WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

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For the list for children, see WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children.

The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (a.k.a. Essential Medicines List or EML[1]), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system.[2] The list is frequently used by countries to help develop their own local lists of essential medicines.[2] As of 2016, more than 155 countries have created national lists of essential medicines based on the World Health Organization's model list.[1] This includes both developed and developing countries.[2][3]

The list is divided into core items and complementary items.[4] The core items are deemed to be the most cost-effective options for key health problems and are usable with little additional health care resources.[4] The complementary items either require additional infrastructure such as specially trained health care providers or diagnostic equipment or have a lower cost–benefit ratio.[4] About 25% of items are in the complementary list.[5] Some medications are listed as both core and complementary.[6] While most medications on the list are available as generic products, being under patent does not preclude inclusion.[7]

The first list was published in 1977 and included 208 medications.[8][2][9] The WHO updates the list every two years.[10] There are 306 medications in the 14th list in 2005,[11] 410 in the 19th list in 2015,[10] 433 in the 20th list in 2017,[12][13] 460 in the 21st list in 2019,[14][15][16] and 479 in the 22nd list in 2021.[17][18] Various national lists contain between 334 and 580 medications.[5][19] The Essential Medicines List (EML) was updated in September 2025 to its 24th edition.[20] The list contains recommendations for 523 medications.

A separate list for children up to twelve years of age, known as the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children (EMLc), was created in 2007, and is in its 10th edition.[10][21][22][23][24] It was created to make sure that the needs of children were systematically considered such as availability of proper formulations.[25][26] Everything in the children's list is also included in the main list.[27] The list and notes are based on the 19th to 24th edition of the main list.[4][12][14][17][28] Therapeutic alternatives with similar clinical performance are listed for some medicines and they may be considered for national essential medicines lists.[17][18] The 10th Essential Medicines List for Children was updated in September 2025.[24][29][30]

Note: An α indicates a medicine is on the complementary list.[4][14][17]

Anaesthetics, preoperative medicines and medical gases

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General anaesthetics and oxygen

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Inhalational medicines

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Injectable medicines

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Local anaesthetics

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Complementary:

Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures

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Medical gases

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Medicines for pain and palliative care

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Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs)

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A line drawing of a hexagon with two attachments
A skeletal model of the chemical structure of aspirin

Opioid analgesics

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Complementary:

Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care

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Antiallergics and medicines used in anaphylaxis

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Antidotes and other substances used in poisonings

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Non-specific

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Specific

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Complementary:

Medicines for neurological disorders

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Medicines for central nervous system disorders

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Antiseizure medicines

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Complementary:

Medicines for multiple sclerosis

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Complementary:

Medicines for parkinsonism

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Medicines for cerebral palsy

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Medicines for headache disorders

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Medicines for acute migraine attacks
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Medicines for migraine prophylaxis
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Medicines for cluster headache
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Medicines for central nervous system infections

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Medicines for bacterial central nervous system infections
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Complementary:

Medicines for viral central nervous system infections
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Medicines for peripheral nervous system disorders

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Medicines for Guillain-Barré syndrome

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Complementary:

Medicines for myasthenia gravis

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Complementary:

Anti-infective medicines

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Anthelminthics

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Intestinal anthelminthics

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A hexagon joined to a polygon with two attachments to this double ringed structure
A skeletal model of the chemical structure of albendazole

Antifilarials

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Antischistosomals and other antinematode medicines

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Complementary:

Cysticidal medicines

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Complementary:

Antibacterials

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Access group antibiotics

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Watch group antibiotics

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Complementary:

Reserve group antibiotics

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Complementary:

Antileprosy medicines

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Antituberculosis medicines

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A small pile of white crystals
Pure crystals of ethambutol

Antifungal medicines

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Complementary:

Antiviral medicines

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Antiherpes medicines

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Antiretrovirals

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Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
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Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
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Protease inhibitors
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Integrase inhibitors
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Fixed-dose combinations of antiretroviral medicines
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Other antivirals
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Complementary:

Antihepatitis medicines

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Medicines for hepatitis B
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Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
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Medicines for hepatitis C
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Pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations
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Non-pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations
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Other antivirals for hepatitis C
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Antiprotozoal medicines

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Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines

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Antileishmaniasis medicines

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Antimalarial medicines

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Medicines for curative treatment
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Medicines for chemoprevention
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Medicines for chemoprophylaxis in travellers
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Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines

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Complementary:

Antitrypanosomal medicines

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African trypanosomiasis
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Medicines for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis
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Medicines for the treatment of 2nd stage African trypanosomiasis
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Complementary:

American trypanosomiasis
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Medicines for ectoparasitic infections

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Medicines for Ebola virus disease

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Medicines for COVID-19

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No listings in this section.

Medicines for cystic fibrosis

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Complementary:

Immunomodulators and antineoplastics

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Immunomodulators for non-malignant disease

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Complementary:

Antineoplastics and supportive medicines

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Cytotoxic medicines

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Complementary:

Targeted therapies

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Complementary:

Immunomodulators

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Complementary:

Hormones and antihormones

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Complementary:

Supportive medicines

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Complementary:

Therapeutic foods

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Medicines affecting the blood

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Antianaemia medicines

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Complementary:

Medicines affecting coagulation

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Complementary:

Medicines for haemoglobinopathies

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Medicines for sickle-cell disease

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Complementary:

Medicines for thalassaemias

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Complementary:

Blood products, coagulation factors and plasma substitutes

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Blood and blood components

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Human immunoglobulins

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Complementary:

Coagulation factors

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Plasma substitutes

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Cardiovascular medicines

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Antianginal medicines

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Antiarrhythmic medicines

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Complementary:

Antihypertensive medicines

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Complementary:

Medicines used in heart failure

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Complementary:

Antithrombotic medicines

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Anti-platelet medicines

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Thrombolytic medicines

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Complementary:

Lipid-lowering agents

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Fixed-dose combinations for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

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Dermatological medicines

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Antifungal medicines

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Anti-infective medicines

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Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines

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Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation

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Complementary:

Scabicides and pediculicides

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Moisturizers

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Sunscreens, broad-spectrum

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Diagnostic agents

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Ophthalmic medicines

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Radiocontrast media

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Complementary:

Antiseptics and disinfectants

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Antiseptics

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Disinfectants

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Diuretics

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Complementary:

Gastrointestinal medicines

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Complementary:

Antiulcer medicines

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Antiemetic medicines

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Complementary:

Anti-inflammatory medicines

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Complementary:

Laxatives

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Medicines used in diarrhoea

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Oral rehydration

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Medicines for diarrhoea

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Medicines for endocrine disorders

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Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes

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Androgens

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Complementary:

Estrogens

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No listings in this section.

Progestogens

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Medicines for diabetes

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Insulins

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Hypoglycaemic agents

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Complementary:

Medicines for hypoglycaemia

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Complementary:

Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines

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Complementary:

Medicines for disorders of the pituitary hormone system

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Complementary:

Immunologicals

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Diagnostic agents

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Sera, immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies

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Vaccines

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Muscle relaxants (peripherally-acting) and cholinesterase inhibitors

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Complementary:

Ophthalmological preparations

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Anti-infective agents

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Anti-inflammatory agents

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Local anaesthetics

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Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines

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Mydriatics

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Complementary:

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) preparations

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Complementary:

Medicines for reproductive health and perinatal care

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Contraceptives

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Oral hormonal contraceptives

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Injectable hormonal contraceptives

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Intrauterine devices

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Barrier methods

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Implantable contraceptives

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Intravaginal contraceptives

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Ovulation inducers

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Complementary:

Uterotonics

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Medicines for medical abortion

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Antioxytocics (tocolytics)

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Other medicines administered to the mother

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Medicines administered to the neonate

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Complementary:

Peritoneal dialysis solution

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Complementary:

Medicines for mental and behavioural disorders

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Medicines used in psychotic disorders

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Complementary:

Medicines used in mood disorders

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Medicines used in depressive disorders

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Medicines used in bipolar disorders

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Medicines for anxiety disorders

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Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders

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Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use

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Medicines for alcohol use disorders

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Medicines for nicotine use disorders

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Medicines for opioid use disorders

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Complementary:

Medicines acting on the respiratory tract

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Antiasthmatic medicines and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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Solutions correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances

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Oral

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Parenteral

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Miscellaneous

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Vitamins and minerals

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Complementary:

Ear, nose and throat medicines

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Medicines for diseases of joints

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Medicines used to treat gout

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Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

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Complementary:

Medicines for juvenile joint diseases

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Complementary:

Dental medicines and preparations

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Notes

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An α indicates the medicine is on the complementary list for which specialized diagnostic or monitoring or training is needed. An item may also be listed as complementary on the basis of higher costs or a less attractive cost-benefit ratio.[4][14]

  1. ^ Piped nitrous oxide is a major source of atmospheric pollution from healthcare facilities. Point-of-care cylinders are the preferred delivery system over centrally-supplied (piped) delivery systems
  2. ^ Thiopental is an alternative
  3. ^ For use in spinal anaesthesia during delivery, to prevent hypotension
  4. ^ No more than 30% oxygen should be used to initiate resuscitation of neonates less than or equal to 32 weeks of gestation
  5. ^ Not in children less than three months
  6. ^ Not recommended for anti‐inflammatory use due to lack of proven benefit to that effect
  7. ^ For the management of cancer pain
  8. ^ Hydromorphone and oxycodone are alternatives
  9. ^ For the management of cancer pain
  10. ^ a b May be used for buccal administration when solution for oromucosal administration is not available
  11. ^ a b Dolasetron, granisetron, palonosetron, and tropisetron are alternatives
  12. ^ Cetirizine and fexofenadine are alternatives
  13. ^ a b c Prednisone is an alternative
  14. ^ Alternative formulations of activated charcoal may be used if granules are not available
  15. ^ For use as adjunctive therapy for treatment-resistant partial or generalized seizures
  16. ^ Diazepam (injection) and midazolam (injection) are alternatives
  17. ^ For use in eclampsia and severe pre‐eclampsia and not for other convulsant disorders
  18. ^ The presence of both 25 mg/5 mL and 30 mg/5 mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided
  19. ^ a b c Valproic acid (sodium valproate) is not recommended in women and girls of childbearing potential owing to the high risk of birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders in children exposed to valproic acid (sodium valproate) in the womb
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Including quality-assured biosimilars
  21. ^ Trihexyphenidyl is an alternative
  22. ^ Benserazide is an alternative for carbidopa
  23. ^ Naproxen is an alternative
  24. ^ The presence of both 120 mg/5 mL and 125 mg/5mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided
  25. ^ Eletriptan is an alternative
  26. ^ Third-generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized neonates
  27. ^ a b Do not administer with calcium and avoid in infants with hyperbilirubinemia
  28. ^ a b > 41 weeks corrected gestational age
  29. ^ Only for the presumptive treatment of epidemic meningitis in children older than two years
  30. ^ a b > three months
  31. ^ a b Oral valaciclovir is an alternative
  32. ^ Moxidectin is an alternative
  33. ^ Arpraziquantel is an alternative
  34. ^ Oxamniquine is listed for use when praziquantel treatment fails
  35. ^ > one month
  36. ^ Only for the presumptive treatment of epidemic meningitis in children older than two years and in adults
  37. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (J01CF Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins)
  38. ^ Cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and flucloxacillin are preferred for oral administration due to better bioavailability
  39. ^ Use in children <8 years only for life-threatening infections when no alternative exists
  40. ^ Procaine benzylpenicillin is not recommended as first-line treatment for neonatal sepsis except in settings with high neonatal mortality, when given by trained health workers in cases where hospital care is not achievable
  41. ^ Third-generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized neonates
  42. ^ Erythromycin is an alternative as second choice treatment for pharyngitis in children (EMLc only)
  43. ^ For use in combination regimens for eradication of H. pylori in adults
  44. ^ Vancomycin powder for injection may also be used for oral administration
  45. ^ Imipenem/cilastatin is an alternative for complicated intraabdominal infections and high-risk febrile neutropenia only. Meropenem is the preferred choice for acute bacterial meningitis in neonates
  46. ^ Tedizolid phosphate is an alternative
  47. ^ For use only in combination with meropenem or imipenem/cilastatin
  48. ^ Terizidone is an alternative
  49. ^ Prothionamide is an alternative for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
  50. ^ Imipenem/cilastatin is an alternative
  51. ^ For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, mycoses caused by T. marneffei and chromoblastomycosis; and prophylaxis of histoplasmosis and infections caused by T. marneffei in AIDS patients
  52. ^ For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and acute invasive aspergillosis
  53. ^ Anidulafungin and caspofungin are alternatives
  54. ^ Also indicated for pre-exposure prophylaxis
  55. ^ > six weeks
  56. ^ > three years
  57. ^ ≥ 4 weeks and ≥ 3 kg; ≥ 25 kg
  58. ^ For use in pregnant women and in second-line regimens in accordance with WHO treatment guidelines
  59. ^ a b Lamivudine is an alternative for emtricitabine
  60. ^ Combination also indicated for pre-exposure prophylaxis
  61. ^ For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr)
  62. ^ For severe illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in critically ill hospitalized patients
  63. ^ For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr)
  64. ^ Pangenotypic when used in combination with sofosbuvir
  65. ^ Pangenotypic when used in combination with sofosbuvir
  66. ^ Pangenotypic when used in combination with daclatasvir or ravidasvir
  67. ^ For the treatment of hepatitis C, in combination with direct acting anti-viral medicines
  68. ^ Proposed for deletion in 2027
  69. ^ > 25 kg
  70. ^ Tinidazole is an alternative
  71. ^ Liposomal amphotericin B has a better safety profile than the sodium deoxycholate formulation and should be prioritized for selection and use depending on local availability and cost
  72. ^ a b c For use in the management of severe malaria
  73. ^ For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection
  74. ^ For use to reduce the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections
  75. ^ For use only for prophylaxis of Plasmodium vivax infection
  76. ^ > 8 years
  77. ^ For the treatment of 1st and 2nd stage human African trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection
  78. ^ a b To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection
  79. ^ To be used for the treatment of the initial phase of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection
  80. ^ Only to be used in combination with eflornithine, for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection
  81. ^ a b Certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, and infliximab are alternatives, including quality-assured biosimilars
  82. ^ Afatinib and gefitinib are alternatives
  83. ^ Zanubrutinib is an alternative
  84. ^ As monotherapy for deficient mismatch repair (dMMR ) / microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) tumours
  85. ^ Atezolizumab and cemiplimab are alternatives, including quality-assured biosimilars
  86. ^ Nivolumab is an alternative, including quality-assured biosimilars
  87. ^ Enzalutamide is an alternative
  88. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (L02BG Aromatase inhibitors)
  89. ^ Flutamide and nilutamide are alternatives
  90. ^ Goserelin and triptorelin are alternatives
  91. ^ May also be used for oral administration
  92. ^ Biscuit or paste of nutritional composition as determined by the UN joint statement on the community-based management of severe acute malnutrition and Codex alimentarius guidelines
  93. ^ Periconceptual use for prevention of first occurrence of neural tube defects
  94. ^ Epoetin alfa, beta and theta; darbepoetin alfa; methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta; and their quality-assured biosimilars are alternatives
  95. ^ Apixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban are alternatives
  96. ^ Alternatives are dalteparin and nadroparin, including their quality-assured biosimilars
  97. ^ Acenocoumarol is an alternative
  98. ^ a b Deferiprone is an alternative
  99. ^ Cryoprecipitate (not pathogen-reduced) is an alternative. Native cryoprecipitate should only be used in situations of life-threatening haemorrhage when pathogen-reduced cryoprecipitate is not available
  100. ^ Polygeline, injectable solution, 3.5% is an alternative
  101. ^ a b c Carvedilol and metoprolol are alternatives
  102. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives)
  103. ^ Atenolol, carvedilol, and metoprolol are alternatives. Atenolol should not be used as a first-line agent in uncomplicated hypertension in patients > 60 years
  104. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain)
  105. ^ Hydralazine is listed for use only in the acute management of severe pregnancy-induced hypertension. Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the evidence of greater efficacy and safety of other medicines
  106. ^ a b c Chlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, and indapamide are alternatives
  107. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) (for lisinopril) and 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives) (for amlodipine)
  108. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) (for lisinopril) and chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, indapamide (for hydrochlorothiazide)
  109. ^ a b Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain)
  110. ^ Methyldopa is listed for use only in the management of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the evidence of greater efficacy and safety of other medicines
  111. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) (for perindopril); and 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives) (for amlodipine); and chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide (for indapamide)
  112. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain) (for telmisartan); and 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives) (for amlodipine)
  113. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain) (for telmisartan); and chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, indapamide (for hydrochlorothiazide)
  114. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain) (for valsartan); 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives) (for amlodipine); and chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, indapamide (for hydrochlorothiazide)
  115. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain)
  116. ^ Bumetanide and torasemide are alternatives
  117. ^ For use in high‐risk patients. Atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, and pravastatin are alternatives
  118. ^ a b Fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin are alternatives for atorvastatin
  119. ^ a b 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) are alternatives for ramipril
  120. ^ Atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, and pravastatin are alternatives for simvastatin
  121. ^ Bisoprolol, carvedilol, and metoprolol are alternatives for atenolol
  122. ^ Chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, and indapamide are alternatives for hydrochlorothiazide
  123. ^ 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) are alternatives for perindopril
  124. ^ 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives) are alternatives for amlodipine
  125. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D01AC Imidazole and triazole derivatives) excluding combinations
  126. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07AC Corticosteroids, potent (group III))
  127. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07AA Corticosteroids, weak (group I))
  128. ^ Calcitriol and tacalcitol are alternatives
  129. ^ Podophyllotoxin is an alternative
  130. ^ Certolizumab pegol, etanercept, infliximab, including quality-assured biosimilars, are alternatives
  131. ^ Precipitated sulfur topical ointment is an alternative
  132. ^ Atropine and cyclopentolate are alternatives
  133. ^ Propanol is an alternative
  134. ^ Iodine is an alternative
  135. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D08AE Phenol and derivatives)
  136. ^ Bumetanide and torasemide are alternatives
  137. ^ Chlorothiazide and chlorthalidone are alternatives
  138. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BC Proton pump inhibitors) excluding combinations
  139. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BA H2-receptor antagonists) excluding combinations
  140. ^ Mesalazine is an alternative
  141. ^ Bisacodyl is an alternative
  142. ^ In acute diarrhoea zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts
  143. ^ Norethisterone is an alternative
  144. ^ Insulin glargine, Insulin degludec, and insulin detemir, including quality-assured biosimilars, are alternatives
  145. ^ Insulin lispro, Insulin aspart, and insulin glulisine, including quality-assured biosimilars, are alternatives
  146. ^ Canagliflozin and dapagliflozin are alternatives
  147. ^ Glibenclamide not suitable above 60 years. Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A10BB Sulfonylureas)
  148. ^ Dulaglutide, liraglutide, and tirzepatide, including quality-assured biosimilars, are alternatives
  149. ^ a b Carbimazole is an alternative depending on local availability
  150. ^ For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available; and in patients during the first trimester of pregnancy
  151. ^ For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available
  152. ^ Bromocriptine is an alternative
  153. ^ Exact type to be defined locally
  154. ^ Atracurium is an alternative
  155. ^ For infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  156. ^ Amikacin, kanamycin, netilmicin, and tobramycin are alternatives
  157. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01AE Fluoroquinolones)
  158. ^ Chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline are alternatives
  159. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01HA Local anaesthetics) excluding cocaine and combinations
  160. ^ Carbachol is an alternative
  161. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01ED Beta blocking agents) excluding combinations
  162. ^ Cyclopentolate hydrochloride or homatropine hydrobromide are alternatives only for the EMLc
  163. ^ For use in women actively breastfeeding at least 4 times per day
  164. ^ Anastrozole is an alternative
  165. ^ Methylergometrine is an alternative
  166. ^ Only for use for induction of labour where appropriate facilities are available
  167. ^ dinoprostone (prostaglandin E2) is an alternative
  168. ^ Indometacin is an alternative
  169. ^ Haloperidol decanonate and zuclopenthixol decanonate are alternatives
  170. ^ Chlorpromazine is an alternative for the tablet
  171. ^ Risperidone injection is an alternative
  172. ^ Aripiprazole, olanzapine, paliperidone, and quetiapine are alternatives
  173. ^ a b c Citalopram, escitalopram, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline are alternatives
  174. ^ Aripiprazole, olanzapine, and paliperidone are alternatives
  175. ^ Lorazepam is an alternative
  176. ^ For short-term emergency management of acute and severe anxiety symptoms only
  177. ^ Buprenorphine is an alternative. The medicines should only be used within an established support programme
  178. ^ Beclometasone, ciclesonide, flunisolide, fluticasone, and mometasone are alternatives
  179. ^ Beclometasone/formoterol, budesonide/salmeterol, fluticasone/formoterol, fluticasone furoate/vilanterol, and mometasone/formoterol are alternatives
  180. ^ Terbutaline is an alternative
  181. ^ Aclidinium, glycopyrronium, and umeclidinium are alternatives
  182. ^ Ergocalciferol is an alternative
  183. ^ Colecalciferol is an alternative
  184. ^ Ofloxacin is an alternative
  185. ^ For use for rheumatic fever, juvenile arthritis, Kawasaki disease
  186. ^ Triamcinolone acetonide is an alternative
  187. ^ Of any type for use as dental sealant
  188. ^ Of any type for use as dental filling material

References

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Further reading

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