Samuel Beach Axtell

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Samuel B. Axtell
Axtell in 1876
9th Governor of New Mexico Territory
In office
June 8, 1875 – September 4, 1878
PresidentUlysses S. Grant
Preceded byWilliam G. Ritch (acting)
Succeeded byLew Wallace
10th Governor of the Utah Territory
In office
February 2, 1875 – July 1, 1875
Appointed byUlysses S. Grant
Preceded byGeorge Lemuel Woods
Succeeded byGeorge W. Emery
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from California's 1st district
In office
March 4, 1867 – March 3, 1871
Preceded byDonald C. McRuer
Succeeded bySherman Otis Houghton
Personal details
BornSamuel Beach Axtell
(1819-10-14)October 14, 1819
Franklin County, Ohio
DiedAugust 6, 1891(1891-08-06) (aged 71)
Morristown, New Jersey
PartyDemocratic/Republican
OccupationJurist and politician

Samuel Beach Axtell (October 14, 1819 – August 6, 1891) was an American jurist and politician. He is noted for serving as chief justice of the New Mexico Territorial Supreme Court, territorial Governor of Utah and New Mexico, and a two-term Congressman from California.

Early life

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Axtell was born in Franklin County, Ohio, to a family of farmers. An ancestor was an officer in the American Revolutionary army and his grandfather was a Colonel of a New Jersey regiment during the War of 1812. He married Adaline S. Williams of Summit County, Ohio, September 20, 1840 and moved to Mt. Clemens, Michigan in 1843. Axtell was a graduate of the Western Reserve College at Oberlin, Ohio and was admitted to the bar in Ohio in the 1830s.

Life in California

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Portrait by Mathew Brady c. 1867–1871

In 1851, Axtell was caught up in the last days of the California Gold Rush. He moved to California and engaged in gold mining along the American River – in which he had little success. Upon the organization of California's counties he became interested in Politics and was elected district attorney of Amador County, holding this office for three terms. He moved to San Francisco in 1860, and was elected to the United States Congress as a Democrat, Representing California's First Congressional District in 1866 and re-elected 1868. He chose not to run for re-election and changed political parties to Republican.[1]

Territorial Governor

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President Ulysses Grant tapped Axtell to be the Governor of the Utah Territory in 1874. Axtell left office in June 1875 amid criticism from anti-Mormon elements in the Territory.[2] Grant subsequently appointed him Governor of the New Mexico Territory, and he was inaugurated on July 30, 1875.[3] Axtell's administration is best remembered for an inept response to two outbreaks of frontier violence: the Colfax County War and Lincoln County War.

In Colfax County, a long-running land dispute between the Maxwell Land Grant Company and local settlers boiled over in late 1875 following the murder of small-holder spokesman Reverend F.J. Tolby. Up to 200 people died in subsequent violence pitting settler vigilantes against pro-Company gangs.[4] Governor Axtell was closely associated with the pro-Company "Santa Fe Ring." In 1876, responding to pro-settler verdicts by local juries, he suspended Colfax County's judicial powers. Axtell also dispatched a company of U.S. Army soldiers to arrest settler leader Clay Allison and three of his allies.[5]

In Lincoln County, a business rivalry grew into a cycle of revenge killings between partisans of "The House" owned by James Dolan (supported by the Jesse Evans Gang) and the Lincoln County Regulators supporting competing businesses run by John Tunstall and Alexander McSween. Governor Axtell intervened on behalf of The House, using his authority to remove pro-Regulator officials and shift legal authority to those supporting Dolan. This decision may have been influenced by the Attorney General of the New Mexico Territory, Thomas Catron, who held a mortgage on Dolan's property.[6]

Accusations of corruption and misconduct led Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz (R) to initiate an investigation into Axtell's activities as governor. Frank Angell, the investigating agent, would later describe Governor Axtell's administration as having more "corruption, fraud, mismanagement, plots and murder" than any other governor in the history of the United States.[7] Based on Angell's investigation, Secretary Schurz suspended the Governor on September 4, 1878.[8]

President Rutherford B. Hayes (R) then appointed General Lew Wallace to replace Axtell later that year.[3]

Chief justice

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Despite his suspension, no criminal charges were brought against Axtell. He was later appointed chief justice of the New Mexico Territorial Supreme Court in 1882. He resigned in May 1885 after Grover Cleveland was elected president and planned to remove Axtell from the office.

In 1890 he was elected chairman of the New Mexico Territorial Republican Committee.

Death

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Axtell died in Morristown, New Jersey on August 6, 1891.

Electoral history

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1866 United States House of Representatives elections[9]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Samuel Beach Axtell 18,793 57.3
Republican Timothy Guy Phelps 13,989 42.7
Total votes 32,782 100.0
Democratic gain from Republican
1868 United States House of Representatives elections[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Samuel Beach Axtell (Incumbent) 23,632 54.1
Republican Frank M. Pixley 20,081 45.9
Total votes 43,713 100.0
Democratic hold

References

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  1. ^ "New Mexico Office of the State Historian - people". newmexicohistory.org.
  2. ^ "Samuel Beach Axtell". Utah History To Go. Utah State Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 2, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  3. ^ a b Axtell, Dan. "Samuel Beach Axtell Genealogical Biography". Axtell Family Online. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  4. ^ Wroth, William H. "Maxwell Land Grant". New Mexico History.org. Office of the New Mexico Historian. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  5. ^ "The Maxwell (Beaubien-Miranda) Land Grant and the Colfax County War". Sangres.com. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  6. ^ "Lincoln County War". New Mexico Nomad. Retrieved October 16, 2018.[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ Guide to the Microfilm Edition of the Territorial Archives of New Mexico, 1846 - 1912. Santa Fe: State of New Mexico Records Center and Archives. 1974. p. 17. Retrieved November 30, 2025.
  8. ^ "Samuel Beach Axtell". New Mexico History.org. Office of the New Mexico State Historian. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  9. ^ 1866 election results
  10. ^ 1868 election results
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