China–Slovenia relations

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China–Slovenia relations
Map indicating locations of China and Slovenia

China
Slovenia
Diplomatic mission
Slovenian Embassy, BeijingChinese Embassy, Ljubljana

China–Slovenia relations refers to the bilateral relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Slovenia.

History

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The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was established in the second half of 1945.[1] At that time, Slovenia was a part of Yugoslavia. On October 27, 1986, Sichuan Province of China established friendly administrative relations with the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, which was a constituent republic of Yugoslavia.[2]: 363 

Slovenia declared independence in June 1991.[1] Germany supported its independence from Yugoslavia and tried to lobby the European Community members who had reservations;[3]: 7  however, the People's Republic of China had good diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia at that time.[4]: 55  In July 1991, Yugoslavia withdrew its troops and other institutions from Slovenia, which was considered a disguised recognition of Slovenia's independence.[5] On April 27, 1992, the People's Republic of China recognized Slovenia and later established diplomatic relations with the country on May 12 of the same year.[6]

On September 13, 2021, Slovenian Prime Minister Janez Janša sent a letter to the leaders of the 27 EU countries to protest against the recall of the ambassador by China for Lithuania's development of relations with Taiwan. He stated that "while respecting the long-standing 'one China' policy, it is undeniable that Taiwan remains an important partner of the EU. Lithuania, like all EU member states, is a sovereign state and has every right to develop relations with Taiwan.[7] We must be more proactive and firmly support Lithuania. We must show China that we stand with each other and we will not let China threaten any of us." In response, China expressed dissatisfaction and criticized Janša.[8] On January 17, 2022, Janša revealed in an interview with Indian TV station DD India that Slovenia plans to enhance its relations with Taiwan like Lithuania, and is negotiating with Taiwan to set up representative offices. Janša described Taiwan as a "democratic country" and bluntly said that it was a pity that China opposed Taiwan's joining the World Health Organization because viruses know no borders.[9] On January 19, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Zhao Lijian expressed strong opposition to Janša's remarks, believing that his remarks challenged the one-China principle, "supported Taiwan independence," and were dangerous.[10] Zhu Fenglian, spokesperson for the Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council, urged the Slovenian government to handle Taiwan-related issues with caution and properly.[11]

In April 2022, Janša lost his bid for re-election in the Slovenian parliamentary election. The winner, Robert Golob, took over as prime minister and adopted a more pragmatic policy toward China. Relations between the two countries have warmed up.[12] In October 2024, the Chinese government also included Slovenia in the list of unilateral visa-free countries, allowing citizens of the country to travel to China without a visa.[13][14]

Cultural relations

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During the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, Liu Songling, a Slovenian Jesuit missionary, came to the Qing Dynasty and was appreciated by Emperor Qianlong. He served as an official in the Qing court. He created the astronomical instrument " Jiheng Fuchenyi " and introduced Chinese culture and geography to Europeans. Some scholars consider him to be the "Marco Polo of Slovenia".[15] Emperor Qianlong repeatedly asked Liu Songling to create a globe that could display the territory of the Qing Dynasty, but after Liu Songling's death, the Qing court could no longer manufacture such instruments. The Qing Dynasty book " Li Xiang Kao Cheng Hou Bian " used the research results of European scientist Isaac Newton, which experts believe was the credit of Liu Songling.[16]: 245 

Slovenia had already had cultural exchanges with China during the Yugoslavian rule. For example, in 1988, Ljubljana, the largest city in the country, held an exhibition of paintings from the Ming and Qing dynasties, and Slovenian officials attended the opening ceremony of the exhibition.[17]: 347 

In the 1990s, academic institutions in China and Slovenia exchanged views on the development of cave tourism and discussed how Yunnan could learn from Slovenia's experience in managing caves as tourist resources. This research was part of the scientific and technological exchanges between the two places.[18]

The University of Ljubljana in Slovenia has a "Confucius Institute for Business". The institute's goal is to promote Chinese culture to local schools, companies and communities, seek business opportunities for the People's Republic of China, and connect the economies of the People's Republic of China and Slovenia.[19] The Confucius Institute provides Chinese language and Chinese culture courses to representatives of local companies, and students have the opportunity to communicate with entrepreneurs doing business in China.[20] The Department of Sports Medicine at the Faculty of Physical Education at the University of Ljubljana offers students acupuncture courses and also offers related examinations.[21] The Department of Asian and African Studies at the Faculty of Arts at the University of Ljubljana has several sinologists whose research areas include Chinese history, philosophy, and art.[22] In China, universities such as Beijing Foreign Studies University and Beijing International Studies University also offer Slovenian language majors.[23][24]

Resident diplomatic missions

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "斯洛文尼亚国家概况". 中华人民共和国外交部. Archived from the original on 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
  2. ^ 四川省地方志编纂委员会 编 (2001年). 《四川省志·外事志》. 四川省成都市: 巴蜀书社. ISBN 9787806590263. Archived from the original on 2023-12-15. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
  3. ^ 世界知識. 世界知識出版社. 1992. Archived from the original on 2015-07-10. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
  4. ^ 袁柄忠. 我在白宮當記者. 重慶出版社. Archived from the original on 2015-07-10. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
  5. ^ 叶卫平 (1997). 独联体经济圈与中国企业. 中国经济出版社.
  6. ^ "中国同斯洛文尼亚的双边关系". 中华人民共和国外交部. Archived from the original on 2015-07-08. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
  7. ^ 吳妍 (2021-09-15). "斯洛維尼亞總理力挺立陶宛與台灣 致函歐盟27國領導人". 鏡周刊. Archived from the original on 2021-10-31. Retrieved 2022-01-29.
  8. ^ "为立陶宛撑腰？欧盟轮值主席国致函指责中国，外交部回应". xw.qq.com. 19 September 2021. Archived from the original on 2022-01-29. Retrieved 2022-01-29.
  9. ^ 呂伊萱 (2022-01-19). "斯洛維尼亞總理楊薩：力挺台灣 洽談互設代表處". 自由時報電子報. 自由時報. Archived from the original on 2022-04-25. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
  10. ^ "中方:强烈反对斯洛文尼亚领导人发表支持"台独"的言论". 澎湃新闻. 2022-01-19. Archived from the original on 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
  11. ^ "国台办：敦促斯洛文尼亚政府慎重妥善处理涉台问题". 人民日报客户端. 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
  12. ^ 楊丞彧 (2022-05-07). "台灣設代表處恐生變？ 專家分析斯洛維尼亞新政府態度". 自由时报. Archived from the original on 2024-07-20. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  13. ^ 路尘 (2024-04-23). "斯洛文尼亚副总理兼外长：和平不再理所当然 但欧洲并未陷入分裂". 财新网. Archived from the original on 2024-05-23. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  14. ^ 张蕾. "新增四国试行来华免签旅客抵京". 人民网. Archived from the original on 2025-01-20. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  15. ^ 厉振羽 (编) (2008-05-13). "讲述斯洛文尼亚马可·波罗的经历". 东方早报. Archived from the original on 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2015-07-07.
  16. ^ 余三乐 (2001). 早期西方传敎士与北京. 北京出版社.
  17. ^ 新中国对外文化交流史略. 中国友谊出版公司. 1999. ISBN 9787505714779.
  18. ^ 张帆 (1998). "中国云南—斯洛文尼亚洞穴旅游的比较研究". 云南地理环境研究.
  19. ^ "关于我们". 卢布尔雅那大学孔子学院. Archived from the original on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
  20. ^ "公司". 卢布尔雅那大学孔子学院. Archived from the original on 2015-07-08. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
  21. ^ Edvin Dervisevic (November 2008). "斯洛文尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那针灸教育项目". 针灸与人类健康论文摘要汇编. 世界卫生组织传统医学大会卫星研讨会.
  22. ^ 刘佳平 (2013). "斯洛文尼亚汉学研究概况". 国外社会科学 (4). 上海对外经贸大学.
  23. ^ 北京外国语大学. "首页". 北京外国语大学 (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 2022-06-19. Retrieved 2021-09-22.
  24. ^ 北京第二外国语学院. "计金标校长会见斯洛文尼亚共和国外交部国务秘书、副部长莱斯科瓦一行". 北京第二外国语学院. Archived from the original on 2021-10-05. Retrieved 2019-12-04.