Politics of Shanghai

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Politics of Shanghai
National Emblem of the People's Republic of China
LegislatureShanghai Municipal People's Congress
Websitewww.shanghai.gov.cn
Communist Party
PartyShanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
SecretaryChen Jining
Government
ExecutiveMunicipal People's Government
MayorGong Zheng
Executive Deputy MayorWu Qing
Congress ChairpersonHuang Lixin
Local CPPCC ChairmanHu Wenrong
Commission for Discipline Inspection SecretaryLiu Xuexin
Supervisory DirectorLiu Xuexin
Court PresidentLiu Xiaoyun
Procurator GeneralChen Yong
MilitaryPeople's Liberation Army Shanghai Garrison
CommanderLiu Jie
Shanghai Municipal Government building

The politics of Shanghai[1] is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in the mainland of the People's Republic of China (PRC). In the last few decades the city has produced many of the country's eventual senior leaders, including Jiang Zemin, Zhu Rongji, Wu Bangguo, Huang Ju, Xi Jinping, Yu Zhengsheng, Han Zheng, and Li Qiang.

Overview

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The Mayor of the Shanghai Municipal People's Government (上海市人民政府市长, shorten as 上海市市长 ie Mayor of Shanghai Municipality) is the highest ranking executive official in Shanghai. Since Shanghai is a direct-controlled municipality of China, the Mayor occupies the same level in the order of precedence as provincial governors. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the mayor has less power than the Shanghai Municipal Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary (中国共产党上海市委员会书记, shorten as 中共上海市委书记), colloquially termed the "Shanghai CCP Party Chief" in English.

Before 1941, Shanghai had a split administration: the International Settlement (governed under the Shanghai Municipal Council), the French Concession, and the Chinese City. The Chinese city was invaded by the Japanese in 1937 and the foreign concessions were occupied by the Japanese in 1941. After the occupation, the foreign powers formally ceded the territory to the Nationalist Government in Chongqing (a move largely symbolic until the Japanese surrender since the Nationalists no longer controlled Shanghai).

Political power in Shanghai has frequently been a stepping stone to higher positions in the central government. Since Jiang Zemin became the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in June 1989, all former Shanghai party secretaries but one were elevated to the Politburo Standing Committee, the de facto highest decision-making body in China,[2] including Jiang himself (Party General Secretary),[3] Zhu Rongji (Premier),[4] Wu Bangguo (NPC Chairman),[5] Huang Ju (Vice Premier),[6] Xi Jinping (current General Secretary),[7] Yu Zhengsheng (CPPCC Chairman),[8] Han Zheng (Vice Premier and Vice President),[9] and Li Qiang (Premier). Zeng Qinghong, a former deputy party secretary of Shanghai, also rose to the Politburo Standing Committee and became the Vice President and an influential power broker.[10] Li Xi, another former deputy party secretary of Shanghai, has become the Politburo Standing Committee and Secretary of CCDI member in 2022. The only exception is Chen Liangyu, who was fired in 2006 and later convicted of corruption.[11]

List of provincial-level leaders

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CCP Committee Secretaries

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Main article: Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
This section is an excerpt from Party Secretary of Shanghai § List of party secretaries.[edit]
No. Portrait Name Took office Left office Ref.
1 Rao Shushi 1949 1950 [12]
2 Chen Yi 1950 1954 [12][13]
3 Ke Qingshi 1954 1965 [13]
4 Chen Pixian 1965 1967 [13]
5 Zhang Chunqiao 1971 1976 [13]
6 Su Zhenhua 1976 1979 [13]
7 Peng Chong 1979 1980 [13]
8 Chen Guodong 1980 1985 [13]
9 Rui Xingwen 1985 1987 [13]
10 Jiang Zemin 27 November 1987 1 August 1989 [13]
11 Zhu Rongji 1 August 1989 20 March 1991 [13]
12 Wu Bangguo 20 March 1991 28 September 1994 [14]
13 Huang Ju 28 September 1994 15 November 2002 [15][16]
14 Chen Liangyu 15 November 2002 24 September 2006 [17]
— Han Zheng 24 September 2006 24 March 2007 [18]
15 Xi Jinping 24 March 2007 27 October 2007 [19]
16 Yu Zhengsheng 27 October 2007 20 November 2012 [20]
17 Han Zheng 20 November 2012 29 October 2017 [18]
18 Li Qiang 29 October 2017 28 October 2022 [21]
19 Chen Jining 28 October 2022 Incumbent [22]

Chairpersons of Shanghai Municipal People's Congress

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Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Shanghai Municipal People's Congress
Incumbent
Dong Yunhu
since January 15, 2023
StatusLegislature leader
Term lengthFive years, renewable
This section is an excerpt from Shanghai Municipal People's Congress § Chairpersons.[edit]
Name Took office Left office
Yan Youmin 1979 1981
Hu Lijiao 1981 1988
Ye Gongqi (叶公琦) 1988 1998
Chen Tiedi (陈铁迪) February 1998 February 2003
Gong Xueping (龚学平) February 2003 January 2008
Liu Yungeng January 2008 January 2013
Yin Yicui February 2013 January 2020
Jiang Zhuoqing January 20, 2020 January 15, 2023
Dong Yunhu January 15, 2020 July 12, 2023
Huang Lixin January 24, 2024 Incumbent

Mayors of Shanghai

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Main article: Shanghai Municipal People's Government
This section is an excerpt from Mayor of Shanghai § People's Republic of China.[edit]

Since communist victory in the Shanghai Campaign, Shanghai has been led by its Mayor and Party Secretary, all officeholders of which are members of the Chinese Communist Party.

No. Officeholder Term Ref.
Mayor of the Shanghai Municipal People's Government
1 Chen Yi
(1901–1972) 		28 May 1949
–
February 1955
Mayor of the Shanghai Municipal People's Committee
(1) Chen Yi
(1901–1972) 		February 1955
–
November 1958
2 Ke Qingshi
(1902–1965) 		November 1958
–
April 1965
3 Cao Diqiu
(1909–1976) 		November 1965
–
February 1967
Director of the Shanghai People's Commune Interim Committee
4 Zhang Chunqiao
(1917–2005) 		February 1967
–
February 1967
Director of the Shanghai Municipal Revolutionary Committee
(4) Zhang Chunqiao
(1917–2005) 		February 1967
–
October 1976
5 Su Zhenhua
(1912–1979) 		October 1976
–
January 1979
6 Peng Chong
(1915–2010) 		January 1979
–
December 1979
Mayor of the Shanghai Municipal People's Government
(6) Peng Chong
(1915–2010) 		December 1979
–
March 1980
7 Wang Daohan
(1915–2005) 		April 1981
–
July 1985
8 Jiang Zemin
(1926–2022) 		July 1985
–
April 1988
9 Zhu Rongji
(born 1928) 		April 1988
–
April 1991 		[23]
10 Huang Ju
(1938–2007) 		April 1991
–
February 1995
11 Xu Kuangdi
(born 1936) 		February 1995
–
December 2001 		[24]
12 Chen Liangyu
(born 1944) 		December 2001
–
February 2003
13 Han Zheng
(born 1955) 		February 2003
–
26 December 2012 		[25]
14 Yang Xiong
(1953–2021) 		26 December 2012
–
17 January 2017 		[26]
15 Ying Yong
(born 1957) 		20 January 2017
–
13 February 2020 		[27]
16 Gong Zheng
(born 1960) 		23 March 2020
–
Incumbent 		[28]

Chairpersons of the Political Conference Shanghai Committee

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Chairman of Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Incumbent
Hu Wenrong
since January 14, 2023
StatusLocal CPPCC leader
Term lengthFive years, renewable
Main article: Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
  1. Ke Qingshi (柯庆施): 1955–1958
  2. Chen Pixian (陈丕显): 1958–1967
  3. Peng Chong (彭冲): 1977–1979
  4. Wang Yiping (王一平): 1979–1983
  5. Prof. Li Guohao (李国豪): 1983–1988
  6. Prof. Xie Xide (谢希德) (female): 1988–1993
  7. Chen Tiedi (陈铁迪) (female): 1993–1998
  8. Wang Liping (王力平): 1998–2003
  9. Jiang Yiren (蒋以任): 2003–2008
  10. Feng Guoqin (冯国勤): 2008–2013
  11. Wu Zhiming (吴志明): 2013–2018
  12. Dong Yunhu (董云虎): 2018–2023
  13. Hu Wenrong (胡文容): 2023–incumbent

Chairpersons of the Shanghai Supervisory Committee

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Main article: Shanghai Municipal Supervisory Commission
  1. Liao Guoxun (廖国勋): January 2018 – March 2020
  2. Liu Xuexin (刘学新): July 2020 – October 2022
  3. Li Yangzhe (李仰哲): October 2022 – incumbent

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Politics of Shanghai". South China Morning Post. China. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
  2. ^ Lawrence, Susan; Martin, Michael (March 20, 2013). "Understanding China's Political System" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 8, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
  3. ^ "Profile: Jiang Zemin". BBC News. September 19, 2004. Archived from the original on November 19, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
  4. ^ Kahn, Joseph (March 19, 2003). "The Former Premier Who Ended China's 'Splendid Isolation'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 26, 2010. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
  5. ^ "Biography of Wu Bangguo". China Vitae. Archived from the original on November 22, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  6. ^ Yardley, Jim (June 2, 2007). "Huang Ju, Powerful Chinese Official, Dies at 68". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
  7. ^ "Biography of Xi Jinping". China Vitae. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
  8. ^ "Biography of Yu Zhengsheng". China Vitae. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
  9. ^ "Biography of Han Zheng". China Vitae. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
  10. ^ Kahn, Joseph (October 4, 2006). "In Graft Inquiry, Chinese See a Shake-Up Coming". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
  11. ^ "Former Shanghai Party chief gets 18-year term for bribery". Xinhua News. April 11, 2008. Archived from the original on December 6, 2009. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
  12. ^ a b 中国共产党在上海100年 (in Chinese). Shanghai People's Press. 2021. p. 2-PA24. ISBN 978-7-208-16939-5. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 中华人民共和国国史大辞典 (in Chinese). 黒龙江人民出版社. 1992. p. 1305. ISBN 978-7-207-02281-3. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
  14. ^ 《中共上海党志》编纂委员会 (2001). 中共上海党志. 上海市专志系列丛刊 (in Chinese). 上海社会科学院出版社. p. 109. ISBN 978-7-80618-866-8. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
  15. ^ "黄菊". 中国共产党新闻网--人民网 (in Chinese). February 26, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
  16. ^ "黄菊简历". 中国政协网 (in Chinese). March 18, 2003. Archived from the original on June 23, 2024. Retrieved January 20, 2025.
  17. ^ Barboza, David (April 12, 2008). "Former Party Boss in China Gets 18 Years". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
  18. ^ a b Cheng, Li. "Han Zheng 韩正" (PDF). Brookings Institution. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 25, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  19. ^ 习近平任上海市委书记 韩正不再代理市委书记 [Xi Jinping is Secretary of Shanghai Municipal Party Committee – Han Zheng is No Longer Acting Party Secretary]. Sohu (in Simplified Chinese). March 24, 2007. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  20. ^ "Yu Zhengsheng". China Internet Information Center. November 15, 2012. Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
  21. ^ Martina, Michael; Zhang, Min (October 29, 2017). "Xi ally Li Qiang named Shanghai party boss: Xinhua". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 27, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  22. ^ "CPC reshuffles Shanghai Party chief". Xinhua News Agency. October 28, 2022. Archived from the original on October 28, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
  23. ^ Mufson, Steven (March 5, 1998). "Economic Pragmatist to Be China Premier". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
  24. ^ Hu, Richard (2023). Reinventing the Chinese City. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-231-21101-7.
  25. ^ "Meet Han Zheng, the man just appointed China's new vice-president". South China Morning Post. March 10, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
  26. ^ 韩正辞去上海市市长职务 杨雄任上海市代市长 [Han Zheng resigns as mayor of Shanghai; Yang Xiong appointed acting mayor of Shanghai]. Eastday (in Chinese). December 26, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
  27. ^ Areddy, James T. (January 20, 2017). "Shanghai Government Names Ying Yong Mayor". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
  28. ^ "Shanghai set to endorse Gong Zheng as its new mayor". March 20, 2020.