • DCS—Distributed Control System
  • DCMI—Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
  • DCOM—Distributed Component Object Model
  • DD—Double Density
  • DDE—Dynamic Data Exchange
  • DDL—Data Definition Language
  • DDoS—Distributed Denial of Service
  • DE—Desktop environment
  • DDR—Double Data Rate
  • DEC—Digital Equipment Corporation
  • DEP—Data Execution Prevention
  • DER—Distinguished Encoding Rules
  • DES—Data Encryption Standard
  • dev—development
  • DFA—Deterministic Finite Automaton
  • DFD—Data Flow Diagram
  • DFS—Depth-First Search
  • DFS—Distributed File System
  • DGD—Dworkin's Game Driver
  • DH—Diffie–Hellman
  • DHCP—Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
  • DHTML—Dynamic Hypertext Markup Language
  • DIF—Data Integrity Field
  • DIMM—Dual Inline Memory Module
  • DIN—Deutsches Institut für Normung
  • DIP—Dual In-line Package
  • DISM—Deployment Image and Service Management Tool
  • DIVX—Digital Video Express
  • DKIM—DomainKeys Identified Mail
  • DL—Download
  • DLL—Dynamic-link library
  • DLNA—Digital Living Network Alliance
  • DLP—Data loss prevention
  • DMA—Direct Memory Access
  • DMARC—Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance
  • DMCA—Digital Millennium Copyright Act
  • DMI—Direct Media Interface
  • DML—Data Manipulation Language
  • DML—Definitive Media Library
  • DMR—Dennis M. Ritchie
  • DMZ—Demilitarized Zone
  • DN—Distinguished Name
  • DNAT—Destination network address translation
  • DND—Drag-and-Drop
  • DNP3—Distributed Network Protocol 3
  • DNS—Domain Name System
  • DOA—Dead on Arrival
  • DOCSIS—Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification
  • DOM—Document Object Model
  • DORA—Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledge
  • DoS—Denial of Service
  • DOS—Disk Operating System
  • DP—Dot Pitch
  • DPC—Deferred Procedure Call
  • DPI—Deep packet inspection
  • DPI—Dots per inch
  • DPMI—DOS Protected Mode Interface
  • DPMS—Display Power Management Signaling
  • DPO—Data Protection Officer or Data Privacy Officer[2][3]
  • DR—Disaster Recovery
  • DRAM—Dynamic Random-Access Memory
  • DRBG—Deterministic random bit generator
  • DR-DOS—Digital Research – Disk Operating System
  • DRI—Direct Rendering Infrastructure
  • DRM—Digital rights management
  • DRM—Direct rendering manager
  • DRP—Disaster recovery plan
  • DSA—Digital Signature Algorithm
  • DSCP—Differentiated services code point
  • DSDL—Document Schema Definition Languages
  • DSDM—Dynamic Systems Development Method
  • DSL—Digital Subscriber Line
  • DSL—Domain-Specific Language
  • DSLAM—Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
  • DSN—Database Source Name
  • DSN—Data Set Name
  • DSP—Digital Signal Processor
  • DSSS—Direct-sequence spread spectrum
  • DSSSL—Document Style Semantics and Specification Language
  • DTD—Document Type Definition
  • DTE—Data Terminal Equipment or data transfer rate
  • DTLS—Datagram Transport Layer Security
  • DTO—Data Transfer Object
  • DTP—Desktop Publishing
  • DTR—Data Terminal Ready or Data transfer rate
  • Dual_EC_DRBG—Dual Elliptic Curve Deterministic Random Bit Generator
  • DV—Domain-validated certificate
  • DVD—Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc
  • DVD-R—DVD-Recordable
  • DVD-ROM—DVD-Read-Only Memory
  • DVD-RW—DVD-Rewritable
  • DVI—Digital Visual Interface
  • DVR—Digital Video Recorder
  • DW—Data Warehouse
  • DXVA—DirectX Video Acceleration

E

[edit]
  • EAI—Enterprise Application Integration
  • EAP—Extensible Authentication Protocol
  • EAP-TLS—Extensible Authentication Protocol-Transport Layer Security
  • EAS—Exchange ActiveSync
  • EBCDIC—Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
  • EBML—Extensible Binary Meta Language
  • EC2—Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
  • ECB—Electronic codebook
  • ECC—Elliptic-curve cryptography
  • ECDH—Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman
  • ECDHE—Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman Ephemeral
  • ECDSA—Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
  • ECMA—European Computer Manufacturers Association
  • ECN—Explicit Congestion Notification
  • ECOS—Embedded Configurable Operating System
  • ECRS—Expense and Cost Recovery System
  • ECS—Entity-Component-System
  • ECU—Electronic control unit
  • EDA—Electronic Design Automation
  • EDGE—Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
  • EDI—Electronic Data Interchange
  • EDO—Extended Data Out
  • EDR—Endpoint detection and response
  • EDSAC—Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
  • EDVAC—Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
  • EEPROM—Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
  • EFF—Electronic Frontier Foundation
  • EFI—Extensible Firmware Interface
  • EFM—Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation
  • EFM—Ethernet in the first mile
  • EFS—Encrypting File System
  • EGA—Enhanced Graphics Array
  • E-mail—Electronic mail
  • EGP—Exterior Gateway Protocol
  • eID—electronic ID card
  • EIDE—Enhanced IDE
  • EIGRP—Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
  • EISA—Extended Industry Standard Architecture
  • EJBCA—Enterprise JavaBeans Certificate Authority
  • EKE—Encrypted key exchange
  • ELF—Extremely Low Frequency
  • ELF—Executable and Linkable Format
  • ELM—ELectronic Mail
  • EMACS—Editor MACroS
  • EMCC—Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation
  • EMS—Expanded Memory Specification
  • ENIAC—Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
  • EOF—End of File
  • EOL—End of Life
  • EOL—End of Line
  • EOM—End of Message
  • EOS—End of Support
  • EPIC—Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing
  • EPP—Endpoint protection platform
  • EPROM—Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
  • ERD—Entity–Relationship Diagram
  • ERM—Entity–Relationship Model
  • ERP—Enterprise Resource Planning
  • eSATA—external SATA
  • ESB—Enterprise service bus
  • ESCON—Enterprise Systems Connection
  • ESD—Electrostatic Discharge
  • ESI—Electronically Stored Information
  • ESN—Electronic serial number
  • ESP—Encapsulating Security Payload
  • ESR—Eric Steven Raymond
  • ETDR—Endpoint threat detection and response
  • ETL—Extract, Transform, Load
  • EtM—Encrypt-then-MAC
  • E&M—Encrypt-and-MAC
  • ETW—Event Tracing for Windows
  • EUC—Extended Unix Code
  • EULA—End User License Agreement
  • EWMH—Extended Window Manager Hints
  • EXT—EXTended file system
  • ETA—Estimated Time of Arrival
  • EV—Extended Validation Certificate

F

[edit]
  • FAP—FORTRAN Assembly Program
  • FASM—Flat ASseMbler
  • FAST—Flexible Authenication via Secure Tunneling
  • FAT—File Allocation Table
  • FAQ—Frequently Asked Questions
  • FBDIMM—Fully Buffered Dual Inline Memory Module
  • FC-AL—Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop
  • FCB—File Control Block
  • FCS—Frame Check Sequence
  • FDC—Floppy-Disk Controller
  • FDD—Frequency-Division Duplexing
  • FDD—Floppy Disk Drive
  • FDE—Full disk encryption
  • FDDI—Fiber Distributed Data Interface
  • FDM—Frequency-Division Multiplexing
  • FDMA—Frequency-Division Multiple Access
  • FDS—Fedora Directory Server
  • FE—Frontend
  • FEC—Forward Error Correction
  • FEMB—Front-End Motherboard
  • FET—Field Effect Transistor
  • FHS—Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
  • FHSS—Frequency-hopping spread spectrum
  • FICON—FIber CONnectivity
  • FIFO—First In First Out
  • FIM—File integrity monitoring
  • FIPS—Federal Information Processing Standards
  • FL—Function Level
  • FLAC—Free Lossless Audio Codec
  • FLOPS—FLoating-Point Operations Per Second
  • FLOSS—Free/Libre/Open-Source Software
  • FMC—Fixed Mobile Convergence "Mobile UC or Unified Communications over Wireless"
  • FOLDOC—Free On-line Dictionary of Computing
  • FORTRAN—Formula Translation
  • FOSDEM—Free and Open-source Software Developers' European Meeting
  • FOSI—Formatted Output Specification Instance
  • FOSS—Free and Open-Source Software
  • FP—Function Programming
  • FP—Functional Programming
  • FPGA—Field-programmable gate array
  • FPS—Floating Point Systems
  • FPU—Floating-Point Unit
  • FRR[4]—False Rejection Rate[5]
  • FRU—Field-Replaceable Unit
  • FS—File System
  • FS—Forward secrecy
  • FSB—Front-Side Bus
  • fsck—File System Check
  • FSF—Free Software Foundation
  • FSM—Finite State Machine
  • FTP—File Transfer Protocol
  • FTPS—FTP-SSL or FTP Secure
  • FTTC—Fiber To The Curb
  • FTTH—Fiber To The Home
  • FTTP—Fiber To The Premises
  • FQDN—Fully Qualified Domain Name
  • FUD—Fear Uncertainty Doubt
  • FWS—Folding White Space
  • FXP—File eXchange Protocol
  • FYI—For Your Information

G

[edit]
  • G11N—Globalization
  • Gas—GNU Assembler
  • Gb—Gigabit
  • GB—Gigabyte
  • Gbps—Gigabits per second
  • GCC—GNU Compiler Collection
  • GCJ—GNU Compiler for Java
  • GCM—Galois/Counter Mode
  • GCP—Google Cloud Platform
  • GCR—Group Coded Recording
  • GDB—GNU Debugger
  • GDI—Graphics Device Interface
  • GDPR—General Data Protection Regulation
  • GFDL—GNU Free Documentation License
  • GIF—Graphics Interchange Format
  • GIGO—Garbage In, Garbage Out
  • GIMP—GNU Image Manipulation Program
  • GIMPS—Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search
  • GIS—Geographic Information System
  • GLUT—OpenGL Utility Toolkit
  • GML—Geography Markup Language
  • GNOME—GNU Network Object Model Environment
  • GNU—GNU's Not Unix
  • GnuPG or GNU—GNU Privacy Guard
  • GnuTLS—GNU Transport Layer Security
  • GOMS—Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection rules
  • GPASM—GNU PIC ASseMbler
  • GPFS—General Parallel File System
  • GPG—GNU Privacy Guard
  • GPGPU—General-Purpose Computing on Graphics Processing Units
  • GPIB—General-Purpose Instrumentation Bus
  • GPL—General Public License
  • GPL—General-Purpose Language
  • GPO—Group Policy Object
  • GPRS—General Packet Radio Service
  • GPT—GUID Partition Table
  • GPU—Graphics Processing Unit
  • GRE—Generic routing encapsulation
  • GRUB—Grand Unified Boot-Loader
  • GERAN—GSM EDGE Radio Access Network
  • GSM—Global System for Mobile Communications
  • GTC—Generic Token Card
  • GTK/GTK+—GIMP Toolkit[6]
  • GUI—Graphical user interface
  • GUID—Globally Unique IDentifier
  • GWT—Google Web Toolkit

H

[edit]
  • HA—High availability
  • HAL—Hardware Abstraction Layer
  • HAN—Home network
  • HASP—Houston Automatic Spooling Priority
  • HBA—Host Bus Adapter
  • HCI—Human—Computer Interaction
  • HD—High Density
  • HDD—Hard Disk Drive
  • HCL—Hardware Compatibility List
  • HD DVD—High Definition DVD
  • HDL—Hardware Description Language
  • HDMI—High-Definition Multimedia Interface
  • HECI—Host Embedded Controller Interface
  • HF—High Frequency
  • HFS—Hierarchical File System
  • HHD—Hybrid Hard Drive
  • HID—Human Interface Device
  • HIDS—Host-based intrusion detection system
  • HIG—Human Interface Guidelines
  • HIPS—Host-based intrusion prevention system
  • HIRD—Hurd of Interfaces Representing Depth
  • HLASM—High Level ASseMbler
  • HLS—HTTP Live Streaming
  • HMA—High Memory Area
  • HMAC—Hash-based message authentication code
  • HOTP—HMAC-based one-time password
  • HP—Hewlett-Packard
  • HPC—High-Performance Computing
  • HPFS—High Performance File System
  • HSDPA—High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
  • HTC—High-Throughput Computing
  • HSM—Hardware security module
  • HSM—Hierarchical storage management
  • HT—Hyper Threading
  • HTM—Hierarchical Temporal Memory
  • HTML—Hypertext Markup Language
  • HTTP—Hypertext Transfer Protocol
  • HTTPd—Hypertext Transport Protocol Daemon
  • HTTPS—HTTP Secure
  • HTX—HyperTransport eXpansion
  • HURD—Hird of Unix-Replacing Daemons
  • HVD—Holographic Versatile Disc
  • Hz—Hertz

I

[edit]
  • I²C—Inter-Integrated Circuit
  • I²S—Integrated Interchip Sound
  • I18N—Internationalization
  • IaaS—Infrastructure as a Service
  • IAB—Internet Architecture Board
  • IaC—Infrastructure as Code
  • IAM—Identity and access management
  • IANA—Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
  • iBCS—Intel Binary Compatibility Standard
  • IBM—International Business Machines
  • IC—Integrated Circuit
  • ICANN—Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
  • ICE—In-Circuit Emulator
  • ICE—Intrusion Countermeasure Electronics
  • ICH—I/O Controller Hub
  • ICL—International Computers Limited
  • ICMP—Internet Control Message Protocol
  • ICP—Internet Cache Protocol
  • ICS—Industrial control system
  • ICS—Internet Connection Sharing
  • ICT—Information and Communication Technology
  • IDE—Integrated Development Environment
  • IDE—Integrated Drive Electronics
  • IDEA—International Data Encryption Algorithm
  • IDF—Intermediate Data Format
  • IDF—Intermediate Distribution Frame
  • IDL—Interactive Data Language
  • IDL—Interface Definition Language
  • IDN—Internationalized domain name
  • IdP—Identity provider (cybersecurity)
  • IDPS—Intrusion detection and prevention system
  • IDS—Intrusion Detection System
  • IE—Internet Explorer
  • IEC—International Electrotechnical Commission
  • IED—Intelligent electronic device
  • IEEE—Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  • IEN—Internet Experiment Note
  • IETF—Internet Engineering Task Force
  • IFL—Integrated Facility for Linux
  • IGMP—Internet Group Management Protocol
  • IGRP—Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
  • IHV—Independent Hardware Vendor
  • IIOP—Internet Inter-Orb Protocol
  • IIS—Internet Information Services
  • IKE—Internet Key Exchange
  • IL—Intermediate Language
  • IM—Instant Message or Instant Messaging
  • IMAP—Internet Message Access Protocol
  • IME—Input Method Editor
  • INN—InterNetNews
  • INFOSEC—Information Systems Security
  • I/O—Input/output
  • IoT—Internet of Things
  • IoC—Indicator of compromise
  • IoC—Inversion of control
  • IP—Intellectual Property
  • IP—Internet Protocol
  • IPAM—IP Address Management
  • IPC—Inter-Process Communication
  • IPL—Initial Program Load
  • IPMI—Intelligent Platform Management Interface
  • IPO—Inter Procedural Optimization
  • IPP—Internet Printing Protocol
  • IPS—In-Plane Switching
  • IPS—Instructions Per Second
  • IPS—Intrusion Prevention System
  • IPsec—Internet Protocol Security
  • IPTV—Internet Protocol Television
  • IPv4—Internet Protocol version 4
  • IPv6—Internet Protocol version 6
  • IPX—Internetwork Packet Exchange
  • IR—Intermediate Representation
  • IRC—Internet Relay Chat
  • IrDA—Infrared Data Association
  • IRI—Internationalized Resource Identifier
  • IRP—I/O Request Packet
  • IRQ—Interrupt Request
  • IRT—Incident response team
  • IS—Information Systems
  • IS-IS—Intermediate System to Intermediate System
  • ISA—Industry Standard Architecture
  • ISA—Instruction Set Architecture
  • ISAC—Information Sharing and Analysis Center
  • ISAKMP—Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol
  • ISAM—Indexed Sequential Access Method
  • ISATAP—Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol
  • ISC—Internet Storm Center
  • iSCSI—Internet Small Computer System Interface
  • ISDN—Integrated Services Digital Network
  • ISO—International Organization for Standardization
  • ISOC—Internet Society
  • iSNS—Internet Storage Name Service
  • ISP—Internet Service Provider
  • ISPF—Interactive System Productivity Facility
  • ISR—Interrupt Service Routine
  • ISSA—Information Systems Security Association
  • ISV—Independent Software Vendor
  • IT—Information Technology
  • ITIL—Information Technology Infrastructure Library
  • ITL—Interval Temporal Logic
  • ITU—International Telecommunication Union
  • ITU-T—International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector
  • IV—Initialization vector
  • IVR(S)—Interactive Voice Response (System)

J

[edit]
  • J2EE—Java 2 Enterprise Edition
  • J2ME—Java 2 Micro Edition
  • J2SE—Java 2 Standard Edition
  • JAXB—Java Architecture for XML Binding
  • JAX-RPC—Jakarta XML (formerly Java XML) for Remote Procedure Calls
  • JAXP—Java API for XML Processing
  • JBOD—Just a Bunch of Disks
  • JCE— Java Cryptography Extension
  • JCL—Job Control Language
  • JCP—Java Community Process
  • JDBC—Java Database Connectivity
  • JDK—Java Development Kit
  • JEE—Java Enterprise Edition
  • JES—Job Entry Subsystem
  • JDS—Java Desktop System
  • JFC—Java Foundation Classes
  • JFET—Junction Field-Effect Transistor
  • JFS—IBM Journaling File System
  • JINI—Jini Is Not Initials
  • JIT—Just-In-Time
  • JME—Java Micro Edition
  • JMX—Java Management Extensions
  • JMS—Java Message Service
  • JNDI—Java Naming and Directory Interface
  • JNI—Java Native Interface
  • JNZ—Jump non-zero
  • JPEG—Joint Photographic Experts Group
  • JRE—Java Runtime Environment
  • JS—JavaScript
  • JSE—Java Standard Edition
  • JSON—JavaScript Object Notation
  • JSP—Jackson Structured Programming
  • JSP—JavaServer Pages
  • JTAG—Joint Test Action Group
  • JVM—Java Virtual Machine

K

[edit]
  • K&R—Kernighan and Ritchie
  • K8s—Kubernetes
  • Kb—Kilobit
  • KB—Keyboard
  • KB—Kilobyte
  • KB—Knowledge Base
  • Kbps—Kilobits per second
  • KC—Keyboard computer
  • KDC—Key distribution center
  • KDE—K Desktop Environment
  • KDF—Key derivation function
  • KEK—Key encryption key
  • kHz—Kilohertz
  • KiB—Kibibyte
  • KINK—Kerberized Internet Negotiation of Keys
  • KPOP—Kerberized Post Office Protocol
  • KPK—Key production key
  • KRL—Knowledge Representation Language
  • KVM—Keyboard, Video, Mouse

L

[edit]
  • L10N—Localization
  • L2TP—Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
  • LACP—Link Aggregation Control Protocol
  • LAMP—Linux Apache MySQL Perl
  • LAMP—Linux Apache MySQL PHP
  • LAMP—Linux Apache MySQL Python
  • LAN—Local Area Network
  • LBA—Logical Block Addressing
  • LB—Load Balancer
  • LBAC—Lattice-based access control
  • LCD—Liquid Crystal Display
  • LCOS—Liquid Crystal On Silicon
  • LCR—Least Cost Routing
  • LDAP—Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
  • LE—Logical Extents
  • LEAP—Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol
  • LED—Light-Emitting Diode
  • LF—Line Feed
  • LF—Low Frequency
  • LFS—Linux From Scratch
  • LGA—Land Grid Array
  • LGPL—Lesser General Public License
  • LIB—LIBrary
  • LIF—Low Insertion Force
  • LIFO—Last In First Out
  • LILO—Linux Loader
  • LISP—LISt Processing
  • LKML—Linux Kernel Mailing List
  • LM—Lan Manager
  • LOC—Lines of Code
  • LPC—Lars Pensjö C
  • LPI—Linux Professional Institute
  • LPT— Line Print Terminal
  • LRU—Least Recently Used
  • LSB—Least Significant Bit
  • LSB—Linux Standard Base
  • LSI—Large-Scale Integration
  • LTE—Long Term Evolution
  • LTL—Linear Temporal Logic
  • LTR—Left-to-Right
  • LUG—Linux User Group
  • LUN—Logical Unit Number
  • LV—Logical Volume
  • LVD—Low Voltage Differential
  • LVM—Logical Volume Management
  • LZW—Lempel-Ziv-Welch

M

[edit]
  • MaaS—Mobility as a service
  • MaaS—Monitoring as a service
  • MAC—Mandatory access control
  • MAC—Medium access control
  • MAC—Message authentication code
  • MANET—Mobile Ad-Hoc Network
  • MAN—Metropolitan Area Network
  • MAPI—Messaging Application Programming Interface
  • MAWI—Measurement and Analysis on the WIDE Internet
  • Mb—Megabit
  • MB—Megabyte
  • MBCS—Multi Byte Character Set
  • MBD—Model-Based Design
  • Mbps—Megabits per second
  • MBR—Master Boot Record
  • MCA—Micro Channel Architecture
  • MCA—Microsoft Certified Architect
  • MCAD[broken anchor]—Microsoft Certified Application Developer
  • MCAS[broken anchor]—Microsoft Certified Application Specialist
  • MCC or MVCC—Multiversion concurrency control
  • MCDBA—Microsoft Certified DataBase Administrator
  • MCDST[broken anchor]—Microsoft Certified Desktop Support Technician
  • MCITP—Microsoft Certified Information Technology Professional
  • MCM—Microsoft Certified Master
  • MCP—Microsoft Certified Professional
  • MCPD—Microsoft Certified Professional Developer
  • MCSA[broken anchor]—Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator
  • MCSD[broken anchor]—Microsoft Certified Solution Developer
  • MCSE[broken anchor]—Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer
  • MCT[broken anchor]—Microsoft Certified Trainer
  • MCTS—Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist
  • MDA—Monochrome Display Adapter
  • MDA—Mail Delivery Agent
  • MDA—Model-Driven Architecture
  • MDD/MDSD—Model-Driven (Software) Development
  • MDF—Main Distribution Frame
  • MDI—Multiple-Document Interface
  • MDM—Master data management
  • MDM—Mobile device management
  • ME—Microsoft Edge
  • ME—[Windows] Millennium Edition
  • MF—Medium Frequency
  • MFA—Multi-factor authentication
  • MFC—Microsoft Foundation Classes
  • MFD—Multi-function device
  • MFM—Modified Frequency Modulation
  • MFP—Multi-function printer
  • MFT—Master File Table
  • MGCP—Media Gateway Control Protocol
  • MHz—Megahertz
  • MIB—Management Information Base
  • MICR—Magnetic Ink Character Recognition or Magnetic Ink Character Reader
  • MIDI—Musical Instrument Digital Interface
  • MIMD—Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data
  • MIME—Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
  • MIMO—Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
  • MINIX—MIni-uNIX
  • MIPS—Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages
  • MIPS—Million Instructions Per Second
  • MISD—Multiple Instruction, Single Data
  • MIS—Management Information Systems
  • MIT—Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • ML—Machine Learning
  • MMC—Microsoft Management Console
  • MMC—MultiMediaCard
  • MMDS—Mortality Medical Data System
  • MMDS—Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service
  • MMF—Multi-Mode (optical) Fiber
  • MMIO—Memory-Mapped I/O
  • MMI—Man Machine Interface.
  • MMORPG—Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game
  • MMS—Multimedia Message Service
  • MMU—Memory Management Unit
  • MMX—Multi-Media Extensions
  • MNG—Multiple-image Network Graphics
  • MoBo—Motherboard
  • MOM—Message-Oriented Middleware
  • MOO—MUD Object Oriented
  • MOP—Meta-Object Protocol
  • MOSFET—Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
  • MOS[broken anchor]—Microsoft Office Specialist
  • MOTD—Message Of The Day
  • MoU—Memorandum of understanding
  • MOUS—Microsoft Office User Specialist
  • MOV—Apple QuickTime Multimedia File
  • MPAA—Motion Picture Association of America
  • MPEG—Motion Pictures Experts Group
  • MPLS—Multiprotocol Label Switching
  • MPL—Mozilla Public License
  • MPU—Microprocessor Unit
  • MS—Memory Stick
  • MS—Microsoft
  • MSA—Master service agreement
  • MSA—Message submission agent
  • MSB—Most Significant Bit
  • MS-CHAP—Microsoft version of the Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol
  • MSDN—Microsoft Developer Network
  • MS-DOS—Microsoft Disk Operating System
  • MSI—Medium-Scale Integration
  • MSI—Message Signaled Interrupt
  • MSI—Microsoft Installer
  • MSMQ—Microsoft Message Queuing
  • MSN—Microsoft Network
  • MSP—Managed service provider
  • MSS—Managed security service
  • MSSP—Managed security service provider
  • MT—Machine Translation
  • MTA—Mail Transfer Agent
  • MTA—Microsoft Technology Associate
  • MTBF—Mean time between failures
  • MtE—MAC-then-Encrypt
  • MTS—Michigan Terminal System
  • MTTF—Mean time to failure
  • MTTR—Mean time to repair
  • MTU—Maximum Transmission Unit
  • MU—Memory Unit
  • MUA—Mail User Agent
  • MUD—Multi-User Dungeon
  • MVC—Model-View-Controller
  • MVP—Most Valuable Professional
  • MVS—Multiple Virtual Storage
  • MWC—Mobile World Congress
  • MWN—Municipal wireless network
  • MXF—Material Exchange Format
  • MX—Mail exchange

N

[edit]
  • NAC—Network Access Control
  • NACK—Negative ACKnowledgement
  • NAK—Negative AcKnowledge Character
  • NaN—Not a Number
  • NAP—Network Access Protection
  • NAPT—Network address and port translation
  • NAS—Network-Attached Storage
  • NASM—Netwide ASseMbler
  • NAT—Network address translation
  • NBO—Northbound interface
  • NCP—NetWare Core Protocol
  • NCQ—Native Command Queuing
  • NCR—National Cash Register
  • NCSA—National Center for Supercomputing Applications
  • NDIS—Network Driver Interface Specification
  • NDPS—Novell Distributed Print Services
  • NDS—Novell Der irectory Services
  • NEP—Network Equipment Provider
  • NetBIOS—Network Basic Input/Output System
  • NetBT—NetBIOS over TCP/IP
  • NEXT—Near-End CrossTalk
  • NFA—Nondeterministic Finite Automaton
  • NFC—Near-field communication
  • NFS—Network File System
  • NGFW—Next-generation firewall
  • NGSCB—Next-Generation Secure Computing Base
  • NI—National Instruments
  • NIC—Network Interface Controller or Network Interface Card
  • NIDS—Network intrusion detection systems
  • NIM—No Internal Message
  • NIO—Non-blocking I/O
  • NIPS—Network-based intrusion prevention system
  • NIST—National Institute of Standards and Technology
  • NLE—Non-Linear Editing system
  • NLP—Natural Language Processing
  • NLS—Native Language Support
  • NMI—Non-Maskable Interrupt
  • NNRP—Network News Reader Protocol
  • NNTP—Network News Transfer Protocol
  • NOC—Network Operations Center
  • NOOB—Nibble out-of-band authentication
  • NOP—No OPeration
  • NOS—Network Operating System
  • NP—Nondeterministic Polynomial time
  • NPL—Netscape Public License
  • NPTL—Native POSIX Thread Library
  • NPU—Network Processing Unit
  • NS—Netscape
  • NSIS—Nullsoft Scriptable Install System
  • NSN—Network service name
  • NSPR—Netscape Portable Runtime
  • NSS—Novell Storage Service
  • NSS—Network Security Services
  • NSS—Name Service Switch
  • NT—New Technology
  • NTFS—New Technology File System
  • NTLM—New Technology LAN Manager
  • NTP—Network Time Protocol
  • NUM|A—Non-Uniform Memory Access
  • NURBS—Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline
  • NUT—Network UPS Tools
  • NVR—Network Video Recorder
  • NVRAM—Non-Volatile Random-Access Memory
  • NX—No-execute

O

[edit]
  • OASIS—Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards
  • OAS—Oracle Advanced Security
  • OAT—Operational Acceptance Testing
  • OAuth—Open Authorization
  • OBSAI—Open Base Station Architecture Initiative
  • OCR—Optical Character Recognition
  • OCSP—Online Certificate Status Protocol
  • ODBC—Open Database Connectivity
  • OEM—Original Equipment Manufacturer
  • OES—Open Enterprise Server
  • OFDM—Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
  • OFTC—Open and Free Technology Community
  • OID—Object Identifier
  • OKV—Oracle Key Vault
  • OLAP—Online Analytical Processing
  • OLE—Object Linking and Embedding
  • OLED—Organic Light Emitting Diode
  • OLPC—One Laptop per Child
  • OLTP—Online Transaction Processing
  • OMF—Object Module Format
  • OMG—Object Management Group
  • OMR—Optical Mark Reader
  • ONS—Oracle Net Services
  • ooRexx—Open Object Rexx
  • OO—Object-Oriented
  • OO—OpenOffice
  • OOE—Out-of-Order Execution
  • OOM—Out Of Memory
  • OOo—OpenOffice.org
  • OoOE—Out-of-Order Execution
  • OOP—Object-Oriented Programming
  • OOTB—Out of the box
  • OPML—Outline Processor Markup Language
  • ORB—Object Request Broker
  • ORM—Object–Relational Mapping
  • OS—Open Source
  • OS—Operating System
  • OSCON—O'Reilly Open Source CONvention
  • OSDN—Open Source Development Network
  • OSI—Open Source Initiative
  • OSI—Open Systems Interconnection
  • OSINT—Open source intelligence
  • OSPF—Open Shortest Path First
  • OSS—Open Sound System
  • OSS—Open-Source Software
  • OSS—Operations Support System
  • OSTG—Open Source Technology Group
  • OT—Operational technology
  • OTP—One-time password
  • OUI—Organizationally Unique Identifier
  • OV—Organization validation
  • OVAL—Open Vulnerability and Assessment Language
  • OWASP—Open Worldwide Application Security Project

P

[edit]
  • P2P—Peer-To-Peer
  • PaaS—Platform as a Service
  • PAC—Proxy auto-config
  • PAM—Pluggable Authentication Module
  • PAM—Privileged Access Management
  • PAN—Personal Area Network
  • PAP—Password Authentication Protocol
  • PARC—Palo Alto Research Center
  • PAT—Port address translation
  • PATA—Parallel ATA
  • PBKDF2—Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2
  • PBS—Portable Batch System
  • PBX—Private branch exchange
  • PC—Personal Computer
  • pcap—packet capture
  • PCB—Printed Circuit Board
  • PCB—Process Control Block
  • PC DOS—Personal Computer Disc Operating System
  • PCI—Peripheral Component Interconnect
  • PCI DSS—Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard
  • PCIe—PCI Express
  • PCI-X—PCI Extended
  • PCL—Printer Command Language
  • PCMCIA—Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
  • PCM—Pulse-Code Modulation
  • PCRE—Perl Compatible Regular Expressions
  • PD—Public Domain
  • PDA—Personal Digital Assistant
  • PDF—Portable Document Format
  • PDH—Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
  • PDP—Programmed Data Processor
  • PDU—Power distribution unit
  • PE—Physical Extents
  • PE—Portable Executable
  • PEAP—Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol
  • PEM—Privacy-Enhanced Mail
  • PERL—Practical Extraction and Reporting Language
  • PFS—Perfect forward secrecy
  • PG—Peripheral Gateway
  • PGA—Pin Grid Array
  • PGA—Programmable Gate Array
  • PGO—Profile-Guided Optimization
  • PGP—Pretty Good Privacy
  • PHP—Hypertext Preprocessor
  • PHR—Personal health record
  • PIC—Peripheral Interface Controller
  • PIC—Programmable Interrupt Controller
  • PID—Proportional-Integral-Derivative
  • PID—Process ID
  • PII—Personally identifiable information
  • PIM—Personal Information Manager
  • PINE—Program for Internet News and Email
  • PING—Packet Internet Gopher
  • PIO—Programmed Input/Output
  • PIR—Public Interest Registry
  • PIV—FIPS 201
  • Pixel—Picture element
  • PKCS—Public Key Cryptography Standards
  • PKI—Public Key Infrastructure
  • PLC—Power-Line Communication
  • PLC—Programmable logic controller
  • PLD—Programmable logic device
  • PL/I—Programming Language One
  • PL/M—Programming Language for Microcomputers
  • PL/P—Programming Language for Prime
  • PLT—Power-Line Telecommunications
  • PMM—POST Memory Manager
  • PNAC—Port-based network access control
  • PNG—Portable Network Graphics
  • PnP—Plug-and-Play
  • PNRP—Peer Name Resolution Protocol
  • PoE—Power over Ethernet
  • PoS—Point of Sale
  • POCO—Plain Old Class Object
  • POID—Persistent Object Identifier
  • POJO—Plain Old Java Object
  • POP—Point of Presence
  • POP3—Post Office Protocol v3
  • POSIX—Portable Operating System Interface, formerly IEEE-IX
  • POST—Power-On Self Test
  • POTP—Protected One-Time Password
  • POTS—Plain old telephone service
  • PPC—PowerPC
  • PPI—Pixels Per Inch
  • PPM—Pages Per Minute
  • PPP—Point-to-Point Protocol
  • PPPoA—PPP over ATM
  • PPPoE—PPP over Ethernet
  • PPTP—Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
  • PR—Pull Request
  • PRNG—Pseudorandom number generator
  • PROM—Programmable Read-Only Memory
  • PS—PostScript
  • PS/2—Personal System/2
  • PSA—Professional Services Automation
  • PSK—Pre-shared key
  • PSM—Platform Specific Model
  • PSTN—Public Switched Telephone Network
  • PSU—Power Supply Unit
  • PSVI—Post-Schema-Validation Infoset
  • PTS-DOS—PhysTechSoft – Disk Operating System
  • PTZ—Pan–tilt–zoom camera
  • PUA—Potentially unwanted application
  • PUP—Potentially unwanted program
  • PV—Physical Volume
  • PVG—Physical Volume Group
  • PVR—Personal Video Recorder
  • PXE—Preboot Execution Environment
  • PXI—PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation
  • PRC—Procedure Remote Call

Q

[edit]
  • QA—Quality assurance
  • QC—Quality control
  • QC—Quick Charge
  • QDR—Quad Data Rate
  • QFP—Quad Flat Package
  • QoS—Quality of Service
  • QOTD—Quote of the Day
  • QSOP—Quarter-size small-outline package
  • Qt—a cross-platform application development framework for creating graphical user interfaces as well as applications that run on various software and hardware platforms
  • QTAM—Queued Teleprocessing Access Method

R

[edit]
  • RA—Registration authority
  • RACE—Research and Development in Advanced Communications Technologies in Europe
  • RACF—Resource Access Control Facility
  • RAD—Rapid Application Development
  • RADIUS—Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service
  • RAID—Redundant Array of Independent Disks
  • RAII—Resource Acquisition Is Initialization
  • RAIT—Redundant Array of Inexpensive Tapes
  • RAM—Random-Access Memory
  • RAM—Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability
  • RAN—Radio access network
  • RARP—Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
  • RAS—Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability
  • RAS—Remote access service
  • RAT—Radio access technology
  • RAT—Remote access trojan
  • RBAC—Role-based access control
  • RC—Region Code
  • RC—Release Candidate
  • RC—Run Commands
  • RC4—Rivest Cipher 4
  • RCA—Root Cause Analysis
  • RCS—Revision Control System
  • RD—Remote Desktop
  • rd—remove directory
  • RDBMS—Relational Database Management System
  • RDC—Remote Desktop Connection
  • RDF—Resource Description Framework
  • RDM—Relational Data Model
  • RDOS—Real-time Disk Operating System
  • RDP—Remote Desktop Protocol
  • RDS—Remote Desktop Services
  • REFAL—Recursive Functions Algorithmic Language
  • REST—Representational State Transfer
  • regex—Regular Expression
  • regexp—Regular Expression
  • RF—Radio Frequency
  • RFC—Request For Comments
  • RFI—Radio Frequency Interference
  • RFID—Radio-frequency identification
  • RGB—Red, Green, Blue
  • RHL—Red Hat Linux
  • RHEL—Red Hat Enterprise Linux
  • REXX—Restructured Extended Executor Language
  • RIA—Rich Internet Application
  • RIAA—Recording Industry Association of America
  • RIP—Raster Image Processor
  • RIP—Routing Information Protocol
  • RIPE—Réseaux IP Européens
  • RIPEMD—RACE Integrity Primitives Evaluation Message Digest
  • RIPEMD—RIPE Message Digest
  • RIR—Regional Internet registry
  • RISC—Reduced Instruction Set Computer
  • RISC OS—Reduced Instruction Set Computer Operating System
  • RJE—Remote Job Entry
  • RLE—Run-Length Encoding
  • RLL—Run-Length Limited
  • rmdir—remove directory
  • RMF—Risk Management Framework
  • RMI—Remote Method Invocation
  • RMS—Richard Matthew Stallman
  • ROM—Read-Only Memory
  • ROMB—Read-Out Motherboard
  • ROM-DOS—Read-Only Memory – Disk Operating System
  • RPA—Robotic Process Automation
  • RPC—Remote Procedure Call
  • RPG—Report Program Generator
  • RPM—RPM Package Manager
  • RPO—Recovery Point Objective
  • RRAS—Routing and Remote Access Service
  • RSA—Rivest Shamir Adleman
  • RSBAC—Rule-set-based access control
  • RSI—Repetitive Strain Injury
  • RSR—Rapid Security Response
  • RSS—Radio Service Software
  • RSS—Remote service software
  • RSS—Rich Site Summary, RDF Site Summary, or Really Simple Syndication
  • RSVP—Resource Reservation Protocol
  • RTAI—Real-Time Application Interface
  • RTBH—Remote Triggered Black Hole Filtering
  • RTC—Real-Time Clock
  • RTD—Round-trip delay
  • RTE—Real-Time Enterprise
  • RTEMS—Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems
  • RTF—Rich Text Format
  • RTL—Right-to-Left
  • RTMP—Real Time Messaging Protocol
  • RTO—Recovery Time Objective
  • RTOS—Real-Time Operating System
  • RTP—Real-time Transport Protocol
  • RTS—Ready To Send
  • RTSP—Real Time Streaming Protocol
  • RTT—Round-trip time
  • RTTI—Run-time Type Information
  • RTU—Remote Terminal Unit
  • RWD—Responsive Web Design

S

[edit]
  • SA—Security association
  • SaaS—Software as a Service
  • SAE—Simultaneous Authentication of Equals
  • SASS—Syntactically Awesome Style Sheets
  • SAM—Security Account Manager
  • SAML—Security Assertion Markup Language
  • SAN—Storage Area Network
  • SAN—Subject Alternative Name
  • SAS—Serial attached SCSI
  • SASE—Secure access service edge
  • SASE—Stand-alone synchronization equipment
  • SATA—Serial AT Attachment
  • SAX—Simple API for XML
  • SBOD—Spinning Beachball of Death
  • SBP-2—Serial Bus Protocol 2
  • sbin—superuser binary
  • sbs—Small Business Server
  • SCADA—Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
  • SCAP—Security Content Automation Protocol
  • SCEP—Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol
  • SCCM—System Center Configuration Manager
  • SCID—Source Code in Database
  • SCM—Software Configuration Management
  • SCM—Source Code Management
  • SCP—Seattle Computer Products
  • SCP—Secure copy protocol
  • SCPC—Single Channel Per Carrier
  • SCPI—Standard Commands for Programmable Instrumentation
  • SCSI—Small Computer System Interface
  • SCTP—Stream Control Transmission Protocol
  • SD—Secure Digital
  • SDDC—Software-defined data center
  • SDDL—Security Descriptor Definition Language
  • SDH—Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
  • SDI—Single-Document Interface
  • SDIO—Secure Digital Input Output
  • SDK—Software Development Kit
  • SDL—Simple DirectMedia Layer
  • SDLC—Software development life cycle
  • SDN—Software-defined networking
  • SDP—Session Description Protocol
  • SDP—Software-defined protection
  • SDR—Software-Defined Radio
  • SDRAM—Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory
  • SDSL—Symmetric digital subscriber line
  • SD-WAN—Software-Defined Wide Area Network
  • SDXF—Structured Data eXchange Format
  • SE—Single Ended
  • SECC—Single-Edged Contact Cartridge
  • SED—Self-encrypting drive
  • SEH—Structured Exception Handling
  • SEI—Software Engineering Institute
  • SELinux—Security-Enhanced Linux
  • SEO—Search Engine Optimization
  • SFTP—Secure File Transfer Protocol
  • SFTP—Simple File Transfer Protocol
  • SFTP—SSH File Transfer Protocol
  • SGI—Silicon Graphics, Incorporated
  • SGML—Standard Generalized Markup Language
  • SGR—Select Graphic Rendition
  • SHA—Secure Hash Algorithms
  • SHA-1—Secure Hash Algorithm 1
  • SHA-2—Secure Hash Algorithm 2
  • SHA-3—Secure Hash Algorithm 3
  • SHDSL—Single-pair High-speed Digital Subscriber Line
  • SIEM—Security information and event management
  • SIGCAT—Special Interest Group on CD-ROM Applications and Technology
  • SIGGRAPH—Special Interest Group on Graphics
  • SIMD—Single Instruction, Multiple Data
  • SIM—Subscriber Identity Module
  • SIMM—Single Inline Memory Module
  • SIP—Session Initiation Protocol
  • SIP—Supplementary Ideographic Plane
  • SISD—Single Instruction, Single Data
  • SISO—Single-Input and Single-Output
  • SLA—Service-level agreement
  • SLE—Single-loss expectancy
  • SLED—SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop
  • SLES—SUSE Linux Enterprise Server
  • SLI—Scalable Link Interface
  • SLIP—Serial Line Internet Protocol
  • SLM—Service Level Management
  • SLOC—Source Lines of Code
  • SME—Subject Matter Expert
  • SMF—Single-Mode (optical) Fiber
  • SPM—Software project management
  • SPMD—Single Program, Multiple Data
  • SPOF—Single point of failure
  • SMA—SubMiniature version A
  • SMB—Server Message Block
  • SMBIOS—System Management BIOS
  • SMIL—Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language
  • S/MIME—Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
  • SMP—Supplementary Multilingual Plane
  • SMP—Symmetric Multi-Processing
  • SMPS—Switch Mode Power Supply
  • SMS—Short Message Service
  • SMS—System Management Server
  • SMT—Simultaneous Multithreading
  • SMTP—Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
  • SNA—Systems Network Architecture
  • SNMP—Simple Network Management Protocol
  • SNP—Secure Network Programming
  • SNTP—Simple Network Time Protocol
  • SOA—Service-Oriented Architecture
  • SOAP—Simple Object Access Protocol
  • SOAP—Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program
  • SOAR—Security orchestration, automation and response
  • SoC—System on a chip
  • SOC—Security operations center
  • SO-DIMM—Small Outline DIMM
  • SOE—Standard Operating Environment
  • SOHO—Small Office/Home Office
  • SOI—Silicon On Insulator
  • SOLID—Single-responsibility, Open-closed, Liskov substitution, Interface segregation, Dependency Inversion
  • SOPA—Stop Online Piracy Act
  • SOW—Statement of work
  • SP—Service Pack
  • SPA—Single Page Application
  • SPF—Sender Policy Framework
  • SPI—Serial Peripheral Interface
  • SPI—Stateful Packet Inspection
  • SPIM—Spam over instant messaging[7][8]
  • SPARC—Scalable Processor Architecture
  • SQL—Structured Query Language
  • SQLi—SQL injection
  • SRAM—Static Random-Access Memory
  • SRTP—Secure Real-time Transport Protocol
  • SSA—Static Single Assignment
  • SSD—Software Specification Document
  • SSD—Solid-State Drive
  • SSDP—Simple Service Discovery Protocol
  • SSE—Streaming SIMD Extensions
  • SSH—Secure Shell
  • SSI—Server Side Includes
  • SSI—Single-System Image
  • SSI—Small-Scale Integration
  • SSID—Service Set Identifier
  • SSL—Secure Sockets Layer
  • SSO—Single sign-on
  • SSP—Supplementary Special-purpose Plane
  • SSSE—Supplementary Streaming SIMD Extensions
  • SSSP—Single Source Shortest Path
  • SSTP—Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol
  • su—superuser
  • SUS—Single UNIX Specification
  • SUSE—Software und System-Entwicklung
  • STUN—Session Traversal Utilities for NAT
  • SVC—Scalable Video Coding
  • SVD—Structured VLSI Design
  • SVG—Scalable Vector Graphics
  • SVGA—Super Video Graphics Array
  • SVOT—Single version of the truth
  • SWF—Shock Wave Flash
  • SWG—Secure Web Gateway
  • SWT—Standard Widget Toolkit
  • Sysop—System operator

T

[edit]
  • TAO—Track-At-Once
  • TACACS—Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System
  • TAP—Test Access Port
  • TAPI—Telephony Application Programming Interface
  • TASM—Turbo ASseMbler
  • TAXII—Trusted Automated eXchange of Indicator Information
  • TB—TeraByte
  • Tcl—Tool Command Language
  • TCP—Transmission Control Protocol
  • TCP/IP—Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
  • TCU—Telecommunication Control Unit|
  • TDE—Transparent data encryption
  • TDEA—Triple Data Encryption Algorithm
  • TDES—Triple Data Encryption Standard
  • TDMA—Time-Division Multiple Access
  • TEAP—Tunnel Extensible Authentication Protocol
  • TDP—Thermal Design Power
  • TFT—Thin-Film Transistor
  • TFTP—Trivial File Transfer Protocol
  • TGT—Ticket Granting Ticket
  • TI—Texas Instruments
  • TIFF—Tagged Image File Format
  • TKIP—Temporal Key Integrity Protocol
  • TLA—Three-Letter Acronym
  • TLD—Top-Level Domain
  • TLS—Thread-Local Storage
  • TLS—Transport Layer Security
  • TLV—Type—length—value
  • tmp—temporary
  • TNC—Terminal Node Controller
  • TNC—Threaded Neill-Concelman connector
  • TOCTOU, TOCTTOU or TOC/TOU—Time-of-check to time-of-use
  • TOTP—Time-based one-time password
  • TPF—Transaction Processing Facility
  • TPM—Trusted Platform Module
  • TROFF—Trace Off
  • TRON—Trace On
  • TRON—The Real-time Operating system Nucleus
  • TRSDOS—Tandy Radio Shack – Disk Operating System
  • TS—Timestamp
  • TSIG—Transaction signature
  • TSO—Time Sharing Option
  • TSP—Traveling Salesman Problem
  • TSR—Terminate and Stay Resident
  • TTF—TrueType Font
  • TTL—Transistor—Transistor Logic
  • TTLS—Tunneled Transport Layer Security
  • TTL—Time To Live
  • TTS—Text-to-Speech
  • TTY—Teletype
  • TUCOWS—The Ultimate Collection of Winsock Software
  • TUG—TeX Users Group
  • TURN—-Traversal Using Relays around NAT
  • TWAIN—Technology Without An Interesting Name

U

[edit]
  • UAAG—User Agent Accessibility Guidelines
  • UAC—User Account Control
  • UART—Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
  • UAS—Unmanned aircraft system
  • UAT—User Acceptance Testing
  • UAV—Unmanned aerial vehicle
  • UB—Undefined Behavior
  • UCS—Universal Character Set
  • UDDI—Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration
  • UDMA—Ultra DMA
  • UDP—User Datagram Protocol
  • UEFI—Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
  • UEM—Unified endpoint management
  • UHF—Ultra High Frequency
  • UI—User Interface
  • UL—Upload
  • ULA—Uncommitted Logic Array
  • ULSI—Ultra Large Scale Integration
  • UMA—Upper Memory Area
  • UMB—Upper Memory Block
  • UML—Unified Modeling Language
  • UML—User-Mode Linux
  • UMPC—Ultra-Mobile Personal Computer
  • UMTS—Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
  • UNC—Universal Naming Convention
  • UNIVAC—Universal Automatic Computer (By MKS)
  • UPS—Uninterruptible Power Supply or Uninterrupted Power Supply
  • URI—Uniform Resource Identifier
  • URL—Uniform Resource Locator
  • URN—Uniform Resource Name
  • USB—Universal Serial Bus
  • usr—User System Resources
  • USR—U.S. Robotics
  • UTC—Coordinated Universal Time
  • UTF—Unicode Transformation Format
  • UTM—Unified Threat Management
  • UTP—Unshielded Twisted Pair
  • UTRAN—Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
  • UUCP—Unix to Unix Copy
  • UUID—Universally Unique Identifier
  • UVC—Universal Virtual Computer
  • UWP—Universal Windows Platform
  • UX—User Experience

V

[edit]
  • var—variable
  • VaR—Value at risk
  • VAX—Virtual Address eXtension
  • VB—Visual Basic
  • VBA—Visual Basic for Applications
  • VBS—Visual Basic Script
  • VCPI—Virtual Control Program Interface
  • VDC—Virtual data center
  • VDE—Virtual Desktop Environment
  • VDI—Virtual Desktop Infrastructure
  • VDM—Virtual DOS machine
  • VDS—Virtual dedicated server
  • VDSL—Very High Bitrate Digital Subscriber Line
  • VDU—Visual Display Unit
  • VDX—Virtual Desktop eXtender
  • VESA—Video Electronics Standards Association
  • VFAT—Virtual File Allocation Table
  • VFO—Variable-frequency oscillator
  • VFS—Virtual File System
  • VHD—Virtual Hard Disk
  • VG—Volume Group
  • VGA—Video Graphics Array
  • VHF—Very High Frequency
  • VLAN—Virtual Local Area Network
  • VLB—Vesa Local Bus
  • VLF—Very Low Frequency
  • VLIW—Very Long Instruction Word
  • VLSI—Very-Large-Scale Integration
  • VLSM—Variable-length subnet masking
  • VM—Virtual Machine
  • VM—Virtual Memory
  • VMM—Virtual Machine Monitor
  • VNC—Virtual Network Computing
  • VOD—Video On Demand
  • VoIP—Voice over Internet Protocol
  • VoLTE—Voice Over Long Term Evolution
  • VPC—Virtual private cloud
  • VPN—Virtual private network
  • VPS—Virtual private server
  • VPU—Visual Processing Unit
  • VR—Virtual Reality
  • VRAM—Video Random-Access Memory
  • VRML—Virtual Reality Modeling Language
  • VSAM—Virtual Storage-Access Method
  • VSAT—Very Small Aperture Terminal
  • VT—Video Terminal
  • VTAM—Virtual Telecommunications Access Method
  • VTL—Virtual Tape Library

W

[edit]
  • W3C—World Wide Web Consortium
  • WAF—Web application firewall
  • WAFS—Wide Area File Services
  • WAI—Web Accessibility Initiative
  • WAIS—Wide Area Information Server
  • WAN—Wide Area Network
  • WAP—Wireless Access Point
  • WAP—Wireless Application Protocol
  • WASM—Watcom ASseMbler
  • WBEM—Web-Based Enterprise Management
  • WCAG—Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
  • WCF—Windows Communication Foundation
  • WDDM—Windows Display Driver Model
  • WDM—Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
  • WebDAV—WWW Distributed Authoring and Versioning
  • WEP—Wired Equivalent Privacy
  • WFI—Wait For Interrupt
  • WIDE—Widely Integrated Distributed Environment
  • WIDS—Wireless intrusion detection system
  • WiMAX—Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
  • WinFS—Windows Future Storage
  • WinRT—Windows RunTime
  • WINS—Windows Internet Name Service
  • WIPS—Wireless intrusion prevention system
  • WLAN—Wireless Local Area Network
  • WMA—Windows Media Audio
  • WMI—Windows Management Instrumentation
  • WMV—Windows Media Video
  • WNS—Windows Push Notification Service
  • WOL—Wake-on-LAN
  • WOR—Wake-on-Ring
  • WORA—Write once, run anywhere
  • WORE—Write once, run everywhere
  • WORM—Write Once Read Many
  • WPA—Wi-Fi Protected Access
  • WPAD—Web Proxy Autodiscovery Protocol
  • WPAN—Wireless Personal Area Network
  • WPF—Windows Presentation Foundation
  • WPS—Wi-Fi Protected Setup
  • WS-D—Web Services Dynamic Discovery
  • WSDL—Web Services Description Language
  • WSFL—Web Services Flow Language
  • WTLS—Wireless Transport Layer Security
  • WUSB—Wireless Universal Serial Bus
  • WWAN—Wireless Wide Area Network
  • WWDC—Apple World Wide Developer Conference
  • WWID—World Wide Identifier
  • WWN—World Wide Name
  • WWW—World Wide Web
  • WYSIWYG—What You See Is What You Get
  • WZC—Wireless Zero Configuration

X

[edit]
  • XAML—eXtensible Application Markup Language
  • XDM—X Window Display Manager
  • XDMCP—X Display Manager Control Protocol
  • XCBL—XML Common Business Library
  • XDR—eXtended detection and response
  • XHTML—eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language
  • XILP—X Interactive ListProc
  • XML—eXtensible Markup Language
  • XMMS—X Multimedia System
  • XMPP—eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
  • XMS—eXtended Memory Specification
  • XNS—Xerox Network Systems
  • XP—Cross-Platform
  • XP—eXtreme Programming
  • XPCOM—Cross Platform Component Object Model
  • XPI—XPInstall
  • XPIDL—Cross-Platform IDL
  • XPS—XML Paper Specification
  • XSD—XML Schema Definition
  • XSL—eXtensible Stylesheet Language
  • XSL-FO—eXtensible Stylesheet Language Formatting Objects
  • XSLT—eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations
  • XSRF—Cross-site request forgery
  • XSS—Cross-Site Scripting
  • XTACACS—eXtended Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System
  • XTF—eXtensible Tag Framework
  • XTF—eXtended Triton Format
  • XUL—XML User Interface Language
  • XVGA—eXtended Video Graphics Adapter

Y

[edit]
  • Y2K—Year Two Thousand
  • Y2K38—Year Two Thousand Thirty Eight
  • YACC—Yet Another Compiler Compiler
  • YAGNI—You Aren't Gonna Need It
  • YAML—YAML Ain't Markup Language
  • YARN—Yet Another Resource Negotiator
  • YaST—Yet another Setup Tool

Z

[edit]
  • ZCAV—Zone Constant Angular Velocity
  • ZCS—Zero Code Suppression
  • ZIF—Zero Insertion Force
  • ZIFS—Zero Insertion Force Socket
  • ZIP—ZIP file archive
  • ZISC—Zero Instruction Set Computer
  • ZOI—Zero One Infinity
  • ZOPE—Z Object Publishing Environment
  • ZMA—Zone Multicast Address
  • ZPL—Z-level Programming Language

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ledesma, Josue (16 June 2023). "What is the CIA Triad?". Varonis. Retrieved 13 July 2025.
  2. ^ "What is a Data Privacy Officer?". © 2025 Teal Labs, Inc. Retrieved 13 July 2025.
  3. ^ University of Tulsa (29 January 2025). "Data Privacy Officer: Job Description and Salary". Retrieved 13 July 2025.
  4. ^ "Overview: False Rejection Rate (FRR)". © 2025 Plurilock Security Inc. Retrieved 14 July 2025.
  5. ^ "What Does False Rejection Rate FRR Mean And Its Importance?". © 2025 Microblink. 24 October 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2025.
  6. ^ Hackvän, Stig. "LinuxWorld - Where did Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis go?". Archived from the original on 17 April 1999. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
  7. ^ Baldikov, Nikola (24 February 2022). "What Is SPIM (Spam Over Instant Messaging)?". Brosix. Retrieved 13 July 2025.
  8. ^ Alam, Asloob (24 February 2023). "What is SPIM (Spam Over Instant Messaging)?". Troop Messenger. Retrieved 13 July 2025.
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