Timok Valley

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Map of the Bor District and Zaječar District (bordered in red) in Serbia.

The Timočka Krajina (Serbian: Тимочка Крајина, lit. 'Timok Frontier') or Timok Valley (Romanian: Valea Timocului), is a geographical region in eastern Serbia around the Timok River. It roughly corresponds to two administrative districts, Bor and Zaječar, which have a combined population of 197,815.

Name

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The Serbian name is derived from the hydronym Timok and krajina ("frontier, march"), named such due to its location and history as a borderland. The term was in use in the 19th century.[1] In 1876, Timočka Krajina was described as including the okrug of Aleksinac, Gurgusovac, Crna Reka and Krajina.[2] It was introduced officially in the interwar period as denoting the Timok confluence with the Negotinska Krajina and Ključ, and is noted as having no historical or geographical basis.[3] The Timok Oblast [sr] (Тимочка област), which existed between 1922 and 1929, was also known as Timočka Krajina.[4]

In Romanian, the term "Timoc Valley" (Valea Timocului) is used for the area inhabited by the Romanian-speaking Vlachs.[5] The region was sometimes known as Podunavia (Podunavlje) in medieval times.[6]

Extent

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In the 21st-century, Timočka Krajina is described as extending from the Kučaj foothills near Knjaževac to the Vratarnica river.[7] In Socialist Serbia, the region included the towns of Negotin (also belonging to Negotinska Krajina), Knjaževac and Zaječar.[8][9]

History

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Early Bronze Age pottery of the Kostolac-Kocofeni culture has been found throughout the region.[10] During the Roman era, the area was administratively part of the Dacia Ripensis. During emperor Justinian's reign there were numerous fortifications in the area. Notable Roman sites include Timacum Minus, Trajan's Bridge, Diana Fortress, and others. The Bulgarian ruler Ivan Stratsimir (Vidin Principate) and Wallachian Voivode Mircea the Elder controlled the territory of Podunavia (the Timok Valley) until the Ottoman conquest in the 14th century.[6] Several settlements in the region received Habsburg monarchy frontier status after the 1718 Treaty of Passarowitz; the area became a frontier towards the Ottoman Empire.[11]

The area was a battleground between Serbian rebels and the Ottoman Empire during the First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813).[12]

A peasant uprising took place in 1883, known as the Timok Rebellion, resulting from various economic, political, and social factors.

Between 1918 and 1922, there were two districts of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in the area – Krajina District, with seat in Negotin, and Timok District with seat in Zaječar. In 1922, these two districts were merged into the newly formed Timok Oblast with seat in Zaječar. Timok Oblast existed until 1929 when it was included into the newly formed Morava Banovina with seat in Niš.

During World War II it was an area of operations of the Yugoslav Partisans.[13]

At present there are two administrative districts encompassing the area: Bor District with seat in Bor; and Zaječar District with seat in Zaječar.

Demographics

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Towns

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There are three towns with over 10,000 inhabitants.

Ethnic structure

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See also: Vlachs of Serbia and Romanian language in Serbia
Ethnic map of eastern Serbia by settlements and municipalities, 2011 census

The region is inhabited by a majority of Serbs and minority of Vlachs. The Serb community traditionally speak the Kosovo–Resava dialect in the north and the Prizren-Timok dialect in the south; however, standard Serbian is used in formal communication. The Vlachs speak a variety of two dialects (Banat and Oltenian dialects) of the Romanian language, which awaits standardization into a hypothetical new language for the Vlachs.[14] Both Serbs and Vlachs are Eastern Orthodox by denomination. There is ongoing debate over the ethnic identification of the Vlach community and whether they are Romanians or not.

Ethnicity Population[15] Share
Serbs 162,414 82.1%
Vlachs 11,336 5.7%
Roma 3,521 1.7%
Others 5,736 2.9%
Undeclared/Unknown 16,548 8.3%

Geography

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Climate

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Zaječar, the biggest town in the region, has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfa), bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa).

Climate data for Zaječar (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.7
(40.5) 		7.0
(44.6) 		12.1
(53.8) 		18.1
(64.6) 		23.6
(74.5) 		27.3
(81.1) 		29.7
(85.5) 		29.6
(85.3) 		24.4
(75.9) 		17.8
(64.0) 		10.0
(50.0) 		5.1
(41.2) 		17.4
(63.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.2
(31.6) 		1.2
(34.2) 		5.9
(42.6) 		11.4
(52.5) 		16.8
(62.2) 		20.4
(68.7) 		22.4
(72.3) 		21.7
(71.1) 		16.6
(61.9) 		10.8
(51.4) 		4.8
(40.6) 		0.7
(33.3) 		11.0
(51.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.2
(24.4) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		0.3
(32.5) 		4.7
(40.5) 		9.5
(49.1) 		12.7
(54.9) 		14.2
(57.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		9.9
(49.8) 		5.4
(41.7) 		0.7
(33.3) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		5.1
(41.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 38.4
(1.51) 		39.8
(1.57) 		40.6
(1.60) 		53.2
(2.09) 		52.4
(2.06) 		58.1
(2.29) 		56.3
(2.22) 		43.9
(1.73) 		44.3
(1.74) 		48.0
(1.89) 		52.3
(2.06) 		54.0
(2.13) 		581.4
(22.89)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 11 10 11 12 12 10 8 7 8 9 11 12 122
Average snowy days 8 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 28
Average relative humidity (%) 79 75 71 69 69 68 64 66 71 78 81 82 73
Mean monthly sunshine hours 71.7 92.2 129.3 165.7 223.4 254.1 286.5 266.4 188.0 125.8 72.9 55.9 1,932
Source: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia[16]
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References

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  1. ^ Jovanović 1883, p. 256: "у Тимочку крајину", Milićević 1876, p. 771
  2. ^ Milićević 1876, p. 771.
  3. ^ Živković 2014, p. 409.
  4. ^ Letopis Timočke eparhije. Vol. 2–3. Štamparija i knjigoveznica M. Despotovića. 1924. p. 3. Тимочка област или Тимочка крајина
  5. ^ Timoc, Cristea Sandu (1988). Povești populare românești (in Romanian). București: Editura Minerva. pp. 19–.
  6. ^ a b Coman, Marian (2016). "Frontiera sârbească a Țării Românești în vremea lui Mircea cel Bătrân". Putere și teritoriu: Țara Românească medievală (secolele XIV-XVI) (in Romanian). Iaşi: Polirom. ISBN 978-9-73463-403-3.
  7. ^ Vlahović 2006, p. 38.
  8. ^ Beogradska operacija. Vojnoistorijski institut Jugoslovenske narodne armije. 1989. Negotinska krajina i Timočka krajina , u kojima su gradovi Negotin , Zaječar i Knjaževac
  9. ^ Marković, Jovan Đ (1980). Regionalna geografija SFR Jugoslavije. Građevinska knjiga. p. 906. Timočka krajina ( Negotin , Knjaževac )
  10. ^ Srejovic, Dragoslav (n.d.). "Kulture bakarnog i ranog bronzanog doba na tlu Srbije". Projekat Rastko (in Serbian).
  11. ^ Dabić, Vojin S. (2011). "The Habsburg-Ottoman War of 1716-1718 and Demographic Changes in War-Afflicted Territories". In Ingrao, Charles W.; Samardžić, Nikola; Pesalj, Jovan (eds.). The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. pp. 200–. ISBN 978-1-55753-594-8.
  12. ^ Jovanović 1883, p. 256: "у Тимочку крајину".
  13. ^ Dedijer, Vladimir (1981). "TIMOČKA KRAJINA". Novi prilozi za biografiju Josipa Broza Tita. Liburnija. pp. 616-.
  14. ^ "Romanii din Valea Timocului, recunoscuti drept minoritate nationala". România liberă (in Romanian). 16 August 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
  15. ^ "Ethnicity - Data by municipalities and cities" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-04-28.
  16. ^ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1981–2010". Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia (in Serbian). Retrieved February 25, 2017.

Sources

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44°00′N 22°10′E / 44.000°N 22.167°E / 44.000; 22.167