Mixtec monarchs

Mixtec monarchs, also known as Mixtec kings and queens, were the centers of power for the Mixtec civilization. Each Mixtec city-state was controlled by a dynasty of kings, and the rule of a city was usually inherited by the oldest son.

Mixtec territory

Main article: La Mixteca

Codex Zouche-Nuttall Mixtec British Museum.

Map showing the historic Mixtec area. Pre-Classic archeological sites are marked with a triangle, Classic sites with a round dot, and Post-classic sites with a square.

In pre-Columbian times, the Mixtec were one of the major civilizations of Mesoamerica. The Mixtec territories are usually subdivided into three geographic areas: The Mixteca Alta or Highland Mixtec, living in the mountains in, around, and to the west of the Valley of Oaxaca; the Mixteca Baja or Lowland Mixtec living to the north and west of these highlands, and the Mixteca de la Costa or Coastal Mixtec living in the southern plains and the coast of the Pacific Ocean. The valley of Oaxaca itself was often a disputed border region, sometimes dominated by the Mixtec and sometimes by their neighbors to the east, the Zapotec.

The Mixtecs never formed a political unit that integrated all the villages occupied by members of that people, although the largest political unit known to that pre-Columbian nation was formed under the government of Eight Deer in Tilantongo. Nevertheless, for most of Mixtec history, the Mixteca Alta was the dominant political force, with the capitals of the Mixtec nation located in the central highlands, in Important ancient centers such as Tilantongo, Achiutla, Cuilapan, Huajuapan, Mitla, Tlaxiaco, Tututepec, Juxtlahuaca, and Yucuñudahui.

The Mixtecs also made major constructions at the ancient city of Monte Albán (which had originated as a Zapotec city before the Mixtecs gained control of it).

History

Mesoamerican Postclassic Mixtec sites.

The Postclassic is by far the best known period of pre-Hispanic Mixtec history, thanks to the preservation of oral history in colonial documents, but also to the codex that survived the destruction and the time after the arrival of the Spaniards in La Mixteca. It is also the period to which more rulers are known, and this information comes, not only from oral tradition, but also from those same codices.

In Mesoamerica, the Postclassic is marked by the flourishing of militaristic states. In fact, Mixtec populations were organized in small states hostile to each other, each headed by a city of first importance that ruled over other settlements subject to its authority. The construction of a hierarchical structure in the relations between the head towns of the Mixtec lordships (called ñuu) and their satellites (called siqui) is constant in Mixtec history, although in this period it is accentuated due to the increase in population and the political strategies of the ruling elites^[1]. This does not mean that societies of previous stages didn't wage war, as some city-states's walls date back to the first millennium BC, but in the Postclassic military activity mey have taken greater importance, as evidenced by the proliferation of paraphernalia associated with war and the cult of warrior deities throughout the region.^[2]

Known rulers of Mixtec city-states

Notes:

• The names of the rulers are composed by the day of the birth + 'nickname'; as there's no distinction between males and females through names, rulers are assigned the usual gender symbols (♀ ♂); Colonial Christian names are pointed in bold.
• Most of the dates presented for the rulers' reigns are tentative and subject to change.
• The dynasty never breaks while a member of the family rules: the line goes through women if they ruled as queen regnants. However, if a child inherits different kingdoms of two reigning parents, the paternal line will be favoured. A family tree of some of the rulers is available in these links.
• The lists may not be completed. However, take in consideration that some may be more completed than others in different aspects.

In Mixteca Costa

Acatepec, Yucu Yoo

See also: Acatepec

• 1090-1097: ♀ Six Monkey 'War Quexquemitl' (usurper, deposed),
  • Sub-rulers ♂ 3 Alligator and ♂ 1 Movement
• 1097-1115: ♂ Eight Deer 'Jaguar Claw' (usurper)

Juquila, Ñuu Sitoho

See also: Juquila

• ?: ♂ One Death 'Sun Serpent', and ♀ Eleven Serpent 'Flower Quetzal Feathers' (wife) (parents-in-law of ♂ Six House, King of Tilantongo)

Tututepec (Yucu Dzaa) and Zacatepec (Yucu Chatuta)

See also: Tututepec and Santa María Zacatepec

• ?: Nizainzo Huidzo
• c.357: Mzatzin

Ruler		Born	Reign	City/Realm	Consort	Death	Notes
2nd Tilantongo dynasty
♂ Eight Deer 'Jaguar Claw' Nacuaa 'Teyusi Ñaña'		5 October 1063 Tilantongo Son of ♂ Five Alligator 'Sun Rain' (priest) and ♀ Eleven Water 'Jewel Bird'	1084 – 10 November 1115	Tututepec	♀ Thirteen Serpent 'Flowered Serpent' (of Huachino) 1103 five children ♀ Six Eagle 'Jaguar Spiderweb' (of Chalcatongo) 1105 one child ♀ Ten Vulture 'Shining Quechquemitl' (of Teita) 1105 two children ♀ Eleven Serpent 'Jaguar Flower Turquoise Teeth' (of Totomihuacan) 1105 two children ♀ Six Wind 'Great Feathers of Noble Blood' (of Cuyotepeji) no children	10 November 1115 Tilantongo aged 52	Usurper and founder of a new royal line at Tilantongo. After his death Tututepec went to his murderer (and later son-in-law) Four Wind Fire Serpent.
Pedernales-Achiutla dynasty
♂ Four Wind 'Fire Serpent' Quichi 'Yahui'		1092 Huachino Son of ♂ Eleven Wind, King of Huachino and ♀ Six Monkey, Queen of Jaltepec	10 November 1115 – 1164	Tututepec	♀ Ten Flower 'Rain Spiderweb' (of Tilantongo) 1124 one child ♀ Five Lizard 'Zacate-Pulque Vase' (of Deep Valley ) 1124 or 1125 three children ♀ Five Wind 'Jade and Fur Ornament' (of Tilantongo) 1125 no children	1164 Pedernales aged 71–72
♂ Eleven Jaguar 'Tlaloc Fire Wall'		? Son of ♂ Four Wind	1120 – 1188	Zacatepec	Unknown at least one child	1188 Zacatepec	In 1120, he was given the settlement of Zacatepec by his father[3].
♂ Seven Lizard 'Tlaloc Sun'		? Son of ♂ Eleven Jaguar	c.1188	Zacatepec	Unknown	?

Main polities in Mixteca Alta and their direct dependencies

Tilantongo (Ñuu Tnoo) and Teozacoalco (Chiyo Cahnu)

See also: Tilantongo and Teozacoalco

Ruler		Born	Reign	City/Realm	Consort	Death	Notes
1st Tilantongo dynasty
♂ Ten House 'Jaguar'		?	?	Tilantongo	♀ One Grass 'Puma' (of Apoala) (born c.880) one child	?	First known ruler of the settlement.
♂ Three Eagle 'Eagle of the Serpent Place'		? Son of ♂ Ten House and ♀ One Grass	? – after 942	Tilantongo	♀ Four Rabbit 'Quexquemitl' (of Mitlatongo) two children	after 942
♂ Nine Wind 'Stone Skull'		942 Tilantongo Son of ♂ Three Eagle and Four Rabbit	? – 1020	Tilantongo	♀ Five Reed 'Rain Hill' (of Monte Albán-Achiutla) c.990 three children	1020 aged 77–78	His brother, ♂ One Monkey, inherited their mother's city of Mitlatongo.
♂ Ten Flower 'Burnt-Eyed Jaguar'		992 Tilantongo Son of ♂ Nine Wind and ♀ Five Reed	1020 – 1043	Tilantongo	♀ Two Serpent 'Plumed Serpent' (of Suchixtlán) (born 1005) 1013 six children	1043 aged 50–51	Many of his relatives are known to have sit exclusively in some thrones: ?: ♂ 10 Flower (II) Tail Arc (his brother-in-law; ruled in the settlement of Dark Speckled Mountain ) ?: ♂ 10 Reed (I) Precious Jaguar (his son-in-law; ruled in the settlement of Tataltepec (Yucu Tatnu)) ?: ♂ 10 Reed (II) (his son-in-law; ruled in the settlement of Topiltepec, Yucu Quesi/Ñuu Ñañu )
♂ Twelve Lizard 'Arrow Feet'		c.1013 Son of ♂ Ten Flower and ♀ Two Serpent	1043 – c.1080?	Tilantongo	♀ Four Flint 'Face Quetzal Feathers' (of Topiltepec) ♀ Four Alligator 'Jewel Face' (of Topiltepec) four children in total	c.1080? Tilantongo aged around 66-67	Married his nieces, daughters of his sister, ♀ Twelve Jaguar 'Jewel Spiderweb'.
♂ Five Movement 'Smoked Sky'		c.1030? Son of ♂ Twelve Lizard	1080 – ?	Tilantongo	♀ Four Death 'Jewel of the People' (of Jaltepec) no children ♀ Two Grass 1073 one child	?	The succession of the son and grandson of Twelve Lizard is debated, as Lord 12 Lizard is the last of his dynasty explicitly depicted as king of Tilantongo before Eight Deer's conquest (1097). Even his grandson, who died young in a mysterious suicide ritual, is sometimes called by experts as an heir, instead of an official ruler. There isn't also any indication of the time of death of Lord 12 Lizard, which confuses matters. What is known is that, as Two Grass (Two Rain's mother) came from Visible Stones (a place under domination of Suchixtlán), Suchixtlán became influent in Tilantongo during this period of uncertainty. It's also possible that Twelve Lizard's sister, Lady 4 Rabbit ''Precious Quetzal'', was his next heiress, as, before usurping the throne, Lord 8 Deer had bowed to her and her husband in their town at Sosola (Acuchi).
♂ Two Rain 'Twenty Jaguars'		1075 Tilantongo Son of ♂ Five Movement and ♀ Two Grass	? – 18 June 1097		Unmarried	18 June 1097 Tilantongo aged 21–22
2nd Tilantongo dynasty
♂ Eight Deer 'Jaguar Claw' Nacuaa 'Teyusi Ñaña'		5 October 1063 Tilantongo Son of ♂ Five Alligator 'Sun Rain' (priest) and ♀ Eleven Water 'Jewel Bird'	18 June 1097 – 10 November 1115	Tilantongo	♀ Thirteen Serpent 'Flowered Serpent' (of Huachino) 1103 five children ♀ Six Eagle 'Jaguar Spiderweb' (of Chalcatongo) 1105 one child ♀ Ten Vulture 'Shining Quechquemitl' (of Teita) 1105 two children ♀ Eleven Serpent 'Jaguar Flower Turquoise Teeth' (of Totomihuacan) 1105 two children ♀ Six Wind 'Great Feathers of Noble Blood' (of Cuyotepeji) no children	10 November 1115 Tilantongo aged 52	Usurper and founder of a new royal line at Tilantongo. After his death the influence in Mixtec realms passed to Pedernales, but the succession continued in Tilantongo. Lord 8 Deer was related to other settlements: His father-in-law, Lord 1 Deer Coanacoch is the only known ruler in the settlement of Cuyotepeji.
♂ Six House 'Jaguar Falling from Heaven'		1109 Tilantongo Son of ♂ Eight Deer and ♀ Six Eagle	10 November 1115 – c.1150	Tilantongo	♀ Nine Movement 'Heart' (of Juquila) 1126 one child	c.1150 aged c.40-41	Children of Eight Deer, divided the realm in 1137.
♂ Four Dog 'Coyote Catcher'		1110 Teozacoalco Son of ♂ Eight Deer and ♀ Thirteen Serpent	1137 – c.1150	Teozacoalco	♀ Four Death 'Jewel' (of Cuquila) (born 1115) 1125 two children	c.1150 aged c.39-40
♂ Five Water 'Stone Jaguar Heaven'		? Son of ♂ Six House and ♀ Nine Movement	c.1150 – 1175	Tilantongo	♀ Ten Reed 'Quetzal Jewel' (of Tilantongo) eight children	c.1175?	Married his cousin, daughter of his father's half-brother.
♂ Thirteen Dog 'Venus Eagle'		1132 Teozacoalco Son of ♂ Four Dog and ♀ Four Death	c.1150 – 1170	Teozacoalco	♀ Eight Vulture 'Stone Quechquemitl' ♀ Four Rabbit 'Feathers on the Sand' two children in total	c.1170? aged 37-38?
♂ Seven Water 'Red Eagle'		1149 Teozacoalco Son of ♂ Thirteen Dog	c.1170 – 1190	Teozacoalco	♀ Eleven Water 'Precious Serpent' two children	c.1190 aged 40-41?
♂ Eight Reed 'Pheasant'		1162[4] Son of ♂ Five Water and ♀ Ten Reed	c.1175 – 1185	Tilantongo	two children	c.1185? aged 22-23?	Sibling-spouses, ruled jointly.
♀ Five Rabbit 'Jewel'		c.1165 Daughter of ♂ Five Water and ♀ Ten Reed				c.1185? aged 19-20?
♂ Two Movement 'Serpent with Markings'		? Son of ♂ Eight Reed and ♀ Five Rabbit	c.1185 – 1206	Tilantongo	♀ Four Eagle 'Blood Quechquemitl' (of Teita) ♀ Twelve Flint 'Hummingbird Jewel' (of Yucuita) ♀ Ten Eagle 'Serpent Spiderweb' (of Yucuita) three children in total	1206 Tilantongo	Apparently survived his own sons and heirs, Eight Grass Coyote Sacrificer and One Lizard Bloody Jaguar, and was succeeded by his grandchildren.
♂ Thirteen Eagle 'Sacred Rain'		? Son of ♂ Seven Water and ♀ Eleven Water	c.1190 – 1220	Teozacoalco	♀ Thirteen Death 'Jade Quechquemitl' two children ♀ Ten Deer 'Jaguar Quechquemitl' three children ♀ Eight Reed 'Precious Girl' one child ♀ Lady of the Staff of Respect no children ♀ Eleven Movement 'Jewel with Quetzal Feathers' two children ♀ Nine Monkey one child	c.1220
♂ Twelve Reed 'Coyote Sun'		? Son of ♂ One Lizard 'Bloody Jaguar' (of Tilantongo) and ♀ Six Reed 'Jewel' (of Sunken Disk Plain)	1206 – c.1230	Tilantongo	before or c.1206 three children	c.1230?	Sibling-spouses and grandchildren of their predecessor. Ruled jointly.
♀ Three Jaguar 'Precious Butterfly Sun'		? Daughter of ♂ One Lizard 'Bloody Jaguar' (of Tilantongo) and ♀ Six Reed 'Jewel' (of Sunken Disk Plain)				c.1230?
♂ Eight Rabbit 'Fire of Tlaxiaco'		1189 Teozacoalco Son of ♂ Thirteen Eagle and ♀ Eight Reed	c.1220 – 1255	Teozacoalco	♀ Six Grass 'Transparent Butterfly' (of Tilantongo) five children	c.1255? aged 65-66?
♂ Five Rain 'Sun Movement'		? Son of ♂ Twelve Reed and ♀ Three Jaguar	c.1230 – 1260	Tilantongo	♀ Thirteen Lizard 'Truly Precious Butterfly' (of Puma ) one child	c.1260?	♂ Five Rain was related to other settlements' rulers: ?: ♂ Seven Movement 'Bloody Jaguar', his father-in-law, is the only known ruler in the settlement of Puma .
♂ Twelve House 'Fire Serpent Flying in the Sky'		? Son of ♂ Eight Rabbit and ♀ Six Grass	c.1255 – 1290	Teozacoalco	five children	c.1290?	Sibling-spouses, ruled jointly. Their brother, ♂ One House 'Jaguar Assassin from the Sky', ruled at Cántaros.
♀ Eleven Alligator 'Quetzal Jewel'		? Daughter of ♂ Eight Rabbit and ♀ Six Grass				c.1290?
♂ Thirteen Wind 'Fire Serpent' Sichi 'Yahui'		? Son of ♂ Five Rain and ♀ Thirteen Lizard	c.1260 – 1290	Tilantongo	♀ One Water 'Venus Quechquemitl' (of Teozacoalco) 1277 one child	c.1290
♂ Nine Serpent 'Jaguar that Lightens the War'		c.1280 Son of ♂ Thirteen Wind and ♀ One Water	c.1290 – 1320	Tilantongo	♀ Eight Flint (of Yucuita) ♀ Seven Flower (of Yucuita) four children in total	c.1320? aged 59-60?
♂ Nine Movement 'Precious Water'		? Son of Twelve House and ♀ Eleven Alligator	c.1290 – 1321[5]	Teozacoalco	no children	1321 Teozacoalco	Sibling-spouses, ruled jointly. Left no children.
♀ Two Jaguar 'Jade Spiderweb'		? Daughter of ♂ Twelve House and ♀ Eleven Alligator
Zaachila-Teozacoalco dynasty
♂ Two Dog 'Rope and Knives'		c.1290? Son of ♂ Five Flower, King of Zaachila and ♀ Four Rabbit (of Teozacoalco)	1321[5] – 1360	Teozacoalco	♀ Six Reed 'Plumed Serpent' (of Tilantongo) three children	1360? aged 69-70?	Maternal nephew of his predecessors.
♂ Four Water 'Bloody Eagle'		1301[4] Son of ♂ Nine Serpent	c.1320 – 1341	Tilantongo	♀ Six Water 'Quetzal Jewel of Flower War' no children	1341 Tilantongo aged 39-40	Left no children, and his dynasty came to an end. He was succeeded by his widow.
Zaachila-Teozacoalco dynasty
♀ Six Water 'Quetzal Jewel of Flower War'[4]		? Daughter of ♂ Two Dog, King of Teozacoalco and ♀ Six Reed	1341 – c.1355	Tilantongo	♂ Four Water, King of Tilantongo no children ♂ Four Death 'War Venus' (of Tlaxiaco) 1343 four children	c.1355	Widow and niece of the previous. As the eldest child of the only sister of king Four Water that had children, she became the inheritor of his uncle-husband's kingdom. She inherited it not as widow of her husband, but as a rightful heir of her uncle.
♀ Three Rabbit 'Divine Flame'[4]		1345 Tilantongo Daughter of ♂ Four Death and ♀ Six Water	c.1355 – 1380	Tilantongo	1353 six children	c.1380?	Like her mother, she married her own uncle (her mother's brother), keeping the realm in the family, and made possible the reunion of Tilantongo and Teozacoalco.
♂ Nine House 'Mexican Jaguar'		1323 Teozacoalco Son of ♂ Two Dog and ♀ Six Reed	c.1360 – 1380	Teozacoalco (in Tilantongo in joint rule since 1355)		c.1380
♂ Two Water 'Fire Serpent'		1357 Teozacoalco Son of ♂ Nine House and ♀ Three Rabbit	c.1380 – 1415	Tilantongo and Teozacoalco	♀ 2 Vulture 'Flower Jewel' (of Teita) one child ♀ Three Alligator 'Jade Fan' (of Zaachila) six children ♀ Twelve Flint (of Teita) one child ♀ Four Reed 'Twenty Jaguars' no children	c.1415? aged 57-58?	After his death his inheritance is divided: His eldest daughter received Tilantongo; his first son got Teozacoalco, and his second son eventually inherited his mother's realm of Zaachila.
♀ Twelve Flower 'Broken Mountain Butterfly'[6]		c.1380? Daughter of ♂ Two Water and ♀ Two Vulture	c.1415 – c.1430	Tilantongo	♂ Thirteen Eagle, King of Suchixtlán c.1390 four children	c.1430? aged 49-50?	Children of Two Water, divided the realm. Twelve Flower's children inherited Teozacoalco from her brother, as Five Rain's children went on to inherit their mother's at Tlaxiaco.
♂ Five Rain 'Water Falling from the Sky'		1402 Son of ♂ Two Water and ♀ Three Alligator	c.1415 – 1450	Teozacoalco	♀ Five Flower 'Quetzal Sun' (of Tlaxiaco) 1416 four children	c.1450? aged 47-48?
♂ Six Deer 'Sacred Rain'		1393 Son of ♂ Thirteen Eagle, King of Suchixtlán and ♀ Twelve Flower	c.1430 – 1470	Tilantongo (with Teozacoalco since c.1450)	♀ Thirteen Wind 'Seed of the Broken Mountain' (of Jaltepec) c.1410? two children	after 1416 aged more than 22-23	Rejoined Tilantongo and Teozacoalco.
♂ Four Flower 'Pheasant'		1410 Teozacoalco Son of ♂ Six Deer and ♀ Thirteen Wind	c.1470 – 1480	Tilantongo and Teozacoalco	♀ Seven Vulture 'Quetzal Fan' (of Etlatongo) seven children	c.1480 aged 69-70?	Probably during his reign, the capital of the dual kingdom of Teozacoalco-Tilantongo may have returned to Tilantongo, but this isn't certain.
♂ Ten Rain 'Sun Rain'		1438 Teozacoalco Son of ♂ Four Flower and ♀ Seven Vulture	c.1480 – 1500	Tilantongo and Teozacoalco	♀ Five Wind 'Cocoa Flower' (of Suchixtlán) four children	c.1500 aged 61-62?
♂ Four Deer 'Sharp-Eyed Eagle'		1476 Teozacoalco Son of ♂ Ten Rain and ♀ Five Wind	1500 – 1521	Tilantongo and Teozacoalco	♀ Eleven Serpent ♀ Twelve Vulture 'Sun Fan' (of Jaltepec) (born 1484) one child in total	1521 Teozacoalco aged 44–45
♂ Four Deer 'Face of the Sun God' Juan de Mendoza		c.1490? Tilantongo Son of ♂ Four Deer	1521 – c.1540	Tilantongo and Teozacoalco	♀ María de Estrada 'White Quechquemitl' at least two children	c.1540? Tilantongo aged 49-50?
♂ Francisco de Mendoza I 'Jaguar that Lightens the War'		c.1510? Tilantongo First son of ♂ Four Deer Juan de Mendoza and María de Estrada	c.1540 – 1560	Tilantongo	Unknown one child	c.1560? Tilantongo aged 49-50?	Children of Juan de Mendoza, divided their inheritance, which was reunited by Felipe de Santiago after his niece's death. Felipe also claimed other polities, and was brieflly successful in obtaining Teposcolula (1563–1569), but he was shortly deposed by its heiress (and his sister-in-law), Catalina de Peralta.
♂ Felipe de Santiago 'Coyote with Staff'		c.1510? Tilantongo Second son of ♂ Four Deer Juan de Mendoza and María de Estrada	c.1540 – 1576	Teozacoalco	♀ Inés de Zárate (of Teposcolula) at least two children	c.1580? Tilantongo aged 69-70?
			1576 – c.1580	Tilantongo and Teozacoalco
♀ Francisca de Mendoza		c.1530? Tilantongo Daughter of ♂ Francisco de Mendoza I	c.1560 – 1576	Tilantongo	Unknown no children	1576 Tilantongo aged 45-46?	Her death with no children led to the reunification of Tilantongo and Teozacoalco.
♂ Francisco de Mendoza II		c.1550? Tilantongo Son of ♂ Felipe de Santiago and Inés de Zárate	c.1580 – 1600?	Tilantongo and Teozacoalco	♀ Inés de Guzmán (of Yanhuitlán) unknown children	1600? Tilantongo aged 49-50?

San Pedro Coxcaltepec Cántaros (Ñuu Naha), branch of the Tilantongo line

See also: San Pedro Coxcaltepec Cántaros

Ruler[7]		Born	Reign	Consort	Death	Notes
♂ One House 'Jaguar Assassin from the Sky'		? Son of ♂ Eight Rabbit, King of Teozacoalco and ♀ Six Grass	c.1255 – 1290	♀ Seven Water 'Lizard Jewel', Queen of Chindua at least one child ♀ Six Wind 'Transparent Spiderweb' (of Sosola) no children	c.1290?
♂ Seven Movement 'War Coyote'		? Son of ♂ One House and ♀ Seven Water	c.1290 – 1330	♀ Five Dog 'Transparent Spiderweb' (of Suchixtlán) at least one child	c.1330?
♂ Six Eagle 'Fire Serpent Who Took the Stone'		? Son of ♂ Seven Movement and ♀ Five Dog	c.1330 – 1360?	♀ Eleven Rabbit 'Feather that Went Sideways' (of Suchixtlán) at least one child	c.1360?
♂ Ten Vulture 'Eagle that Lightens the War'		? Son of ♂ Six Eagle and ♀ Eleven Rabbit	c.1360 – 1390?	♀ Six Lizard 'Turquoise Feather' (of Etlatongo) at least one child	c.1390?
♂ Ten Alligator 'Sun Rain'		? Son of ♂ Ten Vulture and ♀ Six Lizard	c.1390 – 1420?	♀ Seven Vulture 'God that Came Out Alive' (of Tilantongo (?)) at least one child	c.1420?
♂ Six Death 'Sun Rain'		? Son of ♂ Ten Alligator and ♀ Seven Vulture	c.1420 – 1461	♀ Two Flower, Queen of Suchixtlán c.1450? at least two children	1461	Ruled also in Suchixtlán, jointly with his wife.
♂ Three Dog 'Fire Serpent that came out from Heaven'		? Son of ♂ Six Death and ♀ Two Flower, Queen of Suchixtlán	1461 – c.1480	♀ Seven Grass 'Pearled Spiderweb' (of Tiltepec) no children	c.1480?
♂ Eleven Grass 'Jaguar where God came Out' Felipe de Guzmán		? Son of ♂ Three Dog and ♀ Seven Grass	c.1480 – 1500	♀ Seven Grass 'Sun Quechquemitl' no children	c.1500?
Jaltepec dynasty[8]
♂ Three Monkey 'Side Rain' Carlos de Guzmán		? Son of ?	c.1500 – 1530	♀ Four Water 'Flowering Fan' (of Zahuatlán) no children	c.1530?
♂ Four Rain 'Sky Assassin' Andrés de Guzmán		? Son of ♂ Three Monkey Carlos de Guzmán and ♀ Four Water	c.1530 – 1550	♀ Twelve Alligator 'Flower of the Turkey Hill' (of Suchixtlán) at least one child	c.1550?
♂ Eight Water 'Sun Fire Serpent' Domingo de Guzmán		? Son of ♂ Four Rain Andrés de Guzmán and ♀ Seven Grass	c.1550 – 1570	♀ María Catalina at least one child	c.1570?
♀ One Jaguar María de Rojas		? Son of ♂ Eight Water Domingo de Guzmán and ♀ María Catalina	c.1570 – 1590	♂ Two House Gaspar at least one child	c.1590?
♀ Four Jaguar Marta de Guzmán		? Daughter of ♂ Two House Gaspar and ♀ One Jaguar María de Rojas	c.1590 – 1620	♂ Six Lizard Felipe Mejía c.1610 no children	c.1620?
♂ José Mejía		? Son of ♂ Six Lizard Felipe Mejía and ♀ Four Jaguar Marta de Guzmán	c.1620 – 1635	♀ Inés de Alvarado (of Soyaltepec) c.1632 two children	c.1635?
♀ Petronila de Alvarado		? Daughter of ♂ José Mejía and ♀ Inés de Alvarado	c.1635 – 1640	♂ Felipe de Rojas no children	c.1640?	It is not certain if she succeeded or not to her father, despite never being associated to the polity, it is possible, by her position between her father and brother in the genealogy of the Codex Muro, that she succeeded first.
♂ Juan de Alvarado		? Son of ♂ José Mejía and ♀ Inés de Alvarado	c.1640 – 1660	♀ Úrsula de Guzmán c.1642 at least one child	c.1660?
♂ Domingo de Alvarado y Guzmán		? Son of ♂ Juan de Alvarado and ♀ Úrsula de Guzmán	c.1660 – 1680	♀ Marta de Zúñiga ♀ Felipa de Velasco unknown children	c.1680?

Jaltepec, Añute

See also: Jaltepec

Ruler		Born	Reign	Consort	Death	Notes
Apoala-Jaltepec dynasty
♂ Ten Reed 'Eagle' Sihuiyo 'Yaha'		c.880? Son of ♂ Two Grass 'Death Serpent' (of Apoala) and ♀ Eight Rabbit 'Sun Headdress', Queen of Whirlpool of Blood-Temple of the Spiderweb and Smoke	? – after 920	♀ Two Lizard 'Venus Red and White Band' at least one child	after 920
♂ Three Rain 'Ballcourt with Lines'		? Son of ♂ Ten Reed and ♀ Two Lizard	?	♀ Seven Death 'Rain Flaming Knot' no children	?
Suchixtlán dynasty
♀ Nine Wind 'Stone Quexquemitl'		c.1010 Daughter of ♂ Eight Wind, King of Suchixtlán and Lady Ten Deer 'Jaguar Quexquemitl'	1027 – 1090	♂ Ten Eagle 'Stone Jaguar' (of Tilantongo) 1041 five children	1090 Jaltepec aged 79–80?	She had other siblings who ruled in distinct places. See Suchixtlán.
♀ Six Monkey 'War Quechquemitl'		c.1050? Daughter of ♂ Ten Eagle and ♀ Nine Wind	1090 – 1101	♂ Eleven Wind, King of Huachino 1090 two children	1101 Huachino aged 50-51?	Assassinated with her husband in Huachino during the Tilantongo coup d'état of ♂ Eight Deer 'Jaguar Claw'.
♂ One Alligator 'Ballcourt Eagle'		1094 Huachino Second son of ♂ Eleven Wind, King of Huachino and ♀ Six Monkey	1101 – c.1150	♀ Six Wind 'Feather Blood Quetzal' (of Tilantongo) 1122 one child ♀ Six Flint 'Precious Fire Serpent' (of Tilantongo) 1122 no children	c.1150 Jaltepec aged 55-56?	Younger son of Six Monkey, inherited her settlement at Jaltepec and married two daughters of her assassin.
♂ Five Lizard 'Blood Jewel'		c.1122 Son of ♂ One Alligator and ♀ Six Wind	c.1150 – 1200	♀ Four Rain 'Heartcross' (of Temazcal Cave of Atl Tlachinolli ) ♀ Eight Rabbit (of Temazcal Cave of Atl Tlachinolli ) (Both women were sisters) three known children in total	c.1200? aged 79-80?
♂ One Rain 'Celestial Eagle'		? Son of ♂ 5 Lizard	c.1200 – 1240	♀ Two Alligator 'Smoke Spiderweb' four children	c.1240?
♂ Five Flower 'Celestial Eagle'		? Son of ♂ One Rain 'Celestial Eagle' and ♀ Two Alligator	c.1240 – 1280	♀ Ten Water 'Xolotl Red Jewel' two children	c.1280?
♂ Six Reed Jaguar Sun		? Son of ♂ Five Flower and ♀ Ten Water	c.1280 – 1320	♀ Five Movement 'Copal Ornament' two children	c.1320?
♂ Thirteen Wind 'Tlachtli War'		? Son of ♂ Six Reed and ♀ Five Movement	c.1320 – 1350	♀ Twelve Rain 'Butterfly Quetzal Blood' (of Zahuatlán) four children	c.1350?
♂ Nine Lizard 'Fire Face'		? Son of ♂ Thirteen Wind and ♀ Twelve Rain	c.1350 – 1385	♀ Twelve Deer 'War Quexquemitl' (of Cuauhtinchán) three children	c.1385?	During his reign Zaachila attacked Jaltepec, took the eldest sons of Nine Lizard, and executed them. His minor son was the only one that survived. This son, Two Jaguar, would eventually succeed his father.
♂ Two Jaguar 'Jaguar Tlaltecuhtli Smoke'		c.1360? Son of ♂ Nine Lizard and Twelve Deer	c.1385 – 1400	♀ One Serpent 'Sun Fan' (of Teozacoalco) 1372[9] one child	c.1400? aged 39-40?
♂ Five Water 'Sharp-Eyed Jaguar'		c.1375 Son of ♂ Two Jaguar and ♀ One Serpent	c.1400 – 1411	♀ Seven Rain 'Sharp-Eyed Fan' (of Tlaxiaco) two children	1411 aged 33-34?
♂ Ten Monkey 'Celestial Rain'		1391[10] Jaltepec Son of ♂ Five Water and ♀ Seven Rain	1411 – c.1430	♀ Two Water 'Xolotl-Jewel' (of Yanhuitlán) 1414[11] three children	c.1430? aged 38-39?
♂ Three Death 'Grey Eagle'		c.1405? Son of ♂ Ten Monkey and ♀ Two Water	c.1430 – 1444	♀ Three Serpent 'Cocoa Garland' (of Twisted Water Hill ) c.1425 three children	1444 Jaltepec aged 38-39?
♂ One Monkey 'Rain Sun'		1416 Jaltepec Son of ♂ Three Death and ♀ Three Serpent	1444 – 1480	♀ Seven Water 'Plumed Sun' (of Tilantongo-Teozacoalco) (d.1477) 1447 at least one child ♀ Ten Movement 'Plumed Sun', Queen of Quetzaltepec no children	1480 Jaltepec aged 63–64
♂ Four Serpent 'Bloody Eagle'		1451 Jaltepec Son of ♂ One Monkey and ♀ Seven Water	1480 – 1520	♀ Five Monkey 'Seed of the Broken Mountain' (of Tilantongo-Teozacoalco) (1466–1518) two children	1520 Jaltepec aged 68–69
Zaachila-Teozacoalco dynasty
♂ Thirteen Grass 'Fire Serpent'		1516 Jaltepec Son of ♂ Four Deer, King of Teozacoalco and ♀ Twelve Vulture (of Jaltepec)	1520 – 1541	♀ Two Jaguar 'Jewel Red Objects Package' (of Tlaxiaco) 1523 five children ♀ Five Jaguar 'Cocoa Garland'	1541 Jaltepec aged 24–25	Maternal grandson of his predecessor.
♂ Ten Grass 'Jaguar Smoke Tlaltecuhtli' Carlos de Villafañe[12]		1527 Jaltepec Son of ♂ Thirteen Grass and ♀ Two Jaguar	1541 – c.1560	♀ Ten Serpent 'Flowered Tree Golden Band' 1546 unknown children	c.1560 Jaltepec aged 32-33
♂ Ángel de Villafañe [12]		c.1540? Jaltepec Son of ♂ Ten Grass Carlos de Villafañe and ♀ Ten Serpent	c.1560	?	? Jaltepec

Place of Flints/Pedernales (Ñuu Yuchi), branch of the Jaltepec line

Ruler		Born	Reign	Consort	Death	Notes
Pedernales-Achiutla dynasty
♂ Four Wind 'Fire Serpent'		1092 Huachino Son of ♂ Eleven Wind, King of Huachino and ♀ Six Monkey, Queen of Jaltepec	10 November 1115 – 1164	♀ Ten Flower 'Rain Spiderweb' (of Tilantongo) 1124 one child ♀ Five Lizard 'Zacate-Pulque Vase' (of Deep Valley ) 1124 or 1125 three children ♀ Five Wind 'Jade and Fur Ornament' (of Tilantongo) 1125 no children	1164 Pedernales aged 71–72	First known ruler of the settlement, which seems to have been separated either from Tilantongo or Jaltepec.
♀ Thirteen Flower 'Precious Bird'		c.1124/25 Daughter of ♂ Four Wind and Ten Flower 'Rain Spiderweb'	1164 – c.1170	♂ Four Alligator 'Sacred Serpent' (of Tilantongo) c.1138 ten children	c.1170? Pedernales aged 55-56?
♂ Seven Eagle 'Flames'		1138 Pedernales First son of ♂ Four Alligator and ♀ Thirteen Flower	c.1170 – 1180	♀ Three Serpent 'Sacred Jewel' (of Achiutla) no children	c.1180? Pedernales aged 41-42?	Left no children and was succeeded by his brother.
♂ Four Jaguar 'War Jaguar'		1144 Pedernales Second son of ♂ Four Alligator and ♀ Thirteen Flower	c.1180 – 1190	♀ Eight Jaguar 'Serpent Jewel' (of Achiutla) at least one child	c.1190? Pedernales aged 50-51?
♂ One Eagle 'Rain'		c.1173 Son of ♂ Four Water 'Jaguar Rain' (of Pedernales) and ♀ One Grass 'Eagle Wing' (of Achiutla)	c.1190 – 1223	Unmarried	1223 Pedernales aged c.49-50	Nephew of his predecessors.
♂ Seven Reed 'Pheasant'		? Son of ♂ Thirteen Serpent 'Eagle' (of Pedernales) and ♀ Eleven Deer 'Quetzal Jewel' (of Pedernales)	1223 – c.1240	?	c.1240? Pedernales	Cousin of his predecessor.
Pedernales annexed to Teozacoalco

Achiutla, (Ñuu Ndecu'), branch of the Pedernales line

See also: Achiutla

Pedernales-Achiutla dynasty

• ?: ♂ Eleven Flower 'Cloud Xicolli' and ♀ Thirteen Wind 'Cloud Hair' (siblings and spouses, children of ♂ Four Wind, King of Ñuu Yuchi)
• ?: ♂ Ten Alligator 'Digging Stick' (father-in-law of ♂ Two Wind, King of Tlaxiaco)
• ?: ♂ Eight Wind 'Smoked Claw' (brother-in-law of ♂ Twelve Deer, King of Tlaxiaco)
• ?: ♂ Seven Movement 'Blood Shedding Rain' (son-in-law of ♂ Eleven Wind, King of Tlaxiaco)
• ?: ♂ Nine Wind 'Sun Fire Serpent'
• ?: ♂ Ten Alligator 'Jaguar with Claws like Flints' (son of the previous)

Suchixtlán, Chiyo Yuhu

Ruler		Born	Reign	Consort	Death	Notes
Suchixtlán dynasty
♂ Eight Wind 'Twenty Eagles'		? Son or descendant of ♂ Three Rain, King of Jaltepec	? – 1027	♀ Ten Deer 'Jaguar Quechquemitl' 1009 ♀ Ten Grass 1010 ♀ Ten Eagle 1011 seven children in total	1027 Suchixtlán or Jaltepec
Hiatus with no known rulers
♂ Twelve Movement 'Jaguar that Burns the Mexicans'		?	c.1370?	♀ One Jaguar 'Divine Fan' at least one child	?
♂ Thirteen Eagle 'Bloody Jaguar'		? Son of ♂ 12 Movement and ♀ 1 Jaguar	c.1400-1430?	♀ Twelve Flower 'Butterfly of the Broken Mountain', Queen of Tilantongo four children	?
Zaachila-Teozacoalco dynasty
♀ Two Flower 'Rising Jewel'		? Daughter of ♂ Thirteen Eagle and ♀ 12 Flower	c.1430? – 1461	c.1450? two children	?	Spouses and explicitly co-rulers in Suchixtlán (according to Codex Muro). Lord 6 Death possibly also inherited his kingdom at San Pedro Cántaros.
♂ Six Death 'Sun Rain''		? Son of ♂ Ten Alligator, king of Cántaros and ♀ Seven Vulture			1461
♀ Eleven Monkey 'Jade Spiderweb'		? Son of ♂ Six Death and ♀ Two Flower	?	three children	?	Probably ruled jointly, as despite she inherited the kingdom, her husband is said to have also ruled there.
♂ Four Death 'War Venus'		? Son of ♂ Six Deer, king of Tilantongo and ♀ Thirteen Wind (of Jaltepec)	?		?
♂ Eight Monkey		? Son of ♂ Four Death and ♀ Eleven Monkey	?	♀ Four Water 'Butterfly with Red Spots' (of Tilantongo) no children	?
Hiatus with no known rulers
♂ Eight Movement 'Jaguar Tlaloc Wall'		?	?	♀ Eight Flint 'Venus Legs Bent Strip' (of Jaltepec) (born 1528) c.1530/40? no children	?	Last known ruler of the town.

"Arrow-Red Liquid", branch of the Suchixtlán line

• c.1027-?: ♂ Thirteen Grass (son of ♂ Eight Wind, King of Suchixtlán)

"Seven Waters with Quetzals" and "Eagle Hill", branches of the Suchixtlán line

• c.1027-?: ♀ Nine Monkey 'Jade Skull' (daughter of ♂ Eight Wind, King of Suchixtlán), with ♂ Two Lizard 'Quetzal Turquoise Jaguar'
  • ?: ♂ Six Flower, with ♀ Eight Lizard (parents of Two Lizard; ruled at "Seven Waters Hill"; possibly the same place as "Seven Waters with Quetzals"?)
• ?: ♂ One Wind 'Rain Grass Knot' (son of ♀ Nine Monkey and ♂ Two Lizard)
• ?: ♀ One Water 'Hummingbird Fan' (sister of previous)
  • ?: ♂ One Dog 'Eagle Jaguar', their brother, ruled in "Eagle Hill".

Tlaxiaco, (Ndisi Nuu) and Hill of the Mask

See also: Tlaxiaco

Ruler		Born	Reign	City/Realm	Consort	Death	Notes
Tlaxiaco dynasty[5]
♂ Eight Jaguar 'Bloody Coyote'		1113 Tlaxiaco	1164-?	Tlaxiaco	♀ Two Vulture 'Jewel Fan' two children	?	First known king at Tlaxiaco, partition from Teozacoalco.
♂ Four Grass 'Sun Face'		? First son of ♂ Eight Jaguar and ♀ Two Vulture	?	Tlaxiaco	♀ Six Reed 'Venus Face' one child	?	Also king at Sosola (Acuchi).
♂ Two Wind 'Bloody Rain'		? First son of ♂ Four Grass and ♀ Six Reed	?	Tlaxiaco	♀ Four Death 'Flame Fan' (of Achiutla) no children	?	Children of 4 Grass, divided their inheritance. 2 Wind left no children, and Tlaxiaco was inherited by his uncle. 1 Movement possibly survived his son, and was succeeded by his grandson.
♂ One Movement 'Fire Serpent with Feathers'		? Second son of ♂ Four Grass and ♀ Six Reed	?	Hill of the Mask	♀ Two House 'Precious Quechquemitl' one child	?
♂ Two Movement 'Fire Serpent in Flames'		? Second son of ♂ Eight Jaguar and ♀ Two Vulture	?	Tlaxiaco	♀ Two Death 'Plumed Sun' one child	?
♂ Three Serpent 'Flame Rain'		? Son of ♂ Two Movement and ♀ Two Death	?	Tlaxiaco	♀ Twelve Wind 'Quetzal Jewel' ♀ Seven Death two children in total	?
♂ Seven Serpent 'Eagle' Sayo 'Yaha'		? Son of ♂ Four House (of Hill of the Mask) and ♀ Three House	?	Hill of the Mask	♀ Three Jaguar 'War Quexquemitl' one child ♀ Four Serpent one child	?	Grandson of his predecessor.
♂ One Deer 'Eagle' Cocuaa 'Yaha'		? Son of ♂ Three Serpent	?	Tlaxiaco	♀ Ten Grass 'Precious Butterfly' two children	?
♂ Twelve Rain 'Bloody Jaguar'		? Son of ♂ One Deer and ♀ Ten Grass	? – 1305	Tlaxiaco	♀ One Monkey 'Jade Quechquemitl' (of Tilantongo) one child	1305 Tlaxiaco
♂ Seven Rain 'Ascending Flame'		? Son of ♂ Seven Serpent and ♀ Four Serpent	?-1338	Hill of the Mask	♀ Four Monkey 'Precious Fire Serpent' (of Tilantongo) no children	1338 Hill of the Mask
Hill of the Mask annexed to Teozacoalco
♂ Twelve Deer 'Serpent that Lightens the War'		? Son of ♂ Three Dog 'Venus Sun' (of Hill of the Mask) and ♀ Eight Serpent 'Sun Spiderweb' (of Tlaxiaco)	1305 – ?	Tlaxiaco	♀ Eleven Lizard 'Flame Jewel' (of Achiutla) 1305 no children ♀ Six Rabbit 'Jewel Seed' (of Tilantongo) no children	?	It 's possible that he succeeded his maternal grandfather in his mother's lifetime; she chose to follow her husband (12 Deer's father) in a peregrination.[5] The male line is explicitly broken off after 12 Deer's death: he had no children. A succession crisis is opened, and is ultimately won by Lady 11 Rabbit, who was cleverly allied with Tilantongo-Teozacoalco.
Pedernales-Achiutla dynasty
♀ Eleven Rabbit 'Jewel of the Rising Sun'		? Daughter of ♂ Eight Wind, King of Achiutla and ♀ Ten Dog 'Flower War Butterfly' (of Tlaxiaco)	c.1330	Tlaxiaco	two children	?	Spouses, ruled jointly. Lady 11 Rabbit (from Achiutla on paternal side) was also a maternal niece of Lord 12 Deer.
♂ Ten Rabbit 'Sharp-Eyed Jaguar' Sisayu 'Cuiñe Ndisi Nuu'		? Son of ♂ Four Movement 'Rain Falling from the Sky' and ♀ Two Eagle 'Sunflower'				?
♂ Nine Rain 'Bloody Jaguar'		? Son of ♂ Ten Rabbit and ♀ Eleven Rabbit	? – after 1343	Tlaxiaco	♀ Seven Flint 'Quetzal Fan' (of Teozacoalco) 1343 three children	After 1343
♂ Eleven Wind 'Smoked Claw'		? Son of ♂ Nine Rain and ♀ Seven Flint	?	Tlaxiaco	♀ Four Grass 'Jewel Flower' (of Achiutla) five children	?	His sister, ♀ Six Wind, and her husband ♂ Lord 1 Dog, are the only known rulers in the settlement of Feline Mountain .
♂ One Monkey 'Sun Rain'		? Son of ♂ Eleven Wind and ♀ Four Grass	?	Tlaxiaco	♀ Five Flint 'Heavenly Fan' three children	?
♂ Thirteen Eagle 'Sharp-Eyed Eagle'		? Son of ♂ One Monkey and ♀ Five Flint	?-after 1400	Tlaxiaco	♀ Eight Jaguar (of Achiutla) c.1400 one child	After 1400	His heiress didn't succeed in the kingdom; his successor was his granddaughter. ♂ Three Reed 'Smoked Eye', his brother, is the only known ruler in the settlement of Cuilapán.
Zaachila-Teozacoalco dynasty[5]
♀ Eight Deer 'Quetzal Spiderweb'		? Daughter of ♂ Five Rain, King of Teozacoalco and ♀ Five Flower (of Tlaxiaco)	?	Tlaxiaco	♂ Ten Alligator 'Stone Claw', King of Achiutla no children	?	Her twin brother ascended in the Zapotec throne of Zaachila as Cosijoeza.
♂ Three Serpent 'Venus Sun'		? Son of ♂ Five Rain, King of Teozacoalco and ♀ Five Flower (of Tlaxiaco)	?	Tlaxiaco	♀ Ten Movement 'Sun Jewel' no children	?	Younger brother of the twins.
♂ Eight Grass 'Sun Rain' Malinaltzin		c.1435 Tlaxiaco Son of ♂ Five Rain, King of Teozacoalco and ♀ Five Flower (of Tlaxiaco)	?-1503	Tlaxiaco	♀ Nine Deer 'Jewel Flower' 1460 one child ♀ One Serpent 'Butterfly Quetzal Feathers' no children	1511 Tlaxiaco aged 75–76	Younger brother of the predecessor. In 1503 Tlaxiaco was defeated by the Aztec Empire.
Tlaxiaco annexed to the Aztec Empire

Secondary polities in Mixteca Alta

Andua

• c.887: ♂ Twelve Vulture 'Golden Eagle'
• ?: ♂ Three Monkey 'Mexican Jaguar'

Atoyaquillo

• ?: ♂ Two Water with ♀ Ten Alligator
• ?: ♂ Thirteen Dog 'Venus Eagle' (grandson of the previous)

Black Altar

• ?: ♂ Ten Flint 'Skull' with ♀ Eight Death 'Quetzal Performer of the Earth Sacrifice'

Broken Mountain

• ?: ♀ One Death

Bulto de Xipe/Huachino

See also: Red and White Bundle

• c.950-1010: ♂ Ten Movement 'Earth Face'
• 1010-1070: ♂ Twelve Lizard 'Arrow Feet' (nephew of the previous)
• 1070-1101: ♂ Eleven Wind 'Blood Jaguar' (son of the previous)
  • To Tilantongo (1101–1115) and Ñuu Yuchi (1115–1164)
• ?: ♂ Six Vulture 'Jaguar with Knife' (son of ♂ Nine Rain of Tlaxiaco)^[5]

Chalcatongo, Ñuu Ndaya

See also: Chalcatongo

• ?: ♂ Eight Aligator 'Bloody Coyote'
  • ?: ♂ Three Dog (son-in-law of ♂ Eight Alligator, in the settlement of Santa Catarina Yuxia, Yuu Usa)
• ?: ♂ Thirteen Jaguar 'War Beard' (descendant)

Comaltepec

• ?: ♂ Nine Jaguar 'Jaguar Sun' (brother-in-law of ♂ Three Death, king of Jaltepec)
• ?: ♂ Two Flint 'Sun Rain'
• ?: ♀ Two Movement 'Xolotl Butterfly' (daughter of previous) with her husband ♂ Eleven Jaguar 'Bloody Words'

"Copal Land"

• c.887: ♂ Eight Dog 'Alligator Celestial Support'

Cuauhtinchan

• ?: ♂ Eleven Serpent 'Jaguar Package Wrapping' (father-in-law of ♂ Nine Lizard, ruler of Jaltepec)

Cuquila, Ñuu Cuiñe

Ruler		Born	Reign	Consort	Death	Notes
Cuquila dynasty[13]
♂ Twelve Wind 'Turquoise Serpent'		?	?	♀ One Eagle 'Jewel Hand' (of Tilantongo(?)) two children	?	First known ruler of the polity.
♂ Three Flint 'Eagle' Cocusi 'Yaha'		? Son of ♂ Twelve Wind and ♀ One Eagle	?	♀ Seven Rabbit 'Plumed Serpent' (of Cuevas) at least one chilld	?	Had a brother, ♂ Five Dog 'Coyote'.
♂ Twelve Flower Cahuaco		? Son of ♂ Three Flint and ♀ Seven Rabbit	?	♀ Nine Lizard 'Arrow Jewel' at least one child	?
♂ Ten Reed 'Fire Serpent in Flames'		? Son of ♂ Three Flint and ♀ Seven Rabbit	?	♀ Eight Rain 'Life in Heaven's Corner' (of Nundaca) at least one child	?
♂ Seven Eagle 'Sky Movement'		? Son of ♂ Ten Reed and ♀ Eight Rain	?	♀ Four Lizard 'Great Feather Sun' (of Chalcatongo or Duraznos) two children	?
♂ Ten Dog 'Serpent Eye'[14]		? Son of ♂ Seven Eagle and ♀ Four Lizard	?	♀ Thirteen Dog 'Butterfly Fire Serpent' (of Cuevas) one child	?
♂ Four House 'Wolf'		? Son of ♂ Ten Dog and ♀ Thirteen Dog	?	♀ Four Vulture 'Parrot Jewel' at least one child	?
♀ Seven Vulture 'Divine Beard'		? Son of ♂ Four House and ♀ Four Vulture	?	♂ Two Rain 'Passgame with Eyes' (of Temple of Knives ) at least one child	?
♂ Ten Lizard 'Fire Serpent Sun'		? Son of ♂ Two Rain and ♀ Seven Vulture	?	♀ Nine Vulture 'Parrot Jewel' (of Ñaña Ndidzo) at least one child	?
♂ Twelve Water 'Jaguar with Marked Eye'		? Son of ♂ Ten Lizard and ♀ Nine Vulture	?	♀ Four Rabbit 'Blue Butterfly Turtle'[15] two children	?
♂ One Flint 'Jewel'		? Son of ♂ Twelve Water and ♀ Four Rabbit	?	♀ Eleven Movement 'Living Sun' (of Zapotitlán) two children	?	Had a sister, ♀ Eight Deer 'Great Feathers of Death'.
♂ ? 'Venus Rain'		? Son of ♂ One Flint and ♀ Eleven Movement	?	♀ ? Vulture 'Black Quechquemitl' two children	?	Name unknown. His sister, ♀ Four Wind 'Jewel Spiderweb', married ♂ Nine Reed 'Curved Staff', king of Acatlán.
♂ Seven Jaguar 'Bloody Coyote that Grabs Life'		? Son of ♂ ? 'Venus Rain' and ♀ ? Vulture 'Black Quechquemitl'	?	♀ Seven Wind 'Flowered Jewel' at least one child	?	Had a sister, ♀ Twelve Wind.
♂ Five Flint 'Sun Rain'		? Son of ♂ Seven Jaguar and ♀ Seven Wind	?	♀ Thirteen Monkey 'Plain Where God Rises' two children	?
♂ Ten Flint 'Who Has an Alligator on His Hand'		? Son of ♂ Five Flint and ♀ Thirteen Monkey	?	♀ Thirteen Vulture 'Sun Rain' (of Malinaltepec) one child	?	Had a sister, ♀ Four Deer 'Living Sky'.
♂ Thirteen Monkey 'Marked Eye Movement'		? Son of ♂ Ten Flint and ♀ Thirteen Vulture	?	♀ Four Wind 'Butterfly Fire Serpent' (of Tequixtepec) one child	?
♂ Five House 'Rain Knife'		? Son of ♂ Thirteen Monkey and ♀ Four Wind	?	♀ Two Deer 'Parrot Jewel' (of Acatlán) one child	?
♂ Four Monkey 'Fire Serpent with Arrow in Hand'		? Son of ♂ Five House and ♀ Two Deer	?	♀ One Monkey 'Alligator Jewel' (of Acatlán) one child	?
♂ Five Eagle 'Eagle with Bloody Claw'		? Son of ♂ Four Monkey and ♀ One Monkey	?	♀ Twelve Rain 'Toltec Flower (of Tequixtepec) one child	?
♂ Six Movement 'Hummingbird with Flames'		? Son of ♂ Five Eagle and ♀ Twelve Rain	?	♀ Nine Wind 'Sky Butterfly' (of Bird Peak Hill ) two children	?
♂ Six Lizard 'Jaguar with Marked Eye'		? Son of ♂ Six Movement and ♀ Nine Wind	?	♀ Ten Water 'Living Sun' (of Valley of the Monkey and the Green Leaves ) four children	?	Had a sister, ♀ Eleven Eagle.
♂ Nine Flint 'Wolf'		? Son of ♂ Three Flint and ♀ Seven Rabbit	?	♀ Four Serpent 'White Quetzal' three children	?	His sister ♀ Three Death married the king of Cholula, ♂ Five Movement. Nine Flint's brother ♂ Five Serpent ruled the polity of "Place of Hand with Plant".
♂ Eleven Reed 'Passgame Eagle'		? Son of ♂ Nine Flint and ♀ Four Serpent	?	♀ Six Serpent 'Living Sun' (of Ixcuinatoyac ) seven children	?	His sister ♀ Four Flint married the ruler of Yeloixtlahuaca, ♂ Five Serpent.
♀ Six Rain 'Green Feathers Flower		? Daughter of ♂ Eleven Reed and ♀ Six Serpent	?	♂ ? 'Sun Rain' one child	?	Last documented ruler in the Codex. She had a son, but his name is unreadable.

"Dark Place"

Ruler		Born	Reign	Consort	Death	Notes
Dark Place dynasty
♂ One House 'Fire Serpent'		?	?	♀ ? Flint 'Flowered Jewel' two children	?	First known ruler of the polity.
♂ ? 'Fire'		? Son of ♂ One House and ? Flint	?	♀ Seven Grass 'Parrot Jewel' (of Place of Beans ) two children	?
♂ Four Movement 'Sky Fire'		? Son of ? and ♀ Seven Grass	?	♀ Thirteen Death 'Great Feathers' (of War City Hill ) two children	?
♂ Three Death 'Jaguar Falling from the Sky'		? Son of ♂ Four Movement and ♀ Thirteen Death	?	♀ Eight Eagle 'Great Feathers' (of Place of the Net ) two children	?
♂ Three Dog 'Passgame Eagle'		? Son of ♂ Three Death and ♀ Eight Eagle	?	♀ One Dog 'Fan Jewel' (of War Altar ) one child	?
♂ Five Rain 'Coyote Sun'		? Son of ♂ Three Dog and ♀ One Dog	?	♀ ? Monkey 'Arrow Jewel' (of Tilantongo (?)) three children	?
♂ Eleven Flint 'Eagle of Precious Feathers'		? Son of ♂ Five Rain and ♀ ? Monkey	?	♀ Thirteen Reed 'Flower Garland' (of Altar of the Rosette ) two children	?	His sister ♀ Twelve Vulture married ♂ Three Monkey, ruler of Tecomaxtlahuaca.
♂ Six Rabbit 'Eagle Falling from the Sky'		? Son of ♂ Eleven Flint and ♀ Thirteen Reed	?	♀ Ten Wind 'Sun Spiderweb' (of Skull Plain ) one child	?	His sister ♀ Seven House married ♂ Two Rabbit, ruler of Juxtlahuaca.
♂ Three Wind 'Jaguar with Marked Eye'		? Son of ♂ Six Rabbit and ♀ Ten Wind	?	♀ Eleven Alligator 'Flower from where God Appeared' (of Tecomaxtlahuaca) no known children	?	Last known ruler of the settlement.

"Deep Valley"

• c.1100?: ♂ Twelve Dog 'Eagle' with ♀ Five Lizard 'Pulque-Zacate Vase' (wife) (parents-in-law of ♂ Four Wind, king of Pedernales)

Etlatongo

• ?: ♂ Six Jaguar 'War Words Centipede' (brother-in-law of ♂ Five Water, King of Jaltepec)
• c.1449?: ♂ Three Monkey 'Burning Jaguar' (brother-in-law of ♂ Six Deer, King of Tilantongo-Teozacoalco)
• ?: ♂ Ten Water 'Knife Rain' (son of previous)

"Feline Mountain"

• ?: ♂ One Dog (brother-in-law of ♂ Eleven Wind, King of Tlaxiaco)

"Hill of the Flower Tree"

• ?: ♂ Five Flower 'Ballcourt', with ♀ Five Flower 'Jewel Fist with Hole'

"Hill of White Alligator Skin"

• c.887: ♂ One Reed, with ♂ Ten Vulture

"Hill of the Moon"

• c.1096-1097: ♂ Three Alligator

"Hill of the Wasp"

• ?: ♂ Ten Movement 'Arrow'
• ?: ♂ Four Rabbit 'Jaguar who Carries an Aligator on his Chest'

"Hill of the Rabbit with Copper Axe"

• ?: ♂ Two Wind 'Lion'

"Hill of the Seated Little Man"

• c.887: ♂ Ten Movement 'Eagle with Flints'

Ixpantepec

• ?: ♂ One Jaguar, with ♀ One Flower
• ?: ♂ Seven Monkey 'Precious Dart Thrower' (grandson of the previous)

"Monkey"

• ?: ♂ Seven Grass 'Bloody Jaguar'

Mitlatongo, Dzandaya

• c.950/960?: ♂ One Monkey (brother of ♂ Nine Wind, kijng of Tilantongo)

"Mud Valley"

• ?: ♂ Ten Movement 'Flower Shield', with ♀ One Movement 'Quetzal'

"Place of the Ceremonies"

• ?: ♂ Five Serpent 'Performer of the Earth Sacrifice', with ♀ Eight Flower 'Blood of the Dark Place'

"Place of the Drum" (Soyaltepec?)

See also: San Bartolo Soyaltepec

• ?: ♂ Four Lizard 'Serpent that Carries the Sky', with ♀ Eight House 'Visible on Earth'
• ?: ♂ Four Jaguar 'Serpent War Snare'

"Place of the Man Who Points to the Sky"

• c.887: ♂ Five Serpent, with ♀ Four House

"Place of the Jaguar Skin Breast"

• c.887: ♂ One Dog, with ♂ Ten Monkey

"Place of Tlaltecuhtli"

• c.887: ♂ Seven Jaguar, with ♂ Five Rain

"Place Where the Sacred Arrow is Kept"

• ?: ♂ Ten Dog 'War Foot', with ♀ Eight Grass 'Cloud of the Mixtecs'

"Puma"

• ?: ♂ Seven Movement 'Bloody Jaguar' (father-in-law of ♂ Five Rain, King of Tilantongo)

"Quetzal"

• ?: ♂ Four Stone 'Face with Quetzal Feathers'

Quetzaltepec

• ?: ♀ Ten Movement 'Sun Rhomb' (wife of ♂ One Monkey, king of Jaltepec)

Río de la Serpiente

• ?: ♂ Three Eagle

Sachio ("Temple where the Alligator is Born")

• c.887: ♂ Two Rabbit 'Gray Eagle'

Sosola, Acuchi

• ?: ♂ Ten Flower 'Tail Arc' (son-in-law of ♂ Ten Flower, King of Tilantongo)
• c.1174?: ♂ Four Grass 'Sun Knife' (son of ♂ Eight Jaguar, King of Tlaxiaco)
• ?: ♂ Seven Serpent 'Sun Knife' (great-grandson of previous)

Tamazola (Deque Ñaña) and Topiltepec (Yucu Quesi/Nuu Tatnu)

• ?: ♂ Two Grass, with ♀ Thirteen Grass
• c.1040?: ♂ Ten Reed 'Carrier of the Flint Staff' (son of the previous; brother-in-law and father-in-law of ♂ Twelve Lizard, king of Tilantongo)
• c.1080?: ♂ Twelve Water 'Sky Jaguar' (son of ♂ Twelve Lizard, king of Tilantongo, and ♂ maternal grandson of Ten Reed)

Teita, Ticodzo

See also: San Juan Teita

• c.1040: ♂ Thirteen Death (son-in-law of ♂ Ten Flower, king of Tilantongo; father-in-law of ♂ Eight Deer, king of Tilantongo)
• c.1165?: ♀ Ten Vulture 'Jade Fun' and ♂ Ten Rabbit 'Heart' (son of ♂ Five Water, king of Tilantongo)
• c.1430?: ♂ Seven Grass 'Blood Jaguar' (son-in-law of ♀ Six Water, queen of Tilantongo)
• c.1450?: Thirteen Wind (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Thirteen Jaguar 'War Eagle'
• c.1480?: ♂ Ten Deer 'Eagle Red Flowers'
• c.1500?: ♂ Eleven Jaguar 'Blood Words' (son of the previous)

"Temple of the Jawbone and the Red Century Plant"

• c.887: ♂ Ten Grass 'Stone Shield'

"Temple of the Plant"

• ?: ♂ Seven Flower 'Jaguar Bird Mountain', with ♀ Five Flint 'Cave Dame'

"Thirteen Plants"

• ?: ♂ Twelve Wind 'Smoked Eye', with ♀ Three Flint 'Jade Quechquemitl'

Tequixtepec

• c.1430: ♂ Three Wind 'Bloody Eagle' (brother-in-law of ♂ Three Death, king of Jaltepec)

Tezoatlán, Ñuu Siya

• ?: ♂ Five Alligator 'Rain'
• ?: ♂ Six Eagle 'Flower Jewel' (daughter of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Nine Deer 'Jade Bone, Flute' (son of previous, and father of ♂ Twelve Lizard of Huachino)^[5]

Water Rubber Ball (Chacahua? Manialtepec?)

• ?: ♂ Nine Serpent (deposed)
• ?-1115: ♂ Eight Deer 'Jaguar Claw' (usurper)

Yanhuitlán, Yodzocahi

See also: Yanhuitlán

Ruler		Born	Reign	Consort	Death	Notes
♂ Six Water 'Multicolored Feathers'		?	c.1320	?	?	Little is known about this ruler.
Hiatus with no known rulers
♂ Nine House Francisco Calci		?	c.1521 – 1525	?	1525?	Little is known about this ruler.
♀ One Flower 'Jaguar Quechquemitl'		c.1480? Daughter of ♂ Nine House Francisco Calci	c.1525 – 1535?	at least one child	?	Spouses, ruled jointly.
♂ Eight Death 'War Venus'		c.1480? Son of ♂ Ten Rain, King of Tilantongo-Teozacoalco and ♀ Five Wind			?
♀ Two House María Coquahu		? Daughter of ♂ Eight Death and ♀ One Flower	c.1535? – 1540	at least one child	1540	Spouses, ruled jointly.
♂ Six Movement Diego Nuqh		?			?
Regency of ♂ Seven Monkey Domingo de Guzmán, brother of María (1540-1558)
♂ Seven Monkey Gabriel de Guzmán		1537 Son of ♂ Six Movement Diego Nuqh and ♀ Two House María Coquahu	1540 – 1591	♀ Isabel de Rojas at least one child	1591 aged 53-54

Yucuita (Flower Mountain)

See also: Yucuita

• c.1270?: ♂ Six Death (father-in-law of ♂ Nine Serpent, king of Tilantongo)
• c.1340?: ♂ Thirteen Lizard 'Bloody Rain' (brother-in-law of ♀ Three Rabbit, queen of Tilantongo)
• c.1420?: ♂ Eleven Jaguar (father-in-law of ♀ Thirteen Grass 'Serpent with Markings', a brother of ♂ Ten Rain, king of Teozacoalco)

Zahuatlán (Mountain of the Warrior)

See also: Zahuatlán

• c.887: ♂ Four Grass 'Blood Eagle'
• c.1300?: ♂ Five Dog 'Lame Jaguar' with ♀ Seven Movement 'Jewel Spiderweb' (parents-in-law of ♂ Thirteen Wind, King of Jaltepec)

In Mixteca Baja

Acatlan, Yucu Yuxi/Yuta Tisaha

See also: Acatlán de Osorio

• ?: ♂ One Rain
• ?: ♂ Nine Reed 'Curved Staff' (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Six Deer (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Four Dog (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Eight Flint (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Eight Alligator (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Seven Monkey (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Eight Movement (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Nine Flint (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Six Water (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Four Eagle (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Ten Reed (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Four Flower (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Four House (son of the previous)
• ?-1519/20: Unknown (son of the previous)
  • To the Spanish

Chila, Toavui

See also: Chila (municipality)

• ?: ♂ Ten Flint
• ?: ♂ Four Deer (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ One Eagle (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Thirteen Dog (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Thirteen Reed (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Two Monkey (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Ten Monkey (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Ten Movement (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Three House (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Eight Wind (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Six Rabbit (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Thirteen Death (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ One House (son of the previous)
• ?: ♂ Five Monkey (son of the previous)
• ?-1519/20: ♂ Four Dog (son of the previous)
  • To the Spanish

Tlachinollan

See also: Codex Azoyú

Tlachinollan^[16] was a late postclassic kingdom ruled by both Mixtecs and Tlapanec-Nahuas. Tlachinollan was the pre-Aztec name for Tlapa de Comonfort (known anciently in Mixtec as Yutandáyu and today as Tinda'i), which would become the local garrison and tribute collection point after the Aztec conquest of the area in 1486.^[17][18]

Mixtec Lineage

• 1300-1307: ♂ Ten Deer
• 1307-1314: ♂ Nine Alligator
• 1314-1321: ♂ Four Eagle
• 1363-?: ♂ Two Water 'Arrow'
• 1363-1370: ♂ Four Alligator
• 1363-?: ♂ Six Death
• 1370-76: ♂ One Dog 'Serpent Decoration'
• 1510-1516: ♂ Two Deer

Tlapanec-Nahua Lineage

• 1300-1321: Lord Dead (Sun)
• 1321-1328: Lord House
• 1328-1335: Lord Tlaloc
• 1335-?: Lord Xipe
• 1335-?: Lord Shield
• 1342-1362: Lord Bird Alligator
• 1349-?: Lord Rabbit
• 1377-1383: Lord Cane Chilli
• 1384-1391: Lord Cane Alligator
• 1384-1391: Lord Night Obsidian
• 1391-1398: Lord Stone Flag
• 1391-1433: Lord Great Monkey
• 1398-1421: Lord Lizard
• 1421-1454: Flag of Quetzal Feathers
• 1440-?: Lord Deer Antlers (?)
• 1454-1477: Lord Tlaloc
• 1461-?: Lord Bee
• 1477-1496: Lord Turquoise Serpent
• 1496-1517: Lord Green Corn
• 1510-?: Lord Dog
• 1510-?: Lord Jaguar
• 1510-?: Lord Eagle
• 1517-1528: Lord Flames
• 1528-1533: Lord Rain on the Cultivated Field
• 1533-1538: Lord House
• 1538-1541: Lord Mace
• 1542-1561: Lord Jaguar
• 1545-1550: Lord Butterfly
• 1562-?: Lord Arrow

Toltec and Zapotec city-states close-tied with the Mixtec

See also: Zapotec civilization and Toltec

Coixtlahuaca

See also: Coixtlahuaca

• c.1096: ♂ Four Jaguar 'Night Face'
• c.1096-?: ♂ Seven Water (Atonal I)
• ?: ♂ Two Flower (grandson of previous)
• ?-1458: ♂ Six Water (Atonal II)

Cholula, Ñuu Ndiyo

See also: Cholula (Mesoamerican site)

• ?: ♂ One Lizard 'Serpent-Decorated Shield', and ♀ Eleven Serpent 'Jewel Mouth' (wife)
• c.1096: ♂ Four Jaguar 'Night Face'

Cuyotepeji, Ñuu Ñaña (Toltec)

• ?: ♂ One Deer 'Serpent Earring' (father-in-law of Eight Deer, ruler of Tilantongo)
• ?: ♂ Four Reed

Tonalá (Toltec)

• ?: ♂ Eight Alligator 'Bird Claw'
• ?: ♂ Nine Wind 'Flint Serpent' (son of previous)
• ?: ♂ Four Movement 'Eagle' (son of previous)
• ?: ♂ Five Wind 'Celestial Rain' (son of previous)
• ?: ♀ Eight Deer 'Decorated Vest' (daughter of previous)
• ?: ♂ Five Dog 'Plumed Serpent' (possible son of previous)
• ?: ♂ (an unnamed brother of ♂ One Lizard, ruler of Cholula)
• ?: ♂ Eight Deer 'Plumed Serpent'
• ?: ♂ (an unnamed brother of ♀ Ten Reed, ruler of Tilantongo)

Totomihuacan, Ñuu Dzaa (Toltec)

• ?: ♂ Five Eagle (son-in-law of ♂ One Lizard, king of Cholula; father-in-law of ♂ Eight Deer, king of Tilantongo)

Tula (Toltec)

• c.1096: ♂ Four Jaguar 'Night Face'

Zaachila, Tocuisi (Zapotec)

Ruler		Born	Reign	Consort	Death	Notes
Zaachila Zapotec dynasty/ Beni Zaa dynasty[5]
♂ Nine Serpent		?	?	♀ Eleven Rabbit 'Venus Quechquemitl' at least one child	?
♂ Five Flower 'Xipe'		? Son of ♂ Nine Serpent and ♀ Eleven Rabbit	? – 1328	♀ Four Rabbit 'Quetzal' (of Teozacoalco) 1280 six children	1328 Zaachila
♂ Three Alligator Smooth Eagle (Ozomatli)		? Son of ♂ Five Flower and ♀ Four Rabbit	1328 – 1361	♀ Twelve Flint 'Staff of Respect' ♀ Ten House 'Jewel' five children in total	1361 Zaachila
♂ Eleven Water 'Stone Rain' (Cosiioeza I, Huijatoo)		? Son of ♂ Three Alligator (Ozomatli)	1361 – 1386	♀ Eight Movement 'Fire Serpent' (of Zaachila) no children ♀ Thirteen Serpent 'Plumed Serpent' (of Cacaxtli) six children	1386 Zaachila	Siblings-spouses, ruled jointly.
♀ Eight Movement 'Fire Serpent'		? Daughter of ♂ Three Alligator (Ozomatli)		♂ Eleven Water 'Stone Rain' no children	c.1390? Zaachila
♂ Six Water 'Cracked Boards' (Zaachila I)		c.1350 Son ♂ Eleven Water (Cosiioeza I) and ♀ Thirteen Serpent	1386 – 1415	♀ One Reed 'Sun Jewel' (of Tlaxiaco) one child	1415 Zaachila aged 64–65
♂ Three Reed 'Smoked Eye' [es] (Zaachila II)		? Son of ♂ Six Water and ♀ One Reed	1415 – 1454	Unmarried	1454 Zaachila	Left no descendants. He was succeeded by a cousin.
♂ Five Reed 'Twenty Jaguars' [es] (Cosiiopii I); Zaachila III		1397 Son of ♂ Two Water, King of Teozacoalco and ♀ Three Alligator (of Zaachila)	1454 – 1487	Unmarried	1487 Zaachila aged 89–90	Left no descendants. He was succeeded by a nephew.
♂ Eight Deer 'Fire Serpent' (Cosiioeza II)		? Son of ♂ Five Rain, King of Teozacoalco and ♀ Five Flower (of Tlaxiaco)	1487 – 1504	♀ Xilabela [es] (of the Aztec Empire) 1498 five children	1504 Zaachila	Nephew of the predecessor. Had a twin sister, Lady 8 Deer, who ascended to the throne of Tlaxiaco.
Regency of ♀ Xilabela [es] (1504-1518)						Siblings, it's possible that they ruled jointly.
♂ ? Lizard (Cosiiopii II) Juan Cortés Sicasibí		30 December 1502 Guiengola Son of ♂ Eight Deer (Cosiioeza II) and ♀ Xilabela [es]	1504 – 1523	Tonaxiaba Magdalena del Espíritu Santo Zúñiga de los huaves three children	1563 Guiengola aged 60–61
♀ Twelve Grass [es] (Pinopiia)		c.1500 Guiengola Daughter of ♂ Eight Deer (Cosiioeza II) and ♀ Xilabela [es]	1504 – 1520	?	c.1520 Guiengola aged 19-20
Zaachila annexed to the Aztec Empire

References

1. Spores, 1967: 198.
2. López Austin y López Luján, 1999.
3. https://web.archive.org/web/20070609230929/http://cdi.gob.mx/monografias/contemporaneos/tacuates.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}
4. Jansen & Pérez Jiménez, 2005, p.47-48. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJansenPérez_Jiménez,_2005,_p.47-48 (help)
5. Pérez Jiménez & Jansen 2010, p.407-461
6. Jansen and Pérez Jiménez (2011) imply that she was passed over in Tilantongo, stating that Six Deer (her son) succeeded directly his grandfather, but present no reason for this exclusion; nonetheless, modern genealogists place her as ruler and successor of her father. With no means of knowing for sure, we opted to include her.
7. Jansen, 1994. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJansen,_1994 (help)
8. The Codex Muro seems to indicate a cut in the royal line at this point, indicating that Three Monkey, or Carlos de Guzmán, came from Jaltepec; however, we can't ascertain the relationship between the following rulers and the ones at Jaltepec neither the ones from Cantaros itself. Nonetheless, we opted to call this line as Jaltepec dynasty Vd. Jansen, 1994, p.69
9. By an alternative chronology, they were married in 1320.
10. By an alternative chronology, he was born in 1339.
11. The couple married in 1362, if bearing in mind an alternative chronology that poses Lord 10 Monkey's birth in 1339.
12. Jansen & Pérez Jiménez, 2011, p.463. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJansenPérez_Jiménez,_2011,_p.463 (help)
13. The list is based on the information presented in the Codex Waecker-Gotter. Vd. Jansen, 1994.
14. His name can also be read 'Eleven Dog.'
15. Her name can also be read 'Five Rabbit'.
16. Bricker, Victoria Reifler; Andrews, Patricia A. (1992). Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 5: Epigraphy (1st [ed.] ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 38. ISBN 9780292753730.
17. Gerhard, Peter (1993). A guide to the historical geography of New Spain (Rev. ed.). Norman, Okla. London: Univ. of Oklahoma Pr. p. 321. ISBN 9780806125534.
18. Berdan, Frances; Blanton, Richard E.; Boone, Elizabeth Hill; Hodge, Mary G.; Smith, Michael Ernest; Umberger, Emily Good (1996). Aztec imperial strategies. Washington, D.C: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. pp. 276–277. ISBN 9780884022114.

Bibliography

• Kevin Terraciano (2004). The Mixtecs of Colonial Oaxaca: Nudzahui History, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804751049.
• Pérez Jiménez, Gabina Aurora; Jansen, Marteen (2010). The Mixtec Pictorial Manuscripts - Time, Agency and Memory in Ancient Mexico. ISBN 978-90-04-19358-1.