Pseudoeryx plicatilis

Pseudoeryx plicatilis
Adult
Juvenile
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Colubridae
Genus:	Pseudoeryx
Species:	P. plicatilis
Binomial name
Pseudoeryx plicatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms[2]
List Coluber plicatilis Linnaeus, 1758: 217 Pseudoeryx plicatilis plicatilis Linnaeus, 1758 Cerastes plicatilis Laurenti, 1768: 81 Elaps plicatilis Schneider, 1801: 294 Natrix plicatilis Merrem, 1820: 99 Pseudoeryx daudinii Fitzinger, 1826: 55 Pseudoeryx plicatilis Fitzinger, 1826: 55 Homalopsis plicatilis Boie, 1827: 523 Helicops plicatilis Wagler, 1830: 171 Pseuderyx plicatilis Fitzinger, 1843: 25 (unjustified emendation) Dimades plicatilis Gray, 1849: 76 Calopisma plicatile Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854: 344 Pseudoeryx plicatilis mimeticus Cope, 1885 Pseudoeryx mimeticus Cope, 1885: 94 Pseudoeryx plicatilis var. anomalepis Bocourt, 1895: 804 Hydrops lehmanni Dunn, 1944: 71 (fide Roze, 1957) Pseudoeryx plicatilis ecuadorensis Mertens, 1965

Pseudoeryx plicatilis, the South American pond snake, is a species of snake of the family Colubridae. They can reach lengths averaging to 1.27 m (4.2 ft).^[3] The body of the snake is flattened more dorsally and has smooth scales. The head is compact and the snake is composed of primarily pale dorsal yellow lines with the scales being mostly olive brown. For adults the ventral side of the snake is yellow with rows of black dots. The juveniles have ventral sides that are bright orange or red with black doted rows.^[4]

Habitat and geographic distribution

Mato Grosso, Brazil

Geographic range

The snake is found in Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil.^[5]

Habitat

The habitat of Pseudoeryx plicatilis consists of forest, savanna, and inland wetlands.^[6] They can be found in black-water rivers, lagoons, ponds, swamps, and oxbow lakes.^[4]

Behavior

These snakes are nocturnal and they perform different activities at different depths throughout the night. They have a tendency to forage or perform ambush behavior to attack prey. They are a relatively calm snake and perform many passive defensive behaviors.^[4]

Defense tactics

There remains to be limited knowledge about this species, however, observations of different defensive behaviors have been made. They have been seen hiding their heads and their tails, dorsally-ventrally flattening their full body, making knots out of themselves, turning their ventral region upwards, and moving in drastic erotic ways. Pseudoeryx plicatilis shares defensive traits with other species of water snake including hiding of the head, dorsally-ventrally flattening, and cloacal discharge. Each strategy has its own effect on the predator that is attempting to attack. Erratic movements demonstrate strength and protect the head, cloacal discharge is a deterrent towards the predator, and the tucking of the head and tail implies that predators attack both ends of the animal.^[7]

Biology

Reproduction

Pseudoeryx plicatilis is oviparous. They have a large clutch size ranging from 22 to 49 eggs. The females will protect and guard the eggs until hatching.^[4]

Diet

The diet of Pseudoeryx plicatilis primarily consists of aquatic organisms such as fishes and frogs.^[8] They have also been observed eating freshwater eels half the size of their own bodies.^[9]

Taxonomy

Etymology

The genus Pseudoeryx was coined by Fitzinger in 1826.^[10] The name Pseudoeryx stems from the Greek word pseudo-, which means false. -eryx is the generic name of the old world sand boas. The species name plicatilis means foldable, from Latin terms. The species is referred to as foldable because of the ventro-lateral fold.^[4]

The species was described as Coluber plicatilis by Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. A second species, Pseudoeryx relictualis, was described in 2007.^[11]

References

1. Gagliardi, G.; Nogueira, C. de C.; Embert, D.; Cisneros-Heredia, D.F.; Gonzales, L.; Catenazzi, A.; Schargel, W.; Rivas, G.; Silveira, A.L.; Argôlo, A.J.S.; Abrahão, C.R.; Strüssmann, C.; Loebmann, D.; Barbo, F.E.; Franco, F.L.; Costa, G.C.; de Moura, G.J.B.; Zaher, H. el D.; Borges-Martins, M.; Martins, M.R.C.; Oliveira, M.E.; Hoogmoed, M.S.; Marques, O.A.V.; Passos, P.G.H.; Bérnils, R.S.; Kawashita-Ribeiro, R.A.; Sawaya, R.J.; da Costa, T.B.G. (2019). "Pseudoeryx plicatilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T177528A44951789. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
2. Uetz, Peter; Hallermann, Jakob (2016). "Pseudoeryx plicatilis (LINNAEUS, 1758)". The Reptile Database.
3. Scartozzoni, Rodrigo R.; Trevine, Vivian C.; Germano, Valdir J. (2010-10-01). "Reptilia, Squamata, Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Pseudoeryx plicatilis (Linnaeus, 1758): new records and geographic distribution map". Check List. 6 (4): 534. doi:10.15560/6.4.534. ISSN 1809-127X.
4. "South American Pond Snake (Pseudoeryx plicatilis)". reptilesofecuador.com. Retrieved 2025-03-15.
5. "Pseudoeryx plicatilis". Reptile Database. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
6. "Pseudoeryx plicatilis: Gagliardi, G., Nogueira, C. de C., Embert, D., Cisneros-Heredia, D.F., Gonzales, L., Catenazzi, A., Schargel, W., Rivas, G., Silveira, A.L., Argôlo, A.J.S., Abrahão, C.R., Strüssmann, C., Loebmann, D., Barbo, F.E., Franco, F.L., Costa, G.C., de Moura, G.J.B., Zaher, H. el D., Borges-Martins, M., Martins, M.R.C., Oliveira, M.E., Hoogmoed, M.S., Marques, O.A.V., Passos, P.G.H., Bérnils, R.S., Kawashita-Ribeiro, R.A., Sawaya, R.J. & da Costa, T.B.G." IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014-11-26. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2019-2.rlts.t177528a44951789.en. Retrieved 2025-04-01.
7. Cavalheri, Diego; Carvalho, Priscila; Santana, Diego (2021). "Defensive repertory of Pseudoeryx plicatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil" (PDF). Cuadernos de Herpetología. 36. doi:10.31017/CdH.2021.(2020-034).
8. Scartozzoni, R.R. (2009). Estratégias reprodutivas e ecologia alimentar de serpentes aquáticas da tribo Hydropsini (Dipsadidae, Xenodontinae). Universidade de São Paulo.
9. Kaefer, I; Montanarin, A (2010). "Pseudoeryx plicatilis (South American Pond Snake). Diet". Herpetological Review. 41 (3): 372.
10. Fitzinger, L. (1826). Neue Classification der Reptilien nach ihren natürlichen Verwandtschaften nebst einer Verwandschafts-Tafel und einem Verzeichnisse der Reptilien-Sammlung des K. K. Zoologischen Museums zu Wien. Vienna: J. G. Heubner.
11. Schargel, Walter E.; Rivas Fuenmayor, Gilson; Barros, Tito R.; Péfaur, Jaime E.; Navarrete, Luis F. (2007). "A new aquatic snake (Colubridae: Pseudoeryx) from the Lake Maracaibo Basin, northwestern Venezuela: A relic of the past course of the Orinoco River". Herpetologica. 63 (2): 236–244. doi:10.1655/0018-0831(2007)63[236:ANASCP]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0018-0831.