Matcha

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For the Thai feminist and activist, see Matcha Phorn-in.

Matcha
TypeGreen tea
Other names抹茶, "fine powder tea"
Origin
China and Japan (powdered tea origin: China; modern style: Japan — shade-grown, vibrant green, umami-rich)
Quick descriptionJapanese stone-ground powder green tea of ancient Chinese origin
Regional names
"Matcha" in kanji
Chinese name
Chinese末茶[1]
抹茶
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinmǒchá
IPA[mwǒ.ʈʂʰá]
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingmut3-caa4
IPA[mut̚˧.tsʰa˩]
Korean name
Hangul말차
Hanja抹茶
Transcriptions
Revised Romanizationmalcha
McCune–Reischauermalch'a
Alternative Korean name
Hangul가루차
Transcriptions
Revised Romanizationgarucha
McCune–Reischauerkaruch'a
Japanese name
Kanji抹茶
Kanaまっちゃ
Transcriptions
Revised Hepburnmatcha

Matcha[a] (抹茶) /ˈmætʃə, ˈmɑːtʃə/ ⓘ[2][3] is a finely ground powder of green tea specially processed from shade-grown tea leaves.[4][5][6] Shade growing gives matcha its characteristic bright green color and strong umami flavor.[7][8] Matcha is typically consumed suspended in hot water.

Matcha originated in China, but the production of the raw material for matcha was banned in China in the 14th century.[9] Shade growing was invented in Japan in the 16th century[10] and most matcha is produced there today.[11] The traditional Japanese tea ceremony, typically known as chanoyu (茶の湯) or sadō/chadō (茶道), centers on the preparation, serving and drinking of matcha as hot tea, and embodies a meditative and spiritual practice.

Matcha is also used to flavor and dye foods such as mochi and soba noodles, green tea ice cream, matcha lattes, and a variety of Japanese wagashi confectionery. For this purpose, matcha made green by color additives instead of expensive shade-grown matcha is often used.[12][13]

Definition

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Strict definitions of matcha are given by the International Organization for Standardization,[4] ISO 20715:2023 "Tea — Classification of tea types", and the Japanese food labeling standard[5] (defined by Japan Tea Central Public Interest Incorporated Association (日本茶業中央会)[6]).

Both definitions require that matcha must be:

  1. made from Camellia sinensis var. sinensis (Chinese, small-leaf tea),[4][5]
  2. grown in the shade,[4][5]
  3. steamed and dried without being rolled,[4][5]
  4. ground to a fine powder.[4][5]

The Japanese food labeling standard requires the tea leaves to be shaded for 2–3 weeks before harvesting using covering materials such as yoshizu,[b] komo,[c] or cheesecloth.[5] Tea leaves after processing the first three steps are called tencha (碾茶) in this standard.[5] ISO 20715:2023 allows matcha to be made from tender leaves, buds, or shoots,[4] but Japanese food labeling standard allows it to be made only from leaves.[5]

Inexpensive green tea, hunmatsucha (粉末茶), made by crushing non-shade grown tea leaves, is sometimes sold under the name of "matcha"[13] although it does not satisfy the above definitions. The cheaper alternative is used to flavor and dye foods.

Characteristics

[edit]

The characteristics of matcha are as follows.

  • Color: bright green, might be dark green depending on which leaves are used
  • Flavor: strong umami flavor
  • Aroma: unique ooikou (覆い香), like green laver[14]

The characteristic bright green color is due to the increased chloroplasts that the plants need to collect more light in the shade.[7][8] The flavor of matcha is dominated by its amino acids.[15] The ooikou (覆い香) aroma is due to the matcha's dimethyl sulfide content.[8]

Green tea is more umami oriented than black tea[16] and the matcha form is particularly rich in umami flavor with twice the amino acids (the source of umami) as sencha green tea.[7] The amino acids, theanine, succinic acid, gallic acid, and theogallin are the primary contributors to matcha's umami flavor.[17][18] The growing of tencha, which serves as the material for producing matcha, relies on the tencha plant being grown in shade, therefore, not breaking down the content of theanine on the leaves. Shading increases the amount of caffeine and total free amino acids but also reduces the accumulation of catechins in leaves.[19][20]

Matcha tea contains polyphenols, including high amounts of chlorogenic acid.[21]

Preparation

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In production, the leaves of tencha are steamed and dried. It is usually steamed at 100 °C (212 °F) for 10–15 seconds. The steaming softens the tea leaves and inactivates the oxidizing enzymes. The production led to glycosides being suppressed. The leaves are then ground in a grinding mill to make matcha.[22] The leaves are then dried in a tea processing machine and spread on a conveyor belt. The temperature inside the machine is set to approximately 170–200 °C (338–392 °F) in the drying process, but the temperature of the tea leaves themselves is around 70 °C.[22]

Matcha is typically consumed by mixing with hot water. There are two kinds of matcha tea – koicha (濃茶) and usucha (薄茶).[23] Koicha is made by higher-grade matcha[24][25] and less hot water with a lower temperature than for usucha.[26][27] Usucha is foamed to reduce shibumi while koicha is not foamed.[26][28] Specifically, koicha is made from 4 g (0.14 oz) matcha and 30 ml (1.1 imp fl oz; 1.0 US fl oz) of hot water at 80 °C (176 °F), and usucha is made with half matcha in twice the volume of hot water at 90 °C (194 °F).[26][29][30][31] Due to the above differences, koicha has more of an original taste of matcha than usucha.[26]

In Japanese ceremony

[edit]
Koicha stirred with chasen in a chawan
Usucha

Drinking koicha is considered the main part of Japanese tea ceremony,[32] while drinking usucha is considered as a sub-part of it.[33] In the ceremonies, matcha is stored and made using a special teaware called chaki. Specifically, matcha for koicha and usucha are stored in special containers, chaire (茶入) and natsume (棗), respectively. Before use, the matcha can be sifted through a sieve to reduce clumps.[34] Matcha is scooped out from these containers by chashaku (茶杓), a traditional Japanese spoon. Matcha and hot water are then put in a chawan (茶碗), the bowl, and stirred with chasen (茶筅), a whisk usually made from bamboo. It is drunk from the chawan. One drinks matcha after finishing (not during) eating sweets to allow a prolonged taste of the matcha.[35][36]

  • Chaire
    Chaire
  • Natsume
    Natsume
  • upper left : chasen (茶筅), upper right : chawan (茶碗), lower right chashaku (茶杓)
    Upper left: chasen, upper right: chawan, lower right chashaku
  • A hostess prepares matcha during a Japanese outdoor tea ceremony
    A hostess prepares matcha during a Japanese outdoor tea ceremony

Difference from other Japanese green tea

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There are four types of powdered Japanese green tea and the differences are as follows.

Japanese powderly green tea
matcha (抹茶) hunmatsucha (粉末茶) konacha (粉茶) instant tea (インスタントティー)
Feature[5] Tea grown in the shade, steamed, and dried without being rolled and ground to a fine powder Crushed tea leaves Powdered tea sieved during the finishing process Water-soluble solid component extracted from green tea, concentrated, dried, and made into powder
How to drink Drink by mixing with hot water[37] Drink using a teapot or a tea strainer[37] Drink tea dissolved in hot water[38]

All of the above ones are made from Camellia sinensis var. sinensis (Chinese, small-leaf tea).[5]

Production

[edit]

The majority of matcha is produced in Japan, where it is highly regarded as part of the tea ceremony (chanoyu (茶の湯)), but rarely used otherwise. China and Vietnam also produce some matcha intended for export to the Japanese market, but they are regarded as inferior to the Japanese product and typically used in iced beverages, for example.[11]

Other uses

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Matcha (or hunmatsucha under the name of "matcha"[13]) is used in castella, manjū, and monaka; as a topping for shaved ice (kakigōri); mixed with milk and sugar as a drink; and mixed with salt and used to flavor tempura in a mixture known as matcha-jio. It is also used as flavoring in many Western-style chocolates, candy, and desserts, such as cakes and pastries, including Swiss rolls and cheesecake, cookies, pudding, mousse, and green tea ice cream. Matcha frozen yogurt is sold in shops and can be made at home using Greek yogurt. The snacks Pocky and Kit Kat have matcha-flavoured versions in Japan.[39] It may also be mixed into other forms of tea. For example, it is added to genmaicha to form matcha-iri genmaicha (literally, roasted brown rice and green tea with added matcha).

The use of matcha in modern drinks has also spread to North American cafés, such as Starbucks, which introduced "green tea lattes" and other matcha-flavored drinks after they became successful in their Japanese store locations.[40][41] As in Japan, it has become integrated into lattes, iced drinks, milkshakes, and smoothies.[42][43] This increase in matcha-based drinks in the U.S. is driven by a rise in consumer interest in healthier beverage options, with many opting for matcha due to its perceived health benefits and lower caffeine content compared to coffee.

History

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China

[edit]
Various types of compressed teas
Various types of compressed teas

In China during the Tang dynasty (618–907), tea leaves were steamed and pressed into tea bricks for storage and trade. According to Lu Yu's The Classic of Tea (760–762), tea was first made by roasting compressed tea over a fire and then grinding it in a wooden grinder called a niǎn (碾, Japanese: yagen), boiling water in a pot, adding salt once it comes to a boil, then adding the tea powder to the boiling water and boiling it until it began to foam.[44][45] The tea was also sometimes mixed with green onions, ginger, jujubes, mandarin orange peels, Tetradium ruticarpum, and mint.[44]

Powdered and compressed teas

[edit]
Niǎn
Niǎn, an artifact from Famen Temple

During the Song dynasty (960–1279), powdered tea made from steamed and dried tea leaves became popular. The beverage was prepared by whipping the tea powder with hot water in a bowl.[46] Although the term "matcha" (抹茶) was not yet used, the practice of preparing powdered tea with a tea whisk is believed to have originated in China no later than the 11th century.

The most famous references to powdered tea are Cai Xiang's Record of Tea (1049–1053) and Emperor Huizong's Treatise on Tea (1107), both written during the Song dynasty (960–1279).[47][48] These documents describe the preparation of high-grade compressed tea, such as Lóngfèng Tuánchá (龍鳳團茶, lit. 'Dragon and Phoenix Lump Tea'). The tea was ground into powder using a metal niǎn, then sifted. The powder was poured into a tea bowl, hot water was added, and the mixture was whisked.

According to the Record of Tea, the finer the sieve, the more the tea would float; the coarser the sieve, the more it would sink. This suggests that the powder particles were larger than those of modern matcha. Tea ceremonies at Kennin-ji in Kyoto and Engaku-ji in Kamakura are thought to preserve traditions from the Song dynasty.[49]

The lump tea presented to the emperor was mixed with borneol, a strongly aromatic substance, and coated with oily flavorings to give it a glossy surface—so much so that the tea’s original aroma was lost. Cai Xiang criticized such processing.[47][48]

In addition, the ideal color of tea was considered to be white, rather than green or brown. However, since tea powder could not usually be made white, various processing methods had to be employed to whiten it. For example, tea buds were plucked just after sprouting, repeatedly squeezed, and water was added repeatedly during grinding. A type of white tea called "water buds" (水芽) was also made, in which the leafy part of the sprout was removed, leaving only the veins as raw material.[50]

Declining usage of compressed tea

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The complex manufacturing process of lump tea during the Song dynasty required significant labor and expense, and even the slightest error could result in failure. As a result, it was costly and inaccessible to the common people. During the Tang dynasty, "bitter when sipped and sweet when swallowed" (The Classic of Tea) was regarded as the ideal taste of tea. However, in the Song dynasty, this ideal was deliberately replaced with four desirable qualities: "aroma, sweetness, richness, and smoothness" (Treatise on Tea).[50] This shift represented an attempt to eliminate the natural bitterness of tea. As a result, lump tea became an expensive and complicated product, and some scholars suggest this contributed to its rapid decline after the Ming dynasty.[50]

In the Ming dynasty, the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang issued a ban on the production of compressed tea in 1391. This decree led to the abandonment of compressed tea in China. Instead, a new method—similar to modern tea preparation—in which loose tea is steeped in hot water and extracted, became the mainstream practice.

Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang in his old age, c. 1397

In Shen Defu's Wanli ye huo bian ("Unofficial Gleanings of the Wanli Era", 萬厲野獲編), it is recorded:

"At the beginning of the Ming dynasty, teas from all over China were offered to the emperor, among which Jianning tea and Yángxiàn tea were the most highly valued. At that time, the Song dynasty production method was still in use, and all the tea offered was ground and kneaded with a medicine grinder into shapes known as lóngtuán (龍團, lit. 'lump of dragon'), both large and small. However, in September of the 24th year of Hongwu, the emperor discontinued the production of lóngtuán due to the heavy burden it placed on the people. Instead, he ordered that only tea buds be plucked and offered to the court."[9][d]

With the prohibition of compressed tea, matcha—a powdered form derived from it—also fell into disuse in China. Thereafter, matcha would continue to evolve in Japan, shaped by Japanese aesthetics and principles.[51]

Some historians have pointed out that, as the Ming dynasty emphasized agriculture and held a strong military ethos—and since the Hongwu Emperor himself had risen from the lowest social strata—he may have viewed the elaborate and refined nature of compressed tea with disdain.[52]

Japan

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Yagen

The earliest documented reference to tea in Japan appears in the 9th century, in an entry in the Nihon Kōki concerning the Buddhist monk Eichū (永忠), who is believed to have brought tea back from China. According to the entry, Eichū personally prepared and served sencha (煎茶) to Emperor Saga during an imperial excursion to Karasaki (in present-day Shiga Prefecture) in 815.[53] This sencha is believed to have been Chinese compressed tea, rather than the modern form of sencha in which tea leaves are steeped in hot water for infusion.[53]

In 816, by imperial order, tea plantations were established in the Kinki region. However, public interest in tea soon declined.[54]

Introduction of matcha

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Matcha is generally believed to have been introduced to Japan from the Song dynasty in China by the Zen monk Eisai in 1191, along with tea seeds. He authored the Kissa Yōjōki (喫茶養生記, lit. 'Book of Drinking Tea for Health') and presented it to Minamoto no Sanetomo, the third shōgun of the Kamakura shogunate, in 1214. At the time, tea was regarded as a form of medicine. The Kissa Yōjōki describes the methods of tea preparation Eisai observed in the Song dynasty. According to the text, tea leaves were plucked in the morning, steamed immediately, and then placed on a roasting rack to roast overnight.[55] This method is believed to have been introduced to Japan at that time. However, a major difference is that modern matcha production omits the long roasting process, apart from drying for approximately 30 minutes. At the time, the tea was a brownish-black lump, rather than the bright green powder of modern matcha.[56] It is thought that this lump tea was ground into powder and consumed in a manner similar to modern matcha.[56]

Characters for matcha (抹茶) in the Japanese dictionary Unpo Iroha Shū (1548)

The term matcha (抹茶) does not appear in contemporary Chinese literature or in Eisai’s writings. In Japan, the word "matcha" first appears in the Japanese-language dictionary Unpo Iroha Shū (1548), compiled during the Muromachi period (1336–1573).[57] The Book of Agriculture (1313) by Wang Zhen (fl. 1290–1333) of the Yuan dynasty includes the terms mòchá (末茶) and mòzichá (末子茶). One theory suggests that these words were adopted and transformed into the term "matcha" in Japan.[53] However, as this book was published about a century after Eisai, no documentary evidence confirms whether these terms were introduced to Japan or evolved into "matcha" by the 16th century.

Eisai’s disciple, the monk Myōe (1173–1232), received a tea urn containing seeds from Eisai and established a tea plantation in Togano'o, Kyoto, by sowing them there. During the Kamakura period (1185–1333), Tsugano'o tea was known as honcha (本茶, lit. 'real tea'), while teas from other regions were referred to as hicha (非茶, lit. 'non-tea').[22] Tsugano'o tea gained the highest reputation at the time. Myōe also established tea plantations in Uji, Kyoto, which subsequently became Japan’s foremost tea-producing region.

Popularization and refinement of matcha

[edit]

In Japan, matcha became an important item at Zen monasteries and was highly valued by the upper classes from the 14th to the 16th centuries. Until the 13th century, matcha was made by grinding tea leaves with a grinder called a yagen (薬研), but the particles were rough and coarse in texture. In the 14th century, however, a stone mill specialized for tea appeared, producing finer powder and improving the quality of matcha.[58]

During the Muromachi period (1336–1573), tea spread among the general public. Among the elite, it became fashionable to drink tea using expensive Chinese ceramics known as karamono (唐物, lit. 'Tang Dynasty things'). In the 16th century, however, tea masters such as Murata Jukō and Sen no Rikyū emphasized simplicity, giving rise to the Japanese tea ceremony. This practice prioritized introspection over ostentation and came to favor simple utensils. The wabi-sabi aesthetic, which finds beauty in modesty, simplicity, and imperfection, became closely associated with the tea ceremony.

Tea bowl, known as Suehiro, studio of Chōjirō
The part of "Making tea" from the Picture Scroll of the Origin of Kiyomizu-dera Temple, 1517

It was long believed that the practice of growing tea plants under shade by covering them with straw or reeds began in Japan in the late 16th century. For example, the Portuguese missionary João Rodrigues Tçuzu, who arrived in Japan in 1577, wrote about shaded cultivation in his 1604 work, History of the Japanese Church (Historia da Igreja do Japão). However, recent soil analyses of Uji tea plantations suggest that the practice began in the first half of the 15th century at the latest.[59]

This technique, originally intended to protect tea sprouts from frost damage, led to the development of a unique Japanese matcha (tencha) that was bright green and had a distinctive aroma and flavor. By limiting exposure to sunlight, photosynthesis in the leaves is inhibited, preventing the conversion of theanine—a component responsible for umami—into tannins, which cause bitterness and astringency. As a result, the tea leaves retain a higher umami content.[60] Shaded cultivation also increases the concentration of chlorophyll in the leaves, resulting in a vibrant green color.[61] Until then, matcha introduced from China was brown in color—hence the Japanese word for “brown,” 茶色 (chairo), literally means “tea color.”

Traditions

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Ukiyo-e depicting tea picking in Uji, Kyoto. The painting was made by Hiroshige III (1842–1894).

Since the Muromachi period, the term tea master (茶師, chashi) referred to tea manufacturers and sellers. During the Edo period (1603–1867), it came to refer specifically to the official tea masters (御用茶師, goyō chashi) of Uji, Kyoto, whose status was guaranteed by the Tokugawa shogunate. Uji tea masters were divided into three ranks: gomotsu tea masters (御物茶師, gomotsu chashi), ofukuro tea masters (御袋茶師, ofukuro chashi), and otōri tea masters (御通茶師, otōri chashi).[62] They were permitted to use their family names and carry swords like samurai. They dealt exclusively with the shogun, the imperial court, and feudal lords, and did not sell tea to commoners.[62] Shaded cultivation of tea was permitted only for Uji tea masters, who held a monopoly on the production of high-grade matcha and gyokuro (premium sencha).[62]

The oldest known brand of matcha is Baba Mukashi (祖母昔, lit. 'grandmother's old days'). "Grandmother" refers to Myōshūni (妙秀尼, d. 1598), daughter of Rokkaku Yoshikata, who married Kanbayashi Hisashige. She was affectionately called "Baba" by Tokugawa Ieyasu. Myōshūni was skilled in tea preparation, and Ieyasu often drank her tea. The matcha made using her method was named Baba Mukashi and was later served to the shogun.[63] According to one theory, the name Baba Mukashi was bestowed by Ieyasu himself.[64]

Other well-known brands included Hatsu Mukashi (初昔, lit. 'first old days') and Ato Mukashi (後昔, lit. 'later old days'), both of which were also presented to the shogun. Taka no Tsume (鷹の爪, lit. 'hawk's claw') and Shiro (白, lit. 'white') were also well-known.[65]

At the time, matcha was shipped in tea jars filled with tencha (unground leaf tea), which was later ground into powder using a tea grinder. The event of transporting tea jars from Uji to Edo (now Tokyo) for presentation to the shogun was called the Ochatsubo Dōchū (御茶壺道中, lit. 'tea jar journey'),[66] and even feudal lords were required to stand aside when the procession passed. The tradition continued from 1633 until 1866, near the end of the Edo period.[66]

Following the Meiji Restoration (1868), Uji tea growers, who had held a monopoly on shaded cultivation and tencha production, lost their privileged status. They also lost their primary clients, including the shoguns and feudal lords. Meanwhile, shaded cultivation began to spread beyond Uji. In the Taishō era (1912–1926), the invention of the tencha dryer facilitated the mechanization of tea production.

Caffeine Content

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Matcha contains significantly higher caffeine levels compared to traditional green tea due to the consumption of the entire powdered leaf rather than a steeped infusion. Studies have shown that matcha powder contains approximately 18.9 to 24.67 mg of caffeine per gram of dry weight, depending on factors such as leaf quality, cultivation, and harvest timing.[1]One study measured caffeine content at 2213.492 µg/g using chromatographic analysis.[2]A typical serving of matcha (approximately 2 grams) contains about 72.5 mg of caffeine, which is comparable to or slightly less than a standard cup of coffee.[3]Research also highlights that matcha’s caffeine effect is moderated by its high L-theanine content, resulting in a slower, more stable release of energy and increased focus without the jitteriness often associated with coffee.[4]Additionally, there are variations in caffeine levels have been observed based on the origin and processing of the tea, with some matcha samples ranging from 826.23 mg/L to over 7300 mg/L in liquid form. [5]

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Matcha", also called fine powder tea or powdered tea, is the most common spelling, and accords with Hepburn romanization of the hiragana まっちゃ. In Kunrei-shiki romanization (ISO 3602) it is "mattya". "Maccha" is a nonstandard and uncommon spelling.
  2. ^ covering material made by reed
  3. ^ covering material made by manchurian wild rice
  4. ^ The original text is: "國初四方供茶，以建寧、陽羨茶品為上，時猶仍宋製，所進者俱碾而揉之，為大小龍團。至洪武二十四年九月，上以重勞民力，罷造龍團，惟采茶芽以進."

References

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  1. ^ From the Classic of Tea: "飲有粗茶、散茶、末茶、餅茶者。"
  2. ^ "matcha – Definition of matcha in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries – English. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  3. ^ "matcha". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "3 Terms and definitions, 3.18 matcha tea". ISO 20715:2023 Tea — Classification of tea types. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k 消費者庁 食品表示企画課. "食品表示基準Ｑ＆Ａ" (PDF). p. 25. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  6. ^ a b "緑茶の表示基準" (PDF). 公益社団法人日本茶業中央会. p. 21. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  7. ^ a b c 大森正司 (17 May 2017). "第一章の『緑茶「非発酵茶」』の節の「(5)抹茶」". お茶の科学 「色・香り・味」を生み出す茶葉のひみつ (in Japanese). 講談社. ISBN 978-4-06-502016-6.
  8. ^ a b c 原口健司（京都府農林水産技術センター 農林センター 茶業研究所）. "抹茶の特徴". におい・かおり環境学会誌 46巻 2 号 ― 特 集 ― お茶の香り (in Japanese). pp. 123–124. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  9. ^ a b Shen, Defu. "補遺一"  [Addendum 1]. 萬曆野獲編  [Unofficial Gleanings of the Wanli Era] (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
  10. ^ "抹茶(マッチャ)とは？ 意味や使い方". Kotobank (in Japanese). Retrieved 12 December 2024.
  11. ^ a b Heiss, Mary Lou; Heiss, Robert J. (2007). "Japan: Unique Teas and Introspective Customs". The Story of Tea: A Cultural History and Drinking Guide. New York: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-1-60774-172-5.
  12. ^ "本当の抹茶とそうではない抹茶がある！？抹茶にまつわる知っておきたい豆知識". 大井川茶園 公式ブログ (in Japanese). 9 February 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
  13. ^ a b c 三木雄 2019, p. 40.
  14. ^ "あたらしい農業技術" [New agricultural technology] (PDF). Shizuoka Prefecture Industry Department.
  15. ^ Kaneko, Shu; Kumazawa, Kenji; Masuda, Hideki; Henze, Andrea; Hofmann, Thomas (March 2006). "Molecular and Sensory Studies on the Umami Taste of Japanese Green Tea". J. Agric. Food Chem. 54 (7): 2688–2694. Bibcode:2006JAFC...54.2688K. doi:10.1021/jf0525232. PMID 16569062.
  16. ^ 大森正司 (17 May 2017). "第四章３節の「緑茶は「味」が勝負」". お茶の科学 「色・香り・味」を生み出す茶葉のひみつ (in Japanese). 講談社. ISBN 978-4-06-502016-6.
  17. ^ Ashihara, Hiroshi (1 May 2015). "Occurrence, biosynthesis and metabolism of theanine (γ-glutamyl-L-ethylamide) in plants: a comprehensive review". Natural Product Communications. 10 (5): 803–810. doi:10.1177/1934578X1501000525. PMID 26058162. S2CID 6069179.
  18. ^ Kaneko, S.; Kumazawa, K.; Masuda, H.; Henze, A.; Hofmann, T. (5 April 2006). "Molecular and sensory studies on the umami taste of Japanese green tea". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (7): 2688–94. Bibcode:2006JAFC...54.2688K. doi:10.1021/jf0525232. PMID 16569062.
  19. ^ Horie, Hideki (20 October 2017). "Chemical Components of Matcha and Powdered Green Tea". Journal of Cookery Science of Japan. 50 (5): 182–188. doi:10.11402/cookeryscience.50.182.
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General sources

[edit]
  • 三木雄, 貴秀 (15 March 2019). おいしいお茶の秘密 旨味や苦味、香り、色に差が出るワケは？ 緑茶・ウーロン茶・紅茶の不思議に迫る [The secret to delicious tea: What is the difference in flavor, bitterness, aroma, and color? Discover the mysteries of green tea, oolong tea, and black tea]. サイエンス・アイ新書. SBクリエイティブ. ISBN 978-4-7973-9427-6.
  • 正司, 大森 (17 May 2017). お茶の科学 「色・香り・味」を生み出す茶葉のひみつ [The science of tea: The secrets of tea leaves that create color, aroma, and flavor]. 講談社. ISBN 978-4-06-502016-6.
  • 公益社団法人日本茶業中央会 (31 July 2017). 新版 日本茶の図鑑 [New Edition: Illustrated Guide to Japanese Tea]. マイナビ出版. ISBN 978-4839963545.
  • 今井, 久雄 (10 September 2018). 日本茶のすべて [All About Japanese Tea]. 笠倉出版社. ISBN 978-4773089202.
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  • Media related to Matcha at Wikimedia Commons