Talk:Yttrium

	Yttrium is a featured article; it (or a previous version of it) has been identified as one of the best articles produced by the Wikipedia community. Even so, if you can update or improve it, please do so.
	Yttrium is part of the Group 3 elements series, a good topic. This is identified as among the best series of articles produced by the Wikipedia community. If you can update or improve it, please do so.
	This article appeared on Wikipedia's Main Page as Today's featured article on November 24, 2008.
Article milestones Date Process Result August 20, 2008 Good article nominee Listed August 28, 2008 Peer review Reviewed September 17, 2008 Featured article candidate Promoted August 25, 2022 Good topic candidate Promoted Current status: Featured article

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YBCO is NOT a mineral

"This superconductor is a black and green, multi-crystal, multi-phase mineral." --> not true. Minerals are SOLELY naturally formed substances. YBCO is a SYNTHETIC compound.Eudialytos (talk) 17:38, 17 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Add References:

Location: “The element is named after ytterbite, a mineral first identified in 1787 by the chemist Carl Axel Arrhenius.”

Source: KU Leuven Department of Materials Engineering — Periodic Table Info: Ytterbite. KU Leuven is one of Europe’s leading research universities, internationally recognized for its excellence in materials science and chemistry, making it a reliable academic authority.

URL: https://www.mtm.kuleuven.be/periodic-table/data/fiches/info-y

Location: “As expected by periodic trends, it is less electronegative than its predecessor in the group, scandium, and less electronegative than the next member of period 5, zirconium.”

Source: NCBI PubChem — Electronegativity page, maintained by the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), a division of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. As a reputable government-run scientific data repository, it is considered an authoritative source for chemical property data. The PubChem data lists electronegativity values on the Pauling scale as follows: Scandium (Sc) = 1.36, Yttrium (Y) = 1.22, and Zirconium (Zr) = 1.33, confirming the stated trend.

URL: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/periodic-table/electronegativity

Location: "Yttrium isotopes are among the most common products of the nuclear fission of uranium in nuclear explosions and nuclear reactors."

Source:

A peer-reviewed article by B. J. Tickner in Chemical Society Reviews (Royal Society of Chemistry, an esteemed .org publisher). It states: “the naturally occurring isotope ^89Y, although other isotopes including ^90Y and ^91Y are found as waste products from uranium fission.” This confirms the production of yttrium isotopes (^90Y, ^91Y) as fission products.

URL: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2020/cs/c9cs00840c

Location: “As of April 2018 there are reports of the discovery of very large reserves of rare-earth elements in the deep seabed several hundred kilometers from the tiny Japanese island of Minami-Torishima Island, also known as Marcus Island.”

Source: Takaya et al., Scientific Reports (2018) — "The tremendous potential of deep-sea mud as a source of rare-earth elements." This peer-reviewed article, published by Springer Nature (a respected .org academic publisher), reports that deep-sea mud rich in REY (rare-earth elements and yttrium), with concentrations exceeding 5,000 ppm, was discovered in 2013 near Minamitorishima Island. The researchers estimated a total resource amount equivalent to over 16 million tons of rare-earth oxides within a surveyed area, enough to meet hundreds of years of global demand for key elements like yttrium. This aligns precisely with the stated claim.

URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-23948-5

Location: “As yttrium is chemically similar to lanthanides, it occurs in the same ores (rare-earth minerals) and is extracted by the same refinement processes.”

Source: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) — The Rare-Earth Elements—Vital to Modern Technologies and….

USGS is a United States federal scientific agency and a globally recognized authority in geology and mineral resources. This publication states that “yttrium is commonly regarded as an REE because of its chemical and physical similarities and affinities with the lanthanoids, and yttrium typically occurs in the same deposits as REEs.”

URL: https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3078/pdf/fs2014-3078.pdf

Location: “One method for obtaining pure yttrium from the mixed oxide ores is to dissolve the oxide in sulfuric acid and fractionate it by ion exchange chromatography.”

Source: A 1984 peer-reviewed article by J. G. Crock, F. E. Lichte, and T. R. Wildeman in Chemical Geology (published by Elsevier), titled “The group separation of the rare-earth elements and yttrium from geologic materials by cation-exchange chromatography.” The study presents the use of strong-acid cation-exchange chromatography to separate yttrium and rare-earth elements—typically following acid dissolution of geologic samples—as a well-established method in analytical and preparative chemistry. This is a respected scholarly source, especially in the geochemistry domain, and directly confirms the use of ion exchange methods for yttrium purification after acid dissolution.

URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(84)90121-9

Location: “As such yttrium compounds such as yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) are useful for phosphors and are an important component of white LEDs.”

Source: V. Tucureanu, A. Matei, and A. M. Avram — “Synthesis and characterization of YAG:Ce phosphors for white LEDs”, published in Opto‑Electronics Review (2015, Brill/De Gruyter). Opto‑Electronics Review is a peer‑reviewed academic journal, making this a trusted, scholarly source. The paper emphasizes that YAG doped with cerium (Ce:YAG) is considered the most important phosphor in white LED technology, affirming its central role among yttrium compounds used in LED manufacturing.

URL: https://doi.org/10.1515/oere-2015-0038

Location: “A technique called radioembolization is used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastasis.”

Source: PubMed Central (PMC) — Memon K. et al., "Radioembolization for primary and metastatic liver cancer" (2011). This peer-reviewed, NIH-hosted paper defines radioembolization as a catheter-based liver-directed therapy—delivering radioisotope-loaded microspheres (such as Y-90) to treat both hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastases.

URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3221012/ Jaroslav Radomír (talk) 05:42, 16 August 2025 (UTC)[reply]