Sensitivity (explosives)

In explosives engineering, sensitivity refers to the degree to which an explosive can be initiated by impact, heat, or friction.^[1] Current in-use standard methods of mechanical (impact and friction) sensitivity determination differ by the sample preparation (constant mass or volume is usually used; pile or pressed pellet), sample arrangement (confined/unconfined sample etc), instrument type, go/not go criteria, and the statistical analysis of results.^[2]

Sensitivity, stability and brisance are three of the most significant properties of explosives that affect their use and application. All explosive compounds have a certain amount of energy required to initiate, analogous to the minimum ignition energy of fuel-air mixtures. If an explosive is too sensitive, it may go off accidentally. A safer explosive is less sensitive and will not explode if accidentally dropped or mishandled. However, such explosives are more difficult to initiate intentionally.

Types of sensitivity

The sensitivity of explosives is characterized by the figure of insensitivity, a measure of the probability of a material to initiate or detonate in response to quantities of external stimuli (usually impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge are considered):^[3]

• impact insensitivity is most commonly measured with a drop-weight tower;
• friction insensitivity has several tests including the Allegany Ballistics Laboratory (ABL) and Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) friction tests;
• ESD insensitivity is measured with varying energies delivered via capacitors.

Explosive train

Less sensitive explosives can be initiated by smaller quantities of more sensitive explosives, called primers or detonators, such as blasting caps. The use of increasingly less sensitive explosive materials to create an escalating chain reaction is known as an explosive train, initiation sequence, or firing train.

Classifications

High explosives are conventionally subdivided into two explosives classes, differentiated by sensitivity:^[4]

• Primary explosives are extremely sensitive to mechanical shock, friction, and heat, to which they will respond by burning rapidly or detonating.
• Secondary explosives, also called base explosives, are relatively insensitive to shock, friction, and heat.

The dataset for 150 CHNOFCl energetic compounds is available.^[5]

References

1. NAVSEA OP 5, Volume 1. U.S. Navy.
2. Muravyev, Nikita V.; Meerov, Dmitry B.; Monogarov, Konstantin A.; Melnikov, Igor N.; Kosareva, Ekaterina K.; Fershtat, Leonid L.; Sheremetev, Aleksei B.; Dalinger, Igor L.; Fomenkov, Igor V.; Pivkina, Alla N. (October 2021). "Sensitivity of energetic materials: Evidence of thermodynamic factor on a large array of CHNOFCl compounds". Chemical Engineering Journal. 421 129804. Bibcode:2021ChEnJ.42129804M. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.129804.
3. EPA 2024.
4. Klapötke, Thomas M. (2012). Chemistry of high-energy materials (Second ed.). Berlin/Boston. ISBN 978-3-11-027359-5. OCLC 796384242.
5. Muravyev, Nikita V.; Meerov, Dmitry B.; Monogarov, Konstantin A.; Melnikov, Igor N.; Kosareva, Ekaterina K.; Fershtat, Leonid L.; Sheremetev, Aleksei B.; Dalinger, Igor L.; Fomenkov, Igor V.; Pivkina, Alla N. (October 2021). "Sensitivity of energetic materials: Evidence of thermodynamic factor on a large array of CHNOFCl compounds". Chemical Engineering Journal. 421 129804. Bibcode:2021ChEnJ.42129804M. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.129804.

Sources

• EPA (2024). "Revisions to Standards for the Open Burning/Open Detonation of Waste Explosives" (PDF). : Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 31 August 2025. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.