List of wars involving Pakistan

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Since its establishment in 1947, Pakistan has been involved in numerous armed conflicts both locally and around the world. The main focus of its military operations have both historically and currently been on neighbouring India—against whom Pakistan has fought four major wars in addition to commonly-recurring border skirmishes and standoffs. The two nations have had a hostile and turbulent relationship since their independence from the United Kingdom and subsequent war over the Himalayan region of Jammu and Kashmir. Both India and Pakistan claim Kashmir in its entirety but have not exercised control over the entire region, which remains divided and contested between the two states by the Line of Control. The Kashmir conflict has seen extensive—albeit unsuccessful—intervention and mediation by the United Nations.

Pakistan has also had a turbulent relationship with neighbouring Afghanistan,[1] characterized by armed border skirmishes and periods of diplomatic tension. The Pakistani government has increased military activity along the Afghanistan–Pakistan border and built a border barrier to crack down on illegal immigration, militancy,[2] and smuggling.[3][4]

Outside of its home region of South Asia, Pakistan has also engaged in international conflicts in the Middle East and Africa as part of larger coalitions, and remains one of the largest contributors of troops to various United Nations peacekeeping missions. The country was designated as a major non-NATO ally by the United States in 2004,[5] and has participated extensively in the American-led War on Terror following the 9/11 attacks.

List

[edit]
This is a list of wars. For a list of military engagements and battles within wars, See Outline of Pakistan military history for additional information.
  Pakistani victory
  Pakistani defeat
  Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result unknown or indecisive)
  Ongoing conflict
Conflict Pakistan
and allies 		Opponents Results
First Indo-Pakistani War
(1947–1949)

Pakistan Pakistan

India India

Ceasefire
First Balochistan conflict
(1948–1950)

Pakistan

Kalat insurgents

Pakistani victory
Waziristan rebellion (1948–1954)

Pakistan Pakistan

Waziristan
Supported by:
Afghanistan
 India

Pakistani victory
  • Failure to foment an extensive uprising[8]
  • End of Insurrection[9]
  • Datta Khel area of Waziristan recaptured by Pakistan
Second Balochistan conflict
(1958–1960)

Pakistan

Kalat insurgents

Pakistani victory
Dir campaign
(1959–1960) 		Pakistan

Supported by:
Swat state

Dir state

 Afghanistan

Pakistani/Opposition victory
  • Overthrow of Nawab Jahan Khan
Bajaur Campaign
(1960–1961)

Pakistan

 Afghanistan

Pakistani victory
Third Balochistan conflict
(1963–1969)

Pakistan
Supported by:
Pahlavi Iran Iran
Muscat and OmanOman Oman

Parrari
PFAR
BLF
Bugti militia
Supported by:
Afghanistan
Iraq First Republic of Iraq (until 1968)
Iraq Ba'athist Iraq (from 1968)
Syria Ba'athist Syria

Ceasefire and end of insurgency[10]
Second Indo-Pakistani War
(1965) 		 Pakistan  India Inconclusive
Al-Wadiah War
(1969)

Saudi Arabia
Supported by:
Pakistan (air support)

South Yemen

Saudi victory
1971 JVP insurrection
(1971)

Ceylon

Military intervention:

JVP
Supported by:

Diplomatic support:

Ceylonese government victory
  • Rebel leaders were captured and the remaining members surrendered
  • Ceylonese government re-established control of the entire island
  • Expulsion of North Korean diplomats
  • The JVP controlled Ceylon's Southern Province and Sabaragamuwa Province for several weeks
Bangladesh Liberation War
(26 March – 16 December 1971)

Pakistan

 Bangladesh
India (3–16 Dec.)

Bangladeshi-Indian victory[18][19][20]

Third Indo-Pakistani War
(3–16 December 1971)

Indian victory[21][22][23]
Fourth Balochistan Conflict
(1973–1978)

Pakistan
Supported by:
Iran Muscat and OmanOman Oman

Baloch separatists
Afghanistan Pashtun Zalmay[34]

Pakistani victory[35]
1976 Dir rebellion (3–10 September 1976)

Pakistan
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Dir Levies

Dir rebels

Pakistani victory
  • Suppression of rebellion
Sri Lankan Civil War

(1983–2009)

Sri Lanka
Supported by:
 Pakistan[a]
India (1987–1990)
Further support: 		Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
Supported by:
India (until 1987) 		Victory
Soviet–Afghan War
(1979–1989)[39] 		Mujahideen
 Pakistan 		Soviet Union
Afghanistan DR of Afghanistan 		Victory[40]
  • Afghan mujahideen victory[41]
First Afghan Civil War
(1989–1992)

Independent Factions:

Foreign Mujahideen:

Various factions also fought among each other
Supported by:
Pakistan Pakistan
United States
Saudi Arabia
United Kingdom United Kingdom
China China
Germany Germany
Iran Iran

Republic of Afghanistan
Supported by:

Afghan Interim Government victory
Gulf War[47]
(1990–1991) 		Kuwait
United States
United Kingdom
France
Saudi Arabia
Egypt
Coalition:
 Iraq Victory[50]
Second Afghan Civil War
(1992–1996)

Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (until late 1994)
Khalq (pro Gulbuddin factions, until late 1994)[51]
Supported by:
 Pakistan (until late 1994)

Taliban (from late 1994)
Khalq (pro Taliban factions, from late 1994)
Al-Qaeda (from early 1996)
Supported by:
 Pakistan (from late 1994)[52][53]

Islamic State of Afghanistan

Supported by:
 Saudi Arabia
 Uzbekistan (until Jan. 1994, again from Aug. 1994)
 Iran (until Dec. 1992)

-Separate Factions-

Hezb-i Wahdat (after Dec. 1992)
Supported by:
 Iran (from Dec. 1992)[54]

Afghanistan Junbish-i Milli (Jan. 1994-Aug. 1994)
Supported by:
 Uzbekistan (Jan.-Aug. 1994)

Regional Kandahar Militia Leaders

Afghan Army and Airforce Remnants (allegedly, until October 1992)

 Victory

Taliban victory

Third Afghan Civil War
(1996–2001)
Afghanistan Islamic Emirate
(Taliban)
Pakistan
Afghanistan Haqqani Network
Al-Qaeda
Afghanistan Islamic State
(Northern Alliance) 		Stalemate
Malakand insurrection (1994–1995)
TNSM
Black turbans
Foreign jihadists 		Victory
  • Suppression of rebellion
Kargil War
(1999) 		 Pakistan  India Defeat
Insurgency in Sindh (2003–present) Pakistan Pakistan Sindhudesh separatist groups
Supported by:
Baloch separatist groups 		Ongoing
War in North-West Pakistan

First Phase:- (16 March 2004 – 22 February 2017)[64][65]

Drone war
(2004–2018)

Part of the war on terror and the War in North-West Pakistan

Location: Pakistan
MQ-1 Predator drones typically used in covert bombing operations in Pakistan.
  Pakistan

 United States[66][67][68]

Pakistan[69][70]

United States

Supported by:

Insurgents

ISIL-aligned groups

 Islamic State

Victory[75]

United States-Allied Victory

  • 430 drone strikes confirmed[80]
  • 81 high-level insurgent leaders and thousands of low-level insurgents killed[81]
  • Large number of insurgents killed while some fled to Afghanistan[82]
  • Most recent drone strike launched in January 2018[83]
Fifth Balochistan Conflict
(2004–present)[84] 		Pakistan
Forces involved:
Iran[89]
Forces involved:
 Baloch separatist factions
Sectarian factions
 Ongoing[95][96]
War in Iraq
(2013–2017) 		Iraq
Peshmerga
Sinjar Alliance
CJTF–OIR

Iran
Hezbollah
Liwa Zainebiyoun[98]

Further support:-

ISIL
Ansar al-Islam
SCJL
Naqshbandi Army
Mujahideen Army 		Victory
  • Iraqi territorial integrity preserved
  • ISIL expelled from all strongholds in Iraq[100]
War in North-West Pakistan

Second Phase:- (23 February 2017–present)[101][102][103]

United States
(until 2018)

Afghanistan Taliban (major in the Durand Line border skirmishes since 2022)[104][105]
Insurgents:
Former belligerents
Supported by:
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (until 2021)[110]
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (since 2022)[111][112]
 Ongoing[114]
India–Pakistan Conflict
(2025) 		 Pakistan  India

Ceasefire [115] [116][117]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Until 2020, when it re-merged into the TTP.[71]
  2. ^ Collaboration with the TTP in 2007.
  3. ^ Collaboration with the TTP in 2015.
  1. ^ [36][37][38]
  2. ^ Until 2020, when it re-merged into the TTP.[71]
  3. ^ Collaboration with the TTP in 2007.
  4. ^ Collaboration with the TTP in 2015.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Allott, Daniel (2021-03-27). "Ending Pakistan's proxy war in Afghanistan". The Hill. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  2. ^ "Three killed, 13 injured in blast at Pakistani-Afghan border". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  3. ^ Basit, Abdul. "Pakistan-Afghanistan border fence, a step in the right direction". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  4. ^ Farmer, Ben; Mehsud, Ihsanullah Tipu (2020-03-15). "Pakistan Builds Border Fence, Limiting Militants and Families Alike". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  5. ^ "Pakistan status of major non-NATO ally may be terminated". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  6. ^ Ciment, J.; Hill, K. (2012). Encyclopedia of Conflicts since World War II. Taylor & Francis. p. 721. ISBN 978-1-136-59614-8. Indian forces won control of most of Kashmir
  7. ^ "BBC on the 1947–48 war". Archived from the original on 30 January 2015.
  8. ^ Leake 2017, p. 137.
  9. ^ Martel 2012, p. 712.
  10. ^ Malik, Fida Hussain (2019). Balochistan (1st ed.). Korangi Town: Ameena Saiyid (published January 2019). p. 51. ISBN 978-969-716-071-6.
  11. ^ "The story of a North Korea-backed rebellion in Sri Lanka – North Korea News". NKNews. 2017.
  12. ^ Farrel, Tom (12 March 2014). "North Korea's role in Sri Lanka's bloody insurgencies". NKNews.
  13. ^ Commission on the Organization of the Government. USA. 1975.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^ Iqbal 1972, p. 9.[verification needed]
  15. ^ History of the JVP, 1965–1994 (1st ed.). Niyamuwa Publications. November 2014. ISBN 978-955-8696-39-2. .[page needed]
  16. ^ Sri Lanka the years of Terror. p. 59
  17. ^ Gunaratna 1990, p. 8.
  18. ^ Rizwana Shamshad (3 October 2017). Bangladeshi Migrants in India: Foreigners, Refugees, or Infiltrators?. Oxford University Press India. pp. 119–. ISBN 978-0-19-909159-1. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  19. ^ Jing Lu (30 October 2018). On State Secession from International Law Perspectives. Springer. pp. 211–. ISBN 978-3-319-97448-4. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  20. ^ J.L. Kaul; Anupam Jha (8 January 2018). Shifting Horizons of Public International Law: A South Asian Perspective. Springer. pp. 241–. ISBN 978-81-322-3724-2. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  21. ^ Lyon, Peter (2008). Conflict between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2. India's decisive victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war and emergence of independent Bangladesh dramatically transformed the power balance of South Asia
  22. ^ Kemp, Geoffrey (2010). The East Moves West India, China, and Asia's Growing Presence in the Middle East. Brookings Institution Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-8157-0388-4. However, India's decisive victory over Pakistan in 1971 led the Shah to pursue closer relations with India
  23. ^ Byman, Daniel (2005). Deadly connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism. Cambridge University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-521-83973-0. India's decisive victory in 1971 led to the signing of the Simla Agreement in 1972
  24. ^ Faruki, Kemal A. "THE INDO-PAKISTAN WAR, 1971, AND THE UNITED NATIONS." Pakistan Horizon, vol. 25, no. 1, 1972, pp. 10–20. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41393109. Accessed 21 Jan. 2024. "On the next day, Dacca surrendered, President Yahya Khan talked of 'war until victory', India made a unilateral declaration of ceasefire in the West and the Security Council chose to adjourn having accumulated in its possession, by that time, six draft resolutions from various member States of the Security Council."
  25. ^ Burke, S. M. "The Postwar Diplomacy of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971." Asian Survey, vol. 13, no. 11, 1973, pp. 1036–49. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2642858. Accessed 21 Jan. 2024. "In Kashmir they agreed to respect 'the line of control resulting from the ceasefire of December 17, 1971...without prejudice to the recognized position of either side.'"
  26. ^ Siniver A. The India-Pakistan War, December 1971. In: Nixon, Kissinger, and US Foreign Policy Making: The Machinery of Crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008:148-184. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511511660.008 "The fall of Dacca and the unconditional surrender of the outnumbered Pakistani forces in the East were followed the next day by a mutual declaration of cease-fire along the Western border."
  27. ^ Nawaz, Shuja (2008). Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within. Oxford University Press. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-19-547697-2.
  28. ^ Chitkara, M. G (1996). Benazir, a Profile. APH. p. 81. ISBN 9788170247524. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  29. ^ Schofield, Victoria (2003). Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending Ward. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 117. ISBN 9781860648984. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  30. ^ Nagial, Colonel Balwan Singh. "Forced displacement from the Chhamb sector in 1971". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
  31. ^ Warikoo, K. (2009). Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-Political and Strategic Perspectives. Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series. Taylor & Francis. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-134-03294-5.
  32. ^ Singh, Maj Gen Sukhwant (1981). India's Wars Since Independence The Liberation Of Bangladesh. Lancer Publishers LLC. ISBN 978-1-935501-60-2. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023. Immediately after the ceasefire the Indians claimed the occupation of about 3,600 square kilometres of West Pakistan territory against a loss of some 125 square kilometres of their territory. As described earlier, the statistics were impressive indeed, but like all such statistical juggling they were rather deceptive. From a purely economic point of view 125 square kilometres yielded more than 3,600 square kilometres, much of it desert, and the upkeep of the refugees and its attendant problems was proving more irksome politically for Indian democracy than Pakistani autocracy.
  33. ^ Singh, Maj Gen Sukhwant (1981). India's Wars Since Independence The Liberation Of Bangladesh. Lancer Publishers LLC. ISBN 978-1-935501-60-2. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023. The biggest territorial conquest in terms of territory was however in the Naya Chor and Chachro area of the Barmer sector, where two simultaneous thrusts towards Naya Chor and Umarkot had created a salient in the Sind sector of Pakistani territory. Although impressive on maps and in terms of statistics, this was a vast expanse of empty, unproductive sand. Apart from the burden of upkeep of the refugee population of the desert, its continued occupation was embarrassing to the holding troops because of lack of water and an inadequate logistic infrastructure. Much work had to be done in the way of laying a sweetwater pipeline and storage tanks, restoring the railway line to Naya Chor and constructing desert roads with coastly duckboards to maintain the troops deployed there. These facilities, created at considerable expense, had to be abandoned, almost intact, at the time of withdrawal. Militarily, conquest was a prerequisite for an advance into the productive green belt. Since the momentum of the thrust had already fizzled out on reaching its fringes possession of this territory was of no consequence. Economically, it was a drain and certainly no longer cost effective. Its loss had made no dent in Pakistan's economy, nor affected its political standing in Sind.
  34. ^ Paliwal, Avinash (2017). My Enemy's Enemy: India in Afghanistan from the Soviet Invasion to the US Withdrawal. Oxford University Press. pp. 38, 240 and 241. ISBN 9780190685829.
  35. ^ "Balochistan Insurgency".
  36. ^ "Sri Lanka's Faustian bargain with Pakistan: Exit LTTE, enter ISI". Business Today. 2019-04-22. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  37. ^ "Pakistan played a key role in LTTE defeat".
  38. ^ "Pakistan airforce pilots played key role in Sri Lankan victory".
  39. ^ "Eight "Hot Wars" During the Cold War". World 101. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  40. ^ Riedel, Bruce (2014). What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989. Brookings Institution Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8157-2595-4.
  41. ^
    • "The Soviet War in Afghanistan: History and Harbinger of Future War?". ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2025-03-18. According to General Nawroz, the Afghan-Soviet War was a rare confrontation in history as it helped trigger the collapse of the greatest empire of modern times. Lessons learned from this conflict were gathered by both sides. Whatever else these lessons may show, the most fundamental of them is that no army, however sophisticated, well trained, materially rich, numerically overwhelming and ruthless, can succeed on the battlefield if it is not psychologically fit and motivated for the fight.
    • Gvosdev, Nikolas K. (2009-12-10). "The Soviet Victory That Never Was | Foreign Affairs". www.foreignaffairs.com. Retrieved 2025-03-18. Today, the victory of the anti-Soviet mujahideen seems preordained as part of the West's ultimate triumph in the Cold War.
    • Khan, Arshad (2003). Islam, Muslims, and America: Understanding the Basis of Their Conflict. Algora Publishing. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-87586-243-9. After a decade of war, the Soviet army was forced to withdraw in 1989. The mujahideen's victory against a superpower was a great morale booster for Muslims throughout the world.
    • Trenin, Dmitri V.; Malashenko, Alexey (2010). Russia's Restless Frontier: The Chechnya Factor in Post-Soviet Russia. Carnegie Endowment. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-87003-294-3. The war in Afghanistan brought about a deep crisis in Moscow's Middle Eastern policy. Having failed to suppress militarily the armed opposition supported from abroad, the Soviet Union was forced to withdraw from Afghanistan in 1989. The political and military defeat of the Soviet Union, which had failed to protect a client regime in a neighboring country for the first time since 1945, accelerated the erosion and, ultimately, the disintegration of the Soviet presence in the region from Damascus to Aden.
    • Pedraja, René De La (2018-11-21). The Russian Military Resurgence: Post-Soviet Decline and Rebuilding, 1992-2018. McFarland. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4766-3449-4. But the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan on 15 February 1989, although a military defeat, did not mean the overthrown of the local socialist government. Against all predictions of its demise, the regime of Mohamed Najibullah survived the departure of Soviet troops. Only after the new Russian Federation withdrew its assistance in 1992 was the unfortunate Najibullah overthrown and murdered.
    • Plügge, Matthias (2023). Traces of Terrorism. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 340. ISBN 9783756842643. For the Muslims, the Afghan Mujahideen victory over the Red army was, with probably a few exceptions, a military victory for the Islam – the first one for some centuries.
    • Zehr, Nahed Artoul (2017). The War Against Al-Qaeda: Religion, Policy, and Counter-narratives. Georgetown University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-62616-428-4. He turned his attention directly toward continuing the jihad that had been initiated in Afghanistan. The mujahideen's victory over the Soviets was a major boost to the development of the al-Qaeda phenomenon, as figures such as bin Laden viewed their victory as one of Muslims against non-Muslim forces. For bin Laden, the mujahideen—a vanguard army of true Muslims fighting for the construction of a legitimate Islamic State—had prevailed against a much stronger non-Muslim power presaged the Islamic revolution. Motivated by the mujahideen's success, bin Laden believed that the Muslim-wide revolution could start, and Afghanistan would be the base from which the Muslim-wide revolution could start, and Afghanistan would be the base from which this new war could be waged.
    • Shahrani, M. Nazif (2012-09-20). The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan: Adaptation to Closed Frontiers and War. University of Washington Press. pp. xx. ISBN 978-0-295-80378-4. The United States reportedly invested some three billion dollars in the anti-Soviet war in Afghanistan. Then, after the Soviet defeat and withdrawal in 1989, the United States simply abandoned Afghanistan by walking away.
    • Insurgency and Counter Insurgency: A Dangerous War of Nerves: A Dangerous War of Nerves. KW Publishers Pvt Ltd. 2013-07-15. p. 1993. ISBN 978-93-85714-73-3. Al Qaeda was formed in Afghanistan after the Soviet defeat in 1989 by the various Mujahideen groups who were emboldened by their victory over a superpower and, hence, sought to carry their war to other arenas.
    • Ramakrishna, Kumar (2014-10-19). Islamist Terrorism and Militancy in Indonesia: The Power of the Manichean Mindset. Springer. p. 166. ISBN 978-981-287-194-7. After the Soviet defeat and withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989, Azzam argued that the Islamic victory was in fact "the prelude to the liberation of Palestine" and other "lost" territories.
    • Jalali, Ali Ahmad (2017-03-17). A Military History of Afghanistan: From the Great Game to the Global War on Terror. University Press of Kansas. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-7006-2407-2. The war was fought in four different strategic phrases: the Soviet offensive operation in support of the regime change; a symmetrical expansion of the war leading to a strategic stalemate following the failure of the Soviet forces to win militarily; the Soviets' combined political-military struggle aimed at a political solution in support of a responsible exit strategy; the Soviet military defeat and its withdrawal from Afghanistan.
  42. ^ a b c Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Afghanistan: The Forgotten War: Human Rights Abuses and Violations of the Laws of War Since the Soviet Withdrawal". Refworld. Retrieved 2023-07-12.
  43. ^ Goodson 2011, p. 189.
  44. ^ Coll, Steve (28 November 2012). "In Afghanistan, Dinner and Then a Coup". The New Yorker – via www.newyorker.com.
  45. ^ "What Happened In The Battle Of Jalalabad?". rebellionresearch. 5 April 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  46. ^ Gibson, Joshua James (2015). An Unsustainable Arrangement: The Collapse of the Republic of Afghanistan in 1992 (MA thesis). Ohio State University. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  47. ^ "Tenth anniversary of the Gulf War: A look back". CNN. 16 January 2001. Archived from the original on 2007-10-22. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
  48. ^ Kamran, Sehar (January 2013). "Pak-Gulf Defense and Security Cooperation" (PDF). Center for Pakistan and Gulf Studies (CPGS). Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  49. ^ a b "DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM A CHRONOLOGY AND TROOP LIST FOR THE 1990–1991 PERSIAN GULF CRISIS" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
  50. ^ "The Gulf War, 1991". History state Govt. Retrieved 2 January 2024. The invasion of Kuwait led to a United Nations Security Council embargo and sanctions on Iraq and a U.S.-led coalition air and ground war, which began on January 16, 1991, and ended with an Iraqi defeat and retreat from Kuwait on February 28, 1991.
  51. ^ Maley, William (2002), Maley, William (ed.), "The Interregnum of Najibullah, 1989–1992", The Afghanistan Wars, London: Macmillan Education UK, p. 193, doi:10.1007/978-1-4039-1840-6_9, ISBN 978-1-4039-1840-6, retrieved 2022-12-27
  52. ^ 'The Taliban'. Mapping Militant Organizations. Stanford University. Updated 15 July 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  53. ^ Rashid 2010, KANDAHAR 1994: THE ORIGINS OF THE TALIBAN.
  54. ^ Sifton, John (6 July 2005). Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity (ch. III, Battle for Kabul 1992-93) (Report). Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  55. ^ "About this Service | Federal Research Division | Services | Library of Congress" (PDF). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Archived from the original on 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  56. ^ See sections Bombardments and Timeline 1994, Januari-June
  57. ^ See section Bombardments
  58. ^ See sections Atrocities and Timeline
  59. ^ McCarthy, Rory; Carter, Helen; Norton-Taylor, Richard (October 26, 2001). "The elite force who are ready to die". The Guardian.
  60. ^ "Pakistani opposition presses for Sharif's resignation". Wsws.org. 1999-08-07. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  61. ^ "'Sindhi separatists carried out 10 terror attacks across province in 2020'". The News. 4 January 2021.
  62. ^ "Missing political approaches". Dawn News. 12 July 2020.
  63. ^ Aakash Tolani (16 April 2014). "Sindh is not East Pakistan". Observer Research Foundation (ORF).
  64. ^ "The War in Pakistan". The Washington Post. 25 January 2006. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  65. ^ Abbas, Zaffar (2004-09-10). "Pakistan's undeclared war". BBC. Archived from the original on 2008-09-15. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
  66. ^ "Pakistan: $1 billion from U.S. to fight terror". Aki/Dawn. 14 November 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2006. [dead link]
  67. ^ Bergen, Peter; Tiedemann, Katherine (3 June 2009). "The Drone War". New America Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 December 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  68. ^ "Obama unveils new US policy for Pakistan, Afghanistan". Archived from the original on 1 April 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009. Unfolding a new US strategy to defeat Taliban and Al-Qaeda, Obama said Pakistan must be 'stronger partner' in destroying Al-Qaeda safe havens. In this connection, he said Pakistan would be provided financial assistance of 1.5 billion dollars each year for the next five years.
  69. ^ Rashid, Ahmed (2012). Pakistan in the Brink. Allen Lane. p. 54. ISBN 9781846145858.
  70. ^ A Quiet Deal With Pakistan Archived 7 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Washington Post, 4 October 2008
  71. ^ a b c d Mehsud, Katharine Houreld (12 March 2015). "Pakistani splinter group rejoins Taliban amid fears of isolation | Reuters". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  72. ^ "Pakistan says has eliminated Uighur militants from territory". Reuters. 18 October 2015.
  73. ^ a b "Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State". Reuters. 18 November 2014. Archived from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  74. ^ a b Says, Battu (31 March 2015). "Uzbek militants in Afghanistan pledge allegiance to ISIS in beheading video". The Khaama Press News Agency. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  75. ^ a b Javaid, U. and Javaid, R. (2016). Zarb-e-Azb: A Successful Initiative to Curtail Terrorism. South Asian Studies, 31(1), 281–296. – Argues that Operation Zarb-e-Azb was highly successful in dismantling terrorist networks in North Waziristan.
  76. ^ Khan, S.R. and Khan, A. (2020). From War to Peace: The Challenges and Opportunities in Pakistan's Counter-Terrorism Environment Post Operation Zarb-e-Azb. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 15(2), 121–139. – Notes that Operation Zarb-e-Azb secured control over previous militant strongholds and denied them space.
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