Draft:History of Ozarks
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Last edited by CycoMa2 (talk | contribs) 28 days ago. (Update) |
Sources to read through
[edit]History books
[edit]https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Modest_History_of_Mountain_View_Missou/98E2HAAACAAJ?hl=en
Douglass, Robert Sidney (1912). History of Southeast Missouri:A Narrative Account of Its Historical Progress, Its People and Its Principal Interests. Vol. 1. Lewis Publishing Company.
https://www.google.com/books/edition/Arkansas/Xn-QDwAAQBAJ?hl=en
https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Genesis_of_Missouri/2i4dAwAAQBAJ?hl=en
Archeology sources
[edit]https://www.jstor.org/stable/659072?seq=1
https://www.google.com/books/edition/Let_the_River_be/oL2iqN9YOgkC?hl=en
https://www.google.com/books/edition/Archeological_Investigations_at_3MR80_ar/rBSP1-LcsAwC?hl=en
https://www.google.com/books/edition/Human_Adaptation_in_the_Ozark_and_Ouachi/bGZuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en
https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Wisconsin_Archeologist/FEPzAAAAMAAJ?hl=en
https://www.google.com/books/edition/Prehistoric_Cultural_Continuity_in_the_M/R82EFVfSA3UC?hl=en
Pre-Columbian history
[edit]Paleo-Indians
[edit]The first people in the Ozarks arrived in the region sometime between the 11th millennium BC and the 8th millennium BC.[1] These people were nomadic and small in numbers. They were hunter and gathers, they gathered nuts and berries and used stone tools to hunt whitetail deer, smaller animals, and at times larger animals like mastodon.[2]
Dalton period
[edit]According to historian Brooks Blevins, during the Dalton period, the population in the Ozarks likely began to increase. Blevins also says that during this time the people might have increased their activities in gathering, especially for walnuts and hickory nuts. However, their diet mainly relied on whitetail deer meat which eventually got replaced by the consumption of raccoons, beavers, rabbits, squirrels, turtles, fish, and birds.
The Dalton period also shown material culture such as adz and tools for grinding plants. They also had societal advancements such as trade and burials for the dead.[3]
Archaic period
[edit]The Early Archaic people in the Ozarks had no pottery, no bow and arrow, and no agriculture.[4] But during this time there was an increase in weapons and tools used for hunting, harvesting, and processing raw materials; this included projectile points such as the Rice Lobed and the Rice Contracting Stemmed projectile.[5] Like previous periods the people in the Ozarks during this time were primarily hunters and foragers;[6] their hunting methods include hunting with a spear or a atlatl with a notched projectile point at the end, they also fished and collected food from the near by woods. These people camped near spots where these elements were present, sometimes all three were present in a single spot. Sometimes they made seasonal trips for hunting and gathering and other times they would spend the winter in one spot and then move to another spot in the spring. However, long distant travels were usually unnecessary for these people.[4]
During the later part of this period, projectile points such as the Afton dart point and Table rock stemmed appeared in the Ozarks.[7]
Woodland period
[edit]During this period, trade networks increased causing the natives of the Ozarks to have better connections with people from as far as the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of Mexico.[8]
Hopewell period
[edit]Mississippian Culture
[edit]De Soto reaches Ozarks
[edit]First African Slaves
[edit]Slaves of African heritage have been in the Ozarks as early as the 1720s when French business men imported slaves from Saint Domingue to work in the lead mines of south eastern part of Missouri.[9]
Title pending
[edit]During the later part of the 18th century and early 19th century Indian tribes from the Shawnee, Illinois, Delaware, and other smaller southern tribes migrated to the Ozarks. These immgrations brought forth profit at the time.[10]
These tribes would receive cash from the federal government and the tribes would use this money for trade goods they gained from white traders.[10] These white traders relied on diplomacy and skill to increase their wealth. These white traders would become townsmen and developers in Missouri. These white traders included men such as William Gilliss, who directed his wealth in the Ozarks.[11]
settlement
[edit]American Civil War
[edit]Before the American Civil war there many instances of fighting in the Ozarks. There was fighting between Jayhawkers and Ozark border ruffians, that lasted for 6 years.[12]
Post Civil War
[edit]20th century
[edit]21st Century
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Ingenthron 1970, p. 10.
- ^ Blevins 2018, p. 15.
- ^ Blevins 2018, p. 15-16.
- ^ a b Ingenthron 1970, p. 19-20.
- ^ Ingenthron 1970, p. 20-22.
- ^ Ingenthron 1970, p. 19.
- ^ Ingenthron 1970, p. 22.
- ^ Blevins 2018, p. 16.
- ^ Blevins 2019, p. 9.
- ^ a b Morrow 2013, p. 19.
- ^ Morrow 2013, p. 19-20.
- ^ Cottrell & Steele 2000, p. 11-12.
Bibliography
[edit]Ingenthron, Elmo (1970). Indians of the Ozark Plateau. School of the Ozarks Press.
Morrow, Lynn (December 29, 2013). The Ozarks in Missouri History:Discoveries in an American Region. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 9780826273031. Archived from the original on 2019-10-17.
Cottrell, Steve; Steele, Phillip W. (November 2000). Civil War in the Ozarks. Pelican Publishing Company. ISBN 0882899880.
Blevins, Brooks (June 28, 2018). A History of the Ozarks, Volume 1:The Old Ozarks · Volume 1. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252050602.
Blevins, Brooks (September 30, 2019). A History of the Ozarks, Volume 2:The Conflicted Ozarks · Volume 2. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252051593.