Monastery of St. Moses the Abyssinian

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Monastery of St. Moses the Abyssinian
Monastery of St. Moses the Abyssinian is located in Syria
Monastery of St. Moses the Abyssinian
Location within Syria
Monastery information
Other namesDeir Mar Musa al-Habashi
OrderThe al-Khalil Monastic Community of Deir Mar Musa al-Habashi
Established6th century
Dedicated toSaint Moses the Abyssinian
DioceseSyriac Catholic Church
Site
LocationNabk, Syria
Coordinates34°1′18″N 36°50′32″E / 34.02167°N 36.84222°E / 34.02167; 36.84222
Public accessYes

The Monastery of St. Moses the Abyssinian (Syriac: ܕܝܪܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܡܘܫܐ ܟܘܫܝܐ, romanized: Dayrā d-Mār Mūše Kūšāyā; Arabic: دير مار موسى الحبشي, romanized: Dayr Mār Mūsá al-Ḥabashī), named after Moses the Black, is a monastic community of the Syriac Catholic Church located near the town of Nabk, Syria, approximately 80 km (50 mi) north of Damascus, on the eastern slopes of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains.[1][2] The main church of the monastic compound hosts precious frescoes dating to the 11th and 12th centuries.

Name

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The monastery is dedicated to Moses the Black, an Egyptian thief-turned-monk and Desert Father. Some inscriptions and manuscripts, however, refer to this Moses as the prophet Moses, with the earliest references to Moses the Black dating from the 17th century. It is possible that the association with the desert father arose with the arrival of several Abyssinian monks in the 15th century.[3]

History

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The monastery is situated atop a steep, rocky promontory that extends from a deep gorge nestled between two cliffs in the elevated area south of Nabk. The earliest historical reference is by John Chrysostom in a 6th-century manuscript, describing a "convent of Mushe, on the hill called 'the Great Head,' east of Natpha, in the province of Damascus." Subsequent history is preserved in inscriptions found within the monastery itself. It served as the seat of a bishopric until the end of the 14th century, when it was relocated to the diocese of Hama and Mardin, and later to Jerusalem and Damascus.[4]

An ancient building, stone circles, lines, and tombs were recently discovered near the monastery in 2009 by archaeologist Robert Mason of the Royal Ontario Museum. Mason suggested that the ruins may date back 10,000 years and were likely constructed in the Neolithic period (such as the Heavy Neolithic Qaraoun culture of the Anti-Lebanon).

The lack of evidence for a farming community before the 6th century suggests that the original structures for what is now the monastery were either state impositions or monastic/ecclesiastical foundations. The two oldest extant structures on the site were likely Roman watchtowers built to oversee the road from Palmyra to Damascus. The earliest manuscript and coinage attestations indicate that the monastery was likely founded in the sixth century, supported by the network of lavra in nearby rock-faces which seem to date from this period.[5] The site was largely rebuilt in both the 11th and 16th centuries. Its 11th-12th century frescoes, dating from between 1058 and 1208, represent 'the only full program of mediaeval church decoration to have survived in greater Syria' and provide important evidence of the growth of the medieval Syrian school of painting.[6]

The larger 'Roman' tower seems to have been reconstructed in the 12th century, with well-dressed, well-lain stonework and vaulting on the ground floor, suggesting the involvement of professional engineers and masons, likely in response to a series of earthquakes in 1138 and again in 1157. The tower also yields pottery almost exclusively from the 14th century, including a piece of Yuan-dynasty Longquan celadon stoneware from China.[5]

In 1838, the place, named Deir Mar Musa, was noted as having a Syriac population.[7][failed verification] The monastery was abandoned some time in the 19th century after intermittent activity from the 15th century onwards. In 1981, all but one room in the upper terrace had collapsed, but the chapel was still intact, with its walls adorned with peeling, painted stucco, though the roof and ciborium had been burned for as firewood. An orientalist Jesuit priest, Paolo Dall'Oglio, restored the community in 1992 with deacon Jacques Mourad (now Archbishop of Homs) under the Syriac Catholic Church; the community was a double monastic community (men and women, which is normally contrary to the XX canon of the Second Council of Nicaea), named "Al-Khalil Monastic Community of Deir Mar Musa al-Habashi", devoted to four tasks: prayer, work, hospitality and dialogue.[6][8]

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  • View of the monastery
    View of the monastery
  • View of the oldest building of the monastery
    View of the oldest building of the monastery
  • Fresco depicting Saint Bacchus at the monastery.
    Fresco depicting Saint Bacchus at the monastery.
  • Restored fresco inside the church
    Restored fresco inside the church
  • Detail of a fresco representing the Last Judgement, the elect are led by the first martyrs Stephen and James
    Detail of a fresco representing the Last Judgement, the elect are led by the first martyrs Stephen and James
  • Building reconstructed in 1991
    Building reconstructed in 1991

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Ali-Dib, Edith (2008-02-03). "Inter-religious Dialogue in Syria: Politics, Ethics and Miscommunication". Political Theology. 9 (1): 93–113. doi:10.1558/poth.v9i1.93. ISSN 1462-317X.
  2. ^ Saldaña, Stephanie. (2010). The bread of angels : a journey of love and faith. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-307-28046-6. OCLC 664668663.
  3. ^ Dodd (2011), p. 297.
  4. ^ Dodd (2011), p. 296.
  5. ^ a b Mason, Robert B. J. (2011-01-01). "The desert, the divine, and a disaster in the architecture and chronology of the Monastery of St. Moses the Abyssinian, Syria". Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies. 11 (1): 3–18. doi:10.31826/jcsss-2011-110103. ISSN 2688-4747.
  6. ^ a b Burns, Ross. The monuments of Syria : a guide. ISBN 978-0-7556-1246-8. OCLC 1140152431.
  7. ^ Smith, in Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 173
  8. ^ Dodd (2011), pp. 296–297.

Bibliography

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