Traditional sports and games

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For the general concept of "traditional" physical sports (as opposed to esports or mind sports), see Sport.
Kabaddi, a traditional Indian game which has become increasingly popular around the world.

Traditional sports and games (often abbreviated TSG) are physical activities which were played for centuries by people around the world even before the civilization started, before the advent of modern Western sports. Many TSGs lost popularity or died off during the colonial era due to the imposition and spread of Western sports.[1][2][3] Further decline has occurred in the post-colonial era.[4][5][6]

UNESCO promotes TSG as a form of "intangible cultural heritage", and has a dedicated TSG Advisory Committee.[7][8] Four Collective Consultation Meetings have been held so far by UNESCO, with the fourth Collective Consultation in 2018 gathering more than 82 participants from 40 countries.[9] UNESCO also played a role in helping to found the International Council of Traditional Sports and Games (ICTSG) in 2018.[10]

TSG has been linked to the way in which various peoples followed religious duties and promoted social cooperation along with a better understanding of their relationship to nature;[11][12][13][14] TSG is also seen as a possible way to increase intercultural dialogue.[15][16]

History

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See also: History of sport, Indian sports at the 1936 Summer Olympics, and Traditional games in Africa
Sepak takraw, a traditional Southeast Asian sport, being played at the 2014 Asian Games in Incheon, Korea.

During the colonial era, resistance to and influence from Western sports resulted in the standardization and introduction of organized competition for several traditional South Asian games such as kabaddi.[17][18][19]

From the 18th century onwards, researchers have taken a greater interest in the value of traditional games in elucidating cultural values and identities. For example, Joseph Strutt in 1801 wrote that "In order to form a just estimation of the character of any particular people, it is absolutely necessary to investigate the Sports and Pastimes most generally prevalent among them."[20] The modern Olympic Games were influenced by this thinking, and were founded by Pierre de Coubertin on the basis of "All games, all nations", though this aspect of the Olympics was never fully realized and quickly faded away after a few years, with mainly only Western sports being played.[21]

From the 1970's onwards, global attention and institutionalization has taken place to preserve TSG.[22] In some European countries, the revival of traditional games has served as a way for regional identities to be expressed in a political or educational way.[21]

TSG has been increasingly accepted into international multi-sport events such as the Asian Games and SEA Games.[23][24]

Formation and History

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The International Council of Traditional Sports and Games (ICTSG) is an independent, external, and non-governmental organization established in 2018 (2018), with its formation conditions facilitated through consultative processes in which UNESCO played a supportive role.[25] Headquartered in Florida, United States, ICTSG operates through continental and regional offices worldwide, including in Kyoto (Japan), Lahore (Pakistan), Cannes (France), and Africa, with the aim of promoting, protecting, and revitalizing traditional sports and games globally.

The origins of the ICTSG’s mandate trace back to international initiatives beginning in 1999, when the concept of safeguarding traditional sports and games was first recognized in multilateral forums.[26] The Council’s current strategic pathway, documented through its 1999–2030 timeline, outlines milestones in policy development, institutional partnerships, and global awareness campaigns aimed at integrating traditional sports within educational, cultural, and development agendas.

Institutional Role

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ICTSG serves as the sole global platform dedicated to the preservation, promotion, and elevation of traditional sports and games. It coordinates with governments, intergovernmental organizations, and civil society to ensure the inclusion of traditional sports in cultural heritage policies and sustainable development strategies.[27] The Council also convenes world and continental games, capacity-building programs, and maintains the ICTSG Online Encyclopedia of Traditional Sports and Games, cataloguing over 160 documented disciplines from around the globe.

Six-Stage Elevation Framework

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In alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), ICTSG has developed a Six-Stage Elevation Framework designed to guide the recognition, registration, and institutional adoption of traditional sports at national and international levels.[28] The framework provides structured pathways from local community validation to formal inclusion in international sporting calendars, ensuring that heritage sports are preserved and revitalized for future generations.

Way Forward

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Looking ahead to 2030, ICTSG’s roadmap emphasizes intercultural dialogue, youth engagement, and technological integration to bring traditional sports into contemporary relevance while safeguarding their cultural authenticity.[29] This includes leveraging immersive technologies, building global coalitions, and supporting policies that embed traditional sports into education and sustainable tourism sectors.

Governance

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International Council of Traditional Sports and Games

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UNESCO played an initial consultative role in the collective consultations that ultimately led to the establishment of the International Council of Traditional Sports and Games (ICTSG) in 2018. Khalil Ahmad Khan was elected President. The ICTSG later declared 14 August as the International Day of Traditional Sports and Games.[30]

In April 2025, reports indicated that UNESCO and ICTSG were engaged in an internal dialogue regarding the use of institutional references and branding. No official joint statement has been issued, and the matter remains under discussion. ICTSG has clarified through an official public notice that it is an independent, external, and non-governmental organization, not governed by UNESCO and not a part of its administrative structure.[31]

The official ICTSG headquarters is located in Florida, United States, at 1210 North 70th Ave, Hollywood FL-33024, as published on its website.[32] ICTSG has explicitly stated it is not affiliated with any California-based entity claiming to represent the Council.

To safeguard against impersonation, ICTSG issued a fraud alert outlining procedures for verifying official representation and discouraging public interaction with unauthorized accounts or individuals.[33]

TSGDAY 2025 - 14th August Celebrated Globally by Traditional Sports & Games Community

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On 14th August 2025, the ICTSG led a historic global celebration of the International Day for Traditional Sports and Games (TSG Day). The event was marked by the unanimous approval of a landmark Declaration by the ICTSG President in the presence of key stakeholders, members, associated organizations, and international press. The declaration reaffirmed ICTSG’s legitimacy as the sole leading global platform, headquartered in Florida, committed to promoting, protecting, and revitalizing traditional sports and games worldwide. This moment has been hailed as a defining milestone for the global TSG community, further solidifying ICTSG’s role in safeguarding cultural heritage for generations to come.

References: [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]

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The ICTSG has issued a formal clarification stating that the alleged activities and claims associated with Shami Ranna’s anomaly in California are neither recognized nor connected with the Council. ICTSG reiterated that any such associations are unauthorized and have no legitimate link to its global governance or operations.

Reference: [39]

TSG events

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One significant event for traditional sports is the African Traditional Sports and Games Multi-Event, scheduled to take place in Swakopmund, Namibia, from June 21 to June 30, 2026. This event, organized through a partnership between The Dome Namibia and Chief Michael Shamsu Mustapha of the African Traditional Sports and Games Confederation (ATSGC), aims to showcase and preserve Africa’s traditional sports and games. Earlier announcements had attributed a role to Shammi Rana, a former official of the ICTSG who was removed from his position in early 2025 following internal disciplinary measures.[40]

In 2027, the Jammu and Kashmir Council of Traditional Sports and Games (JKCTSG), in collaboration with the Association of Traditional Sports and Games, India (ATSGI), proposed to host the inaugural Asian Traditional Sports and Games in Jammu and Kashmir, India. The proposal, led by Tarsem Sharma, President of JKCTSG and Vice President of ATSGI, was reported to include participation from athletes across Asia and aimed to promote cultural heritage through traditional sports.[41]

However, the ICTSG has not listed this event on its official events page and has issued no confirmation or endorsement regarding the proposal. The Council emphasizes that all official ICTSG events are announced through its website, and in 2025 it published detailed guidelines for bidding to host ICTSG Games.[42]

In 2028, Zimbabwe will host the Traditional Sports and Games Multi-Event Festival. The event, organized by the Zimbabwe Traditional Sports and Games Federation (ZTSGF) in partnership with the African Traditional Sports and Games Confederation (ATSGC), will feature a variety of traditional African sports, such as ball games, combat sports, dances, and water sports. The festival aims to promote cultural heritage and strengthen unity across Africa. It will take place in several cities, including Harare, Victoria Falls, and Bulawayo. This festival aligns with UNESCO's efforts to safeguard traditional sports and games, highlighting their cultural importance globally.[43]

In April–May 2025, an organization using the name ICTSG and registered in California participated in the 24th Session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII),[44] held at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. The delegation was led by Shammi Rana.[45] In addition to its participation, this entity also hosted an official side event during the session, emphasizing efforts to promote and preserve traditional sports and games among Indigenous communities worldwide.[46]

Clarifications and Verification Measures

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In August 2025, the ICTSG published a clarification addressing recent online statements and references appearing on external platforms. The Council stated that ongoing dialogues between governing bodies and affiliated organizations are considered internal matters, and that premature or unauthorized disclosures constitute breaches of its Code of Conduct, Privacy Policy, and Disclaimers. Alongside this clarification, ICTSG issued a fraud alert advising stakeholders to verify all documents, statements, and appointments exclusively via the ICTSG Verification Portal, as all official records are now secured with digital security seals and QR codes.[47][48][49]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Leng, Ho Keat; Pyun, Do Young; Lin, Yen-Chun (2023-07-14). "Special issue: sports and leisure management in Asia". Managing Sport and Leisure: 1–3. doi:10.1080/23750472.2023.2207865. ISSN 2375-0472. S2CID 259909018.
  2. ^ Vaczi, Mariann; Bairner, Alan (2023-10-06). Indigenous, Traditional, and Folk Sports: Contesting Modernities. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-98328-9.
  3. ^ Karen, David; Washington, Robert E. (2015-03-02). Sociological Perspectives on Sport: The Games Outside the Games. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-97394-2.
  4. ^ "Endangered Species of the Physical Cultural Landscape: Globalization, Nationalism, and Safeguarding Traditional Folk Games". scholar.google.ca. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  5. ^ Gilmour, Callum; Rowe, David (2012-12-01). "Sport in Malaysia: National Imperatives and Western Seductions". Sociology of Sport Journal. 29 (4): 485–505. doi:10.1123/ssj.29.4.485. ISSN 0741-1235.
  6. ^ Shehu, Jimoh (2004). "Sport for all in postcolony: Is there a place for indigenous games in physical education curriculum and research in Africa". Africa Education Review. 1 (1): 21–33. doi:10.1080/18146620408566267. ISSN 1814-6627. S2CID 143955748.
  7. ^ Kumari, Sonia (2019-03-29). "UNESCO TSG visited for the possibilities of organizing Traditional Sports and Games in South Korea". www.sportskeeda.com. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  8. ^ Berti, Francesca (2023-07-10). The Shared Space of Play: Traditional Games as a Tool of Intercultural Education. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 978-3-643-91231-2.
  9. ^ Khan, Khalil Ahmed; Tluehan, Bekbolat (2019). "UNESCO traditional sports and games". Педагогико-психологические и медико-биологические проблемы физической культуры и спорта. 14 (2 (eng)): 5–8.
  10. ^ "Traditional sports". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  11. ^ Traditional Physical Cultures, Sport and Games https://www.icsspe.org/
  12. ^ Early History of Recreation and Leisure https://samples.jblearning.com/
  13. ^ Traditional Sports and Games: A New Opportunity for Personalized Access to Cultural Heritage https://ceur-ws.org/ Mariate Linaza, Kieran Moran, and Noel E. O’Connor
  14. ^ "Playing in nature: Traditional games and environmental stewardship". sportanddev. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
  15. ^ Saura, Soraia Chung; Zimmermann, Ana Cristina (2021). "Traditional Sports and Games: Intercultural Dialog, Sustainability, and Empowerment". Frontiers in Psychology. 11. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590301. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 7873946. PMID 33584427.
  16. ^ Parlebas, Pierre (2020). "The Universals of Games and Sports". Frontiers in Psychology. 11. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.593877. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 7609522. PMID 33192937.
  17. ^ Bromber, Katrin; Krawietz, Birgit; Maguire, Joseph (2013). Sport Across Asia: Politics, Cultures, and Identities. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-88438-9.
  18. ^ Love, Adam; Dzikus, Lars (2020-02-26). "How India came to love cricket, favored sport of its colonial British rulers". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-10-04.
  19. ^ Fischer-Tiné, Harald (2018-09-25). "Fitness for Modernity? The YMCA and physical-education schemes in late-colonial South Asia (circa1900–40)". Modern Asian Studies. 53 (2): 512–559. doi:10.1017/s0026749x17000300. ISSN 0026-749X. S2CID 149530821.
  20. ^ Domingo, Darryl P. (2018). "The Character of a People: Sports and Pastimes in Eighteenth-Century Britain". Eighteenth-Century Life. 42 (3): 81–88. ISSN 1086-3192.
  21. ^ a b Hardman, Ken; Green, Ken (2011). Contemporary Issues in Physical Education: International Perspectives. Meyer & Meyer Verlag. ISBN 978-1-84126-312-0.
  22. ^ "The Come-back of traditional sports and games". unesdoc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
  23. ^ Service (KOCIS), Korean Culture and Information. "Some sports only available at Asian Games : Korea.net : The official website of the Republic of Korea". www.korea.net. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
  24. ^ Creak, Simon (2017). "Eternal friends and erstwhile enemies: The regional sporting community of the Southeast Asian Games". TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia. 5 (1): 147–172. doi:10.1017/trn.2016.29. ISSN 2051-364X. S2CID 133117373.
  25. ^ "About ICTSG". traditionalsportsgames.org. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
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  27. ^ "Institutional Role". traditionalsportsgames.org. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
  28. ^ "The Global Framework to Register Traditional Sports – Strategic Pathways for Elevation, Recognition, SDG Integration". traditionalsportsgames.org. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
  29. ^ "Traditional Sports and Games – A Global History Timeline 1999–2030". traditionalsportsgames.org. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
  30. ^ "Traditional sports". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  31. ^ "Clarifying ICTSG's Status: Independent Yet Aligned in Mission with UNESCO". traditionalsportsgames.org. Retrieved 2025-06-29.
  32. ^ "Contact Us". traditionalsportsgames.org. Retrieved 2025-06-29.
  33. ^ "Fraud Alert: Protect Yourself from ICTSG Impersonation Scams". traditionalsportsgames.org. Retrieved 2025-06-29.
  34. ^ "ICTSG Leads Global Celebration of International Day for Traditional Sports & Games 2025". The Nation. Retrieved 2025-08-15.
  35. ^ "ICTSG Unites the World in Celebrating International Day for Traditional Sports & Games 2025". To The Sports. Retrieved 2025-08-15.
  36. ^ "ICTSG Unites the World in Celebrating International Day for Traditional Sports & Games 2025". Sports News PK. Retrieved 2025-08-15.
  37. ^ "ICTSG Unites the World in Celebrating International Day for Traditional Sports & Games 2025". PK Sports Link. Retrieved 2025-08-15.
  38. ^ "ICTSG Unites the World in Celebrating International Day for Traditional Sports & Games 2025". Urdu Point. Retrieved 2025-08-15.
  39. ^ "Official Statement: Clarification Regarding Mr. Shammi Rana". International Council of Traditional Sports and Games. Retrieved 2025-08-15.
  40. ^ "Cloned Latest Announcement". traditionalsportsgames.org. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
  41. ^ Excelsior, Daily (2024-09-24). "JKCTSG proposes to host inaugural session of Asian Traditional Sports 2027". Daily Excelsior. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  42. ^ "Guidelines for Bid to Host Games". traditionalsportsgames.org. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
  43. ^ "Zimbabwe will host the 2nd African Traditional Sports and Games in 2028".
  44. ^ "UNPFII Twenty-fourth Session: 21 April - 2 May 2025". social.desa.un.org. Retrieved 2025-05-26.
  45. ^ Chander (2025-04-28). "Shammi Rana Participates in UNPFII 2025 to Promote Indigenous Sports and Culture". Samaj Weekly. Retrieved 2025-05-26.
  46. ^ "UNHQ Side Events (UN internal)". UNHQ Side Events (UN internal).
  47. ^ "ICTSG Issues Clarification on Unauthorized Statements and Strengthens Verification Measures". traditionalsportsgames.org. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
  48. ^ "Fraud Alert: Protect Yourself from ICTSG Impersonation Scams". traditionalsportsgames.org. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
  49. ^ "ICTSG Verification Portal". traditionalsportsgames.org. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
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  • UNESCO
  • AEJeST (European platform with 105 organisations in 21 countries)
  • ICTSG (International Council of Traditional Sports and Games)