Template:Period start ratification

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The Period start ratification template extracts the date and proper reference for when a unit in the geological timeline was ratified by the International Union of Geological Sciences.

Usage

This template can be used to avoid the repetition of Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) ratification information when a collection of geological units share the same lower boundary. For example, the Mesozoic, Jurassic, Early Jurassic, and Hettangian all share the same GSSP. Thus, this template can display the same information for each unit, and can be edited without having to repeatedly edit each article.

The following code represents the full syntax of this template:

Full parameter set in horizontal format

{{period start ratification |1= |in-name-only= |reference-only= }}

Additionally, some of the template's references can be recalled to, as they're rendered under a predetermined name. The following reference names are supported by this template:

• "GSSP" – links to the International Commission on Stratigraphy's GSSP page.
• "EP-[Period name]" – refers to the reference for that certain chronological unit. Please note that, as a means to prevent overwriting and reference redundancy, not all units are supported, and that the names generally refer to the most subdivided unit (e.g., use "EP-Hettangian" when referring to the Hettangian, Early Jurassic, or Jurassic).

Parameters

The following parameters are used to edit how this template displays its ratification information:

• in-name-only: Switches the information of a certain period to the date and reference of when its name was ratified, but not its GSSP. This parameter only works for certain chronological units that support such information.
• reference-only: Displays only the reference of the ratification, rather than the supplimented year or date. This omits the direct notation to the references page number, if any. If the ratification is not formally defined, or is otherwise presented without a date, a hyphen ("-") is displayed in its place.

Examples

The following examples use the Fortunian Stage for their demonstration and alternate values.

• {{period start ratification |1=fortunian}}

September 2007 (as base of Terreneuvian and Fortunian)^[1]: 287

• {{period start ratification |1=fortunian |reference-only=yes}}

^[1]

• {{period start ratification |1=fortunian |in-name-only=yes}}

September 2007^[1]

• {{period start ratification |1="unsupported value"}}

Cite error: Invalid |1="unsupported value"

References

1. Landing, Ed; Peng, Shanchi; Babcock, Loren E.; Geyer, Gerd; Moczydlowska-Vidal, Malgorzata (December 2007). "Global standard names for the Lowermost Cambrian Series and Stage" (PDF). Episodes. 30 (4): 287–289. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i4/004. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 21, 2025.

Full list of GSSP ratification dates using this template

For a more detailed list on the information of Earth's GSSPs, see List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points.

The following is a list of dates representing when the GSSP for each chronological unit were ratified. Please note that the GSSP for each unit does NOT correlate to the start time and precision of its lower boundary, but rather the existence and geographical definition of the unit itself.

List of GSSP ratification dates

Precambrian Precambrian/Hadean: October 5, 2022[1][2] Archean/Eoarchean: 2023[3] Paleoarchean: Not formally defined Mesoarchean: Not formally defined Neoarchean: Not formally defined Proterozoic/Paleoproterozoic/Siderian: 1990[4] Rhyacian: 1990[4] Orosirian: 1990[4] Statherian: 1990[4] Mesoproterozoic/Calymmian: 1990[4] Ectasian: 1990[4] Stenian: 1990[4] Neoproterozoic/Tonian: 1990[4] Cryogenian: Not formally defined Ediacaran: March 12, 2004[5]: 30  Cambrian Phanerozoic/Paleozoic/Cambrian: August 1992 (as base of Cambrian)[6]: 5  Terreneuvian/Fortunian: September 2007 (as base of Terreneuvian and Fortunian)[7]: 287  Cambrian Stage 2: Not formally defined Cambrian Series 2/Stage 3: Not formally defined Cambrian Stage 4: Not formally defined Miaolingian/Wuliuan: June 25, 2018[8] Drumian: 2006[9] Guzhangian: 2008[3] Furongian/Piabian: 2003[10][11] Jiangshanian: 2011[3] Cambrian Stage 10: Not formally defined Ordovician Ordovician/Early Ordovician/Tremadocian: January 2000[12]: 19  Floian: 2002[13] Middle Ordovician/Dapingian: 2007[3] Darriwilian: January 1997[14]: 159  Late Ordovician/Sandbian: 2002[3][15] Katian: 2006[16]: 258  Hirnantian: May 2006[17]: 183  Silurian Silurian/Llandovery/Rhuddanian: 1984[3] Aeronian: 2024[3] Telychian: 2024[3] Wenlock/Sheinwoodian: October 6, 1980[18] Homerian: October 6, 1980[18] Ludlow/Gorstian: October 6, 1980[18] Ludfordian: October 6, 1980[18] Pridoli: 1984[3] Devonian Devonian/Early Devonian/Lochkovian: 1972[3] Pragian: January–February 1989[19]: 109  Emsian: August 1996[20]: 235  Middle Devonian/Eifelian: 1985[3] Givetian: January 1994[21]: 107  Late Devonian/Frasnian: February 1987[22]: 101  Famennian: January 1993[23]: 434  Carboniferous Carboniferous/Mississippian/Early Mississippian/Tournaisian: February 1990[24]: 331  Middle Mississippian/Visean: 2008[3] Late Mississippian/Serpukhovian: Not formally defined Pennsylvanian/Early Pennsylvanian/Bashkirian: January 1996[25]: 272  Middle Pennsylvanian/Moscovian: Not formally defined Late Pennsylvanian/Kasimovian: Not formally defined Gzhelian: Not formally defined Permian Permian/Cisuralian/Asselian: 1996[3] Sakmarian: July 2018[26]: 961  Artinskian: February 2, 2022[27]: 623  Kungurian: Not formally defined Guadalupian/Roadian: 2001[3] Wordian: 2001[3] Capitanian: 2001[3] Lopingian/Wuchiapingian: July 2023[28]: 149  Changhsingian: 2005[3] Triassic Mesozoic/Triassic/Early Triassic/Induan: March 2001[29]: 102  Olenekian: Not formally defined Middle Triassic/Anisian: Not formally defined Ladinian: Spring 2005[30]: 233  Late Triassic/Carnian: Spring 2008[31]: 414  Norian: Not formally defined Rhaetian: Not formally defined Jurassic Jurassic/Early Jurassic/Hettangian: April 2010[32]: 162–163  Sinemurian: August 2000[33]: 22  Pliensbachian: March 2005[34]: 93–94  Toarcian: December 2014[35]: 461  Middle Jurassic/Aalenian: 2000[3] Bajocian: January 1996[36]: 16  Bathonian: July 2008[37]: 222  Callovian: Not formally defined Late Jurassic/Oxfordian: Not formally defined Kimmeridgian: 2021[3] Tithonian: Not formally defined Cretaceous Cretaceous/Early Cretaceous/Berriasian: Not formally defined Valanginian: December 2024[38]: 479  Hauterivian: December 2019[39]: 129  Barremian: March 2023[40]: 335  Aptian: Not formally defined Albian: April 8, 2016[41]: 177  Late Cretaceous/Cenomanian: December 10, 2001[42]: 21  Turonian: September 2003[43]: 93  Coniacian: May 1, 2021[44] Santonian: January 2013[45]: 2  Campanian: October 2022[46]: 451  Maastrichtian: February 2001[47]: 230  Paleogene Cenozoic/Paleogene/Paleocene/Danian: 1991[3] Selandian: September 23, 2008[48] Thanetian: September 23, 2008[48] Eocene/Ypresian: August 2004[49]: 271  Lutetian: April 2011[50]: 86  Bartonian: Not formally defined Priabonain: February 17, 2020[51]: 168  Oligocene/Rupelian: 1992[3] Chattian: September 2016[52]: 17  Neogene Neogene/Miocene/Aquitanian: 1996[3] Burdigalian: Not formally defined Langhian: May 29, 2023[53]: 312  Serravallian: 2007[3] Tortonian: 2003[3] Messinian: January 2000[54]: 172  Pliocene/Zanclean: 2000[3] Piacenzian: January 1997[55]: 88  Quaternary Quaternary/Pleistocene: June 29, 2009 (as base of Quaternary and Pleistocene)[56]: 154  Gelasian: August 1996 (as base of Gelasian)[57]: 82  Calabrian: December 5, 2011[58]: 388  Chibanian: January 17, 2020[59]: 317  Late Pleistocene: Not formally defined Holocene: 2008 (as base of Holocene)[3] Greenlandian: June 14, 2018 (as base of Greenlandian)[60]: 213  Northgrippian: June 14, 2018[60]: 213  Meghalayan: June 14, 2018[60]: 213  References Halla, Janna; Noffke, Nora; Reis, Humberto; Awramik, Stanley; et al. 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Reboulet, Stéphane; Company, Miguel; Adatte, Thierry; Aguado, Roque; Baudin, François; Deconinck, Jean-François; Duxbury, Stan; Gea, Ginés de; Grabowski, Jacek; Granier, Bruno; Ivanova, Daria; Janssen, Nico M. M.; Klein, Jaap; Lakova, Iskra; Leng, Melanie G.; Lodowski, Damian G.; Martinez, Mathieu; Mattioli, Emanuela; McArthur, John M.; Olivero, Davide; Reháková, Daniela; Tavera, José María (December 2025). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Valanginian Stage, the Vergol section (Montbrun-les-Bains, Drôme, SE France) and its Standard Auxiliary Boundary Stratotype (SABS), Cañada Luenga section (Cehegín, SE Spain)". Episodes. 48 (4): 479–563. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2025/025028. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Mutterlose, Jörg; Rawson, Peter F.; Reboulet, Stéphane (June 2021). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Hauterivian Stage (Lower Cretaceous), La Charce, southeast France". Episodes. 44 (2): 129–150. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020072. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Company, Miguel; Aguado, Roque; Baudin, François; Coccioni, Rodolfo; Martinez, Mathieu; Rawson, Peter F.; Weissert, Helmut; Deconinck, Jean-François; Frontalini, Fabrizio; Giusberti, Luca; Granier, Bruno; et al. (June 2024). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Barremian Stage at Río Argos (Caravaca, SE Spain)". Episodes. 47 (2): 335–379. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2023/02330. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Kennedy, Jim W.; Gale, Andy S.; Huber, Brian T.; Petrizzo, Maria R.; Bown, Paul; Jenkyns, Hugh C. (September 2017). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Albian Stage, of the Cretaceous, the Col de Pré-Guittard section, Arnayon, Drôme, France". Episodes. 40 (3): 177–188. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2017/v40i3/017021. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Kennedy, Jim W.; Gale, Andy S.; Lees, Jackie A.; Caron, Michèle (March 2004). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Cenomanian Stage, Mont Risou, Hautes-Alpes, France" (PDF). Episodes. 27 (1): 21–32. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2004/v27i1/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025. Kennedy, Jim W.; Walaszczyk, Irek; Cobban, W. A. (June 2005). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Turonian Stage of the Cretaceous: Pueblo, Colorado, U.S.A." (PDF). Episodes. 28 (2): 93–104. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i2/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025. Walaszczyk, Ireneusz; Čech, Stanislav; Crampton, James S.; et al. (June 2022). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Coniacian Stage (Salzgitter-Salder, Germany) and its auxiliary sections (Słupia Nadbrzeżna, central Poland; Střeleč, Czech Republic; and El Rosario, NE Mexico)" (PDF). Episodes. 45 (2): 181–220. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2021/021022. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025. Lamolda, M. A.; Paul, C. R. C.; Peryt, D.; Pons, J. M. (March 2014). "The Global Boundary Stratotype and Section Point (GSSP) for the base of the Santonian Stage, "Cantera de Margas", Olazagutia, northern Spain" (PDF). Episodes. 37 (1): 2–13. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2014/v37i1/001. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025. Gale, Andy S.; Batenburg, Sietske; Coccioni, Rodolfo; et al. (September 2023). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Campanian Stage at Bottaccione (Gubbio, Italy) and its Auxiliary Sections: Seaford Head (UK), Bocieniec (Poland), Postalm (Austria), Smoky Hill, Kansas (U.S.A), Tepayac (Mexico)" (PDF). Episodes. 46 (3): 451–490. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2022/022048. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025. Odin, Gilles S.; Lamaurelle, Michèle A. (December 2001). "The global Campanian-Maastrichtian stage boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (4): 229–238. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i4/002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025. Schmitz, Birger; Pujalte, Victoriano; Molina, Eustoquio; Monechi, Simonetta; Orue-Etxebarria, Xabier; Speijer, Robert P.; Alegret, Laia; Apellaniz, Estibaliz; Arenillas, Ignacio; Aubry, Marie-Pierre; Baceta, Juan-Ignacio; Berggren, William A.; Bernaola, Gilen; Caballero, Fernando; Clemmensen, Anne; Dinarès-Turell, Jaume; Dupuis, Christian; Heilmann-Clausen, Claus; Orús, Asier Hilario; Knox, Robert; Martín-Rubio, Maite; Ortiz, Silvia; Payros, Aitor; Petrizzo, Maria Rose; Salis, Katharina von; Sprong, Jorinde; Steurbaut, Etienne; Thomsen, Erik (December 2011). "The Global Stratotype Sections and Points for the bases of the Selandian (Middle Paleocene) and Thanetian (Upper Paleocene) stages at Zumaia, Spain" (PDF). Episodes. 34 (4): 220–243. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2011/v34i4/002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 19, 2025. Aubry, Marie-Pierre; Ouda, Khaled; Dupuis, Christian; et al. (December 2007). "The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Eocene Series in the Dababiya section (Egypt)" (PDF). Episodes. 30 (4): 271–286. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i4/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 19, 2025. Molina, Eustoquio; Alegret, Laia; Apellaniz, Estibaliz; et al. (June 2011). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Lutetian Stage at the Gorrondatxe section, Spain" (PDF). Episodes. 34 (2): 86–108. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2011/v34i2/006. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 19, 2025. Agnini, Claudia; Backman, Jan; Boscolo-Galazzo, Flavia; Condon, Daniel J.; Fornaciari, Eliana; Galeotti, Simone; Giusberti, Luca; Grandesso, Paolo; Lanci, Luca; Luciani, Valeria; Monechi, Simonetta; Muttoni, Giovanni; Pälike, Heiko; Pampaloni, Maria Letizia; Papazzoni, Cesare A.; Pearson, Paul N.; Pignatti, Johannes; Silva, Isabella Premoli; Raffi, Isabella; Rio, Domenico; Rook, Lorenzo; Sahy, Diana; Spofforth, David J.A.; Stefani, Cristina; Wade, Bridget S. (June 2021). "Proposal for the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Priabonian Stage (Eocene) at the Alano section (Italy)". Episodes. 44 (2): 151–173. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020074. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Coccioni, Rodolfo; Montanari, Alessandro; Bice, David; et al. (March 2018). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Chattian Stage (Paleogene System, Oligocene Series) at Monte Cagnero, Italy". Episodes. 41 (1): 17–32. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2018/v41i1/018003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Turco, Elena; Hilgen, Frits; Raffi, Isabella; Stefano, Agata Di; Foresi, Luca Maria; Holbourn, Ann; Iaccarino, Silvia Maria; Lirer, Fabrizio (June 2024). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Langhian Stage and of the Middle Miocene Subseries". Episodes. 47 (2): 311–333. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2023/023024. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Hilgen, Frederik J.; Iaccarino, Silvia Maria; Krijgsman, Wout; Villa, Giuliana; Langereis, Cor G.; Zachariasse, Willem J. (September 2020). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Messinian Stage (uppermost Miocene)" (PDF). Episodes. 23 (3): 172–178. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i3/004. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 19, 2025. Castradori, Davide; Rio, Domenico; Hilgen, Frederik J.; Lourens, Lucas J. (June 1998). "The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Piacenzian Stage (Middle Pliocene)" (PDF). Episodes. 21 (2): 88–93. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 19, 2025. Gibbard, Philip L.; Head, Martin J. (September 2010). "The newly-ratified definition of the Quaternary System/Period and redefinition of the Pleistocene Series/Epoch, and comparison of proposals advanced prior to formal ratification" (PDF). Episodes. 33 (3): 152–158. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2010/v33i3/002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 12, 2025. Rio, Domenico; Sprovieri, R.; Castradori, Davide; Stefano, Enrico Di (June 1998). "The Gelasian Stage (Upper Pliocene): A new unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale" (PDF). Episodes. 21 (2): 82–87. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 12, 2025. Cita, Maria Bianca; Gibbard, Philip L.; Head, Martin J.; ICS Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (September 2012). "Formal ratification of the GSSP for the base of the Calabrian Stage (second stage of the Pleistocene Series, Quaternary System)" (PDF). Episodes. 35 (3): 388–397. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2012/v35i3/001. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 12, 2025. Suganuma, Yusuke; Okada, Makoto; Head, Martin J.; et al. (September 2021). "Formal ratification of the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Chibanian Stage and Middle Pleistocene Subseries of the Quaternary System: the Chiba Section, Japan" (PDF). Episodes. 44 (3): 317–347. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020080. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 12, 2025. Walker, Mike; Head, Martin J.; Berkelhammer, Max; Björck, Svante; Cheng, Hai; Cwynar, Les; Fisher, David; Gkinis, Vasilios; long, Antony; Lowe, John; Newnham, Rewi; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Weiss, Harvey (December 2018). "Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period): two new Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) and three new stages/subseries" (PDF). Episodes. 41 (4): 213–223. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018016. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 11, 2025.

Template data

Lists the ratification date of a certain chronological unit.

Template parameters[Edit template data]

This template prefers inline formatting of parameters.

Parameter		Description	Type	Status
Chronological Unit	1	The name of the period to extract the ratification date from.	String	required
In Name Only	in-name-only	Determines whether to extract the ratification of a period's name or GSSP. Default false Auto value false	Boolean	suggested
Reference Only	reference-only	Determines whether to display the reference by itself without the date. Default false Auto value false	Boolean	optional

See also

External links

• International Commission on Stratigraphy – the official website for information pertaining to the GSSPs
• Episodes – a journal documenting articles from the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)
• Lethaia – another journal outlet for publications under the IUGS

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