Tripeptide

A tripeptide (example Val-Gly-Ala) with
green marked amino end (L-Valine) and
blue marked carboxyl end (L-Alanine)

A tripeptide is a peptide derived from three amino acids joined by two or sometimes three peptide bonds.^[1] As for proteins, the function of peptides is determined by the constituent amino acids and their sequence. In terms of scientific investigations, the dominant tripeptide is glutathione (γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine), which serves many roles in many forms of life.^[2]

Examples

• Eisenin (pGlu-Gln-Ala-OH) is a peptide with immunological activity that is isolated from the Japanese marine alga (Eisenia bicyclis) which more commonly is known as Arame
• KPV tripeptide (Pro-Val-Lys) has antiinflammatory effects and is used in skincare products.
• GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) is a human copper binding peptide with wound healing and skin remodeling activity, which is used in anti-aging cosmetics and more commonly referred to as copper peptide
• Lactotripeptides (Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro) found in milk products, act as ACE inhibitors
• Leupeptin (N-acetyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-argininal) is a protease inhibitor that also acts as an inhibitor of calpain
• Melanostatin (prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide) is a peptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus that inhibits the release of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
• Ophthalmic acid (L-γ-glutamyl-L-α-aminobutyryl-glycine) is an analogue of glutathione isolated from crystalline lens
• Norophthalmic acid (y-glutamyl-alanyl-glycine) is an analogue of glutathione (L-cysteine replaced by L-alanine) isolated from crystalline lens
• Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, thyroliberin or protirelin) (L-pyroglutamyl-L-histidinyl-L-prolinamide) is a peptide hormone that stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin by the anterior pituitary
• ACV (δ-(L-α-aminoadipyl)-L-Cys-D-Val) is a key biosynthetic precursor to penicillin and cephalosporin.
• Vesugen (Lys-Glu-Asp)^[3]
• Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg)
• Chonluten (Glu-Asp-Gly)
• PGP (Pro-Gly-Pro) a neutrophil chemoattractant.

See also

• Dipeptide
• Tetrapeptide

References

1. Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2005). Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-4339-6.
2. Guoyao Wu, Yun-Zhong Fang, Sheng Yang, Joanne R. Lupton, Nancy D. Turner (2004). "Glutathione Metabolism and its Implications for Health". Journal of Nutrition. 134 (3): 489–492. doi:10.1093/jn/134.3.489. PMID 14988435.
3. Avolio, Francesco; Martinotti, Stefano; Khavinson, Vladimir Kh.; Esposito, Jessica Elisabetta; Giambuzzi, Giulia; Marino, Antonio; Mironova, Ekaterina; Pulcini, Riccardo; Robuffo, Iole; Bologna, Giuseppina; Simeone, Pasquale; Lanuti, Paola; Guarnieri, Simone; Trofimova, Svetlana; Procopio, Antonio Domenico; Toniato, Elena (2022-03-25). "Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (7). MDPI AG: 3607. doi:10.3390/ijms23073607. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 8999041.