Jalil of Kanem
| Jalil | |
|---|---|
| Mai of the Kanem–Bornu Empire | |
| Reign | 13th century |
| Predecessor | Biri II Ibrahim (?) |
| Successor | Dirke Kelem (?) |
| Dynasty | Sayfawa dynasty |
| Father | Dunama II Dibalemi |
Jalil[a] (Jalīl bin Dunama[2]), possibly also recorded as Biri,[1] was mai (ruler) of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in the mid-to-late 13th century.[2] A son of mai Dunama II Dibalemi, Jalil ruled during a several decade-long period of succession conflict between the sons of Dunama.[1] The precise sequence and chronology of mais is unclear in this period, which lasted from Dunama's death to the rise of Ibrahim I Nikale.[2]
Sources
[edit]Jalil is recorded in a list of Kanem–Bornu rulers (girgam) translated by Moïse Landeroin (1911) and in the work of Yves Urvoy (1941).[1] He is omitted in lists translated by Heinrich Barth (1851), Gustav Nachtigal (1881), and Richmond Palmer (1936).[1] Nachtigal records a possibly equivalent mai but names him Biri bin Dunama instead; this Biri is not the same figure as Biri II Ibrahim, listed separately, and is omitted in all other sources. Cohen (1966) proposed that Biri was the ruler's Kanuri name and Jalil was his Arabic name.[1]
| Author | Reign | Predecessor | Successor | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barth (1851) | Omitted | — | — | [1] |
| Nachtigal (1881) | 1 year (1308–1309) (Biri) | Dunama II Dibalemi | Dirke Kelem | [1] |
| Landeroin (1911) | 1 year (1254–1255) | Dunama II Dibalemi | Dirke Kelem | [1] |
| Palmer (1936) | Omitted | — | — | [1] |
| Urvoy (1941) | 1 year (1262) | Biri II Ibrahim | Dirke Kelem | [1] |
| Lange (1984) | Omitted | — | — | [3] |
| Stewart (1989) | Omitted | — | — | [4] |
| Bosworth (2012) | ? | Biri II Ibrahim | Dirke Kelem | [2] |
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cohen, Ronald (1966). "The Bornu King Lists". Boston University Papers on Africa: Volume II: African History. Boston University Press. pp. 52, 57, 62, 68, 70, 80.
- ^ a b c d e Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2012) [1996]. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-7486-2137-8.
- ^ Lange, Dierk (1984). "The kingdoms and peoples of Chad". In Niane, Djibril Tamsir (ed.). General history of Africa, IV: Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century. University of California. pp. 261–263. ISBN 978-92-3-101710-0.
- ^ Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers: An Encyclopedia of Native, Colonial and Independent States and Rulers Past and Present. McFarland & Company. p. 146.