Sister republic

1799 caricature in which the Prussian ("God, how it grows; It's terrifying"), Russian ("That should be good to eat"), and Austrian ("Don't touch that, my friend, it's poisonous") monarchs watch how republics spring up like mushrooms around France, spreading towards other European capitals

Sister republics (French: république sœur, pronounced [ʁepyblik sœʁ] ^ⓘ) were republics established by the French First Republic or local pro-French revolutionaries during the French Revolutionary Wars. Though nominally independent, sister republics were heavily reliant on French protection, making them in effect client states of France. This became particularly evident after the First French Empire was established in 1804, after which France annexed several sister republics and transformed the remainder into monarchies ruled by members of the House of Bonaparte.

History

The French Revolution was a period of social and political upheaval in France from 1789 until 1799. The Republicans who overthrew the monarchy were driven by ideas of popular sovereignty, rule of law, and representative democracy. The Republicans borrowed ideas and values from Whiggism and Enlightenment philosophers. The French Republic supported the spread of republican principles in Europe. According to Paul D. Van Wie, most of these sister republics became a means of controlling occupied lands as client regimes through a mix of French and local power.^[1]

List of Sister Republics

Name	Duration	Location	Fate
Subalpine Republic	1800–1802	Piedmont	Annexed by the French Republic.
Piedmontese Republic	1798–1799	Piedmont	Predecessor to the Subalpine Republic. Conquered by Austro-Russian troops, later reconquered by Napoleon.
Republic of Alba	1796	Alba	Predecessor to the Piedmontese Republic; reconquered by the Kingdom of Sardinia.
Parthenopean Republic	1799	Naples	Reconquered by the Sanfedisti for the King of Naples and Sicily.
Republic of Pescara	1799	Pescara	Reunited with the Kingdom of Naples.
Roman Republic (1798–1799)	1798–1799	Papal States	Ended with the restoration of the Papal States.
Anconine Republic	1797–1798	Ancona	Joined the Roman Republic.
Tiberina Republic	1798–1799	Perugia	Joined the Roman Republic.
Ligurian Republic	1797–1805	Genoa	Annexed by the French Empire.
Republic of Lucca	1799, 1800–1805	Lucca	Replaced by the Principality of Lucca and Piombino.
Italian Republic (Napoleonic)	1802–1805	Northern Italy	Transformed into the Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic).
Cisalpine Republic	1797–1802	Northern Italy	Transformed into the Italian Republic.
Cispadane Republic	1796–1797	Emilia-Romagna	Merged with the Transpadane Republic to form the Cisalpine Republic.
Bolognese Republic	1796	Bologna	Annexed by the Cispadane Republic.
Transpadane Republic	1796–1797	Lombardy	Merged with the Cispadane Republic to form the Cisalpine Republic.
Republic of Crema	1797	Crema	Annexed by the Cisalpine Republic.
Republic of Bergamo	1797	Bergamo	Annexed by the Cisalpine Republic.
Republic of Brescia	1797	Brescia	Annexed by the Cisalpine Republic.
Provisional Municipality of Venice	1797–1798	Venice	Ceded to the Austrian Empire by the Treaty of Campo Formio.
Republic of Bouillon	1794–1795	Bouillon (modern-day Belgium)	Annexed by the French First Republic.
Republic of Liège	1789–1791	Prince-Bishopric of Liège (modern-day Belgium)	Dissolved after restoration of the Prince-Bishopric; later annexed by France.
Rauracian Republic	1792–1793	Basel (modern-day Switzerland)	Annexed by the French First Republic.
Lémanique Republic	1798	Vaud (modern-day Switzerland)	Joined the Helvetic Republic as the Canton of Léman.
Republic of Mainz	1793	Rhenish Hesse and Palatinate (modern-day Germany)	Collapsed upon the Prussian reconquest of Mainz.
Batavian Republic	1795–1806	Netherlands	Replaced by the Kingdom of Holland.
Cisrhenian Republic	1797	West bank of the Rhine (modern-day Germany)	Proclaimed but not fully established; area annexed by France.
Irish Republic (1798)	1798	Connacht (Ireland)	Proclaimed during the Irish Rebellion of 1798; collapsed with the defeat of the Franco-Irish force.
Helvetic Republic	1798–1803	Switzerland	Dissolved by Napoleon's Act of Mediation.
Altamura	1799	Altamura (Kingdom of Naples)	Crushed by Neapolitan royalist forces (the Sanfedisti).
Astese Republic	1797	Asti	Short-lived, suppressed and absorbed by the Cisalpine Republic.
Reggiana Republic [it]	1796	Reggio Emilia	Annexed by the Cispadane Republic.
Rhodanic Republic	1802–1810	Valais (modern-day Switzerland)	Transformed into the Republic of Valais under French influence, later annexed.