Mapam

Mapam מפ"ם‎
Mapam's final logo, used from 1987[1] to 1997
Leader	Yitzhak Tabenkin (first) Haim Oron (last)
Founded	January 1948
Dissolved	1997
Merger of	Hashomer Hatzair Workers Party Ahdut HaAvoda Poale Zion Movement
Merged into	Meretz
Headquarters	Tel Aviv[2]
Newspaper	Al HaMishmar (Hebrew) Al-Mirsad (Arabic) Israel Shtime (Yiddish)
Youth wing	Hashomer Hatzair Young Mapam[3]
Ideology	Labor Zionism Anti-capitalism 1948–1956: Revolutionary socialism Marxism (Borochovism) Marxism–Leninism[4][5] 1956–1969: Socialism Marxism (Borochovism)[6] 1969-1997: Democratic socialism[7] Two-state solution (from 1984)
Political position	Left-wing[10] to far-left[14]
Alliance	Alignment (1969–1984) Meretz (1992–1997)
Slogan	הפעם מפם‎ ("This time, Mapam")
Most MKs	20 (1949–1951)
Fewest MKs	3 (1988–1992; 1996-1997)
Election symbol
(1949–1965), (1988)
Politics of Israel Political parties Elections

chart of zionist workers parties

Historic logo of Mapam, 1948-1987^[15]

1950s Mapam May Day meeting. Slogan reads '1 of May for Peace and Brotherhood of the Peoples.

Mapam members at the May Day parade in 1950

Mapam conference at Kibbutz Givat Brenner in November 1948

Mapam^[a] was a Labor Zionist and democratic socialist ^[16][17] political party in Israel. Established shortly before Israeli independence in January 1948 as a merger between the Hashomer Hatzair Workers Party and the Ahdut HaAvoda Poale Zion movement, it initially represented a Marxist form of Labor Zionism, coupled with support for the Soviet Union.^[4][5] It was once the second largest political force in Israel, drawing support from both the kibbutz and the urban working class movements.^[6]

Due to growing geopolitical tensions with the USSR in the 1950s and 1960s, the party suffered multiple splits and distanced itself from the Eastern Bloc,^[18] joining the Labor Party's Alignment in 1969, where it abandoned its most radical Marxist policies, moving towards democratic socialism.^[19]

Mapam left the Alignment in 1984 when Labor joined a national unity government with the right-wing Likud. It moved to a more dovish stance on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, supporting a two-state solution with the creation of an independent Palestinian state.

Following a poor showing in the 1988 elections, and the perceived need for a united left-wing Zionist party,^[20] it merged with the Ratz and Shinui parties to form the social-democratic Meretz in 1992, with Mapam dissolving altogether in 1997.

History

Mapam was established in January 1948 by the merger of the kibbutz-based Hashomer Hatzair Workers Party and the Ahdut HaAvoda Poale Zion Movement. The party's orientation was more Marxist and left-wing than that of the larger Mapai party, and it was closely associated with the Kibbutz Artzi movement. It also took over the Hashomer Hatzair-affiliated Al HaMishmar newspaper. From 1951 to 1979, the party also published Al-Mirsad (“Observation Post”), an Arabic-language newspaper similar in name to its Hebrew counterpart.^[21]

The new party was part of the 1948 provisional government with a policy toward Arabs that differed from that of Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion. Its executive committee promoted Jewish–Arab coexistence, opposed the expulsion of civilians and supported the Palestinian right of return after the Nakba.^[22] Aharon Cohen, head of the party’s Arab Affairs Department, authored the policy statement "Our Policy Towards Arabs During the War" in June 1948, emphasising these principles.^[23] The party opposed the destruction of Arab villages and cabinet member Aharon Zisling raised related concerns in government meetings.^[24] Ben-Gurion criticised Mapam's stance, citing the Battle of Mishmar HaEmek and saying: "They faced a cruel reality ... [and] saw that there was [only] one way and that was to expel the Arab villagers and burn the villages. And they did this, and they were the first to do this."^[25]

Mapam initially opposed establishing settlements on depopulated Arab land, though this conflicted with the settlement activities of Kibbutz Artzi, which was ideologically aligned with the party. Of 12 new settlements created during May and June 1948, six were Mapam-related groups.^[26] In August 1948 proposals were put forward for the creation of 32 new settlements, 27 of which were beyond the proposed United Nations partition line. A compromise policy was adopted, allowing new settlements on the condition that "surplus land" would remain for the possible return of displaced Arabs.^[27] Over time, the party shifted its stance the right of return, eventually supporting restrictions tied to the end of hostilities and to individuals deemed "peace-minded".^[28] With the explosion of opposition to the Government's proposal to the United Nations in July 1949 that 100,000 Palestinians might be allowed to return, the issue of return quietly dropped.^[29]

The gulf between policy makers in the executive and Mapam members who dominated the leadership of the armed forces was revealed following the military operations in the autumn of 1948. In early November the editor of Al HaMishmar, Eliezer Pra'i, received a letter describing events at al-Dawayima. There followed a meeting of the Political Committee on 11 November 1948, which was briefed by recently ousted Chief of Staff of the Haganah, Yisrael Galili, about the killing of civilians during Operations Yoav and Hiram. Cohen led a call for an independent inquiry.^[30] The problem for Mapam was that the commanders of these operations were senior Mapam members Yitzhak Sadeh and Moshe Carmel. It was agreed to accept Ben-Gurion's internal inquiry. In December 1948 party co-leader Meir Ya'ari publicly criticised the Israel Defense Forces for using the expulsion of civilians as an "imperative of strategy". This was probably directed at Mapam member Yigal Allon, who had been chief of operations during Operation Danny.^[31]

In the 1949 Constituent Assembly elections, Mapam won 19 seats, becoming the second-largest party in the Knesset after Mapai. At the time Mapam did not permit non-Jews to become members and instead sponsored an Arab satellite list, the Popular Arab Bloc, which failed to pass the 1% electoral threshold. Although Mapam held coalition talks with Ben-Gurion, it was excluded from the first government.^[32] During the first Knesset, Mapam gained an additional seat when Eliezer Preminger joined after leaving Maki and then setting up his own party, the Hebrew Communists.

In the 1951 elections Mapam was reduced to 15 seats. That Knesset included Rostam Bastuni, the first Arab to represent a Zionist party. The 1953 Slánský trial severely shook the party's faith in the Soviet Union. The show trials, in which mostly Jewish leaders of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia were purged, falsely implicated Mapam's envoy in Prague, Mordechai Oren, as part of a Zionist conspiracy. Following these events and Nikita Khrushchev's 1956 speech On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, Mapam shifted from Marxist-Zionism toward democratic socialism.

The ideological shift led to several splits. Avraham Berman, Bastuni and Moshe Sneh left the party and set up the Left Faction, while Hannah Lamdan and David Livschitz created their own party, the Faction independent of Ahdut HaAvoda. Bastuni later returned to Mapam, but Berman and Sneh eventually joined Maki and Lamdan and Livschitz joined Mapai. Four other party members left to recreate Ahdut HaAvoda, though the Knesset speaker did not recognize the group as an independent party during the Knesset session. It also displeased the USSR. By the end of the second Knesset, Mapam's strength had dropped to seven seats. The party won nine seats in the 1955 elections and having distanced itself from the Soviet Union, joined Ben-Gurion's coalition governments. In 1959 Mapam and Ahdut HaAvoda voted against the government's decision to sell arms to West Germany, leading to Ben-Gurion’s resignation.

In the 1959 elections the party retained its nine seats, and despite their previous differences, were included in Ben-Gurion's coalition. In the 1961 elections it again won nine seats, but this time was not part of the governing coalition. The 1965 elections saw Mapam lose a seat, dropping to eight mandates, but enter the coalition government.

Alignment

In 1969 Mapam entered into an alliance with the Israeli Labor Party, forming the Alignment, which won 56 of 120 Knesset seats in the 1969 elections, the highest total ever achieved by a single electoral list. At the time, Soviet commentators called Mapam "one of the most reactionary ones among the left-socialist parties".^[33]

By the 1970s, some former left-wing Mapam members, including Walid Haj Yahia, Yair Tzaban, Gadi Yatziv, associated themselves with the dovish left-wing, and were founding members of the Left Camp of Israel (Sheli) in 1977, which was pitted against Mapam by its own members as well as political commentators.^[34][35] Sheli chairman Meir Pa'il accused Mapam of 'riding' the increasingly moderate Alignment in order to not 'struggle' in elections.^[36] Sheli quickly began to disintegrate due to factional struggles and the Lebanon War, with Haj Yahia, Tzaban and Yatziv returning to Mapam.

Mapam briefly broke away from the Alignment during the eighth Knesset (following the 1973 Israeli legislative election), but returned shortly afterward. The party then remained part of the Alignment until after the 1984 elections, when it broke away due to anger over Shimon Peres's decision to form a national unity government with Likud, and began to support a two-state solution.^[7] Mapam left the Alignment with six MKs, but in July 1988, this was reduced to five when Muhammed Wattad defected to Hadash.

Decline and merger

In their last ever solo campaign, for the 1988 election, Mapam campaigned on the increasing cost of living, on the economic crisis that the Alignment presided over, and the peace process.^[37] Throughout the campaign, Mapam and Ratz, who shared similar views on the peace process, attacked each other.^[38]

However, opinion polls in the weeks preceding the election predicted Mapam only winning two seats, while Ratz was predicted to finish with eight at one point.^[39][40]

In the election, Mapam won 2.5% of the vote and 3 seats, with Amira Sartani and Gadi Yatziv losing their seats. Although Mapam had won one more seat than expected in the polls, this was its worst ever finish.^[7]

Mapam had contemplated a merger with other left-wing forces, namely Ratz, as early as 1985.^[20] During the 1989 local elections, Mapam, Ratz and the liberal Shinui collaborated, forming joint lists in some localities.^[41] In 1992, the election threshold was raised to 1.5%,^[42] a number which Mapam had already struggled to reach in 1988. To avoid elimination in that year's election, Mapam, Ratz and Shinui (who were also dangerously close to the new threshold) formed the nationwide Meretz alliance. While Mapam's socialism was at odds with Shinui's economic liberalism and upper-middle class appeal, the three parties united because of their similar views on the peace process and secularism. Although the leaders of all three constituent parties were the focus in Meretz's campaign, Ratz's Shulamit Aloni became the leader of the new alliance. Furthermore, Meretz did not inherit the anti-capitalist politics of Mapam.^[43][44]

Meretz became the third-largest Knesset party in the 1992 elections, with four Mapam members being elected into the Knesset. Al HaMishmar ceased publication in 1995, and in 1997 Mapam formally merged into Meretz along with Ratz and part of Shinui, ceasing to exist as an independent political organization.

Ideology

From its founding, Mapam identified itself with Labor Zionist principles. In its first years, the party identified closely with Joseph Stalin's leadership of the Soviet Union, and principles of Marxism-Leninism.^[4][5] The Hashomer Hatzair faction identified with the Eastern Bloc more readily than the Ahdut HaAvoda-Poale Zion Left faction.^[45] Furthermore, Hashomer Hatzair supported territorial concessions to Arabs or including them in a bi-national state,^[46][47][48] while the Ahdut HaAvoda faction, especially Tabenkin himself, supported the idea of Greater Israel.^[49][50]

After the depature of Ahdut HaAvoda-Poale Zion Left, Mapam continued to identify with Borochovist Marxism, and to advocate for an Israeli 'road to socialism'.^[6] However, following the Six-Day War and the Soviet Union's perceived support for the Arab countries, Mapam began to oppose the USSR.^[18]

While in the Alignment, Mapam continued to criticise social democracy for retaining a capitalist class. It also condemned the authoritarian nature of communist-led countries. The party continued to advocate for a socialist society based on equality, self-management and solidarity, with a democratically planned economy. The party advocated support for the Jordanian annexation of the West Bank to create a joint Jordanian-Palestinian state to co-exist with an Israeli state along the Green Line.^[19]

After leaving the Alignment, Mapam described itself as a joint Jewish-Arab 'democratic socialist' party.^[16] Furthermore, Mapam positioned itself in the peace camp, supporting negotiations with the Palestine Liberation Organization, in order to establish a two-state solution.^[17]

Throughout Mapam's existence, it definited itself closely with its kibbutz base, and its values of self-management and voluntarism.^[17]

Leaders

Leader			Took office	Left office
		Yitzhak Tabenkin	1949	1951
		Meir Ya'ari	1951	1974
		Meir Talmi	1974	1981
		Victor Shem-Tov	1981	1988
		Yair Tzaban	1988	1996
		Haim Oron	1996	1997

Election results

Election	Leader	Votes	%	Seats	+/–	Status
1949	Yitzhak Tabenkin	64,018	14.7 (#2)	19 / 120	New	Opposition
1951	Meir Ya'ari	86,095	12.5 (#3)	15 / 120	4	Opposition
1955		62,401	7.3 (#6)	9 / 120	3	Government
1959		69,468	7.2 (#4)	9 / 120	0	Government
1961		75,654	7.5 (#5)	9 / 120	0	Opposition
1965		79,985	6.6 (#5)	8 / 120	1	Government
1969		Part of Alignment		7 / 120	1	Government
1973	Meir Talmi			7 / 120	0	Government
1977				4 / 120	3	Opposition
1981	Victor Shem-Tov			7 / 120	3	Opposition
1984				6 / 120	1	Opposition
1988	Yair Tzaban	56,345	2.5 (#9)	3 / 120	3	Opposition
1992		Part of Meretz		4 / 120	1	Government
1996	Haim Oron			3 / 120	1	Opposition

Knesset members

Mapam conference in 1949

Leader Victor Shem-Tov speaks at a party meeting in 1984 where it was decided to leave the Alignment.

Knesset (MKs out of 120) (popular vote)	Knesset Members
1 (1949–1951) (19) (14.7%)	Moshe Aram, Menachem Bader, Dov Bar-Nir (replaced by Menachem Ratzon on 10 April 1951), Yisrael Bar-Yehuda, Yitzhak Ben-Aharon, Mordechai Bentov, Yisrael Galili, Ya'akov Hazan, Fayge Ilanit, Hannah Lamdan, Nahum Nir, Eliezer Peri, Berl Repetur, Ya'akov Riftin, Hanan Rubin, Moshe Sneh, Yitzhak Tabankin (replaced by David Livschitz on 12 April 1951), Meir Ya'ari, Aharon Zisling, Eliezer Preminger (joined from the Hebrew Communists on 15 August 1949)
2 (1951–1955) (15) (12.5%)	Rostam Bastuni, Mordechai Bentov, Ya'akov Hazan, Eliezer Peri, Ya'akov Riftin, Hanan Rubin, Meir Ya'ari, Moshe Aram,¹ Yisrael Bar-Yehuda,¹ Yitzhak Ben-Aharon,¹ Aharon Zisling,¹ Avraham Berman,² Moshe Sneh,² Hannah Lamdan,³ David Livschitz³ ¹ Left party to establish Ahdut HaAvoda on 23 October 1954 ² Left party to establish the Left Faction on 20 February 1952 ³ Left party to establish the Faction independent of Ahdut HaAvoda on 20 January 1953
3 (1955–1959) (9) (7.3%)	Yisrael Barzilai, Mordechai Bentov, Ya'akov Hazan, Ya'akov Riftin, Hanan Rubin, Emma Talmi, Meir Ya'ari, Haim Yehuda, Yitzhak Yitzhaky (replaced by Yussuf Hamis on 21 September 1955)
4 (1959–1961) (9) (7.2%)	Yisrael Barzilai, Mordechai Bentov, Yussuf Hamis, Ya'akov Hazan, Ya'akov Riftin, Hanan Rubin, Emma Talmi, Meir Ya'ari, Haim Yehuda (replaced by Yosef Kushnir on 10 July 1960)
5 (1961–1965) (9) (7.5%)	Yisrael Barzilai, Mordechai Bentov, Yussuf Hamis, Ya'akov Hazan, Ya'akov Riftin, Hanan Rubin (replaced by Yosef Kushnir), Victor Shem-Tov, Emma Talmi, Meir Ya'ari
6 (1965–1969) (8) (6.6%)	Reuven Arazi, Ya'akov Hazan, Natan Peled, Shlomo Rosen, Victor Shem-Tov, Emma Talmi, Meir Yaari, Abd el-Aziz el-Zoubi (all merged into the Alignment)
7 (1969–1974) (6) (part of Alignment)	Reuven Arazi, Haika Grossman, Abd el-Aziz el-Zoubi, Dov Zakin, Ya'akov Hazan, Meir Ya'ari, Shlomo Rosen
8 (1973–1977) (6) (part of Alignment)	Yehuda Dranitzki, Aharon Efrat, Haika Grossman, Eliezer Ronen, Meir Talmi, Dov Zakin, Abd el-Aziz el-Zoubi (replaced by Haviv Shimoni of the Labor Party on 14 February 1974)
9 (1977–1981) (4) (part of Alignment)	Haika Grossman, Moshe Amar, Naftali Feder, Meir Talmi, Emri Ron (replaced Haim Yosef Zadok of the Labor Party on 2 January 1978)
10 (1981–1984) (7) (part of Alignment)	Elazar Granot, Muhammed Wattad, Dov Zakin, Naftali Feder, Yair Tzaban, Emri Ron, Victor Shem-Tov
11 (1984–1988) (6) (part of Alignment)	Elazar Granot, Haika Grossman, Amira Sartani, Victor Shem-Tov (replaced by Gadi Yatziv on 15 March 1988), Yair Tzaban, Muhammed Wattad (left to join Hadash on 12 July 1988)
12 (1988–1992) (3) (2.5%)	Hussein Faris, Haim Oron, Yair Tzaban
13 (1992–1996) (4) (part of Meretz)	Haim Oron, Walid Haj Yahia, Yair Tzaban, Anat Maor
14 (1996–1997) (3) (part of Meretz)	Haim Oron, Walid Haj Yahia, Anat Maor

See also

• Labor Zionism
• Hashomer Hatzair movement

Notes

1. The party's name (Hebrew: מַפָּ״ם) is a Hebrew abbreviation for Mifleget HaPoalim HaMeuhedet (מִפְלֶגֶת הַפּוֹעֲלִים הַמְּאוּחֶדֶת‎) lit. 'United Workers Party'

References

1. "The leftist Mapam Party members, demonstrated at the opening ceremony of the new road crossing the Samaryia to the Jewish settlements". 1987. Retrieved 30 November 2025.
2. "Mapam: A Profile". 1989. Retrieved 1 December 2025.
3. "Jews, Marxism and the Worker's Movement". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 20 December 2025.
4. Gad Barzilai, ed. (February 2012). Wars, Internal Conflicts, and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East. State University of New York Press. p. 33.
5. Shlomo Avineri, ed. (6 December 2012). Varieties of Marxism. Springer Netherlands. p. 265. The controversy appeared to be one of semantics; in the early fifties, Mapam had spoken of Marxism-Leninism as an indivisible whole. Now this unity dissolved and was not to be perceived as an indivisible entity. The Congress decided to "devote all their energies to adapting Marxist and Leninist principles the theoretical basis of international revolutionary socialism to the present conditions of our people and country, without being bound by dogmatic fetters."
6. MAPAM 1965 (PDF). Tel Aviv: International Department of MAPAM. 1965.
7. "Mapam". Israel Democracy Institute. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
8. Krakau, Constanze (2005). Die Rolle der palästinensischen Minderheit im politischen Leben Israels 1976–1996. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 64. ISBN 9783825891404.
9. Weinblum, Sharon (2015). Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel: A Critical Approach to Political Discourse. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-317-58450-6.
10. ^[8][9]
11. Susie Linfield, ed. (2019). The Lions' Den: Zionism and the Left from Hannah Arendt to Noam Chomsky. Yale University Press. p. 184. As Simcha Flapan, a member of Israel's far-Left Mapam Party ...
12. Ian Westerman, ed. (2024). Israel’s Civil-Military Relations and Security Sector Reform: Lessons for Conflict-Affected Societies. Taylor & Francis. ... with most of its membership affiliated not with Ben-Gurion's Mapai party, but with the far left Mapam.
13. Steven V. Mazie, ed. (2002). Faith in Liberalism: Exploring Religion and Democracy in the State of Israel. University of Michigan. p. 64.
14. ^[11][12][13]
15. "ועידת מפלגת מפ"ם". 1987. Retrieved 30 November 2025.
16. "Young Mapam: Program for the '80s" (PDF). Socialism Today. Mapam. August 1985. Retrieved 20 December 2025.
17. "The Independent Socialist Party of Israel: MAPAM" (PDF). The Middle East International Affairs. June 1985. Retrieved 20 December 2025.
18. Leon, Dan (1969). "What It Took To Make The Alignment" (PDF). Israel Horizons. Retrieved 20 December 2025.
19. "Profile of MAPAM - United Workers' Party of Israel - An independent socialist party" (PDF). Department of International Relations (MAPAM). April 1984. Retrieved 20 December 2025.
20. "Unite Now!" (PDF). Progressive Israel (4). World Union of Mapam. July 1985. Retrieved 20 December 2025.
21. Magal, Aryeh (2010). "Al-Mirsad Mapam's voice in Arabic, Arab voice in Mapam". Israel Studies. 15: 115–146. doi:10.2979/isr.2010.15.1.115. S2CID 144830710.
22. Morris, Benny (1988). The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem, 1947–1949. Cambridge University Press. p. 184. ISBN 0-521-33028-9.
23. Morris, pp. 142, 159.
24. Morris, p. 162. "destruction of Arab villages" appears on agenda five times from 16 to 30 June.
25. Morris, p. 116. Though the Haganah had destroyed a large number of houses in Caesarea 5 February 1948. p. 54.
26. Morris, p. 183.
27. Morris, p. 185.
28. Morris, p. 291.
29. Morris, p. 280.
30. Morris, p. 232. Cohen's notes from this meeting and the letter sent to Pra'i are practically the only contemporary Israeli records of these events in the public domain.
31. Morris, p. 211. 12 December 1948 at Kibbutz Artzi Council. "I am appalled." A memo, probably written by Allon, had argued that the refugees clogged roads, caused economic problems, damaged moral and would lead to anti-government demonstrations.
32. Tzahor, Zeev (1994). "Mapai, Mapam and the Establishment of the First Israeli Government, 1949" (PDF). Iyunim Bitkumat Israel (in Hebrew). 4: 378–399. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
33. Mezhdunarodnaya Zizhn—cited in edition Välispanoraam 1972, Tallinn, 1973, lk 147 (Foreign Panorama 1972)
34. Akzin, Benjamin (March 1980). "Sheli's Power" (PDF). Israel & Palestine Monthly Review. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2025. Dr. Benjamin Akzin is a leading right-wing intellectual... " "At any rate, even if Mapam remains in the Alignment... many of its past adherents will vote for Sheli, and Sheli will become, in the tenth Knesset, a formidable power.
35. "Changes on the Left". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 19 December 2025.
36. Katzman, Avi (March 1981). ""Change - Only Under International Pressure:" An Interview with Meir Pail" (PDF). Israel & Palestine Monthly Review. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2025.
37. yossikr5 (11 April 2020). תעמולת הבחירות 1988 חלק 13. Retrieved 20 December 2025 – via YouTube.
38. "The Elections, the Peace Camp and the Left - MERIP". Middle East Research and Information Project. 9 March 1989. Retrieved 20 December 2025.
39. "⁨סקר הסקר*ס / ו־או3ן !■מר הליכוד ■נול להרכיב ממשלה⁩ | ⁨חדשות⁩ | 14 אוקטובר 1988 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית". www.nli.org.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 23 December 2025.
40. "⁨סקר מודיעין אזרחי: הליכוד מוביל ⁩ | ⁨מעריב⁩ | 7 אוקטובר 1988 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית". www.nli.org.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 23 December 2025.
41. Elazar, Daniel; Kalchheim, Chaim (1 May 1989). "The 1989 Israeli Local Elections: What Happened?" (PDF). Jerusalem Letter / Viewpoints. 87: 4.
42. "Israel's Governance Law: Raising the Electoral Threshold | The Washington Institute". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved 23 December 2025.
43. "The Israeli Knesset Elections, 1992: A First Analysis". dje.jcpa.org. Retrieved 24 December 2025.
44. MeretzVideos (9 March 2012). תשדירי בחירות מרצ 1992 - ישראל רוצה שינוי. Retrieved 24 December 2025 – via YouTube.
45. "Mapam Groups Define Their Stand Toward Russia; Attack Communist Party of Israel". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 20 December 2025.
46. Beinin, Joel. Was the Red Flag Flying There?: Marxist Politics and the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Egypt and Israel, 1948–1965. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. pp. 27–28
47. "William Gorman: Four Recent Books on Palestine (March 1947)".
48. "A/364 of 3 September 1947". Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
49. "Tabenkin, Yitzhak (1887–1971)". Jewish Agency. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
50. Gorenberg (2007), pp. 73-74

External links

• Party history Knesset website
• Hashomer Hatzair/Mapam Archive at marxists.org
• MAPAM A brief introduction to MAPAM's views on the Middle East and international issues. Tel Aviv, International Department of MAPAM, June 1985
• MAPAM by Susan Hattis Rolef. Encyclopaedia Judaica article at encyclopedia.com