Hummay

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Hummay
Mai of the Kanem–Bornu Empire
Reign11th century (12–23 years)
c. 1085–1097[a]
PredecessorSelema I
SuccessorDunama I Umemi
Diedc. 1097
Egypt (Fatimid Caliphate)
SpouseKinta
IssueDunama I Umemi
DynastySayfawa dynasty
FatherSelema I (?)
MotherTigiram[b]

Hummay[c] was mai (ruler) of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in the late 11th century, ruling approximately 1085–1097.[a] Later tradition records Hummay as the founder of the Sayfawa dynasty, which went on to rule the empire for over seven centuries. Hummay is sometimes erroneously referred to as the first Muslim ruler of the empire, a distinction that belongs to the earlier mai Hu. The nature of Hummay's rise to the throne and the fall of the preceding Duguwa dynasty is unclear since most sources identify the last Duguwa mai, Selema I, as Hummay's father.

Origin and rise to the throne

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Hummay's rise to the throne of Kanem in the late 11th century is by later sources considered to have marked the rise of a new royal dynasty, the Sayfawa dynasty.[3][11] Earlier mais are said to have belonged to the empire's original dynasty, the Duguwa dynasty.[12] The nature of Hummay's rise to the throne and what is meant by the dynastic shift is unclear. Most versions of the girgam (the empire's royal chronicle) records Hummay as the son of his direct predecessor, Selema I (who is also called Abd al-Jalil).[2][d] Hummay is called "ibn Abd al-Jalil"[5] or "ibn Selema"[6] in several sources, and sometimes given the epithet Jilmi ("son of Jil", i.e. Abd al-Jalil).[1][9] Hummay's mother was named Tigiram[b] and hailed from the Kay (Koyam) tribe of Dirkou.[3][5]

The passage in the girgam about Selema ends with "That is what we have written about the history of the Banū Dūkū;[e] we shall now proceed to set down the history of the Banū Ḥummay,[f] who professed Islam".[12] The difference between the Duguwa and Sayfawa mais has thus often been interpreted, for instance by Barth in 1857,[3] as merely religious, with both technically being the same royal lineage.[12] Hummay is thus sometimes erroneously identified as the empire's first Muslim ruler;[3] this interpretation is demonstrably incorrect since both Selema and Selema's predecessor Hu were Muslims.[12]

The dynastic shift may be a reference to Selema being overthrown by Hummay,[11][12] who could have been falsely linked to the former dynasty as Selema's supposed son in the royal chronicle.[12] The reason for Selema's overthrow in this case is unknown. Hummay might have been an adherent of Sunni Islam whereas Selema and Hu were Ibadi Muslims.[13][14] Hiribarren (2016) suggested that Hummay seized power with the help of a pro-Islam faction at court.[10] Kanem is generally believed to have been founded by the Zaghawa people,[9][15][16] who are associated with the kingdom in Arab sources from the 9th to the 11th century.[15] In the 12th century, the Zaghawa are attested as a separate entity from Kanem, living as nomads in the northeast. Hummay's rise to power could thus be linked to a possible expulsion of the Zaghawa from Kanem. In this interpretation, Selema is then identified as the last Zaghawa ruler of Kanem.[12]

Although Hummay was of local origin (possibly Kanembu), he and his dynasty claimed descent from the Yemeni noble Saif ibn Dhi Yazan, who was conflated with Kanem's legendary first mai (Susam) in later royal lists. Other Islamic African dynasties of Hummay's time sometimes made similar claims to Arab origin as a source of prestige.[11]

Reign

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The further spread of Islam in Hummay's reign may have provoked some dissension in the empire, which caused the Toubou people to break from imperial rule and move east.[17]

Hummay ruled for 12 or 22/23 years.[a] He is recorded to have died in Masr, i.e. Egypt.[3][5] One source specifies the precise location as "Rukana, of many mosques".[1] The location of his death suggests that he intended to, or perhaps completed, a pilgrimage to Mecca.[3][g] Hummay was succeeded as mai by his son Dunama I Umemi.[2] The Sayfawa dynasty ruled the Kanem–Bornu Empire until 1846,[9] becoming one of the longest-ruling dynasties in world history.[6]

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c King lists (girgams) and chronicles translated in the 19th–20th centuries assign Dunama a reign of either 12 years (Barth, Palmer, Urvoy), 22 years (Nachtigal), or 23 years (Landeroin).[2] Due to this and to differing dates and calculations for other mais, various dates have been given for his reign, including 1086–1097 (Barth), 1085–1097 (Palmer), 1085–1097 (Urvoy), 1070–1093 (Landeroin), and 1129–1151 (Nachtigal).[2] Cohen (1966) considered a reign of 12 years most likely.[2] Lange (1984) dated Hummay's reign to 1075–1086,[7] whereas both Stewart (1989) and Bosworth (2012) used Palmer's dates, 1085–1097.[8][9] Hiribarren (2016) assigned Hummay a shorter reign of just five years, 1075–1080.[10]
  2. ^ a b Barth (1857) recorded Hummay's mother as Tikramma,[3] Palmer (1926) records her as Teigaramt,[5] and Palmer (1936) calls her Tigiram.[2] Cohen considered Tigiram to be the likely correct version.[2]
  3. ^ The spelling of Hummay's name varies between sources. Variations include Wume,[1] Hume,[2] Humé,[3] Ume,[2] Umé,[3] Umme,[2] Oumé,[4] Urne,[5] and Humai.[6] He may be counted as Hummay I if the later mai Amarma is counted as Hummay II.
  4. ^ Out of the lists translated in the 19th–20th centuries, Barth, Palmer, Urvoy, and Landeroin all identify Hummay's predecessor Selema (Abd al-Jalil) as Hummay's father. Landeroin is the only to disagree, and instead names Hummay's father as Biri.[2]
  5. ^ "Descendants of Duku", i.e. the Duguwa dynasty
  6. ^ "Descendants of Hummay", i.e. the Sayfawa dynasty
  7. ^ Page (2005) states that Hummay performed the pilgrimage to Mecca twice and died in Egypt on his third voyage, accompanied by his son Dunama I Umemi. This is in confusion with the death of Dunama, who died in Egypt while on his third pilgrimage.[17]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Palmer, H. R. (1912). "The Bornu Girgam". Journal of the Royal African Society. 12 (45): 74–75. ISSN 0368-4016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cohen, Ronald (1966). "The Bornu King Lists". Boston University Papers on Africa: Volume II: African History. Boston University Press. pp. 51, 56, 61, 73, 80–82.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Barth, Heinrich (1857). Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a Journal of an Expedition Undertaken under the Auspices of H.B.M.'s Government, in the Years 1849–1855. Longmans. p. 635.
  4. ^ Landeroin, Moïse (1911). "Du Tchad au Niger. — Notice historique". Documents Scientifiques de la Mission Tilho (1906–1909): Tome Deuxième (in French). Imprimerie Nationale. p. 48.
  5. ^ a b c d e Palmer, H. R. (1926). History Of The First Twelve Years Of The Reign Of Mai Idris Alooma Of Bornu (1571–1583) (Fartua, Ahmed Ibn). p. 110.
  6. ^ a b c DK (2024). Africa: The Definitive Visual History of a Continent. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-241-69051-2.
  7. ^ Lange, Dierk (1984). "The kingdoms and peoples of Chad". In Niane, Djibril Tamsir (ed.). General history of Africa, IV: Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century. University of California. p. 261. ISBN 978-92-3-101710-0.
  8. ^ Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers: An Encyclopedia of Native, Colonial and Independent States and Rulers Past and Present. McFarland & Company. p. 146.
  9. ^ a b c d Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2012) [1996]. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 126–129. ISBN 0-7486-2137-7.
  10. ^ a b Hiribarren, Vincent (2016). "Kanem-Bornu Empire" (PDF). The Encyclopedia of Empire. Wiley. p. 3. ISBN 9781118440643.
  11. ^ a b c Insoll, Timothy (2003). The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 273. ISBN 0-521-65171-9.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Lange, Dierk; Barkindo, B. W. (1992). "The Chad region as a crossroads". General History of Africa III: Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century (Abridged ed.). UNESCO. pp. 223–225. ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9.
  13. ^ Dewière, Rémi (2024), "The Kanem and Borno Sultanates (11th–19th Centuries)", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History, Oxford University Press, p. 3, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.1147, ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4
  14. ^ Loimeier, Roman (2013). Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology. Indiana University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-253-02732-0.
  15. ^ a b Wright, John (1989). Libya, Chad, and the Central Sahara. Hurst & Company. p. 33. ISBN 1-85065-050-0.
  16. ^ Nave, Ari (2005). "Chad". Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-19-517055-9.
  17. ^ a b Page, Willie F. (2005). Davis, R. Hunt (ed.). Encyclopedia of African History and Culture (Illustrated, revised ed.). Facts On File. p. 231.