Hurricane Melissa

  1. Home
  2. Wiki

This article is about the 2025 Atlantic hurricane. For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Melissa.
Hurricane Melissa
Melissa at peak intensity shortly before landfall in Jamaica on October 28
Meteorological history
FormedOctober 21, 2025
ExtratropicalOctober 31, 2025
DissipatedNovember 4, 2025
Category 5 major hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds185 mph (295 km/h)
Lowest pressure892 mbar (hPa); 26.34 inHg
(Tied for third-lowest in the Atlantic basin)
Overall effects
Fatalities83+
Injuries141+
Missing14+
Damage≥$6 billion (2025 USD)(Costliest in Jamaican history)
Areas affected
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 2025 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Melissa was an extremely powerful, erratic, and catastrophic tropical cyclone which became the third-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record, tied with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane, as well as the most intense landfall in the Atlantic basin. The thirteenth named storm, fifth hurricane, fourth major hurricane, and third Category 5 hurricane of the 2025 Atlantic hurricane season, Melissa is currently the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2025. Melissa caused catastrophic damage upon making landfall in Jamaica, and was the strongest hurricane to make landfall on the island, surpassing that of Hurricane Gilbert in 1988.

Melissa formed from a tropical wave that was first monitored for development on October 16. The wave originated from West Africa, traveled from the central Atlantic to the Windward Islands, and then moved quickly westward into the Caribbean Sea, where it slowed down and developed into Tropical Storm Melissa on October 21. Weak steering currents and moderate wind shear kept Melissa meandering and disorganized for the next few days as it slowly moved northwest. Over time, Melissa became better organized, and from October 25 to 27, rapidly intensified into a Category 5 hurricane before making landfall near New Hope, Jamaica, at its peak intensity, on October 28. Melissa emerged from the north coast of Jamaica later that day, weakened, and made landfall near Chivirico, Cuba, the next day. Melissa weakened to a Category 1 hurricane after the landfall, approached Bermuda as a Category 2 hurricane, then again weakened before becoming a hurricane-force extratropical low on October 31 northeast of Bermuda. The remnants of Melissa then passed near Newfoundland, and gradually weakened over the next few days until dissipating on November 4, southeast of Iceland.

In Hispaniola, even though Melissa itself stayed far to the southwest, its outer rainbands produced heavy rains over the island, leading to severe and deadly flash floods and landslides. Jamaica saw catastrophic damage from Melissa, with several locations near the point of landfall experiencing almost total destruction, especially around the Westmoreland and Saint Elizabeth parishes. Significant agricultural and infrastructure damage occurred in these regions due to storm surge, flooding and high wind gusts from Melissa's eyewall passing over. Many towns in western Jamaica were also significantly flooded as a result, which also hampered recovery efforts. Telecommunications were also severely affected, especially on the western parts of Jamaica as well. As of November 7, at least 83 deaths have been attributed to Melissa, including 43 from flooding and landslides in Haiti, 35 in Jamaica, 4 in the Dominican Republic, and 1 in Cuba. Estimated monetary losses in Jamaica according to Jamaican Prime Minister Andrew Holness are US$6-7 billion, which he stated was a conservative estimate.[1]

Meteorological history

[edit]
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On October 16, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring a westward moving tropical wave for potential development.[2] On October 19, the wave moved through the Windward Islands and into the Caribbean Sea.[3] The disturbance moved quickly westward, then slowed significantly, providing an opportunity for development of a well-defined center and organized deep convection early on October 21, becoming Tropical Storm Melissa.[4] On account of weak steering currents between ridges of high pressure to its northwest and southeast, Melissa moved slowly and erratically west to northwest over the central Caribbean, and was unable to strengthen appreciably due to westerly wind shear from a broad upper level trough moving over the Gulf of Mexico; the circulation would constantly reform to the east during this period.[5] The aforementioned trough bypassed Melissa, resulting in a gradual decrease in the shear,[6] and allowed Melissa to become much better organized and strengthen, with increased outflow becoming apparent in the eastern half of the system as it slowly drifted north on October 25.[7] By this time, the northern motion halted as Melissa was increasingly being steered by the ridge to its northwest.

Enabled by very favorable environmental conditions, consisting of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of 86–88 °F (30–31 °C), very high ocean heat content, wind shear decreasing to lighter values, and very high levels of mid-level relative humidity, Melissa commenced a period of rapid intensification late on October 25 shortly after it became a hurricane that afternoon. Its maximum sustained winds increased from 70 mph (115 km/h) to 140 mph (225 km/h) in 18 hours.[8] After a brief pause, intensification resumed, and while moving generally westward, Melissa attained Category 5 status early on October 27.[9] Unusually for a storm of such high intensity, Melissa never underwent an eyewall replacement cycle, allowing it to sustain its high intensity for a prolonged period, according to several meteorologists.[10][11] After turning north-northeastward, the system later attained maximum sustained winds of 185 mph (295 km/h), and a minimum central pressure of 892 mbar (hPa) (26.93 inHg) about 45 mi (70 km) south-southeast of Negril, Jamaica, the next morning.[12] At 17:00 UTC, the storm made landfall near New Hope in Westmoreland Parish at its peak intensity.[13] The hurricane weakened inland over the mountains, and emerged off Jamaica's north coast into the Caribbean at Category 4 strength, headed toward Cuba.[14] The system then further weakened to a Category 3 hurricane soon thereafter.[15]

Most intense landfalling Atlantic hurricanes
Intensity is measured solely by central pressure
Rank Hurricane[nb 1] Season Landfall pressure
1 "Labor Day" 1935 892 mbar (hPa)
Melissa 2025
3 Camille 1969 900 mbar (hPa)
Gilbert 1988
5 Dean 2007 905 mbar (hPa)
6 "Cuba" 1924 910 mbar (hPa)
Dorian 2019
8 Janet 1955 914 mbar (hPa)
Irma 2017
10 "Cuba" 1932 918 mbar (hPa)
Sources: HURDAT,[17] AOML/HRD,[18] NHC[19]

After briefly re-strengthening to Category 4, with sustained winds of 130 mph (210 km/h),[20] the hurricane made landfall in eastern Cuba at 07:10 UTC on October 29 about 20 mi (30 km) east of Chivirico, with sustained Category 3 winds of 120 mph (195 km/h).[21] Inland, the rugged terrain of Cuba led to additional weakening, and the storm's sustained winds falling to low-end Category 2 strength by the time Melissa moved back offshore, into the Atlantic Ocean, eight hours later.[22] The system then weakened to Category 1 strength, while beginning to accelerate toward the northeast,[23] passing near Long Island while traversing The Bahamas that same afternoon.[24] Late that day, the storm re-strengthened once more to Category 2 intensity,[25] attaining sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h), as it headed towards Bermuda on the morning of October 30.[26] Increasing wind shear and decreasing sea surface temperatures caused Melissa to commence extratropical transition early on October 31,[27] and to weaken again to Category 1 strength, as it passed near Bermuda.[28] Melissa completed its transition into a hurricane-force extratropical cyclone that same day.[29] Melissa continued to move northeastward, still weakening for the next couple of days, before dissipating on November 4.

Records and distinctions

[edit]
  • Globally, the strongest tropical cyclone of 2025 (to date).[30]
  • Globally, the highest wind gust ever measured by dropsonde – 252 mph (406 km/h; 219 kn), released by NOAA Hurricane Hunters at an altitude of 657 ft (200 m; subject to reanalysis).[31][32]
  • Tied with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane as the third-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record in terms of lowest barometric pressure (behind hurricanes Wilma and Gilbert), and tied with hurricanes Wilma, Gilbert, Dorian and the 1935 Labor Day hurricane as the second-most intense Atlantic hurricane in terms of one-minute sustained wind speeds (behind Hurricane Allen).[33][34]
  • Tied with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane for most intense Atlantic hurricanes at landfall in terms of lowest barometric pressure,[13] and with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane, and Hurricane Dorian, for the strongest landfalling hurricane in the Atlantic in terms of maximum sustained winds;[33] also the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall in Jamaica on record.[35]

Effect of climate change

[edit]

Melissa experienced extreme rapid intensification as it drifted slowly over waters that were 2.5 °F (1.4 °C) warmer than average, sea conditions that two rapid attribution studies[36] estimated to be 500-900 times more likely to be that warm because of human-caused climate change.[37][38] Climate change is estimated to have strengthened the hurricane's top wind speed by about 10 mph (16 km/h), thus increasing its potential damages by up to 50%.[37][38] One of the studies also estimated that a Melissa-type hurricane at landfall is about four times more likely in the 2025 climate compared to a pre-industrial baseline.[39]

Preparations

[edit]

Greater Antilles

[edit]
Satellite imagery of Melissa from October 21 through 31

On October 21, a hurricane watch was issued for southern portions of Haiti, while a tropical storm watch was issued for Jamaica.[40] Jamaica's watch was upgraded to a hurricane watch and tropical storm warning on October 23.[41] The next day, it was upgraded to a hurricane warning.[42] A tropical storm warning was added to the southern portions of Haiti, also on October 23.[43] The Margaritaville at Sea Islander rerouted from stops on Grand Cayman and Jamaica to Belize and Honduras.[44] The Disney Treasure was rerouted from Tortola and Saint Thomas to Cozumel and Disney Wish changed its schedule at Castaway Cay to allow for the Treasure's route change.[45] Airlines cancelled 167 flights in the Greater Antilles in airports in the Bahamas, Barbados, Haiti, Jamaica, and the US Virgin Islands.[46]

Puerto Rico

[edit]

The U.S. National Weather Service in Puerto Rico issued a flood warning for several municipalities due to potential heavy rains from the outer bands of Melissa on October 22.[47]

Dominican Republic

[edit]

Four shelters were opened in San Juan, San Cristóbal, and the National District and 61 people sought sheltering.[48] Twelve provinces were placed under red alert.[49] Around 90 people evacuated Saona Island.[50]

Jamaica

[edit]
Satellite animation of Hurricane Melissa making landfall in Jamaica on October 29

The Ministry of Transportation of Jamaica deployed 30 buses for the emergency situation in Portmore, Spanish Town, Rockfort, and Montego Bay.[51] The National Water Commission mobilized teams and equipment.[52] The University of the West Indies ordered the evacuation of its students in Mona,[53] and graduation ceremonies at the Mona campus were postponed.[54] Sandy Gully in Saint Andrew was de-silted as the storm approached.[55] The National Water Commission gave access to clean drinking water to over 548,000 people in preparation for the arrival of Melissa.[56] On October 24, public institutions including the National Gallery of Jamaica and the Bob Marley Museum closed.[57] On October 25, all airports were shut down.[50] The government had opened shelters.[58][clarification needed] Black River High School was confused as a shelter and some people went there.[58]

Services and transportation associated with the Jamaica Urban Transit Company were suspended.[59]

Cayman Islands

[edit]

The Government of the Cayman Islands provided sandbags for citizens.[60] Cayman Airways waived change-of-flight fees in relation to Melissa's approach.[61] All touristic diving operations ceased on the islands of Little Cayman and Cayman Brac on October 24.[62]

Cuba

[edit]

President Miguel Díaz-Canel reported that 735,000 people were evacuated in the country's eastern regions.[63][64] Additionally, the United States Navy began evacuating several hundred people, including all non-mission-essential U.S. citizens, from Guantanamo Bay Naval Base to Florida.[65]

Elsewhere

[edit]

On October 17, a yellow adverse weather alert was issued for Trinidad and Tobago as the precursor of Melissa approached.[66][67] On October 18, a yellow alert was also issued in Martinique.[68] That same day, a flash flood warning was issued in Barbados.[69]

In Curaçao, Prime Minister Gilmar Pisas closed schools on the island to allow for greater flexibility in the operation of emergency services.[70]

Colombia issued yellow alerts along its Atlantic coast for rough seas.[71]

Hurricane warnings were made for the central and southwest Bahamas while a tropical storm warning was made for the Turks and Caicos Islands.[72] Evacuation orders were made for Acklins, Crooked Island, Inagua, Long Cay, Mayaguana, and Ragged Island.[73] The British Ministry of Defence deployed eight people and the HMS Trent to the Turks and Caicos Islands to aid with preparations and relief. Several members of the Parliament of the Turks and Caicos Islands and the Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands distributed food and sandbags to their constituents.[74] Generators were filled and tested prior to the storm and two pump stations were activated.[75]

A hurricane warning was issued for Bermuda.[76] The Causeway, buses, and L.F. Wade International Airport were closed on the evening of October 30 and reopened October 31. Several ferry routes were closed on October 30 and all were closed on October 31. Cedarbridge Academy opened as a shelter on October 30. Government offices closed on October 30.[77]

Impact

[edit]
Casualties by country
Country Deaths Injuries Missing Damage
(USD)
Cuba
1
17
0
 Unknown
Dominican Republic
4
0
1
 Unknown
Haiti
43
15
13
 Unknown
Jamaica
35
109
 Unknown
$6 billion+
Total 83 141 14 ≥$6 billion

Lesser Antilles

[edit]

Winds gusted as high as 45 mph (74 km/h) were recorded on October 19, at Barbados's Grantley Adams International Airport during heavy rain squalls. Other peak gusts included 32 mph (52 km/h) at Saint Lucia and 37 mph (61 km/h) at Martinique.[3]

Puerto Rico

[edit]

Melissa's outer rain bands resulted in heavy rainfall in Guánica on October 24,[78] affecting nearly 400 families and causing damage to buildings and infrastructure.[47]

Haiti

[edit]

In Haiti, 43 people were killed and 13 were missing;[79] deaths include three from a landslide near Port-au-Prince,[80][81][82] another by a falling tree in Marigot,[83] and 25 after a river burst its banks in Petit-Goâve,[84] while 15 others were injured by a collapsing wall in Artibonite Department. At least 450 homes were damaged across the country.[85]

Dominican Republic

[edit]

Across the country, more than 1.1 million[86] people were without water supply after heavy rainfall and flooding disrupted water supply systems, including in Pedro Brand, Los Alcarrizos, and Santo Domingo Oeste.[87] It was reported that 56 aqueducts were out of service.[48] A lane of a road in María Trinidad Sánchez collapsed.[48] A façade fell off of a hospital in Constanza due to rains, leading to the hospital suspending operations.[88] A 71-year-old man died after being swept away by a swollen river in Santo Domingo Norte,[89] while a child in Los Mameyes went missing during the heavy rainfall.[90] A total of four people were reported dead across the country.[91]

Jamaica

[edit]
The eye of Melissa photographed by the U.S. Air Force 53rd WRS "Hurricane Hunters"

By October 27, prior to Melissa's landfall on Jamaica, three people in Saint Elizabeth, Saint Catherine, and Hanover parishes died of indirect causes and 13 others were injured while preparing for the hurricane.[92] Flooding was reported in Old Harbour, while multiple communities in Saint Elizabeth parish had lost power by 06:00 local time.[93] By 15:00 UTC, about 200,000 customers, or 35% of Jamaica's homes and businesses, were left without power.[94] Around 52,000 Jamaica Public Service customers lost power as Melissa approached the island.[95] This number rose to 530,000 people after Melissa struck the island.[96] The parishes of St Elizabeth, Westmoreland, St James, Trelawny and Hanover, which received the worst of Melissa's impacts, lost all communication.[97]

Hurricane Melissa made landfall in New Hope, Westmoreland, as an extremely powerful Category 5 hurricane.[98][13] Extensive damage was reported in Saint Elizabeth, with the parish described as being "underwater".[99] Communities in the parish were reportedly obliterated, with entire buildings collapsing.[100] Severe flooding was reported in several locations including Mandeville, where houses were submerged up to their roofs in water.[99] A BBC journalist described the town as being "flattened" by the hurricane.[101] Severe flooding was also reported in Alligator Pond. The principal of St. Elizabeth Technical High School said the school had suffered severe damage including lost roofs.[99] Black River's hospital suffered significant structural damage, with the roof being blown off.[102] It was estimated that nearly 90% of the town's homes lost their roofs.[103] The town's police station also received significant damage, with several windows and its gate damaged.[104] The fire station was inundated with 16 feet (4.9 m) of water.[58] Much of Montego Bay was also flooded,[101] including the city's port, industrial park[105] and Sangster International Airport's terminal, with much of the ceiling having collapsed.[106] Building collapses, roof damage and downed trees were also reported in Falmouth,[105] which was described as "all but destroyed".[97] In Kingston, a billboard frame was partially toppled and a basin was flooded, while a landslide blocked a road in Gordon Town.[94] The storm ripped the roofs off of about 120,000 structures.[107]

At least 32 people were killed[80] and 96 others were injured across Jamaica.[108] In Saint Elizabeth, at least eight bodies of victims of the hurricane were confirmed. Two deaths were also recorded in Saint James Parish, including an infant killed by a falling tree.[109][110][111] Nine bodies were recovered in Westmoreland Parish.[109] A pregnant woman died in Petersfield when her home collapsed during the hurricane.[112] One unidentified body washed ashore on Black River.[58] The true scale of the damage and fatalities across Jamaica remains unclear as of November 7, with access to and communications with remote areas hindered by infrastructure damage.[113][114][115]

Cuba

[edit]

Prior to Melissa's landfall on Cuba, the hurricane caused flooding and landslides in the southeastern province of Santiago de Cuba.[100] Melissa made landfall east of Chivirico in Santiago de Cuba at around 07:10 UTC on October 29, with sustained winds of 105 kn (120 mph; 195 km/h).[116] President Miguel Díaz-Canel reported "considerable damage" from the hurricane in Cuba, with widespread flooding and streets buried in debris across Santiago de Cuba.[101] Around 992,000 houses were damaged or destroyed in Guantánamo, Holguín and Santiago de Cuba provinces; the region lost power and cellular service.[117] In El Cobre, in Santiago de Cuba, one death was reported.[118] Seventeen people were injured and three million others were affected across the country, with 735,000 in shelters.[119][120] The Cauto River overflowed, with some regions receiving around 20 inches of rainfall.[121] Multiple dams reported over 20 in (500 mm) of rain.[122] Flooding was recorded in Veguitas after excess water was removed from a nearby dam.[121]

At the U.S. Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, downed trees led to 16 homes being considered uninhabitable and the air traffic control tower at the base's air strip was partially flooded.[123]

Elsewhere

[edit]

Melissa caused rough seas along the Colombian coast, with waves of up to 11 ft (3.5 m).[124]

While passing through the Bahamas, Melissa produced wind gusts of 85 mph (137 km/h) on Crooked Island, along with sustained winds of 76 mph (122 km/h).[125] Cat Island experienced hurricane force winds, knocking out power. Power was restored by October 31.[126] Trees were uprooted, utility poles were downed, and roofs were damaged across the archipelago.[126] Deadman's Cay Airport was flooded.[126] Several roads were impassable due to debris on Long Cay.[126] San Salvador Island was without power and had poor cellular service due to downed utility poles. Bahamas Power and Light (BPL) reported 18 downed poles on the island. Five people from BPL were sent to San Salvador.[126] Rum Cay reported flooding and poor cellular service.[126] The eye of Melissa passed over the southern portion of Long Island.[127] The power station on Long Island was severely damaged.[126] Some structural damage to several buildings was also reported on the island.[127] Extreme flooding was reported in several areas in Long Island.[127]

The Turks and Caicos Islands were impacted by rough seas and thunderstorms from Melissa.[74]

In Bermuda, L.F. Wade International Airport recorded wind gusts to 61 mph (98 km/h) during Melissa's passage near the island. An elevated anemometer at the National Museum of Bermuda also recorded a peak wind gust of 98 mph (158 km/h).[28] Bermuda Electric Light Company reported that around 19,000 customers in Bermuda lost power as a result of Melissa, and that five substations were taken offline.[128] Some road renovations were delayed due to Melissa.[129]

In New York, heavy rainfall occurred as a mid-latitude low over the Eastern United States pulled some of Melissa’s moisture northwestward.[130] In New York City, two persons were reported drowned from basement flooding.[131][132] Central Park recorded 1.83 in (46.48 mm) of rain which set a new daily rainfall record.[133][134] Between New York and neighboring New Jersey, over 15,000 customers lost power.[135]

Aftermath

[edit]
Runoff and upwelling caused by Melissa

The Miami Heat basketball team and its regional partners donated around US$1 million in supplies and necessary items as part of recovery efforts in Jamaica following Melissa. Various South Florida aid organizations also mobilized to provide assistance to affected island states.[136] Likewise, The Walt Disney Company announced it would contribute US$1 million to help relief efforts, and American Airlines raised more than US$1.2 million for the American Red Cross to help aid communities affected by the storm.[137][138] Additionally, the Philadelphia Union, in collaboration with goalkeeper Andre Blake, announced a relief drive to help those in Jamaica affected by the storm.[139]

The World Bank activated a support package alongside the Jamaican government and the Inter-American Development Bank to conduct a post-storm damage analysis.[140] The government of the Cayman Islands sent US$200,000 of supplies and pledged US$1.2 million in aid to Jamaica.[141] BermudAir organized an airlift for Jamaica.[142] The government of Trinidad and Tobago sent eight containers of supplies to Jamaica and pledged to send more aid in the coming days.[143][144] Home Depot co-founder and Atlanta Falcons owner Arthur Blank announced he would donate US$1.5 million to World Central Kitchen to help provide food and water for those affected, along with a further US$1 million to Team Rubicon to aid in on-the-ground response.[145] The United States Department of State sent a disaster assistance response team to provide search and recovery assistance.[146] The State Department would later announce they were sending $24 million to help nations affected by Melissa, with $12 million going to Jamaica, $8.5 million to Haiti, $500 thousand to the Bahamas, and $3 million to Cuba in coordination with the Catholic Church.[147] Additionally, the United Nations appealed for $74 million on November 5 to help aid those impacted by Melissa in Cuba.[148]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Storms with designations in quotation marks are officially unnamed. Tropical storms and hurricanes were not named before the year 1950.[16]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Zahra Burton, Sarah Morland (November 5, 2025). "Jamaica sees 30% GDP hit from Hurricane Melissa, at least 75 dead in Caribbean". Reuters. Retrieved November 5, 2025.
  2. ^ Cangialosi, John (October 16, 2025). Seven-Day Tropical Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center.
  3. ^ a b Henson, Bob; Masters, Jeff (October 20, 2025). "Tropical disturbance poses torrential rainfall threat for the central Caribbean". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved October 20, 2025.
  4. ^ Cangialosi, John; Bucci, Lisa (October 21, 2025). Tropical Storm Melissa Discussion Number 1 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 21, 2025.
  5. ^ Henson, Bob; Masters, Jeff (October 23, 2025). "Melissa's slowdown is bad news for the central Caribbean". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved October 23, 2025.
  6. ^ Papin, Philippe (October 23, 2025). Tropical Storm Melissa Discussion Number 9 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 24, 2025.
  7. ^ Papin, Philippe (October 24, 2025). Tropical Storm Melissa Discussion Number 14 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 25, 2025.
  8. ^ Henson, Bob; Masters, Jeff (October 26, 2025). "Melissa leaps from tropical storm to Category 4 hurricane in 18 hours". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved October 26, 2025.
  9. ^ Berg, Robbie; Hagen, Andrew (October 27, 2025). Hurricane Melissa Discussion Number 24 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 27, 2025.
  10. ^ Taft, Molly. "Hurricane Melissa Has Meteorologists Terrified". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved October 31, 2025.
  11. ^ "How did Hurricane Melissa become a 'beast of a storm'?". euronews. October 29, 2025. Retrieved October 31, 2025.
  12. ^ Kelly, Larry (October 28, 2025). Hurricane Melissa Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  13. ^ a b c Kelly, Larry (October 28, 2025). Hurricane Melissa Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  14. ^ "Hurricane Melissa full coverage: 'Extremely dangerous' Category 4 storm leaves behind extensive damage in Jamaica, with several reported dead; Cuba landfall expected overnight". Yahoo News. October 28, 2025. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  15. ^ Cangialosi, John (October 24, 2025). Tropical Storm Melissa Advisory Number 30A (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 25, 2025.
  16. ^ Landsea, Christopher; Dorst, Neal (September 10, 2025). "Subject: Tropical Cyclone Names: B1) How are tropical cyclones named?". Hurricanes: Frequently Asked Questions. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018.
  17. ^ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 4, 2025. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  18. ^ Landsea, Chris; Anderson, Craig; Bredemeyer, William; Carrasco, Cristina; Charles, Noel; Chenoweth, Michael; Clark, Gil; Delgado, Sandy; Dunion, Jason; Ellis, Ryan; Fernandez-Partagas, Jose; Feuer, Steve; Gamanche, John; Glenn, David; Hagen, Andrew; Hufstetler, Lyle; Mock, Cary; Neumann, Charlie; Perez Suarez, Ramon; Prieto, Ricardo; Sanchez-Sesma, Jorge; Santiago, Adrian; Sims, Jamese; Thomas, Donna; Lenworth, Woolcock; Zimmer, Mark (May 2015). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Metadata). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 7, 2025.
  19. ^ Franklin, James (January 31, 2008). Hurricane Dean (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 7, 2025.
  20. ^ Cangialosi, John (October 29, 2025). Hurricane Melissa Discussion Number 31 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  21. ^ Bucci, Lisa; Reinhart, Brad (October 29, 2025). Hurricane Melissa Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  22. ^ Papin, Philippe (October 29, 2025). Hurricane Melissa Discussion Number 33 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  23. ^ Papin, Philippe (October 29, 2025). Hurricane Melissa Discussion Number 34 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  24. ^ Masters, Jeff (October 30, 2025). "Climate change strengthened Hurricane Melissa, making the storm's winds stronger and the damage worse". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  25. ^ Blake, Eric (October 29, 2025). Hurricane Melissa Advisory Number 35 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 31, 2025.
  26. ^ Reinhart, Brad (October 30, 2025). Hurricane Melissa Discussion Number 36 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 31, 2025.
  27. ^ Beven, Jack (October 31, 2025). Hurricane Melissa Discussion Number 39 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 31, 2025.
  28. ^ a b Reinhart, Brad (October 31, 2025). Hurricane Melissa Intermediate Advisory Number 39A (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 31, 2025.
  29. ^ Hagen, Andrew (October 31, 2025). Post-Tropical Cyclone Melissa Discussion Number 41 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 31, 2025.
  30. ^ Masters, Jeff (October 27, 2025). "Jamaica braces for Cat 5 Hurricane Melissa, Earth's strongest storm of 2025". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved October 27, 2025.
  31. ^ Masters, Jeff (October 28, 2025). "Catastrophic Hurricane Melissa hits Jamaica as the strongest landfalling Atlantic hurricane on record". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  32. ^ Lowe, Grace; Rainey, Zach (October 29, 2025). "Hurricane Hunters flight into Melissa disrupted by record-breaking wind gusts". Greenville, South Carolina: WYFF. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  33. ^ a b "Hurricane Melissa live: 'Last chance to protect your life' - storm strengthens again hours before hitting Jamaica". Sky News. October 28, 2025. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  34. ^ Beven, Jack (October 28, 2025). Hurricane Melissa Discussion Number 30 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  35. ^ "Live Updates: Hurricane Melissa Makes Landfall in Jamaica with Violent Winds and Rain". The New York Times. October 28, 2025. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  36. ^ Masters, Jeff (October 30, 2025). "Climate change strengthened Hurricane Melissa, making the storm's winds stronger and the damage worse". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connection. Archived from the original on November 5, 2025.
  37. ^ a b "Melissa reaches Category 5 — fueled by climate change-driven ocean heat". Princeton, New Jersey: Climate Central. October 27, 2025. Archived from the original on November 3, 2025.
  38. ^ a b "Hurricane Melissa (2025) and Climate Change". Princeton, New Jersey: Climate Central. October 31, 2025. Archived from the original on November 5, 2025.
  39. ^ "Hurricane Melissa". London, England, UK: Grantham Institute. October 2025. Archived from the original on October 30, 2025.
  40. ^ Rife, Matt (October 21, 2025). "Tropical Storm Melissa Churns In Caribbean; Hurricane Watch Issued For Southern Haiti". Tampa Free Press. Retrieved October 21, 2025.
  41. ^ Papin, Philippe (October 23, 2025). "Tropical Storm Melissa Intermediate Advisory Number 8A". National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. Retrieved October 24, 2025.
  42. ^ Erdman, Jonathan (October 25, 2025). "Hurricane Melissa Forecast: Flood Danger For Jamaica, Haiti". Weather.com. Retrieved October 25, 2025.
  43. ^ Papin, Philippe (October 23, 2025). "Tropical Storm Melissa Intermediate Advisory Number 9A". National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. Retrieved October 24, 2025.
  44. ^ Kovelman, Catie (October 23, 2025). "Margaritaville at Sea Ship Alters Course to Avoid Latest Storm". Cruise Hive. Retrieved October 24, 2025.
  45. ^ Kovelman, Catie (October 25, 2025). "Two Disney Ships Reroute to Avoid Hurricane Melissa". Cruise Hive. Retrieved October 25, 2025.
  46. ^ "Travel impacts as Category 5 Hurricane Melissa nears Jamaica". October 28, 2025. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  47. ^ a b Guemárez Soto, Andrea (October 22, 2025). "Emiten advertencia de inundaciones por lluvias asociadas a la tormenta tropical Melissa" [Flood warning issued due to rains associated with tropical storm Melissa]. El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). Retrieved October 25, 2025.
  48. ^ a b c Tovar, Andrés (October 24, 2025). "Méndez: Inundaciones por Melissa serán "más y más rápido"". Cadena de Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved October 24, 2025.
  49. ^ "Juan Manuel Méndez: "En 20 años nunca había visto una tormenta tan errática como Melissa"". Listin Diaro (in Spanish). October 24, 2025. Retrieved October 24, 2025.
  50. ^ a b Reilly, Kate (October 25, 2025). "Hurricane Melissa could be Jamaica's most powerful storm in history". NBC News. Retrieved October 25, 2025.
  51. ^ Barrett, Livern (October 23, 2025). "Transport Minister says JUTC and MoBay Metro will continue to operate as long as possible amid TS Melissa". Jamaica Gleaner. Retrieved October 23, 2025.
  52. ^ "NWC implements tropical storm preparedness measures, customers urged to store water". Jamaica Gleaner. October 23, 2025. Retrieved October 23, 2025.
  53. ^ "UWI Mona orders J'can students to leave halls as storm approaches, switches to online classes". The Gleaner. Kingston, Jamaica. October 23, 2025. Retrieved October 23, 2025.
  54. ^ "UWI Mona postpones graduation ceremonies as Hurricane Melissa nears". The Jamaica Gleaner. October 27, 2025. Retrieved October 27, 2025.
  55. ^ Madden, Karen (October 23, 2025). "Sandy Gully race against time". The Gleaner. Kingston, Jamaica. Retrieved October 23, 2025.
  56. ^ "NWC To Ensure Water Supply During TS Melissa – ZIP103 FM". zipfm.net. Retrieved October 25, 2025.
  57. ^ "Jamaica museum gives tips to guard art from Hurricane Melissa". Urgent Matter. October 29, 2025. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  58. ^ a b c d Robles, Frances (November 3, 2025). "After Hurricane Melissa, a Seaside Town in Jamaica Picks Up the Pieces". New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2025.
  59. ^ "JUTC suspends services amid Hurricane Melissa". Jamaica Gleaner. October 27, 2025. Retrieved October 27, 2025.
  60. ^ Boxall, Simon (October 23, 2025). "Melissa's path uncertain, but Cayman prepares for possible hurricane". Cayman Compass. Retrieved October 24, 2025.
  61. ^ "CAL waives flight change fees with approach of Melissa – Cayman Islands Headline News". Cayman News Service. October 23, 2025. Retrieved October 24, 2025.
  62. ^ Bridge, Sarah (October 25, 2025). "Hospitality industry keeps a close eye on Tropical Storm Melissa". Cayman Compass. Retrieved October 25, 2025.
  63. ^ "Four deaths from Hurricane Melissa confirmed in Jamaica as storm leaves trail of destruction across Caribbean". BBC News. October 27, 2025.
  64. ^ Nauman, Qasim (October 28, 2025). "Melissa Devastates Jamaica as Officials Assess Destruction". The New York Times. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  65. ^ Rosenberg, Carol (October 25, 2025). "Navy Begins Evacuating Families From Guantánamo Bay Ahead of Hurricane Melissa". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 26, 2025.
  66. ^ "Yellow Level Adverse Weather Alert continues across Trinidad and Tobago". www.guardian.co.tt. Retrieved October 26, 2025.
  67. ^ Williams, Laurel V. (October 19, 2025). "No incidents reported despite yellow-level weather alerts". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. Retrieved October 26, 2025.
  68. ^ "La Martinique placée en vigilance jaune". France-Antilles (in French). October 18, 2025. Retrieved October 23, 2025.
  69. ^ @CBCNewsBarbados; (October 19, 2025). "A Flash Flood Warning is in effect for Barbados" – via Instagram.
  70. ^ "Prime Minister Pisas Defends Decision to Close Schools Due to Weather Concerns". Curaçao Chronicle. October 24, 2025. Retrieved October 24, 2025.
  71. ^ Uribe, Jesús; Saavedra Torres, Brian (October 29, 2025). "Fuerte oleaje asociado al huracán "Melissa" afecta a pescadores en el Atlántico". Caracol Radio (in Spanish). Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  72. ^ Papin, Philippe (October 29, 2025). "Hurricane Melissa Advisory Number 33...Corrected". National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  73. ^ Bain, Eric III (October 27, 2025). "Evacuation Order issued". The Nassau Guardian. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  74. ^ a b Boyce, Haydn (October 27, 2025). "ALL CLEAR ISSUED FOR TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS AFTER HURRICANE MELISSA VEERS AWAY". The Turks and Caicos Sun. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  75. ^ Boyce, Haydn (October 27, 2025). "TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS URGED TO PREPARE AS HURRICANE MELISSA APPROACHES". The Turks and Caicos Sun. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  76. ^ Pasch, Richard (October 30, 2025). "Hurricane Melissa Intermediate Advisory Number 36A". National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  77. ^ Dickinson, Qian (October 30, 2025). "Airport to close at 6 p.m. as Hurricane Melissa nears". Bermuda Broadcasting. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  78. ^ "Tu Tiempo: panorama lluvioso por bandas externas de Melissa". WAPA-TV (in Spanish). October 24, 2025. Retrieved October 27, 2025.
  79. ^ "Hurricane death toll rises to 43 in Haiti as aid pours in across the northern Caribbean". Los Angeles Times. November 4, 2025. Retrieved November 4, 2025.
  80. ^ a b "Hurricane Melissa death toll rises to 67 as insured losses in Jamaica could top $4 billion". NBC News. November 3, 2025. Retrieved November 3, 2025.
  81. ^ United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (October 26, 2025). "Haiti: Tropical Storm Melissa - Flash Update No.2 (as of 25 October 2025)". ReliefWeb. United Nations. Retrieved October 27, 2025. The Directorate of Civil Protection (DGPC) confirms that three people died and one was severely injured following a landslide on 23 October in Fontamara, Port-au-Prince (West).
  82. ^ "What's the worst-case scenario for Jamaica as Melissa crawls through the Caribbean?". The Washington Post. October 24, 2025. Retrieved October 24, 2025.
  83. ^ "Tropical Storm Melissa lumbers through the Caribbean, killing an elderly man in Haiti". AP News. October 23, 2025. Retrieved October 23, 2025.
  84. ^ Fernandez, Ariel; Rodriguez, Andrea; Myers Jr., John (October 29, 2025). "25 people die in southern Haiti after river flooded by Hurricane Melissa burst its banks, mayor says". Coast Reporter. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  85. ^ "Haiti - FLASH: Melissa has become a hurricane, 2 departments in the red, the human toll is rising (Video)". HaitiLibre. October 25, 2025. Retrieved October 25, 2025.
  86. ^ "Tormenta Melissa deja más de un millón de hogares y negocios sin agua y 183 viviendas afectadas". Diario Libre. October 24, 2025.
  87. ^ "Más de 647.000 personas sin agua en RD por Melissa" [More than 647,000 people in the Dominican Republic are without water due to the effects of Storm Melissa]. El Caribe (Dominican Republic) (in Spanish). October 23, 2025. Retrieved October 23, 2025.
  88. ^ "Lluvias por Melissa causan desplome parcial en hospital de Constanza". Listin Diaro (in Spanish). October 24, 2025. Retrieved October 24, 2025.
  89. ^ Mueses, Merilenny (October 24, 2025). "Melissa: Confirman fallecimiento de hombre arrastrado por cañada en Sabana Perdida". Hoy Digital (in Spanish). Retrieved October 24, 2025.
  90. ^ Encarnación, Gabriela Mora (October 24, 2025). "Niño desaparece cuando se bañaba bajo la lluvia en Los Mameyes". CDN (in Spanish). Retrieved October 24, 2025.
  91. ^ ""Melissa" toca tierra en Jamaica como huracán categoría 5". El Dia (in Spanish). October 28, 2025. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  92. ^ "Three deaths, 13 people injured as Jamaicans prepare for Melissa". Jamaica Observer. October 28, 2025. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  93. ^ "Live Updates: Hurricane Melissa Nears Jamaica as 'Catastrophic' Storm". The New York Times. October 27, 2025. Retrieved October 27, 2025.
  94. ^ a b "Hurricane Melissa making landfall within hours as power cuts hit a third of Jamaica". BBC News. October 28, 2025. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  95. ^ "JPS: Electricity restored to more than 30,000 customers impacted by outages". The Gleaner. October 27, 2025. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  96. ^ "77% of JPS customers without electricity". Jamaica Observer. October 29, 2025. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  97. ^ a b "Much of Falmouth destroyed by Melissa – McKenzie". Jamaica Observer. November 1, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  98. ^ Salmon, Shanna K. (October 28, 2025). "Hurricane Melissa Makes Landfall In New Hope, Westmoreland". Jamaica Information Service.
  99. ^ a b c Jones, Judson; Ghaffar, Nazaneen; Rodríguez Mega, Emiliano; Johnson, Jovan; Levenson, Michael (October 28, 2025). "Hurricane Melissa Hits Jamaica as One of the Most Powerful on Record". The New York Times. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  100. ^ a b "Live Updates: Hurricane Melissa Makes Landfall in Cuba After Lashing Jamaica". The New York Times. October 29, 2025. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  101. ^ a b c "Hurricane leaves trail of destruction across Caribbean". BBC News. October 30, 2025. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  102. ^ "Hurricane Melissa live updates: category 5 storm makes landfall in Jamaica". The Times. October 28, 2025. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  103. ^ "Hurricane Melissa: What we know about the storm that has killed dozens in the Caribbean". Sky News. October 30, 2025. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  104. ^ "Black River Police Station heavily damaged as Hurricane Melissa floods St Elizabeth". The Gleaner. October 28, 2025. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  105. ^ a b "Jamaican officials say more casualties expected after Hurricane Melissa causes 'total devastation'". BBC News. October 30, 2025. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  106. ^ "Video shows destruction at Jamaica airport after Hurricane Melissa hits the island". NBC News. October 30, 2025. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  107. ^ "Jamaica struggles to remove debris from Hurricane Melissa as communities remain cut off". Associated Press. November 6, 2025. Retrieved November 7, 2025.
  108. ^ ECHO (November 4, 2025). "The Caribbean, The Bahamas, Bermuda - Hurricane MELISSA, update (GDACS, NOAA, IOM, WHO PAHO, HOPE, Copernicus EMSR) (ECHO Daily Flash of 4 November 2025)". ReliefWeb. Retrieved November 4, 2025.
  109. ^ a b "Death toll from Hurricane Melissa rises to 19". Jamaica Gleaner. October 30, 2025. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  110. ^ Muscaro, T.J (October 29, 2025). "Jamaica declares disaster, death toll rises from Hurricane Melissa". Santa Clarita Valley Signal. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  111. ^ "Hurricane Melissa churns across Cuba as Category 2 storm". Hereford Times. October 29, 2025. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  112. ^ "Pregnant 18-year-old among Hurricane Melissa deaths in Westmoreland". The Gleaner. October 31, 2025. Retrieved October 31, 2025.
  113. ^ Czachor, Emily Mae (October 30, 2025). "Hurricane Melissa's destruction in Jamaica seen in before-and-after satellite images". CBS News. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  114. ^ McKenzie, Vanassa (November 1, 2025). "#MelissaAftermath: Tufton says teams accessing reports of dead bodies in remote areas". Jamaica Observer. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  115. ^ Tanis, Fatma (November 6, 2025). "Damage from Hurricane Melissa is still blocking aid to Jamaica's residents". NPR. Retrieved November 7, 2025.
  116. ^ Reinhardt, Brad (October 29, 2025). Hurricane Melissa Discussion Number 32 (Report). National Hurricane Center.
  117. ^ IFRC (October 31, 2025). "Emergency Appeal Cuba - Hurricane Melissa (MDRCU013)". ReliefWeb. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  118. ^ "Melissa Leaves Destructive Flooding Across Eastern Cuba". Havana Times. October 30, 2025. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  119. ^ EHCO (October 31, 2025). "The Caribbean - Hurricane MELISSA, update (GDACS, NOAA, NOAA-CPC, DG ECHO, PAHO) (ECHO Daily Flash of 31 October 2025)". ReliefWeb. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  120. ^ "Very Preliminary Report on Damage in Cuba from Melissa". Havana Times. October 29, 2025. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  121. ^ a b "Cuban woman records the flood from the rooftop of her house in Veguitas, Granma: "It was a nightmare."". CiberCuba. November 1, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  122. ^ Portuondo Ortega, Luis Alberto (November 2, 2025). "El agua llegó a Santiago con nombres de mujer". Periódico Sierra Maestra (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  123. ^ Rosenburg, Carol (October 30, 2025). "Live Updates: After Hurricane Melissa, Jamaica Faces Destruction as Far as the Eye Could See". The New York Times.
  124. ^ Peñaloza, Camilo Andres Alvarez (October 29, 2025). "Huracán Melissa genera mar de leva en el Caribe colombiano: alerta amarilla en Atlántico, playas cerradas y daños en Puerto Colombia". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  125. ^ Blake, Eric (October 29, 2025). Hurricane Melissa Advisory Number 34a (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 31, 2025.
  126. ^ a b c d e f g Babb, Kaitlyn (October 31, 2025). "Taking stock: Residents relieved after escaping worst of Melissa". The Nassau Guardian. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  127. ^ a b c Scott, Rachel (October 31, 2025). "Long Islanders report flooding, but minimal damage after Melissa". The Nassau Guardian. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  128. ^ Skelton, Gary Foster (October 31, 2025). "Weeks: Delay Halloween activity post-storm". Bermuda Broadcasting. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  129. ^ Bell, Jonathan (November 5, 2025). "Pedestrian crossing work on Parsons Road to affect drivers". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved November 7, 2025.
  130. ^ "New York City under flash flood warning: Latest Weather Clips". Fox Weather. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  131. ^ "Watch: Streets underwater as deadly rainfall sets record in New York City". www.bbc.com. October 31, 2025. Retrieved October 31, 2025.
  132. ^ "Two found dead in flooded basements as New York city hit by rainstorm". The Guardian. Associated Press. October 31, 2025. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 31, 2025.
  133. ^ "Heavy rains in New York kill two, disrupt flights". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 31, 2025.
  134. ^ US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather Service. "National Weather Service". forecast.weather.gov. Archived from the original on October 31, 2025. Retrieved October 31, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  135. ^ "Deadly storm floods NYC, brings trees down in Philadelphia". AccuWeather. October 30, 2025. Retrieved November 6, 2025.
  136. ^ Solomon, Lois K. (October 27, 2025). "Miami Heat & partners donate $1 million to Hurricane Melissa efforts: Here's how you can help". Sun Sentinel. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  137. ^ "Disney Contributes $1 Million for Hurricane Melissa Relief in Jamaica". The Walt Disney Company. October 31, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  138. ^ "American Airlines and the American Red Cross raise $1 million for Hurricane Melissa relief efforts". American Airlines Newsroom. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  139. ^ "Philadelphia Union, Andre Blake organize Hurricane Melissa Relief Donation Drive". Philadelphia Union. October 31, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  140. ^ "International support mobilises for Jamaica in wake of Hurricane Melissa". Jamaica Observer. October 31, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  141. ^ Bridge, Sarah (October 30, 2025). "Premier: 'Cayman stands with Jamaica'". Cayman Compass. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  142. ^ Lagan, Sarah; Hendrickson, Sékou (November 1, 2025). "BermudAir organises hurricane relief flight to Jamaica". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  143. ^ "#MelissaAftermath: T&T sends eight containers of aid to Jamaica following Hurricane Melissa - Jamaica Observer". October 31, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  144. ^ Gioannetti, Andrew (October 31, 2025). "TT response to hurricane-ravaged Jamaica: State, NGOs mobilise relief drive". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  145. ^ "Georgia nonprofit donates $2.5M for Hurricane Melissa relief". wrdw.com. November 3, 2025. Retrieved November 3, 2025.
  146. ^ "Responding to Hurricane Melissa in Jamaica, The Bahamas, Cuba, Bermuda, Haiti, Dominican Republic, and Turks and Caicos Islands" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State. Retrieved November 3, 2025.
  147. ^ Daphne Psaledakis, Simon Lewis (November 4, 2025). "US to provide $24 million for Caribbean countries hit by Hurricane Melissa". Reuters. Retrieved November 6, 2025.
  148. ^ "Hurricane Melissa: UN launches $74 million response for 2.2 million in Cuba". UN News. November 5, 2025. Retrieved November 7, 2025.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Melissa.