Stenosis

  1. Home
  2. Wiki
Stenosis
Other namesStenoses
CT scan of a bronchial stenosis (arrow) that resulted from tracheobronchial injury
Pronunciation

Stenosis (from Ancient Greek στενός (stenós) 'narrow') is the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure such as foramina and canals. It is also sometimes called a stricture (as in urethral stricture).[3]

Stricture as a term is usually used when narrowing is caused by contraction of smooth muscle (e.g. achalasia, prinzmetal angina); stenosis is usually used when narrowing is caused by lesion that reduces the space of lumen (e.g. atherosclerosis).[4] The term coarctation is another synonym,[5] but is commonly used only in the context of aortic coarctation.[6][7]

Restenosis is the recurrence of stenosis after a procedure.[8]

Examples

[edit]

Examples of vascular stenotic lesions include:

Types

[edit]

Vascular Stenosis

[edit]

Arterial stenosis

Venous stenosis

  • Jugular venous stenosis
  • Central venous stenosis

Cardiac Valve Stenosis

[edit]
Animated representation of aortic stenosis

In order from most to least common:

Animated representation of spinal stenosis

Neurologic/Spine Stenosis

[edit]
Animated representation of pyloric stenosis

Gastrointestinal Stenosis

[edit]
  • Esophageal stenosis
    • A congenital or acquired fixed narrowing of the esophagus. [11]
      • Congenital subtypes
        • Tracheobronchial remnants
        • Fibromuscular thickening / fibromuscular stenosis
        • Membranous webbing or esophageal membrane
      • Acquired [12]
        • Injury (example: swallowing button battery [13])
        • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
        • Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)
        • Achalasia
  • Pyloric stenosis (infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis)
    • Relatively uncommon disorder of infants, usually between the ages of 2-12 weeks, caused by abnormal thickening of the pylorus muscle in the stomach at the junction between the end of the stomach and the beginning of the duodenum. [14][15]
  • Small-bowel stenosis
  • Colonic stenosis (bowel obstruction)
  • Anal stricture
  • Rectal stricture

Respiratory Stenosis

[edit]

Genitourinary Stenosis

[edit]

Others

[edit]
  • Biliary duct stenosis

Causes

[edit]

Diagnosis

[edit]

Stenoses of the vascular type are often associated with unusual blood sounds resulting from turbulent flow over the narrowed blood vessel. This sound can be made audible by a stethoscope, but diagnosis is generally made or confirmed with some form of medical imaging (such as ultrasound).[18]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ OED 2nd edition, 1989, as /stɪˈnəʊsɪs/.
  2. ^ "Definition of STENOSIS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  3. ^ "Dorlands Medical Dictionary:stenosis". www.mercksource.com. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  4. ^ "Atherosclerosis - What Is Atherosclerosis?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 24 March 2022.
  5. ^ "coarctation" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  6. ^ "Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA)". American Heart Association.
  7. ^ Groenemeijer, B. E.; Bakker, A.; Slis, H. W.; Waalewijn, R. A.; Heijmen, R. H. (July 2008). "An unexpected finding late after repair of coarctation of the aorta". Netherlands Heart Journal. 16 (7): 260–263. doi:10.1007/bf03086158. PMC 2516290. PMID 18711614.
  8. ^ Forgos, Richard N. (August 2004). "Restenosis After Angioplasty and Stenting". About.com Health.
  9. ^ "Carotid Artery Stenosis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  10. ^ a b Goody, Philip Roger; Hosen, Mohammed Rabiul; Christmann, Dominik; Niepmann, Sven Thomas; Zietzer, Andreas; Adam, Matti; Bönner, Florian; Zimmer, Sebastian; Nickenig, Georg; Jansen, Felix (April 2020). "Aortic Valve Stenosis". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 40 (4): 885–900. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.313067. PMID 32160774.
  11. ^ Brzački, Vesna; Mladenović, Bojan; Jeremić, Ljiljana; Živanović, Dragoljub; Govedarović, Nenad; Dimić, Dragan; Golubović, Mladjan; Stoičkov, Viktor (November 2019). "Congenital esophageal stenosis: a rare malformation of the foregut". Nagoya Journal of Medical Science. 81 (4): 535–547. doi:10.18999/nagjms.81.4.535. ISSN 2186-3326. PMC 6892676. PMID 31849372.
  12. ^ Collins, Margaret H.; Alexander, Eileen S.; Martin, Lisa J.; Grotjan, Tommie M.; Mukkada, Vincent A.; Sheil, Amy; Abonia, Juan P.; Putnam, Philip E.; Rothenberg, Marc E. (2022). "Acquired Esophageal Strictures in Children: Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Analyses". Pediatric and Developmental Pathology: The Official Journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society. 25 (2): 124–133. doi:10.1177/10935266211041086. ISSN 1615-5742. PMC 10102868. PMID 34515576.
  13. ^ Leinwand, Kristina; Brumbaugh, David E.; Kramer, Robert E. (January 2016). "Button Battery Ingestion in Children: A Paradigm for Management of Severe Pediatric Foreign Body Ingestions". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America. 26 (1): 99–118. doi:10.1016/j.giec.2015.08.003. ISSN 1558-1950. PMC 5425245. PMID 26616899.
  14. ^ Li, Annie; Bhurawala, Habib (October 2021). "Pyloric stenosis in an infant". Australian Journal of General Practice. 50 (10): 744–746. doi:10.31128/AJGP-10-20-5667. ISSN 2208-7958. PMID 34590095.
  15. ^ Garfield, Karen; Sergent, Shane R. (2025), "Pyloric Stenosis", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32310391, retrieved 2025-11-17
  16. ^ Hanlon, Katherine; Boesch, R. Paul; Jacobs, Ian (April 2018). "Subglottic Stenosis". Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care. 48 (4): 129–135. doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2018.03.007. ISSN 1538-3199. PMID 29801771.
  17. ^ Morris, Lucinda; Do, Viet; Chard, Jennifer; Brand, Alison H. (2017). "Radiation-induced vaginal stenosis: current perspectives". International Journal of Women's Health. 9: 273–279. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S106796. ISSN 1179-1411. PMC 5422455. PMID 28496367.
  18. ^ Takekawa, Hidehiro; Tsukui, Daisuke; Kobayasi, Saro; Suzuki, Keisuke; Hamaguchi, Hirotoshi (October 2022). "Ultrasound diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis and occlusion". Journal of Medical Ultrasonics. 49 (4): 675–687. doi:10.1007/s10396-022-01259-7. PMID 36175716. S2CID 252622616.
[edit]