Mahmood Mamdani

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This article is about the Ugandan academic. For the Rajya Sabha member, see Mahmood Madani. For the social entrepreneur, see Mohammed Mamdani.

Mahmood Mamdani
FBA
Mamdani in 2021
Born (1946-04-23) 23 April 1946 (age 79)
Bombay, Province of Bombay, British India
CitizenshipUganda
Occupations
  • Academic
  • political commentator
Spouse
​
(m. 1991)​
ChildrenZohran Mamdani
RelativesRama Duwaji (daughter-in-law)
Academic background
Alma mater
ThesisPolitics and Class Formation in Uganda (1974)
Doctoral advisorKarl Deutsch
Academic work
DisciplinePolitical science
Institutions
Notable worksCitizen and Subject (1996)

Mahmood Mamdani[a] FBA (born 23 April 1946) is a Ugandan anthropologist, academic, and political commentator. He is the Herbert Lehman Professor of Government and a professor of anthropology, political science, and African studies at Columbia University. He also serves as the chancellor of Kampala International University in Uganda, and honorary professor at the Centre for African Studies at the University of Cape Town.

He was previously the director of the Makerere Institute of Social Research (MISR) in Kampala, Uganda, from 2010 until 2022. Mamdani specialises in the study of African and international politics, colonialism and post‐colonialism, and the politics of knowledge production. He is married to filmmaker Mira Nair. He and Nair are the parents of New York City mayor-elect Zohran Mamdani.

Early life and education

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Mahmood Mamdani was born on 23 April 1946 in Bombay (now Mumbai), India, the year before the end of British Raj.[1][2] He was raised in Kampala, Uganda,[3][4] as part of the Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa. Both his parents, a Gujarati Muslim couple, were born and raised in the British territory of Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania). The couple moved to Bombay while his father attended college there.[5][6] The family returned to Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika, when Mamdani was two, and moved to Uganda when he was five or six years old.[5]

At the time, Uganda was racially segregated, including where people lived, the schools, the mosques, and children's play areas. For his primary school education, Mamdani first attended a madrasa, and then the Government Indian Primary School.[5] He grew up speaking Gujarati, Urdu, and Swahili. He started studying English in sixth grade.[5] After junior secondary school, he attended Old Kampala Senior Secondary School, where he was secretary of the Do-it-Yourself Physics club.[7]

Mamdani was one of 23 Ugandan students in the 1963 group of the Kennedy Airlift, a US-funded scholarship program that brought hundreds of East Africans to universities in the United States and Canada between 1959 and 1963.[8][9] Mamdani graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Pittsburgh[2] in 1967.[10]

He was among the many students in the northern US who made the bus journey south to Montgomery, Alabama, organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in March 1965 to participate in the civil rights movement. This was during the time of, but distinct from, the Selma to Montgomery marches. He was jailed during the march and was allowed to make a phone call. Mamdani called the Ugandan ambassador in Washington, DC, for assistance. The ambassador asked him why he was "interfering in the internal affairs of a foreign country", to which he responded by saying that this was not an internal affair but a freedom struggle and that they too had gotten their freedom only last year.[11] Soon after, Mamdani learned about Karl Marx's work from an FBI visit.[12]

He attended the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy of Tufts University and graduated in 1968 with a Master of Arts degree in political science and a Master of Arts degree in law and diplomacy in 1969. He obtained his PhD degree in government from Harvard University in 1974, under the direction of Karl Deutsch.[13] His thesis was titled Politics and Class Formation in Uganda.[14][15]

Career

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Mamdani returned to Uganda in early 1972 and was employed by Makerere University in Kampala as a teaching assistant, at the same time conducting his doctoral research. He and most Asians were expelled later that year by Ugandan dictator Idi Amin because of their ethnicity; Amin intended to "reclaim" businesses and properties. Mamdani left Uganda for a refugee camp in the United Kingdom in early November.[16]

He left England in mid-1973 after being recruited to the University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania.[11][17][18] In Dar es Salaam, he completed writing his dissertation. He was active with anti-Amin groups. In 1979, he attended the Moshi Conference as an observer. He returned to Uganda after Amin was overthrown following the Uganda–Tanzania War in 1979.[19] [18] During this period, he was employed as an intern with the All Africa Conference of Churches, an ecumenical Christian alliance based in Nairobi, Kenya, working at the Church of Uganda's Kampala office.[20]

From 1980 until 1993 he was again employed by Makerere University.[18][20] In 1984, while attending a conference in Dakar, Senegal, he became stateless after his Ugandan citizenship was withdrawn by the government under Milton Obote because of his criticism of its policies.[21] He returned to Dar es Salaam. After Obote was deposed for the second time, Mamdani once again returned to Uganda in June 1986.[9]

He was the founding director of the Centre for Basic Research (CBR), Uganda's first non-governmental research organisation, where he served from 1987 to 1996.[22][17][23]

He was also a visiting professor at the University of Durban-Westville in South Africa (January to June 1993), at the Nehru Memorial Museum & Library in New Delhi (January to June in 1995), and at Princeton University (1995–96).[24]

In 1996, he was appointed the inaugural holder of the AC Jordan chair of African studies at the University of Cape Town,[25] and in early 1997 became head of the Centre for African Studies (CAS).[26] He left after having disagreements with the (mostly white) faculty over the draft of his syllabus for a foundation course on Africa called "Problematising Africa".[27][17] Mamdani, who labelled the present syllabus as "Bantu studies" (in a reference to education of Black people under the apartheid regime)[17] was suspended and eventually resigned.[28] "The Mamdani affair" continues to be referenced in debates about the decolonisation of higher education. He later said that there was no personal bitterness, and he had many enduring relationships from his time there. He said it was about differences in perspective, in particular the structure of the curriculum with regard to the study of South Africa as an African country. He was later (2018) brought back into the fold as a highly-regarded honorary professor.[b][26]

In 1999, Mamdani was appointed director of the Institute of African Studies at Columbia University, a post he held until 2004.[26] He has continued to teach there ever since (as of 2025).[29]

He was the director of the Makerere Institute of Social Research (MISR) in Kampala, Uganda, from 2010 until 2022.[30][31][18]

As of November 2025 he is the Herbert Lehman Professor of Government and a professor of anthropology, political science, and African studies at Columbia University.[18][32]

He also serves as the chancellor of Kampala International University in Uganda.[33][34]

Research and writing

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Mamdani specialises in the study of African and international politics, colonialism and post‐colonialism, and the politics of knowledge production. His works explore the intersection between politics and culture, a comparative study of colonialism since 1452, the history of civil war and genocide in Africa, the Cold War and the war on terror, and the theoretical history of human rights.[35]

His research as of 2016 took "as its point of departure his 1996 book, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Colonialism".[36] In it, he argued that the post-colonial state cannot be understood without a clear analysis of the institutional colonial state. The nature of the colonial state in Africa was a response to the dilemma of the 'native question' and argued that it took on the form of a 'Bifurcated State'.[37] This was characterised on the one hand by 'direct rule', which was a form of 'urban civil power' and focused on the exclusion of natives from civil freedoms guaranteed to citizens in civil society,[38] and on the other hand by indirect rule, which was rural in nature and involved the incorporation of 'natives' into a 'state enforced customary order' enforced by a 'rural tribal authority', which he termed as 'decentralised despotism'.[38] This state was 'Janus faced' and 'contained a duality: two forms of power under a single hegemonic authority'.[38] In the post-colonial realm, the urban sphere was to an extent deracialised but the rural one remained subject to quasi-colonial control whether at the hands of conservative rulers for whom it provided their own power base or those of radical ones with centralised authoritarian projects of their own.[39] In this way both experiences reproduced 'one part of the dual legacy of the bifurcated state and created their own distinctive version of despotism'.[40] Mamdani analysed historical case studies in South Africa and Uganda to argue that colonial rule tapped into authoritarian possibilities whose legacies often persist after independence.[41] Challenging conventional perceptions of apartheid in South Africa as exceptional, he argues that apartheid was the generic form of a European colony in Africa, encompassing aspects of indirect rule and association.[42]

In his 2004 book Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror Mamdani said that suicide bombers should be recognized "as a category of soldier" and that it should be "understood as a feature of modern political violence rather than stigmatized as a mark of barbarism".[43] One academic said this was not an advocacy of suicide bombing but an analysis which blamed '"U.S. foreign policy decisions, especially during the Cold War" to "create the kinds of conditions in which militant Islamism and political violence" thrived.[44]

His essays have appeared in the London Review of Books and other publications.[45] According to the CAS, Mamdani's texts "have been core readings for undergraduate and postgraduate studies at UCT and far beyond on the major debates on the study of African history and politics, exploring the intersection between politics and culture, comparative studies of colonialism, civil wars and the state, and genocide in Africa".[26]

Other activities

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From 1998[18] or 1999 to 2002, Mamdani served as president of the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa.[17]

In December 2001, he gave a speech on "Making Sense of Violence in Postcolonial Africa" at the Nobel Centennial Symposium in Oslo, Norway.[46]

In May 2011, at the time of the Tahrir Square protests in Cairo, Egypt, Mamdani was invited to give a talk at the American University of Cairo. Addressing students at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa in 2012, he compared this with the 1976 Soweto uprising.[47]

In October 2011, Mamdani (alongside Rhoda Ann Kanaaneh) served as keynote speaker at the inaugural national conference for Students for Justice in Palestine.[48][49]

In 2017 he was invited to give the TB Davie Memorial Lecture on academic freedom at the University of Cape Town, and his talk, titled "Decolonising the Post-Colonial University" gave rise to much debate.[26][28]

From December 2017 until March 2018, Mamdani served as Rajni Kothari Chair Professor at the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies in Delhi, India. After his term ended, on 4 April 2018 he delivered the annual Rajni Kothari Chair lecture, titled "Thinking of Justice through Africa's Experience in the 20th Century".[23]

He has appeared as an expert in the documentaries Rwanda: The Untold Story (2014, BBC), The Dictator's Playbook (2018, PBS) and How to Become a Tyrant (2021, Netflix).[50] He appeared in a cameo in the 2012 film The Reluctant Fundamentalist, directed by his wife.[51]

Recognition

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In 2008, in an open online poll, Mamdani was voted as the ninth "top public intellectual" in the world on the list of Top 100 Public Intellectuals by Prospect Magazine (UK) and Foreign Policy (US).[52][53]

In July 2017, Mamdani was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), the UK's national academy for the humanities and social sciences.[54]

On 28 May 2018 (Africa Day), Mamdani was appointed honorary professor at the Centre for African Studies at the University of Cape Town. CAS director Lungisile Ntsebeza, director of CAS, called the appointment "institutionally historic", and important in the process of decolonisation of the university since the "Rhodes Must Fall" student protests in March 2015. Numerous student leaders had pointed to the relevance of Mamdani's scholarship, and in the light of this, UCT would be making fundamental changes to its curricula.[26][17][55]

Awards and nominations

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Honorary degrees

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Personal life

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Mamdani married Mira Nair, an Indian film director and producer based in the United States, in 1991. They first met in Nairobi, Kenya, and then again in Kampala, Uganda, in 1989 when Nair was conducting research for her film, Mississippi Masala.[64][9] They married in 1991. As of 2025 Mamdani and Nair live in the Morningside Heights neighborhood in Manhattan, close to Columbia University.[29][65]

Mamdani and Nair's only son, Zohran Mamdani, was born in Kampala in 1991. In 1996 the family moved to Cape Town, South Africa, for Mamdani to take up an appointment as head of the African studies program at the University of Cape Town, and lived there for around three years.[64]

Around 1999 they moved to the US and settled in New York.[64] Zohran became a politician and is the mayor-elect of New York City as of 4 November 2025, having been a member of the New York State Assembly since 2021.[66][67][68] His campaign to be elected was supported by his parents.[29]

Bibliography

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Books

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Collected essays

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  • Beyond Rights Talk and Culture Talk: Comparative Essays on the Politics of Rights and Culture (2000)[79]

Edited volumes

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  • Uganda Studies in Labour (Codesria Book Series) (1968)[80]

Other works

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  • Studies in Labor Markets (National Bureau of Economic Research Universities-National Bureau Conference Ser)
  • African Studies in Social Movements and Democracy (Actes-Sud Papiers)

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Pronounced /mɑːˈmuːd məmˈdɑːni/ mah-MOOD məm-DAH-nee.
  2. ^ Mamdani later said "I was a strong critic of the then mainstream tendency at UCT which saw the South African experience as exceptional. I did not argue that South Africa was the same as any other African country, but I did insist on a comparative understanding of the African experience as necessary if students were to study South Africa's history as a variant within the broader context of colonialism and post-colonialism in Africa". According to director of CAS Ntsebeza in 2018, "the core African Studies course he argued for … was successfully implemented as a core course at postgraduate level in African Studies, and much of the themes within his scholarship have been introduced in the highly successful foundational African Studies major first rolled out in 2017".[26]

References

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  1. ^ "Mahmood Mamdani education and career path: How Zohran Mamdani's father built a legacy of revolution through ideas and exile". The Times of India. 25 June 2025. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 13 July 2025.
  2. ^ a b "Pr. Mahmood Mamdani (1998-2002)". Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. Retrieved 13 July 2025.
  3. ^ Mamdani, Mahmood (23 February 2021). "Mahmood Mamdani on Uganda". Africa is a Country.
  4. ^ "Permanent Minorities and the Politics of Survivors: A conversation with Mahmood Mamdani". World Peace Foundation.
  5. ^ a b c d Chen, Kuan-Hsing; Gao, Shiming; Tang, Xiaolin (2016). "The formation of an African intellectual: an interview with Mahmood Mamdani". Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. 17 (3): 456–480. doi:10.1080/14649373.2016.1218676.
  6. ^ Muhoozi, Mourice (6 March 2022). "Meet Uganda's most Iconic academician, Prof. Mahmood Mamdani". Watchdog Uganda.
  7. ^ "Uganda: Buganda And Uganda At Crossroads". AllAfrica. Archived from the original on 26 August 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2025.
  8. ^ Shachtman, Tom (2009). Airlift to America. How Barack Obama Sr, John F. Kennedy, Tom Mboya, and 800 East African Students Changed Their World and Ours. St. Martins Press.[page needed]
  9. ^ a b c Sen, Manjula (25 January 2009). "She interviewed me, we fell in love almost instantly". The Telegraph. Calcutta. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  10. ^ Anheier, H. K., Toepler, S. (1 January 2010). Anheier HK, Toepler S (eds.). International Encyclopedia of Civil Society. Springer US. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-93996-4. ISBN 978-0-387-93994-0.
  11. ^ a b Mamdani, Mahmood (28 April 2007). "The Asian question again: A reflection". New Vision (Uganda). Retrieved 21 March 2013 – via pambazuka.org.
  12. ^ Shringarpure, Bhakti (15 July 2013). "In Conversation with Mahmood Mamdani". Warscapes. Retrieved 6 November 2017. I thought the guy Marx had just died. […] So that was my introduction to Karl Marx.
  13. ^ Mamdani, Mahmood (1976). Politics and class formation in Uganda. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 978-0-85345-378-9 – via Internet Archive.
  14. ^ Mamdani, Mahmood (1976). Politics and Class Formation in Uganda. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 0-85345-378-0. OCLC 2073894.
  15. ^ Allen, Judith Van; Mamdani, Mahmood; Shivji, Issa G. (November 1977). "Reviewed Works: Politics and Class Formation in Uganda. by Mahmood Mamdani; Class Struggles in Tanzania. by Issa G. Shivji". Contemporary Sociology. 6 (6). American Sociological Association: 702. doi:10.2307/2066367. eISSN 1939-8638. ISSN 0094-3061. JSTOR 2066367.
  16. ^ Mamdani, Mahmood (6 October 2022). "The Asian Question". London Review of Books. Vol. 44, no. 19. ISSN 0260-9592. Retrieved 8 July 2025.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g "Professor Mamdani rejoins UCT". Centre for African Studies, UCT. 28 May 2018. Archived from the original on 7 November 2025. Retrieved 7 November 2025.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g "Mahmood Mamdani". Department of Anthropology. Retrieved 7 November 2025.
  19. ^ McCormack, Pete (17 October 2005). "Interview with Mahmood Mamdani". petemccormack.com. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  20. ^ a b Mamdani, Mahmood (6 October 2022). "The Asian Question". London Review of Books. 44 (19). ISSN 0260-9592. Retrieved 8 September 2025.
  21. ^ Kagolo, Francis (8 February 2012). "Prof. Mamdani to be honoured among Africa's best". New Vision. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  22. ^ a b "Professor Mahmood Mamdani, Uganda's Leading Political Scholar & recipient Ugandan Diaspora Award 2012". ugandandiaspora.com. 29 November 2012. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  23. ^ a b "Mahmood Mamdani". CSDS. 4 April 2018. Archived from the original on 4 October 2025. Retrieved 7 November 2025.
  24. ^ Vance, Dara (20 November 2015). "UK Committee on Social Theory Hosts Mahmood Mamdani". UKNow. Retrieved 8 September 2025.
  25. ^ "UCT in war over 'bantu education'". Mail & Guardian. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g "Mamdani returns to UCT centre as honorary professor". University World News. 1 June 2018. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2025.
  27. ^ Mamdani, Mahmood (1 June 1998). "Is African studies to be turned into a new home for Bantu education at UCT?". Social Dynamics. 24 (2): 63–75. doi:10.1080/02533959808458649. ISSN 0253-3952.
  28. ^ a b Davis, Rebecca (23 August 2017). "Mahmood Mamdani: Sixteen years on, UCT's old nemesis returns to talk decolonisation". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 7 November 2025.
  29. ^ a b c Haag, Matthew; Goldberg, Emma (27 June 2025). "The Parents Who Helped Shape Zohran Mamdani's Politics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 October 2025. Retrieved 7 November 2025.
  30. ^ "Profile: Mahmood Mamdani". Makerere University. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  31. ^ Agaba, John. "Mamdani talks about his research legacy and work at Makerere". University World News. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  32. ^ "Faculty Bio: Mahmood Mamdani". Columbia University. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  33. ^ "Profile: Mahmood Mamdani". Kampala International University. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  34. ^ "Kampala International University (KIU) Appoints Prof. Mahmood Mamdani as Chancellor". kiu.ac.ug (Press release). Retrieved 3 April 2025.
  35. ^ Sneh, Itai Nartzizenfield (2008). The Future Almost Arrived: How Jimmy Carter Failed to Change U.S. Foreign Policy. Peter Lang. p. 169. ISBN 9780820481852.
  36. ^ "Mahmood Mamdani | Department of Political Science". polisci.columbia.edu. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  37. ^ Mamdani, Mahmood (1 January 1996). Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. pp. 15–16. ISBN 9780852553992.
  38. ^ a b c Mamdani, Mahmood (1 January 1996). Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. p. 18. ISBN 9780852553992.
  39. ^ Clapham, Chris (1997). "Review: Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism by Mahmood Mamdani'". Royal Institute of International Affairs. 73: 606.
  40. ^ Mamdani, Mahmood (1 January 1996). Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. ISBN 9780852553992.
  41. ^ Mamdani, Mahmood (1 January 1996). Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. p. 37. ISBN 9780852553992.
  42. ^ Mamdani, Mahmood (1 January 1996). Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. pp. 16–18. ISBN 9780852553992.
  43. ^ "Zohran Mamdani's father's remark about suicide bombers comes under scrutiny". Newsweek. 11 July 2025. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
  44. ^ Murray, Conor (11 July 2025). "Mahmood Mamdani's Work Does Not Advocate Violence, Expert Says". Forbes. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
  45. ^ Mamdani, Mahmood. "Mahmood Mamdani". London Review of Books. Retrieved 8 September 2025.
  46. ^ "Speech by Dr. Mahmood Mamdani: "Making Sense of Violence in Postcolonial Africa"". Nobel Prize. 6 December 2001. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  47. ^ a b "Address on Receiving an Honorary Doctorate at the University of Kwazulu Natal" (PDF). Columbia University. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  48. ^ Silver, Carly (16 October 2011). "Reporting live from the first-ever SJP National Conference". New Voices. Retrieved 8 September 2025.
  49. ^ Nathan-Kazis, Josh (11 October 2011). "Pro-Palestinian Student Activists Plan First National Conference". The Forward. Retrieved 8 September 2025.
  50. ^ The Dictator's Playbook | Idi Amin | Episode 6. PBS.
  51. ^ Nair, Mira (2012). The Reluctant Fundamentalist. IFC Films.
  52. ^ "The 2008 List". Prospect Magazine (UK) / Foreign Policy (US). 2008. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009.
  53. ^ "The World's Top 20 Public Intellectuals". Foreign Policy (167). Slate Group, LLC: 54–57. 2008. eISSN 1945-2276. ISSN 0015-7228. JSTOR 25462318.
  54. ^ "Elections to the British Academy celebrate the diversity of UK research". British Academy. 2 July 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  55. ^ "Prof Mahmood Mamdani". Faculty of Humanities. Archived from the original on 4 October 2025. Retrieved 7 November 2025.
  56. ^ "UCT Book Award". University of Cape Town. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  57. ^ "GDS Eminent Scholar Award Past Recipients". www.isanet.org. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  58. ^ "Professor Mahmood Mamdani Recognized with Lenfest Award". School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University. 15 April 2011. Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  59. ^ "Prof. Mamdani Is To Be Honored As "Scholar of the Year" At The Annual African Diaspora Awards NYC". MISR. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  60. ^ "Mahmood Mamdani conferred with an honorary doctorate". University of Johannesburg. May 2010. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  61. ^ "Speech delivered by Professor Prof Mahmood Mamdani at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa" (PDF). CODESRIA. 25 May 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  62. ^ "Remarks on receipt of Honorary Doctorate at Addis Ababa University" (PDF). CODESRIA. 24 July 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  63. ^ "Media Statement: UKZN To honour leading South Africans and women graduates excel". University of KwaZulu-Natal. 12 April 2012. Archived from the original (MS Word) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  64. ^ a b c Nair, Mira (2 December 2002). "Whirlwind". The New Yorker (Interview). Interviewed by Lahr, John. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Published in the print edition of the December 9, 2002, issue.
  65. ^ Goldberg, Emma (29 June 2025). "The High-Profile Parents Who Shaped an Upstart". The New York Times. p. A19. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
  66. ^ Kitunzi, Yahudu (7 June 2025). "Mamdani's mayoral goal puts Uganda on the map". Monitor. Archived from the original on 9 June 2025. Retrieved 7 June 2025.
  67. ^ Marcelo, Philip (25 June 2025). "Who is Zohran Mamdani? State lawmaker seeks to become New York City's first Muslim and Indian American mayor". AP News. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  68. ^ Muhumuza, Rodney (3 November 2025). "In Uganda, where Zohran Mamdani was born, NYC mayoral hopeful is recalled with pride". AP News. Retrieved 5 November 2025.
  69. ^ Mamdani, Mahmood (2011). From Citizen to Refugee: Uganda Asians Come to Britain (Second ed.). Pambazuka Press. ISBN 9781906387570.
  70. ^ Mamdani, Mahmood (1976). Politics and Class Formation in Uganda. Monthly Review Press. ISBN 9780853453789.
  71. ^ Mamdan, Mohamad (1984). Imperialism and Fascism in Uganda. Africa World Press. ISBN 9780865430297.
  72. ^ Mamdani, Mahmood (1996). Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691027937.
  73. ^ Mamdani, Mahmood (28 January 2020). When Victims Become Killers. Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9780691193830. ISBN 978-0-691-19383-0.
  74. ^ "African Books Collective: Understanding the Crisis in Kivu". www.africanbookscollective.com. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  75. ^ Mamdani, Mahmood (2002). "Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: A Political Perspective on Culture and Terrorism". American Anthropologist. 104 (3): 766–775. doi:10.1525/aa.2002.104.3.766. ISSN 0002-7294. JSTOR 3567254.
  76. ^ Mamdani, Mahmood (2007). Scholars in the Marketplace. The Dilemmas of Neo-Liberal Reform at Makerere University, 1989-2005. Codesria. ISBN 9782869782013.
  77. ^ "Saviors and Survivors by Mahmood Mamdani: 9780385525961 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books". PenguinRandomhouse.com. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  78. ^ "Define and Rule — Mahmood Mamdani". Harvard University Press. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  79. ^ Mamdani, Mahmood (2000). Beyond Rights Talk and Culture Talk: Comparative Essays on the Politics of Rights and Culture. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-23498-0.
  80. ^ "African Books Collective: Uganda Studies in Labour". www.africanbookscollective.com. Retrieved 22 May 2022.

Further reading

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