Liu Cixin

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In this Chinese name, the family name is Liu.

Liu Cixin
Liu in 2017
Liu in 2017
Native name
刘慈欣
Born (1963-06-23) 23 June 1963 (age 62)
Beijing, China
Occupation
  • Science fiction writer
  • computer engineer
Alma materNorth China University of Water Resources and Electric Power
Period1989–present
GenreScience fiction
Notable worksRemembrance of Earth's Past
Notable awardsGalaxy Award; Hugo Award
Liu Cixin
Simplified Chinese刘慈欣
Traditional Chinese劉慈欣
Hanyu PinyinLiú Cíxīn
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinLiú Cíxīn
Bopomofoㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄘˊ ㄒㄧㄣ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhLiou Tsyrshin
Wade–GilesLiu2 Tzʻŭ2-hsin1
Yale RomanizationLyóu Tsźsyīn
IPA[ljǒʊ tsʰɹ̩̌.ɕín]

Liu Cixin (Chinese: 刘慈欣; pinyin: Liú Cíxīn, pronounced [ljǒʊ tsʰɹ̩̌.ɕín]; born 23 June 1963)[1] is a Chinese computer engineer and science fiction writer. In English translations of his works, his name is given as Cixin Liu. He is sometimes called "Da Liu" ("Big Liu") by his fellow science fiction writers in China.[2]

He is a nine-time winner of China's Galaxy Award, and has also received the 2015 Hugo Award for his novel The Three-Body Problem, as well as the 2017 Locus Award for Death's End. He is also a winner of the Chinese Nebula Award.[3] He is a member of the China Science Writers Association and the vice president of the Shanxi Writers Association.[4]

Life and career

[edit]

Liu was born on 23 June 1963 in Beijing. He grew up in Yangquan, Shanxi,[2] where his parents had been sent to work in the mines.[5] Due to the violence of the Cultural Revolution he was sent to live in his ancestral home in Luoshan County, Henan.[6] Liu graduated from the North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power in 1988. He then worked as a computer engineer at a power plant in Shanxi province.[7]

Computer Programming

[edit]

A 1990s computer program called "Electronic Poet" (电子诗人) can be found online.[8] It appears to be a language model, capable of generating works in the style of 1980s Misty poems.

Writing

[edit]
The Hugo Award trophy won by Liu

Liu was labeled the first cyberpunk Chinese author after his novel China 2185 was released in 1989.[9] This novel chronicles M102, a computer engineer, who recreates a simulation of Mao’s brain and the consequences that follow that action.[10] Liu's most famous work, The Three-Body Problem, was first published in 2006.[11] It is the first book in the Remembrance of Earth's Past trilogy, and it chronicles the events that unfold after Ye Wenjie intercepts an intergalactic signal and encourages an alien species known as the Trisolarans to visit, an action that ultimately leads to the destruction of the Earth.[12] American author Ken Liu's 2014 translation (published by Tor Books) won the 2015 Hugo Award for Best Novel, and the book sold 1,200,000 copies in China before it won.[11][13] Liu Cixin thus became the first author from Asia to win Best Novel.[14] The German translation (which included some portions of the original text not included in the English translation) followed in 2016.[15] Ken Liu also translated the third volume of The Three-Body Problem series, Death's End, in 2016.[16] Death's End was a 2017 Hugo Award for Best Novel finalist and won a 2017 Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.

As pieces of Chinese science fiction literature, Liu's Remembrance of Earth's Past trilogy was a success within both the Chinese territories and internationally. In 2012, the winner of the Nobel Prize of Literature, Mo Yan, acclaimed the remarkable originality of Liu Cixin.[11] Liu's fiction focuses primarily on problems such as social inequality, scientific development and ecological limitations that impact humanity.[17] Liu cites English authors George Orwell and Arthur C. Clarke as important literary influences.[18] The books of Jules Verne were also literary works that Liu frequented growing up.[19]

To Liu, literature can come off as a self-absorbed art form, mentioning that, despite the species’ brief existence in the overall span of the universe, humanity uses literature to mostly write about their own experiences.[20] As that is the case, and because of his belief in hard science fiction, Liu tries to place importance on science and technology instead of humanity in his own writing.[21] However, he still acknowledges that, compared to science, literature expresses its qualities in a way that is not barred behind prerequisite knowledge.[20]

Liu tries to express the majesty of science through literature, using the genre of science fiction to create an accessible pathway between the two.[20] Because not everyone can dedicate the amount of time needed to become an expert on the subject, Liu wanted to use his work as a means of doing away with science’s barriers of entry in order to share its “beauty” with the world.[20]

Liu, in addition to a plethora of other Chinese science fiction authors, also coined the critical theory of “sci-fi realism”, a way of writing that focuses on the evolution of science fiction as a genre in comparison to the growth of science and technology in the real world.[22] According to Liu, taking reality out of science fiction is an arduous task, as writers use the genre to write about imaginative ideas in the most grounded way they can, trying to ground the unbelievable in some sort of reality.[22]

Adaptations

[edit]

Chinese video platform Tencent Video released a series based on The Three-Body Problem in January 2023.[23]

A cinematic adaptation of The Three-Body Problem has been filmed, but its release has been indefinitely postponed.[24] In March 2018, Amazon was rumored to be negotiating for the rights to the project.[25][26] However, YooZoo Pictures released a statement in response stating that it was the "sole owner of the rights for film and TV series adaptations."[26] Although it "was originally scheduled to be released in 2017," the project "was postponed indefinitely due to the company's internal shuffling and the rumored 'bad quality' of the film's first cut."[26] In June 2019, it was reported that work had begun on an animated adaptation,[27] and in 2020, October Media announced another adaptation in the works.[28]

The cinematic adaptation of his short story The Wandering Earth was released in China on 5 February 2019,[29] which became the second highest-grossing film in the Chinese box office within 2 weeks.[30]

The science-fiction comedy film Crazy Alien, adapted from his science fiction short story The Village Teacher, had grossed 2.2 billion at the box office, making it the fifteenth film in Chinese film history with a box office exceeding 2 billion.[31]

US streaming platform Netflix announced in September 2020 that it had ordered an English-language series based on Liu's trilogy The Three-Body Problem. Liu would serve as a consulting producer on the project. David Benioff and D.B. Weiss were named as writers and executive producers. Other members of the creative team included executive producer Rian Johnson, Ram Bergman, Bernadette Caulfield, Nena Rodrigue, Lin Qi, and Rosamund Pike.[32] The Netflix television adaptation started production in early November 2021, and was released on 21 March 2024.[33]

Chinese video sharing website Bilibili released a series exploring the science of Liu Cixin's science fiction in November 2022.[34]

Recurring Themes

[edit]

In most of Liu’s works, two themes are incredibly prominent, with those being posthumanism and political criticism through the lens of an utopia. While Liu’s use of posthumanism is more overt than his use of political criticism, both themes play an important role in some of Liu’s most famous works, including The Three-Body Problem trilogy and China 2185.[10][12][35]

Posthumanism

[edit]

As a believer in hard science-fiction, Liu thinks that human morality, and how self important it is, pales in significance when compared to science, technology, and the grander universe; even if human life were to be extinguished, it would be of little importance to the rest of the universe at large.[21] Typically, his human characters come into contact with extraterrestrial beings from worlds unfamiliar to them, beings so intimidating and otherworldly that their mere existence makes them seem unimportant in comparison.[21]

In The Three-Body Problem trilogy, the aliens Ye Wenjie contacted to invade earth, known as the Trisolarans, serve as a way to rebuke the ideas of anthropocentrism through the gap in strength their presence creates; the science and technology the Trisolarans wield far exceeds anything humanity could create, again reflecting Liu’s advocacy of hard science fiction.[35] Furthermore, Liu uses the Trisolarans to reflect humanity, emphasizing their “faults” – like competition and authoritarianism – in order for readers to understand what should be fixed in human society.[35]  Liu is of the opinion that science and technology are things to be used with an inherent amount of caution and respect, as giving into them completely has the potential to lead to something truly frightening.[35]

When juxtaposed with his contemporaries, Liu’s work can seem cold and dark; however, this isn’t always the case.[12] Despite the fact that The The Three-Body Problem trilogy ends with the destruction of humanity’s universe, it leaves things “open” to the humans by showing them there are still worlds out in the depth of space that haven’t been explored yet, meaning they have the chance to find a home again.[12] Liu’s posthumans worlds, ironically, give humanity the chance to live again and appreciate the wonders of the universe instead of focusing on themselves.[12]

Political Criticism through the Lens of an Utopia

[edit]

While subtle political criticism can be found in most of Liu’s works, it is especially prominent in his first novel, China 2185.[10] Using the lens of an utopia, the novel subtly critiques the at-the-time Chinese government by implicitly juxtaposing it with the government of the book; In it, China has become a democratic country, with each citizen equally obtaining the right to vote.[10]

Because the utopian, democratic government of China 2185 is a stark contrast from the authoritative government of China in the mid-to-late 1980s that Liu experienced, readers can therefore look at everything happening in the real world through the lens of skepticism; China 2185 shows readers what they lack in terms of government without ever stating it outright.[10] Using it as a comparison, readers could understand the problems facing empirical China, politically and socially, and how it might benefit China to become a democratic country like the one featured in the novel.[10]

As utopian as it may seem from a first glance, the democratic world Liu displays in China 2185 isn’t without its problems as well; however, when these problems do arise, they are mostly the fault of the resurrected brains.[10] Because of their association with Mao, these brains reflect the more communist politics of China, and as they bring in problems from the society Liu had to live through into the democratic world of the novel, they completely disrupt it.[10] With that in mind, the novel reflects the real world political conflicts of the time of the novel’s publication, explicitly tackling the idea of the battle between “younger,” democratic politics and “older”, communist politics.[10] In this utopian society, thanks to the arrival of the internet, the people are able to communicate with the democratic leaders of their country and, as an extension of that, take part in various governmental processes, like policy-making, something readers couldn’t do in real life during the time of the book’s publication.[10]

Twists on Utopia can also be found in Liu’s Three-Body Problem trilogy, with the near-perfect “starship civilizations”, worlds in the depths of space that operate without the need for living beings, containing lingering aspects of Chinese political values like communism and Maoism, something that gives the human characters hope that they can call these places home.[12] However, these civilizations are not hospitable for humans, instead being more dangerous than the characters originally thought.[12] In their attempts to adapt to them, the humans find themselves eventually having to resort to cannibalism in order to survive, forcing themselves to commit heinous acts in the dim hope of claiming this place as their new home.[12] While Liu includes other instances of political criticism in the Three-Body Problem trilogy (e.g. the struggle session the first book opens with), the “starship civilizations” are an example of how Liu can subvert common science fiction tropes like utopia to do so.

The Three-Body Problem

[edit]

Main Article: The Three-Body Problem (novel)

Released in 2006, and translated to English in 2014, The Three-Body Problem was a major success commercially, rising to the status of a best-seller in the United States after the release of its translation.[36] The novel, as well as the other two in the trilogy, were translated by Ken Liu, a renowned science fiction author whose work has received several awards.[37] His proficiency as a translator lies in being able to keep the differences in languages and cultures in mind, something imperative for translating a book like The Three-Body Problem.[37] Despite the Three-Body Problem trilogy including multiple references to Chinese culture, western audiences were still able to appreciate it.[37]

Over time, the novel garnered several awards, including the previously-mentioned Hugo Award in 2015, along with a Nebula award.[37] In addition to the Hugo Award The Three-Body Problem received in 2015, Death’s End, the third and final novel in the trilogy, was also nominated for the same award in 2017; while it didn’t win the Hugo Award, Death’s End was considered to be the most successful book out of the three.[37]

During the selection process of the 2015 Hugo Awards, several men from America tried to prevent the novel from winning.[36] They deemed the book to be controversial because they believed it shifted away from conventional science fiction values, focusing instead on more political issues regarding race, misogyny, and oppression, amongst several other topics.[36] The individuals who expressed this dissatisfaction in regards to the novel were known as the “Sad Puppies”.[37] Regardless, despite this brief period of controversy, The Three-Body Problem still received the Hugo Award in 2015.

One of the key ideas of The Three-Body Problem trilogy is the “dark forest” theory, a theory that advises humans not to contact aliens because of the negative consequences that can follow that action.[19] An example of this would be when, after she watches her father be humiliated by the Red Guards during a struggle session in her childhood, Ye Wenjie, later on in her life, ends up encouraging hostile aliens to invade earth after intercepting signals from far off in space, an action that ultimately brings about the destruction of earth.[12] As the trilogy goes on, this theory is built across, and expanded upon in, each subsequent book.[19] The "dark forest" theory was also a concern brought up by Steven Hawking.[19]

Films and TV works

[edit]
Year Work Type Role
2019 The Wandering Earth Movie Original, Executive Producer
2019 Crazy Alien Movie Original
2021 Earth Rescue Day (末日拯救) Movie Screenwriter
2022 Rendezvous with the Future TV series Main Interviewee
2023 Three-Body TV series Original
2023 The Wandering Earth 2 Movie Executive Producer
2024 3 Body Problem TV series Original, Consulting Producer

Personal life

[edit]

Liu is married and has a daughter.[38]

Political views

[edit]
Liu at the Geek Bar Authors Event in 2015

In a June 2019 interview published in The New Yorker, interviewer Jiayang Fan found that Liu "prefers to avoid" talking about politics. In the same article, Liu stated that democracy was not appropriate for modern China. When probed by Fan about "individual liberty and freedom of governance", Liu said that this is "not what Chinese people care about", adding "If you were to loosen up the country a bit, the consequences would be terrifying." He expressed support for policies such as the one-child policy and China's Xinjiang policies, saying "Would you rather that they be hacking away at bodies at train stations and schools in terrorist attacks? If anything, the government is helping their economy and trying to lift them out of poverty."[39]

Nevertheless, Liu's works (including some of his adaptations) contain various subtle and plot-wide criticisms of the actions of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). In one such case, Liu moved a brutal struggle session that was common during the Cultural Revolution from the middle of the book to the beginning of The Three-Body Problem's English translation when suggested by his translator, Ken Liu. In response to the prominently placed plot point, Liu Cixin replied, "That is how I wanted it originally!"[40] The Netflix adaptation, where Liu Cixin was also a consultant, also starts with the struggle session.[41] Liu Cixin's Chinese publishers chose to place the politically charged scene in the middle of the book instead of the beginning, in order to get past government censors.[40][41]

Polish science fiction critic Wojciech Orliński argued that Liu's works such as Remembrance of Earth's Past and The Wandering Earth represent "endorsement of concepts of world government, consequentialism" as well as "tacit approval" of "China's surveillance and control society".[42] Furthermore, Liu believes that the Chinese Government should try and help the people of the world today when it comes to the issues and challenges they face in life.[19] Research into aliens was something Liu also recommended that the government should consider attaching onto the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development.[19]

Bibliography

[edit]

Novels

[edit]

Works of short fiction

[edit]
1998

1999

2000

  • "Fire in the Earth" (地火) (Science Fiction World)
  • The Wandering Earth (流浪地球) (Science Fiction World)

2001

  • "The Village Teacher" (乡村教师) (Science Fiction World)
  • "Full Spectrum Barrage Jamming" (全频带阻塞干扰) (Science Fiction World)
  • "The Micro-Era" (微纪元) (Science Fiction World)

2002

2003

  • "The Glory and the Dream" (光荣与梦想) (Science Fiction World)
  • "Cloud of Poems" (诗云) (Science Fiction World), also known as Cloud of Poems
  • "Cannonball" (地球大炮) (Science Fiction World)
  • "The Thinker" (思想者) (Science Fiction World)

2004

  • "Mirror" (镜子) (Science Fiction World)
  • "Yuanyuan's Bubbles" (圆圆的肥皂泡)

2005

2006

  • "Mountain" (山) (Science Fiction World)

2009

  • "2018-04-01" (2018年4月1日)
  • "Moonlight" (月夜) (生活)

2010

2011

  • 烧火工 (guokr.com)

2014

  • "The Circle" (圆) (Carbide Tipped Pens: Seventeen Tales of Hard Science Fiction)
  • "Time Migration" (时间移民)

2016

  • "The Weight of Memories" (人生)

2018

  • "Fields of Gold" (黄金原野) (Twelve Tomorrows)

Collections

[edit]

2003

  • 爱因斯坦赤道

2004

  • With Her Eyes (带上她的眼睛)

2008

2014

  • Time Migration (时间移民)
  • 2018

2020

2024

Essays

[edit]

2003

Awards

[edit]
Year Title Award Category Result Ref
2001 带上她的眼睛 (With Her Eyes) Yinhe (Galaxy Award (China)) Awarded[43]
2005 赡养人类 (Support Human Beings) Awarded
2006 三体 (The Three-Body Problem) Awarded
2015 赡养上帝 (¿Quién cuidará de los dioses?) Ignotus Awards Foreign Short Stories Nominated[44]
三体 Hugo Award Best Novel Awarded[45]
(The Three-Body Problem) John W. Campbell Memorial Award — Nominated[46]
Locus Award Best SF Novel Nominated[47]
Nebula Award Best Novel Nominated[48]
Prometheus Award — Nominated[49]
2017 Canopus Awards — Nominated[50]
(Die drei Sonnen) Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis Best Foreign SF work Awarded[51]
(El problema de los tres cuerpos) Premio Ignotus Foreign Novel Awarded[52]
(Le Problème à trois corps) Grand prix de l'Imaginaire Foreign Novel Nominated[53]
死神永生 (Death's End) Dragon Award Best Science Fiction Novel Nominated[54]
Hugo Award Best Novel Nominated
Locus Award Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel Awarded[55]
2018 — — Arthur C. Clarke Award for ... — Awarded[56]
2019 圆 (The Circle) Seiun Award Best Translated Short Story Awarded[57]
2020 三体 (The Three-Body Problem) Best Translated Long Work Awarded[58]
2021 三体II 黒暗森林 (The Dark Forest) Best Translated Long Work Awarded[59]
2023 流浪地球 (The Wandering Earth) Best Translated Short Story Awarded[60]

References

[edit]
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[edit]
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