Mabel Normand

Mabel Normand
Normand c. 1920
Born	Amabel Ethelreid Normand (1893-11-09)November 9, 1893 New Brighton, New York, U.S.
Died	February 23, 1930(1930-02-23) (aged 36) Monrovia, California, U.S.
Resting place	Calvary Cemetery, Los Angeles
Other names	Mabel Normand-Cody, Muriel Fortescue
Occupations	Actress director screenwriter comedian
Years active	1910–1927
Spouse	Lew Cody ​ (m. 1926)​

Amabel Ethelreid Normand (November 9, 1893^[1][2] – February 23, 1930), better known as Mabel Normand, was an American silent film actress, comedienne, director and screenwriter. She was a popular star and collaborator of Mack Sennett in their Keystone Studios films,^[3] and at the height of her career in the late 1910s and early 1920s had her own film studio and production company,^[4] the Mabel Normand Feature Film Company.^[5] On screen, she appeared in twelve successful films with Charlie Chaplin and seventeen with Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle, sometimes writing and directing (or co-writing and directing) films featuring Chaplin as her leading man.^[6][7]

Normand's name was repeatedly linked with gun violence, including the 1922 murder of her friend, director William Desmond Taylor, and the non-fatal^[8] 1924 shooting of Courtland S. Dines by Normand's chauffeur, Joe Kelly. After police interrogation, she was ruled out as a suspect in Taylor's murder. Normand was a very heavy smoker who may have suffered lung cancer, and/or a recurrence of tuberculosis in 1923, which led to a decline in her health, an early retirement from films in 1926 and her death in 1930 at age 36.^[9][10]

Early life and career

Roscoe Arbuckle and Normand with Luke the Dog in Fatty and Mabel Adrift (1916)

Amabel Ethelreid Normand was born in New Brighton, New York, (before it was incorporated into New York City as part of Staten Island) on November 9, 1893. She took her name from her father's only sibling, who had died before her birth in 1892. Normand's mother, Mary "Minnie" Drury, of Providence, Rhode Island,^[11] was of Irish heritage; while her father, Clodman "Claude" George Normand, was French Canadian, with his ancestral lineage dating back to Normandy in France and their surname originally being LeNormand or Le Normand.^[12]

For a short time at the start of her career, Normand worked for Vitagraph Studios in New York City for $25 per week, but Vitagraph founder Albert E. Smith admitted she was one of several actresses about whom he made a mistake in estimating their "potential for future stardom."^[13] Normand's intensely beguiling lead performance in the 1911 dramatic short film Her Awakening, directed by D. W. Griffith, drew her attention and led to her meeting director Mack Sennett while at Griffith's Biograph Company. The two subsequently embarked on a chaotic relationship. Sennett later brought Normand to California when he founded Keystone Studios in 1912.^[14]

In A Little Hero (1913, Dutch-language edition), Collection EYE Film Institute Netherlands

Normand appeared with Charlie Chaplin and Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle in many short films. With the 1913 film A Noise from the Deep, Normand is credited as being the first film star to receive a pie thrown in the face.^[15] She played a key role in starting Chaplin's film career and acted as his leading lady and mentor in a string of films in 1914, collaborating with him as a director, co-director or co-writer.^[14] Chaplin had considerable initial difficulty adjusting to the demands of film acting, and his performance suffered for it. After his first film appearance in Making a Living, Sennett felt he had made a costly mistake.^[16] However, Normand persuaded Sennett to give Chaplin another chance,^[17] and she and Chaplin appeared together in a dozen subsequent films, almost always as a couple in the lead roles. At the start of 1914, Chaplin first played his Tramp character in Mabel's Strange Predicament,^[14] although it wound up being the second Tramp film released; Normand directed Chaplin and herself in the film.^[18] Later that year, Normand starred with Chaplin and Marie Dressler in Tillie's Punctured Romance, the first feature-length comedy.

Mabel's Strange Predicament (1914), the first film in which Chaplin plays the Tramp

Normand opened her own film company in partnership with Sennett in 1916,^[14] based in Culver City, California. She lost the company in 1918 when its parent company, Triangle Film Corporation, experienced a massive shakeup which also had Sennett lose Keystone Studios and establish his own independent company. In 1918, as her relationship with Sennett came to an end, Normand signed a $3,500-per-week contract with Samuel Goldwyn. Around that same time, Normand allegedly had a miscarriage (or stillbirth) with Goldwyn's child.^[19][20]

Scandals

Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle trials

Arbuckle, Normand's co-star in many films, was the defendant in three widely publicized trials for manslaughter in the 1921 death of actress Virginia Rappe. Although Arbuckle was acquitted, the scandal damaged his career and his films were banned from exhibition for a short time. Since she had made some of her most notable works with him, much of Normand's output was withheld from the public as a result.^[14] Arbuckle later returned to the screen as a director and actor, but did not attain his previous popularity despite being exonerated in court.

William Desmond Taylor murder

Director William Desmond Taylor formed a close relationship with Normand based on their shared interest in books. Author Robert Giroux claims that Taylor was deeply in love with Normand, who had originally approached him for help in dealing with an alleged cocaine dependency, and that Taylor met with federal prosecutors shortly before his death with an offer to assist them in filing charges against her drug dealers, theorizing that this meeting caused the dealers to hire a contract killer. According to Giroux, Normand suspected the reasons for Taylor's murder but did not know the identity of the man who killed him.^[21] According to Kevin Brownlow and John Kobal in their book Hollywood: The Pioneers, the idea that Taylor was murdered by drug dealers was invented by Paramount Studios for publicity purposes.^[22]

On the night of his murder, February 1, 1922, Normand left Taylor's bungalow at 7:45 pm in a happy mood, carrying a book he had lent her. They blew kisses to each other as her limousine drove away. Normand was the last person known to have seen Taylor alive. The Los Angeles Police Department subjected Normand to a grueling interrogation but ruled her out as a suspect.^[23] Most subsequent writers have done the same. However, Normand's career had already slowed, and her reputation was tarnished. According to George Hopkins, who sat next to her at Taylor's funeral, Normand wept inconsolably.^[24]

The Dines shooting

In 1924, Normand's chauffeur Joe Kelly shot and wounded millionaire oil broker and amateur golfer Courtland S. Dines with her pistol.^[14][25][26] In response, several theaters pulled Normand's films, which were also banned in Ohio by the state film censorship board.^[27] However, Dines was not fatally injured; he died of a heart attack in 1945, over two decades after the shooting.^[28]

Later career and death

Normand's crypt at Calvary Cemetery

Normand continued making films and was signed by Hal Roach Studios in 1926 after discussions with director/producer F. Richard Jones, who had directed her at Keystone. At Roach, she made the films Raggedy Rose, The Nickel-Hopper, and One Hour Married (her last film), all co-written by Stan Laurel, and was directed by Leo McCarey in Should Men Walk Home? The films were released with extensive publicity support from the Hollywood community, including her friend Mary Pickford.^{[citation needed]}

In 1926, she married actor Lew Cody, with whom she had appeared in Mickey in 1918.^[29] They lived separately in nearby houses in Beverly Hills. Normand's health was in decline due to tuberculosis.^[14] After an extended stay in Pottenger Sanitorium, she died from pulmonary tuberculosis on February 23, 1930, in Monrovia, California, at the age of 36.^[30] She was interred as Mabel Normand-Cody at Calvary Cemetery, Los Angeles. The date of birth listed on her crypt is incorrect.^[1][2] Her mother was buried in the crypt above her crypt.

Legacy

“We used to go to the park with a stepladder, a bucket of whitewash, and Mabel Normand, and make a picture.” — Charlie Chaplin, recalling the early days of silent filmmaking.^[31][32]

Normand has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to motion pictures at 6821 Hollywood Boulevard.

Her film Mabel's Blunder (1914) was added to the National Film Registry in December 2009.^[33]

In June 2010, the New Zealand Film Archive reported the discovery of a print of Normand's film Won in a Closet (exhibited in New Zealand under its alternate title Won in a Cupboard), a short comedy previously believed lost. This film is a significant discovery, as Normand directed the film and starred in the lead role, displaying her talents on both sides of the camera.^[34]

In 2025, Mabel Normand was announced as an inductee in the Visual Effects Society Hall of Fame.^[35]

Cultural references

Moviegoers Roscoe Arbuckle and Mack Sennett (foreground) argue while watching Normand onscreen in Mabel's Dramatic Career (1913)

• A nod to Normand's celebrity in early Hollywood came through the name of a leading character in the 1950 film Sunset Boulevard, "Norma Desmond", which has been cited as a combination of the names Mabel Normand and William Desmond Taylor. The film also frequently mentions Normand by name.^[36][37]
• Normand is mentioned during series 2 episode 1 of Downton Abbey by ambitious housemaid Ethel Parks. Daisy Mason (née Robinson), the kitchen maid, inquires what she is reading and Ethel responds, "Photoplay about Normand. She was nothing when she started, you know. Her father was a carpenter and they'd no money, and now she's a shining film star."^{[38][better source needed]}
• Singer-songwriter Stevie Nicks wrote a song about the actress titled "Mabel Normand", which appears on her 2014 album 24 Karat Gold: Songs from the Vault.

Fictional portrayals

The 1974 Broadway musical Mack & Mabel (Michael Stewart and Jerry Herman) fictionalized the romance between Normand and Mack Sennett. Normand was played by Bernadette Peters and Robert Preston portrayed Sennett.

Normand is played by actress Marisa Tomei in the 1992 film Chaplin opposite Robert Downey, Jr. as Charles Chaplin; by Penelope Lagos in the first biopic about Normand's life, a 35-minute dramatic short film entitled Madcap Mabel (2010); and by Morganne Picard in the motion picture Return to Babylon (2013).

In 2014, Normand was played on television by Andrea Deck in series 2, episode 8 of Mr Selfridge and by Kristina Thompson in the short film Mabel's Dressing Room.^[39][40]

The character played by Alice Faye in Hollywood Cavalcade (1939) was reputed to have been based partly on Normand.^[41]

Filmography

Some of her early roles are credited as "Mabel Fortesque".^[42]

Key

†	Denotes a lost or presumed lost film.

Vitagraph

Year	Film	Role	Director	Co-Star	Notes
1910	Indiscretions of Betty †
	Over the Garden Wall †
1911	Fate's Turning	A Diner At The Hotel	D. W. Griffith
	The Diamond Star †	Guest At Dinner Party
	A Tale of Two Cities	Uncredited	William J. Humphrey
	Betty Becomes a Maid †	Betty
	Troublesome Secretaries	Betty Harding	Ralph Ince
	Picciola; or, The Prison Flower †	Theresa Girhardi
	His Mother †	Donald's Fiancée
	When a Man's Married His Trouble Begins †	Mabel - Jack's Wife		James Morrison
	A Dead Man's Honor †	Helen
	The Changing of Silas Warner †
	Two Overcoats †
	The Subduing of Mrs. Nag †	Miss Prue	George D. Baker
	The Strategy of Anne †
	The Diving Girl †	The Niece	Mack Sennett	Fred Mace
	How Betty Won the School †	Betty's Rival		Edith Storey
	The Baron †	The Heiress	Mack Sennett	Dell Henderson

Biograph

Year	Film	Role	Director	Co-Star	Notes
1911	The Squaw's Love	Wild Flower	D. W. Griffith	Alfred Paget
	The Revenue Man and the Girl			Dorothy West
	Her Awakening	The Daughter		Harry Hyde
	The Making of a Man †	In Second Audience		Dell Henderson
	Italian Blood †			Charles West
	The Unveiling †	The Showgirl		Robert Harron
	Through His Wife's Picture †	Wifey	Mack Sennett	Fred Mace
	The Inventor's Secret †			Mack Sennett
	A Victim of Circumstances †			Fred Mace
	Their First Divorce Case †	Hubby's Chorine Sweetheart			Uncredited Unconfirmed
	Why He Gave Up †	The Wife	Henry Lehrman Mack Sennett	Fred Mace
	Saved from Himself		D. W. Griffith
1912	The Joke on the Joker †		Mack Sennett
	The Engagement Ring †
	The Eternal Mother	Mary	D. W. Griffith	Edwin August Blanche Sweet
	Did Mother Get Her Wish? †		Mack Sennett
	Pants and Pansies †			Harry McCoy
	The Mender of Nets		D. W. Griffith	Mary Pickford
	The Fatal Chocolate †		Mack Sennett	Mack Sennett
	Hot Stuff			Mack Sennett
	A Voice From The Deep †
	Oh, Those Eyes! †
	Help! Help! †	Mrs. Suburbanite		Fred Mace
	The Brave Hunter †
	The Fickle Spaniard
	The Furs †
	When Kings Were The Law	(Uncredited)	D.W. Griffith
	Helen's Marriage	Helen	Mack Sennett Dell Henderson
	Tomboy Bessie	Bessie	Mack Sennett	Mack Sennett
	Katchem Kate			Fred Mace Jack Pickford
	Neighbors †
	A Dash Through the Clouds
	The New Baby †
	The Tourists †
	What The Doctor Ordered †
	An Interrupted Elopement
	Tragedy of a Dress Suit †
	He Must Have a Wife †

Keystone

Year	Film	Role	Director	Co-Star	Notes
1912	Cohen Collects a Debt		Mack Sennett	Ford Sterling
	The Water Nymph	Diving Venus		Mack Sennett Ford Sterling	Alternative title: The Beach Flirt First Keystone comedy
	The New Neighbor †
	Riley and Schultz
	The Beating He Needed †			Fred Mace Ford Sterling
	Pedro's Dilemma †			Mack Sennett Fred Mace Ford Sterling
	Ambitious Butler †			Mack Sennett Fred Mace Ford Sterling
	The Flirting Husband †			Ford Sterling
	At Coney Island †			Ford Sterling Fred Mace	Alternative title: Cohen at Coney Island
	At It Again †	Mrs. Smith		Mack Sennett Fred Mace Ford Sterling
	Mabel's Lovers †	Mabel		Fred Mace Ford Sterling Alice Davenport
	The Deacon's Troubles †			Fred Mace Ford Sterling
	A Temperamental Husband †	Gladys		Fred Mace Ford Sterling
	Mr. Fix-It	Mabel
	The Rivals †
	A Desperate Lover †			Fred Mace
	Brown's Séance †	Mrs. Brown	Fred Mace	Fred Mace Alice Davenport
	Pat's Day Off †	Bridget, Pat's Wife	Mack Sennett	Fred Mace Alice Davenport Ford Sterling
	A Family Mixup †	A Wife		Mack Sennett Fred Mace
	A Midnight Elopement †
	Mabel's Adventures	Mabel		Fred Mace Ford Sterling
	The Drummer's Vacation †
	The Duel †	Mabel
	Mabel's Stratagem			Fred Mace Alice Davenport Mack Sennett
	Kings Court †
1913	The Bangville Police	Farm Girl	Henry Lehrman	Fred Mace the Keystone Cops
	A Noise from the Deep	Mabel	Mack Sennett	Roscoe Arbuckle the Keystone Cops
	A Little Hero		George Nichols
	Mabel's Awful Mistakes †	Mabel	Mack Sennett	Mack Sennett Ford Sterling	Alternative title: Her Deceitful Lover
	Passions, He Had Three †		Henry Lehrman	Roscoe Arbuckle	Alternative title: He Had Three
	For the Love of Mabel †	Mabel		Roscoe Arbuckle Ford Sterling
	Mabel's Dramatic Career	Mabel, the kitchen maid	Mack Sennett	Mack Sennett Ford Sterling	Alternative title: Her Dramatic Debut
	The Gypsy Queen †			Roscoe Arbuckle
	Cohen Saves the Flag	Rebecca		Ford Sterling
1914	Mabel's Stormy Love Affair †	Mabel	Mabel Normand	Alice Davenport
	Won in a Closet[43]				Alternative title: Won in a Cupboard
	In the Clutches of the Gang †			Roscoe Arbuckle Keystone Cops
	Mack at It Again †		Mack Sennett	Mack Sennett
	Mabel's Strange Predicament	Mabel	Mabel Normand	Charles Chaplin	Alternative title: Hotel Mixup First film with Chaplin as the Tramp although the second released.
	Mabel's Blunder			Charley Chase Al St. John	Added to the National Film Registry in 2009[33]
	A Film Johnnie		George Nichols	Charles Chaplin Roscoe Arbuckle
	Mabel at the Wheel		Mabel Normans Mack Sennett	Charles Chaplin
	Caught in a Cabaret		Mabel Normand	Charles Chaplin	Writer
	Mabel's Nerve †		George Nichols
	The Alarm †		Roscoe Arbuckle Edward Dillon	Roscoe Arbuckle Minta Durfee	Alternative title: Fireman's Picnic
	Her Friend the Bandit †	Mabel	Mabel Normand Charles Chaplin	Charles Chaplin
	The Fatal Mallet		Mack Sennett	Charles Chaplin Mack Sennett
	Mabel's Busy Day		Mabel Normand	Charles Chaplin Chester Conklin	Writer
	Mabel's Married Life		Charles Chaplin	Charles Chaplin	Co-written by Normand and Chaplin
	Mabel's New Job †		Mabel Normand George Nichols	Chester Conklin Charley Chase	Writer
	The Sky Pirate †		Roscoe Arbuckle	Roscoe Arbuckle Minta Durfee
	The Masquerader	Actress	Charles Chaplin		Uncredited
	Mabel's Latest Prank †	Mabel	Mabel Normand Mack Sennett	Mack Sennett Hank Mann	Alternative title: Touch of Rheumatism
	Hello, Mabel		Mabel Normand	Charley Chase Minta Durfee	Alternative title: On a Busy Wire
	Gentlemen of Nerve		Charles Chaplin	Charles Chaplin Chester Conklin	Alternative titles: Charlie at the Races Some Nerve
	His Trysting Place	Mabel, The Wife		Charles Chaplin
	Shotguns That Kick †		Roscoe Arbuckle	Roscoe Arbuckle Al St. John
	Getting Acquainted	Ambrose's Wife	Charles Chaplin	Charles Chaplin Phyllis Allen
	Tillie's Punctured Romance	Mabel	Mack Sennett	Marie Dressler Charles Chaplin	Feature-Length film First feature-length comedy
1915	Mabel and Fatty's Wash Day		Roscoe Arbuckle	Roscoe Arbuckle
	Mabel and Fatty's Simple Life			Roscoe Arbuckle	Alternative title: Mabel and Fatty's Simple Life
	Mabel and Fatty Viewing the World's Fair at San Francisco		Mabel Normand Roscoe Arbuckle	Roscoe Arbuckle
	Mabel and Fatty's Married Life		Roscoe Arbuckle	Roscoe Arbuckle
	That Little Band of Gold	Wifey			Uncredited Alternative title: For Better or Worse
	Wished on Mabel	Mabel	Mabel Normand	Roscoe Arbuckle
	Mabel's Wilful Way		Roscoe Arbuckle	Roscoe Arbuckle
	Mabel Lost and Won		Mabel Normand	Owen Moore Mack Swain
	The Little Teacher	The Little Teacher	Mack Sennett	Roscoe Arbuckle, Mack Sennett	Alternative title: A Small Town Bully
1916	Fatty and Mabel Adrift	Mabel	Roscoe Arbuckle	Roscoe Arbuckle Al St. John	Alternative title: Concrete Biscuits
	He Did and He Didn't	The Doctor's Wife		Roscoe Arbuckle Al St. John

Goldwyn Feature films

Year	Film	Role	Director	Co-Star	Notes
1918	Dodging a Million †	Arabella Flynn	George Loane Tucker	Tom Moore
	The Floor Below	Patricia O'Rourke	Clarence G. Badger	Tom Moore
	Joan of Plattsburg †	Joan	George Loane Tucker
	Back to the Woods †	Stephanie Trent	George Irving	Herbert Rawlinson
	Peck's Bad Girl †	Minnie Penelope Peck	Charles Giblyn	Earle Foxe
	The Venus Model †	Kitty O'Brien	Clarence G. Badger	Rod La Rocque
	A Perfect 36 †	Mabel	Charles Giblyn	Rod La Rocque
	Mickey	Mickey	F. Richard Jones James Young		Produced by the Mabel Normand Feature Film Company and distributed by Film Booking Offices of America rather than Goldwyn
1919	Sis Hopkins †	Sis Hopkins	Clarence G. Badger	John Bowers
	When Doctors Disagree	Millie Martin	Victor Schertzinger	Walter Hiers
	Upstairs †	Elsie MacFarland		Cullen Landis
	Jinx †	The Jinx
	The Pest †	Jigs	Christy Cabanne
1920	Pinto †	Pinto	Victor Schertzinger	Cullen Landis
	What Happened to Rosa	Rosa
	The Slim Princess †	Princess Kalora		Tully Marshall
1921	Molly O'	Molly O'	F. Richard Jones	George Nichols	Produced by Mack Sennett
1922	Oh, Mabel Behave	Innkeeper's Daughter	Mack Sennett	Mack Sennett Ford Sterling	Filmed in 1915 or 1916, produced by Triangle Film Corporation
	Head Over Heels	Tina	Paul Bern Victor Schertzinger	Raymond Hatton Adolphe Menjou
1923	Suzanna	Suzanna	F. Richard Jones	George Nichols	Incomplete, two reels are missing Produced by Mack Sennett
	The Extra Girl	Sue Graham		George Nichols	Produced by Mack Sennett

Hal Roach Studios

Year	Film	Role	Director	Co-Star	Notes
1926	Raggedy Rose	Raggedy Rose	Richard Wallace	Carl Miller Max Davidson	Feature-length film
	The Nickel-Hopper	Paddy, the nickel hopper	F. Richard Jones Hal Yates
1927	Should Men Walk Home?	The Girl Bandit	Leo McCarey	Eugene Pallette Oliver Hardy
	One Hour Married †		Jerome Strong	Creighton Hale James Finlayson

References

Notes

1. Jaley, Thomas (June 5, 1900). 1900 USA Census Card. Census of the United States, State of New York, Borough of Richmond, Supervisor's District No. 2, Enumeration District 583, First Ward, Sheet #8.
2. Westman, Frank C. (April 26, 1910). 1910 USA Census Card. Census of the United States, State of New York, Borough of Richmond, Supervisor's District No. 2, Enumeration District 1713, 2nd Ward, Sheet #7857 12 A.
3. Harper Fussell 1992, pp. 50–52.
4. Harper Fussell 1992, pp. 71–73.
5. "Mary Mallory / Hollywood Heights: Mabel Normand Studio Leads the Way". October 2022.
6. Harper Fussell 1992, pp. 64–70.
7. Lefler, Timothy Dean (2016). Mabel Normand: The Life and Career of a Hollywood Madcap. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786478675.
8. "BLAME JEALOUSY FOR DINES SHOOTING; Los Angeles Police Think the Chauffeur Was Infatuated With Miss Normand. SHE CONTRADICTS HIS STORY Breaks Down From Excitement and Goes to Hospital -- Dines Develops Pneumonia. BLAME JEALOUSY FOR DINES SHOOTING". The New York Times. January 3, 1924. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
9. cite magazine article Films in Review September 1974 Mabel Normand A Grand – Nephew's Memoir Normand, Stephen
10. Ward Mahar, Karen (2006). Women Filmmakers in Early Hollywood. JHU Press. p. 131. ISBN 0-8018-8436-5.
11. Rhode Island State Census, 1875
12. Sherman, William Thomas. "Mabel Normand: An Introductory Biography". mm-hp.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
13. Smith, Albert E. in collaboration with Phil A. Koury, "Two Reels And A Crank", Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1952.^{[ISBN missing][page needed]}
14. McCarthy, Jay (September 7, 2018). "ThiEyes on the pies: how Mabel Normand, Chaplin's mentor, changed cinema". The Guardian. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
15. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 3, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
16. Chaplin, Charles (1964). My Autobiography. Penguin. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-14-101147-9.
17. Harper Fussell 1992, pp. 70–71.
18. Chaplin, Charles (2003) [1964]. My Autobiography. London: Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-101147-5.
19. Higham, Charles (2006). Murder in Hollywood: Solving a Silent Screen Mystery. Terrace Books. ISBN 978-0299203641.
20. "Mabel Normand – Women Film Pioneers Project".
21. Giroux, Robert (1990). A Deed of Death: The Story Behind the Unsolved Murder of Hollywood Director William Desmond Taylor. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 232. ISBN 0394580753.
22. Brown low and Kobal, Kevin and John (1979). Hollywood The Pioneers. New York: Alfred A Knopf. p. 111. ISBN 0394508513.
23. "Press Film Star For Taylor Clew; Police Conduct 'Long And Grueling' Examination, Working on Jealousy Motive. Mabel Normand Speaks Tells Reporters Affection For Slain Director Was Based on Comradeship, Not 'Love.'". The New York Times. New York. February 7, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2010. A motion picture actress was subjected to what the police termed a "long and grueling" examination at her home here tonight in an attempt to obtain a clew to the murderer of William Desmond Taylor.
24. Giroux (1990), p. 236.
25. Milton, Joyce (1998). Tramp: The Life of Charlie Chaplin. Da Capo Press. p. 221. ISBN 0-306-80831-5.
26. Basinger 2000, p. 92.
27. "Ohio and M.P.T.O.A. Both Bar Normand Films", Variety, 73 (8): 19, January 10, 1924
28. "Denver Public Library 1945 - 1949 Death Index (Rocky Mountain News and The Denver Post)" (PDF). The Denver Public Library. 1945–1949. Archived from the original on February 6, 2024. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
29. McCaffrey, Donald W.; Jacobs, Christopher P. (1999). Guide To the Silent Years of American Cinema. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 84. ISBN 0-313-30345-2.
30. Vogel, Michelle (2007). Olive Thomas: The Life and Death of a Silent Film Beauty. McFarland. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7864-2908-0.
31. Wagenknecht, 1962 p. 61: Wagenknecht is citing a report from Gilbert Seldes on Chaplin’s remark while Chaplin was filming Modern Times (1936). See footnote no. 26, same page.
32. Wagenknecht, Edward (1962). The Movies in the Age of Innocence. Norman,, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
33. "Thriller and 24 Other Films Named to National Film Registry", Associated Press via Yahoo News (December 30, 2009) Archived January 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
34. "A Happy Homecoming For Long-Lost Silent Films". NPR. April 16, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
35. "VES Inducts Jon Favreau and Tim Sweeney as Honorary Members". Animation World Network. Archived from the original on October 8, 2025. Retrieved October 8, 2025.
36. "Taylorology" (about William D. Taylor & era), (literateweb.com), September 2003, webpage: LitWeb-WDTaylor^{[permanent dead link]}.
37. Staggs, Sam: Close-up on Sunset Boulevard: Billy Wilder, Norma Desmond and the Dark Hollywood Dream. St. Martin's Griffin Books, 2002 ISBN 978-0-3123-0254-2
38. "Downton Abbey: Episode 2x01, Part One". October 21, 2011.
39. Spicer, Megan (January 2, 2014). "Darien yard transformed into Keystone lot for short film". Darien News. Bridgeport, CT. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
40. Hennessy, Christina (June 3, 2014). "Darien-filmed short spotlights cinematic pioneer Mabel Norman". Hearst CT News Blogs. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
41. "Hollywood Cavalcade (1939) - Irving Cummings, Malcolm St. Clair | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie". Allmovie.com. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
42. Denise Lowe (2005). An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Women in Early American Films, 1895–1930. Psychology Press. pp. 406. ISBN 978-0-7890-1843-4.
43. Kehr, Dave (June 6, 2010). "Trove of Long-Lost Silent Films Returns to America". The New York Times. New York. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2010.

Further reading

• Basinger, Jeanine (2000). Silent Stars. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6451-1. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
• Harper Fussell, Betty (1992). Mabel: Hollywood's First I-Don't-Care Girl (Illustrated ed.). Limelight Editions. ISBN 978-0-87910-158-9. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
• Sherman, William Thomas (2006). Mabel Normand: A Source Book to Her Life and Films
• Normand, Stephen (1974). Films in Review September Issue: Mabel Normand – A Grand Nephew's Memoir
• Lefler, Timothy Dean (2016). Mabel Normand: The Life and Career of a Hollywood Madcap. ISBN 978-0-7864-7867-5

External links

• Mabel Normand at IMDb
• Mabel Normand at the TCM Movie Database
• Mabel Normand at the Women Film Pioneers Project
• Madcap Mabel: Mabel Normand Website
• Mabel
• Stephen Normand website
• Bibliography
• Looking for Mabel Normand Archived February 7, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
• Mabel Normand Home Page
• Films of Mabel Normand on YouTube (playlist)