Zanthoxylum gilletii

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Zanthoxylum gilletii
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Genus: Zanthoxylum
Species:
Z. gilletii
Binomial name
Zanthoxylum gilletii
Synonyms
  • Fagara amaniensis Engl.
  • Fagara gilletii De Wild.
  • Fagara inaequalis Engl.
  • Fagara macrophylla (Oliv.) Engl.
  • Fagara tessmannii Engl.
  • Zanthoxylum macrophyllum Oliv.
Dried uzazi fruits

Zanthoxylum gilletii, the East African satinwood, is a tree species in the genus Zanthoxylum found in Africa. The fruits are used to produce the spice uzazi, which is the Nigerian (Igbo language) name of both the plant and the spice. It is native to Central and West Africa, and a close relative of the Sichuan pepper. "Uzazi" usually refers specifically to the spice made from its fruit and pericarp, though sometimes other parts of it such as its leaves are used.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

Description

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Each bunch contains 20 to 30 berries. Each berry is round, has a size of 3.5 to 6 mm (1/8 inch to 1/4 inch), has a stalk, and contains a large black seed. The berry turns red when ripe. The berries contain the alkaloid sanshool.

Use

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Fruit

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The fruit is described as spicy and pungent, more so than Sichuan pepper, and bitter.[2][6] It is usually used by grinding it into a powder and adding it into soups, stews, seasonings, and sauces.[2][5][13][14] Even in West Africa this is a rare spice,[citation needed] and typically only five or six dried fruit are added to a dish.[6]

In herbal medicine, it is used to treat tumors and wounds.[5]

The name of the spice is derived from Igbo, a language in Nigeria, where the spice is grown and harvested on a commercial basis.[citation needed]

Chemistry

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The alkaloid nitidine can be isolated from the plant.[15]

The amide alkaloids N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)octacosanamide, N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)hexacosanamide, N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)decanamide, N-vanilloyltyramine and N-[O-docosanoylvanilloyl]tyramine can be isolated from the stem bark.[16] The lignan sesamin, the N-isobutylamide γ-sanshool, the acridone alkaloids 1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-N-methylacridone, arborinine, xanthoxoline and 1-hydroxy-3-methoxyacridone can also be extracted from the bark[17] as well as the alkaloids oblongine, tembetarine and magnoflorine and the flavonoid hesperidin.[18]

References

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  1. ^ Hills, R. (2019). "Zanthoxylum gilletii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T61958923A61958932. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T61958923A61958932.en. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  2. ^ a b c Evans, Dyfed Lloyd. "Spice Guide Uzazi". Celtnet Recipes / Nemeton: The Sacred Grove: Home of Ancient Recipes. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  3. ^ dkunkel (2018-04-20). "Subgroup 028B Fruit or berry" (PDF). CLASS A: PRIMARY FOOD COMMODITIES OF PLANT ORIGIN, TYPE 05: HERBS AND SPICES, GROUP 027 HERBS. Raleigh, NC: College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NC State University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-10-11. Retrieved 2023-10-11. HS 3330, Uzazi, Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman, basionym: Fagara tessmannii
  4. ^ "Subgroup 028B Fruit or berry". Agenda Item 7(b): REVISION OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF FOOD AND FEED: CLASS A: PRIMARY FOOD COMMODITIES OF PLANT ORIGIN, TYPE 05: HERBS AND SPICES, GROUP 027 HERBS, GROUP 028 SPICES (AT STEP 7) (PDF). JOINT FAO/WHO FOOD STANDARDS PROGRAMME, CODEX COMMITTEE ON PESTICIDE RESIDUES, 50th Session: Haikou, PR. China, 9 - 14 April 2017. Prepared by the Electronic Working Group chaired by the United States of America and co-chaired by the Netherlands. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization. February 2018. p. 18. CX/PR 18/50/7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-12-27. HS 3315, Uzazi, Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman, basionym: Fagara tessmannii{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. ^ a b c Vetlesen, Kari (2022-12-08). Ervik, Finn; Bolstad, Erik (eds.). "uzazi". Biologi / Planteriket / Dekkfrøete planter / Tofrøbladete planter / Lønneordenen / Rutefamilien. Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2023-10-11. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  6. ^ a b c "Uzazi". Rutaceae | Zanthoxylum; #oorsprong en verspreiding, #gezondheidsaspecten, #igi-ata. OURFOOD NL (in Dutch). 2020-06-13. Archived from the original on 2023-10-11. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  7. ^ "Ladinakeelne nimetus: Zanthoxylum tessmannii (Engl.) Ayafor". Eestikeelsete taimenimede andmebaas (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2023-10-12. Retrieved 2023-10-11. Eestikeelne nimetus: Tessmanni koldpuu; saadus (maitseaine): uzazi, puit: olon
  8. ^ The Standing Committee on Plants, Animals, Food and Feed (2018-01-17). "PART B: Other products referred to in Article 2(1)". Written at Brussels. replacing Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council (Text with EEA relevance). II (Non-legislative acts). Official Journal of the European Union. - (published 2018-01-23). p. L 18/68. COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2018/62. Archived from the original on 2023-10-12. 0820020, Sichuan pepper: 0820020-002, Uzazi, Zanthoxylum tessmannii; syn: Fagara tessmannii{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Brifo, Kojo (2022-12-01). "Creating Flavors for Africans". Vanguard News. Nigeria: Vanguard Media Limited. Archived from the original on 2022-12-01. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
  10. ^ "Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman". All plants / Code / Angiosperms / Sapindales / Rutaceae. WFO Plant List. World Flora Online. June 2023. wfo-0000429498. Archived from the original on 2023-10-11. Retrieved 2023-10-11. This species name was first published in Taxon 23: 363 (1975) ... Zanthoxylum tessmannii, author: (Engl.) Ayafor, protologue: Pl. Med. (Stuttgart) 50: 210 (1984), https://www.ipni.org/n/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:972889-1, http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000429464 ... Fagara tessmannii, author: Engl., protologue: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46: 406 (1911), https://www.ipni.org/n/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:773556-1, http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000685011 {{cite web}}: External link in |quote= (help)
  11. ^ "Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman". Plants of the World Online | Kew Science. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2023-10-11. Fagara tessmannii Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46: 406 (1911) ... Zanthoxylum tessmannii (Engl.) Ayafor in Pl. Med. (Stuttgart) 50: 210 (1984) ... Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone: The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/ {{cite web}}: External link in |quote= (help)
  12. ^ "How to make Nigerian Fish Pepper Soup". Souldeliciouz. London. 2015-03-24 [2013-12-10]. Archived from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2023-10-12. WARNING: Avast flags this webpage as URL:Phishing, though VirusTotal gives 0 detections.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  13. ^ Evans, Dyfed Lloyd. "Cassava Soup". Meat/Main Course, Origin: West Africa, Period: Traditional. Celtnet Recipes / Nemeton: The Sacred Grove: Home of Ancient Recipes. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  14. ^ Evans, Dyfed Lloyd (2007-09-27). "West African Fish Rub". Spice Blends, Origin: West Africa, Period: Modern. Celtnet Recipes / Nemeton: The Sacred Grove: Home of Ancient Recipes. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  15. ^ Torto, F.G.; Mensah, I.A. (April 1970). "Alkaloids of Fagara macrophylla". Phytochemistry. 9 (4): 911–4. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85206-1.
  16. ^ Wansi JD, Nwozo SO, Mbaze LM, Devkota KP, Donkwe Moladje SM, Fomum ZT, Sewald N (April 2009). "Amides from the stem bark of Fagara macrophylla". Planta Med. 75 (5): 517–521. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1185327.
  17. ^ Spatafora, Carmela; Tringali, Corrado (May 1997). "Bioactive Metabolites from the Bark of Fagara macrophylla". Phytochemical Analysis. 8 (3): 139–142. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199705)8:3<139::AID-PCA341>3.0.CO;2-P.
  18. ^ Tringali, Corrado; Spatafora, Carmela; Calı, Valeria; Simmonds, Monique S.J (June 2001). "Antifeedant constituents from Fagara macrophylla". Fitoterapia. 72 (5): 538–543. doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(01)00265-9. PMID 11429249.
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