Logographer (history)

For professional authors of judicial speeches in ancient Greece, see Logographer (legal).

A logographer in the historiographical sense (λογογράφος, logographos) was an early Greek prose writer of genealogies, local chronicles, and accounts of peoples and places active before and alongside Herodotus. The center of activity lay in Ionia and adjacent islands, and the preferred dialect was Ionic written in a continuous or "running" style (λέξις εἰρομένη).^[1][2] Their work systematized mythic traditions into prose narrative — especially city-foundations, ruling families, and ethnography — and supplied material later reworked by classical historians.^[3]

Chronology, geography, and method

Most named figures flourished from the later sixth century BC into the early fifth, with Pherecydes of Athens often treated as the latest representative of the group.^[4] Activity concentrates in Miletus, Lesbos, Samos, and adjacent centers that mediated information about the eastern Mediterranean.^[5] Typical outputs include genealogical compendia (Genealogiai), local chronicles organized by lists of magistrates, and descriptive "circuits of the earth" (Periēgēsis/Periodos gēs).^[6] Aristotle characterizes their syntax as non-periodic, with clauses linked paratactically rather than arranged into balanced periods.^[7]

Transition to classical historiography

Hecataeus of Miletus is credited with early attempts to distinguish mythic narrative from plausible history in the Genealogiai and with assembling a prose geography in the Periēgēsis.^[8] Herodotus cites Hecataeus by name and engages with earlier prose traditions, transforming logographic material into longer investigative narratives (logoi) integrated within a single historical design.^[9][10] After Herodotus the distinct label "logographer" recedes, though Hellenistic local historians and chronographers revive similar formats.^[11]

Notable logographers

Writers highlighted by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (On Thucydides 5) as especially well known are marked ✓ in the final column.

Name	Floruit (approx.)	Locale	Representative works (titles as transmitted)	Focus / notes	Dionysius list
Acusilaus of Argos	late 6th–early 5th c. BC	Argos	Genealogies (prose rendering of Hesiodic materials)	Genealogical mythography; prose paraphrase of epic tradition
Cadmus of Miletus	6th c. BC (attributed)	Miletus	Local history of Miletus (attributed)	Often treated as legendary or doubtful	✓
Charon of Lampsacus	early 5th c. BC	Lampsacus	Persika, Libyka, Aithiopika; local annals	Eastern ethnography and local magistrate lists	✓
Damastes of Sigeion	mid-5th c. BC	Sigeion	On Poets and Sophists; genealogical listings	Genealogies of Trojan War figures; ethnography
Hecataeus of Miletus	late 6th–early 5th c. BC	Miletus	Genealogiai; Periēgēsis/Periodos gēs	Genealogy; geography and periegesis; methodological preface	✓
Hellanicus of Lesbos	mid-5th c. BC	Lesbos	Atthis; Troica; various local histories	Chronography by archon lists; early accounts of western foundations	✓
Hippys of Rhegium	5th c. BC	Rhegium	Histories of Italy and Sicily	Western ethnography and local history	✓
Glaucus of Rhegium	5th c. BC	Rhegium	On the Ancient Poets and Musicians	Literary-historical prose used by later lexicographers
Melesagoras of Chalcedon	5th c. BC	Chalcedon	Local history (fragments)	Minor local chronography	✓
Pherecydes of Athens	early 5th–c. 400 BC	Athens	Genealogies; Histories (titles vary)	Extensive mythographic prose; often treated as the last "logographer"	✓
Stesimbrotos of Thasos	mid-5th c. BC	Thasos	Political pamphlet on Themistocles, Thucydides, Pericles	Political writing and biography-adjacent prose
Xanthus of Lydia	5th c. BC	Sardis (Lydia)	Lydiaka	Lydian history used by later compilers	✓

Greek terminology

Ancient usage applies λογογράφος to early prose writers; λογοποιός (logopoios, "maker of stories/speeches") appears as a near-synonym in discussions of pre-Herodotean prose.^[12] The label contrasts with poetic producers of narrative and with the later, technical sense of "logographer" for courtroom speechwriters.^[13]

Sources and testimonia

Key ancient discussions and citations include Dionysius of Halicarnassus (On Thucydides 5), Aristotle (Rhetoric 1409a on λέξις εἰρομένη), and Herodotus' named references to Hecataeus.^[14][15][16] Fragments are collected in F. Jacoby's Fragmente der griechischen Historiker and updated with commentary in Brill's New Jacoby.^[17][18]

See also

• Greek historiography
• List of ancient Greek historians
• Periegesis
• Ionic Greek

References

1. Marincola, John (2007). Marincola, John (ed.). A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography. Vol. 1. Malden, MA: Blackwell. pp. 11–18.
2. Aristotle (2007). Kennedy, George A. (ed.). Rhetoric. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1409a.
3. Thomas, Rosalind (2000). Herodotus in Context: Ethnography, Science and the Art of Explanation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–8.
4. Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther, eds. (2012). "Historiography, Greek". The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5. Osborne, Robin (1996). Greece in the Making, 1200–479 BC. London: Routledge. pp. 216–220.
6. Jacoby, Felix (1923–1958). Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (FGrHist). Leiden: Brill.
7. Aristotle (2007). Kennedy, George A. (ed.). Rhetoric. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1409a.
8. West, Stephanie (2016). Hecataeus (1). Oxford University Press.
9. Herodotus (1920–1925). Godley, A. D. (ed.). Histories. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 2.143.
10. de Bakker, Matthijs W.; van der Veen, Irene J. F., eds. (2016). Herodotus and the Construction of the Past. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–15.
11. Clarke, Katherine (2008). Making Time for the Past: Local History and the Polis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 20–28.
12. Fowler, Robert L. (2000). Early Greek Mythography. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. xxi–xxv.
13. Kennedy, George A. (1972). The Art of Rhetoric in the Roman World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 12–16.
14. Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1975). Pritchett, William Kendrick (ed.). On Thucydides. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. §5.
15. Aristotle (2007). Kennedy, George A. (ed.). Rhetoric. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1409a.
16. Herodotus (1920–1925). Godley, A. D. (ed.). Histories. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 2.143.
17. Jacoby, Felix (1923–1958). Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (FGrHist). Leiden: Brill.
18. Worthington, Ian, ed. (2007). Brill's New Jacoby. Leiden: Brill.

Further reading

• Georg Busolt, Griechische Geschichte (1893), i. 147–153.
• C. Wachsmuth, Einleitung in das Studium der alten Geschichte (1895).
• A. Schafer, Abriss der Quellenkunde der griechischen und romischen Geschichte (ed. Heinrich Nissen, 1889).
• J. B. Bury, Ancient Greek Historians (1909).
• J. W. Donaldson, A History of the Literature of Ancient Greece (1858), translation of Karl Otfried Müller (ch. 18); and W. Mute (bk, iv. ch. 3).
• C. W. Müller, Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum (1841–1870).
• West, Stephanie (2016). Hecataeus (1). Oxford University Press.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Logographi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 919.