List of wars and battles involving al-Qaeda

The following is a list of conflicts involving the militant group known as al-Qaeda throughout its various incarnations. The group currently controls portions of territory in Somalia and Yemen and has taken part in many battles and wars.

Wars

Ongoing

• War on Terror
• Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
  • Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
• Maghreb insurgency
• Northern Mali conflict
• Syrian Civil War
  • American-led intervention in Syria
• Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
• Second Somali Islamist War

Not Ongoing

• Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)
• Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)
• Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)
• War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
• Tajikistani Civil War
• Iraq War
• Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
• Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)
• Second Libyan Civil War

Battles

Battle	Allies	Opponents	Outcome
Siege of Khost (1980 – March 31, 1991)	Afghan Mujahideen: Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin Haqqani network Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami Local Ahmadzai tribes Arab Foreign Fighters Al-Qaeda Afghan Interim Government (from 1988) Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (until July 1989) Harakat-i Inqilab-i Islami Supported by: Pakistan[1][2] Inter-Services Intelligence  Pakistan Air Force [3] Iran	Afghanistan Soviet Union (1980–1988)	Victory
Battle of Jalalabad (1989) (March 5 – end of June 1989)	Pakistan ISI AIG HIG NIFA IULA HIK Al-Qaeda Saudi Arabia[4] Wahhabi volunteers United States CIA	Afghanistan	Defeat
First Battle of Jalalabad Airport (6–8 March)	Afghan Interim Government: Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (primarily) Supported by: United States CIA Pakistan[5][6] ISI Al Qaeda	Republic Of Afghanistan Supported by: Soviet Union	Victory
Battle of Kabul (1992–96) (April 28, 1992 – September 27, 1996)	Taliban (from late 1994) Al-Qaeda Supported by: Pakistan	Islamic State of Afghanistan Jamiat-e Islami Shura-e Nazar Jebh-e Nejat-e Melli Harakat-i-Inqilab Harakat-i Islami Ittehad-e Islami Hezb-e Islami Khalis (until mid-1992) Supported by: Saudi Arabia Hezb-i Wahdat (until Dec. 1992) Supported by: Iran Junbish-i Milli (until 1994) Supported by: Uzbekistan Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (until late 1994) Khalqists Afghan Army Units (until late 1994) Hezb-i Wahdat (after Dec. 1992) Supported by: Iran Junbish-i Milli (Jan.–Aug. 1994) Supported by: Uzbekistan	Partial Victory
Battle of Mogadishu (1993) (3–4 October 1993)	Somali National Alliance Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya	United Nations  United States  Malaysia  Pakistan	Victory
Battles of Mazar-i-Sharif (1997–98) (22 May 1997 – 8 August 1998)	Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Taliban al-Qaeda 055 Brigade[7] Supported by: Pakistan[8] Saudi Arabia[9]	Abdul Malik Pahlawan's forces Hezbe Wahdat Jamiat-e Islami Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin Islamic Movement of Afghanistan Islamic State of Afghanistan (Northern Alliance) Junbish Jamiat-i Islami forces loyal to Ismail Khan^[citation needed] Supported by: Iran[10] Russia[10] Uzbekistan[10]	Victory
Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif (9–10 November 2001)	Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Taliban al-Qaeda IMU TNSM[11] ETIM Foreign fighters	Northern Alliance Hezb-e Wahdat Jamiat-e Islami Junbish-i Milli United States	Defeat
Siege of Kunduz (11 November 2001 – 23 November 2001)	Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Taliban al-Qaeda IMU	Northern Alliance United States	Defeat
2001 uprising in Herat (November 12, 2001)	Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan al-Qaeda	Northern Alliance / Islamic State United States Iran Hazara Militia	Defeat
Fall of Kabul (2001) (November 12, 2001)	Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Al-Qaeda	Islamic State of Afghanistan United States	Defeat
Fall of Kandahar (12–13 November 2001)	Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Taliban al-Qaeda	Gul Sharzai-led militia Islamic State of Afghanistan United States Australia	Defeat
Battle of Qala-i-Jangi (25 November 2001 – 1 December 2001)	Prisoners: Taliban al-Qaeda Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan East Turkistan Islamic Party	Coalition: Northern Alliance United States United Kingdom	Defeat
Battle of Tora Bora (December 6, 2001 – December 17, 2001)	Al-Qaeda Taliban 055 Brigade[12] Turkistan Islamic Party Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi	Islamic State of Afghanistan United States United Kingdom Germany	Partial Defeat
Operation Anaconda (March 1–18, 2002)	Taliban al-Qaeda Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan	Coalition: United States Australia Afghanistan United Kingdom Canada[13] Germany France Norway Netherlands[14] Denmark New Zealand	Defeat
Battle of Takur Ghar (4–5 March 2002)	Taliban Al-Qaeda Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan[15]	United States	Defeat
Operation Harpoon (2002) (March 13–19, 2002)	Taliban Al-Qaeda	United States Canada	Defeat
Operation Jacana (April, 2002–July, 2002)	Taliban Al-Qaeda	Coalition: United Kingdom United States Australia Norway	Defeat
Sétif offensive (September 2003)	GSPC	Algeria	Defeat
Battle of Wana (March 16–23, 2004)	Al-Qaeda Pakistani Taliban	Pakistan	Defeat
First Battle of Fallujah (4 April – 1 May 2004)	Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad Islamic Army in Iraq Ba'ath Party loyalists	United States	Victory
2004 Iraq KBR convoy ambush (April 9, 2004)	Mujahideen Shura Organization of Monotheism and Jihad Mahdi Army	United States  U.S. Army KBR, Inc.	Victory
Houthi insurgency in Yemen (18 June 2004 – 6 February 2015)	al-Qaeda Ansar al-Sharia[16]	Yemen Security Forces Sunni tribes Al-Islah militias Saudi Arabia Supported by: Jordan[17] Morocco[18] Houthi Movement Yemen (pro-Saleh forces) Alleged support by: Iran[19][20] North Korea[21][22][23]  Libya (until 2011)[24]	Victory
Battle of Samarra (2004) (October 1–3, 2004)	Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad Ba'ath Party loyalists[25]	United States Iraq	Defeat
Second Battle of Fallujah (7 November – 23 December 2004)	Al-Qaeda in Iraq Islamic Army in Iraq Ansar al-Sunnah 1920 Revolution Brigades	United States Iraq United Kingdom	Defeat
Battle of Mosul (2004) (November 8–16, 2004)	Al-Qaeda in Iraq[26] Ansar al-Sunna[27] Islamic Army in Iraq[28] Ba'ath Party Loyalists[26] Brigades of the Army of the Mustafa[28] Army of the Conqueror[28] Other Iraqi insurgents	United States Iraqi Security Forces Peshmerga[26]	Defeat
Lake Tharthar raid (March 23, 2005)	Secret Army of Islam Ba'ath Party loyalists Al-Qaeda in Iraq Other Iraqi insurgents	Iraq United States	Defeat
Battle of Abu Ghraib (2 April 2005)	Iraqi insurgents: Al Qaeda in Iraq[29]	United States	Defeat
Lemgheity attack (June 4, 2005)	GSPC	Mauritania	Victory
Battle of Al Qaim (8 May 2005 – 19 May 2005)	Al-Qaeda in Iraq[30] Others	United States	Defeat
Operation Sayeed (July 2005 – 22 December 2005)	al-Qaeda in Iraq Ba'ath Party Loyalists Ansar al-Sunna Other Insurgents	United States Multi-National Forces West Iraq New Iraqi Army Iraqi Police	Defeat
Battle of Haditha (1–4 August 2005)	Al-Qaeda in Iraq Ansar al-Sunna Other Iraqi insurgents	United States	Defeat
Battle of Tal Afar (2005) (September 1–18, 2005)	Al-Qaeda in Iraq	United States Iraq	Defeat
Operation Steel Curtain (5–22 November 2005)	Al-Qaeda in Iraq Other insurgents	United States New Iraqi Army	Defeat
Battle of Baghdad (2006–2008) (22 February 2006 – 11 May 2008[31])	Sunni factions al-Qaeda in Iraq (until October 2006) Islamic State of Iraq (from October 2006) Sunni tribes Other militias	Public stability: Iraqi security forces Sunni Awakening movement United States United Kingdom[32] Other coalition forces Shia factions Mahdi Army Special Groups Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Kata'ib Hezbollah Promised Day Brigades Badr Brigades Rogue elements of Iraqi security forces Soldiers of Heaven Shia tribes Other militias	Defeat
Battle of Ramadi (2006) (March 15 – November 15, 2006)	Mujahideen Shura Council al-Qaeda in Iraq Later reformed as: Islamic State of Iraq	United States United Kingdom New Iraqi Army	Defeat
Operation Swarmer (16 March 2006 – 22 March 2006)	Mujahideen Shura Council Al-Qaeda in Iraq Other Iraqi insurgents	United States MNF–I New Iraqi Army	Indecisive
Operation Scorpion (24 March 2006 – 25 March 2006)	al-Qaeda Mujahideen Shura Council Al-Qaeda in Iraq Other Iraqi insurgents	US-led coalition, New Iraqi Army	Indecisive
Operation Larchwood 4 (16 April 2006)	Mujahideen Shura Council Al-Qaeda in Iraq	United Kingdom United States (Support) Iraq (Support)	Defeat
Operation Mountain Thrust (15 May 2006 – 31 July 2006)	Taliban al-Qaeda	Coalition:  Afghanistan United Kingdom United States Canada Australia Romania Netherlands Czech Republic[33][34]	Partial Defeat
Operation Together Forward (14 June 2006 – 24 October 2006)	Mujahideen Shura Council Al-Qaeda in Iraq al-Mahdi Army	United States Army British Army New Iraqi Army	Victory
Battle of Ramadi (2006) (17 June 2006 – 15 November 2006)	Mujahideen Shura Council al-Qaeda in Iraq Later reformed as: Islamic State of Iraq	United States United Kingdom New Iraqi Army	Indecisive
Second Battle of Habbaniyah (August 17, 2006 – February 14, 2007)	Al-Qaeda in Iraq	United States	Defeat
Islamic Army–al-Qaeda conflict (Summer 2006 – 6 June 2007)	Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq) Al-Qaeda in Iraq Kurdistan Brigades Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah Katbiyan Ansar al-Tawhid wal Sunnah Saray al-Jihad Group Al-Ghuraba Brigades Al-Ahwal Brigades from October 2006: Islamic State of Iraq	Anti-AQI Forces: Islamic Army of Iraq Ansar al-Sunnah 1920 Revolution Brigade Hamas of Iraq	Indecisive
Operation Mountain Fury (16 September 2006 – 15 January 2007)	Taliban al-Qaeda	Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Canada United States United Kingdom Netherlands Italy Estonia	Defeat
2006 Ramadan Offensive (23 September 2006 – 22 October 2006)	Mujahideen Shura Council Al-Qaeda in Iraq	United States Iraq United Kingdom Denmark El Salvador	Victory
Battle of Turki (15 November 2006 – 16 November 2006)	Islamic State of Iraq	United States	Defeat
Diyala campaign (25 December 2006 – 1 October 2007)	Islamic State of Iraq Other Iraqi Insurgents	United States Iraq Peshmerga	Defeat
Diyala campaign (6–24 January 2007)	Islamic State of Iraq Other Iraqi insurgents	United States Iraq	First Phase: Insurgent ambush Second Phase: Allied victory
Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (18 years, 8 months and 1 week)	Islamic militants al-Qaeda Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin MOJWA (until 2013) AQIM Al-Mourabitoun (until 2017) Ansar al-Sharia Macina Liberation Front Ansar Dine (until 2017) Boko Haram[35] (partially aligned with ISIL since 2015) Ansaru[35] ISIL Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (2015–present)[36] Islamic State – West Africa Province	Algeria  Morocco Mauritania Tunisia Burkina Faso  Chad  Mali  Niger Nigeria  Senegal Cameroon Togo Ghana Ivory Coast Benin Cape Verde Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Sierra Leone Supported and trained By:  United States Canada[37][38] France[39] Germany Netherlands[37] Spain[40] United Kingdom[41][42] Denmark[43] Czech Republic[44] Sweden[45]	Ongoing
Operation Murfreesboro (18 February 2007 – 2 March 2007)	Islamic state of Iraq	United States Iraqi Army	Defeat
Operation Shurta Nasir (15 February 2007)	Islamic State of Iraq	United States Iraqi Police Forces	Defeat
Battle of Baqubah (10 March – 19 August 2007)	Islamic State of Iraq	United States Iraq	Defeat
Operation Alljah (16 June 2007 – 14 August 2007)	Islamic State of Iraq Other Iraqi Insurgents	United States New Iraqi Army	Defeat
Operation Phantom Thunder (16 June 2007 – 14 August 2007)	Islamic State of Iraq Mahdi Army Other Iraqi insurgents	United States Iraqi Army Revolution Brigade[46] Awakening Movement[47]	Defeat
Operation Commando Eagle (21 June 2007 – 14 August 2007)	Islamic State of Iraq Other Iraqi insurgents	United States New Iraqi Army	Defeat
Operation Bull Run (24 June 2007 – 26 June 2007)	Islamic State of Iraq Other Iraqi insurgents	United States New Iraqi Army	Defeat
Battle of Donkey Island (30 June 2007 – 1 July 2007)	Islamic State of Iraq	United States	Defeat
Operation Phantom Strike (15 August 2007 – January 2008)	Islamic State of Iraq Mahdi Army [48] Other Iraqi insurgents	United States Iraq	Defeat
Operation Phantom Phoenix (8 January 2008, – 28 July 2008)	Islamic state of Iraq Other Iraqi Insurgents	United States Iraq Georgia United Kingdom	Partial Defeat
Ninawa campaign (23 January 2008 – 28 July 2008)	Islamic state of Iraq Other Iraqi Insurgents	United States Iraq	Indecisive
2008 al-Qaeda offensive in Iraq (15 April 2008 – 19 May 2008)	Islamic State of Iraq	United States Army New Iraqi Army	Indecisive
Operation Sirat-e-Mustaqeem (28 June 2008 – 9 July 2008)	TNSM Al Qaeda Lashkar-e-Islam	Pakistan	Defeat
Battle of Mogadishu (2009) (7 May 2009 – 1 October 2009)	Al-Shabaab Hizbul Islam Foreign Mujahideen Al-Qaeda	Somalia: ARS-D-TFG coalition AMISOM	Partial victory
Second Battle of Swat (16 May – 15 July 2009)	TTP TNSM Al-Qaeda Lashkar-e-Islam	{ Pakistan Pakistan Army Pakistan Air Force	Defeat
Battle of Garn-Akassa (June 16, 2009)	AQIM	Mali	Defeat
2009 Baraawe raid (14 September 2009)	al-Qaeda al-Shabaab	United States	Defeat
Battle of Araouane (2009) (July 4, 2009)	AQIM and affiliated drug traffickers	Mali	victory
Operation Augurs of Prosperity (29 July 2008 – 11 August 2008)	Islamic State of Iraq Other Iraqi Insurgents	United States  Iraq	Defeat
Operation Rah-e-Nijat (19 June 2009 – 12 December 2009)	Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Jama'at al-Jihad al-Islami (IMU splinter faction) Al-Qaeda Foreign Mujahideen	Pakistan	Defeat
Battle of Bajaur (7 August 2008 – 28 February 2009)	TTP Al-Qaeda TNSM	Pakistan	Defeat
Counterinsurgency in Northern Afghanistan (April 2009 – December 2014)	Insurgents Taliban al-Qaeda	Coalition Germany United States France  Afghanistan Belgium Sweden Norway Finland[49] Croatia[49]	Defeat
Second Battle of Swat (16 May 2009 – 15 July 2009)	TTP TNSM Al-Qaeda Lashkar-e-Islam	Pakistan Pakistan Army Pakistan Air Force	Defeat
Operation Moshtarak (13 February 2010 – 7 December 2010)	Taliban Al-Qaeda	ISAF United States United Kingdom France Estonia Denmark Canada Islamic Republic of Afghanistan	Defeat
2010 Tilwa attack (March 8, 2010)	AQIM	Niger	Indecisive
Raid on Akla (July 22, 2010)	AQIM	Mauritania France	Franco-Mauritanian tactical victory AQIM strategic victory
Battle of Lawdar (2010) (19–25 August 2010)	al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula	Yemen Security Forces	Defeat
Battle of Mogadishu (2010–11) (23 August 2010 – 6 August 2011)	Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahideen Hizbul Islam Alleged: al-Qaeda	Transitional Federal Republic of Somalia ARS-D-TFG coalition AMISOM Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a[50] Limited involvement: United States European Union	Defeat
Battle of Areich Hind (September 17–19, 2010)	AQIM	Mauritania	Inconclusive
2011 Tabankort raid (January 8, 2011)	AQIM	France Niger	Indecisive
Battle of Gedo	Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahideen	Federal Government of Somalia Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a	Ongoing
Operation Neptune Spear (2 May 2011)	al-Qaeda	United States	Defeat
Siege of Homs (6 May 2011 – 9 May 2014)	Syrian Opposition Free Officers Movement[N 1] Free Syrian Army[N 2] Islamic Front Al-Nusra Front	Syrian Government Hezbollah[51] SSNP[52] Russia [53]	Defeat
PNS Mehran attack (22 May 2011 – 23 May 2011)	TTP Al-Qaeda	Pakistan  Pakistan Navy	Defeat
Battle of Ouraren (2011) (June 12, 2011)	al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb	Niger	Defeat
Battle of Bassikounou (July 5, 2011)	AQIM	Mauritania	Defeat
Battle of Zinjibar (27 May 2011 – 10 September 2011)	Al-Qaeda Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula	Yemen Supported by: United States Saudi Arabia	Victory
Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011–March 2012) (8 September 2011 – 27 March 2012)	Syrian Opposition Free Syrian Army Ahrar al-Sham[54] Al-Nusra Front[55] Free Officers Movement (until 23 September 2011, when it joined the FSA)	Syrian Government	Partial victory
Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012) (3 November 2011 – 1 April 2012)	Syrian Opposition Free Syrian Army Ahrar al-Sham Al-Nusra Front	Syrian Government PFLP–GC[56]	Defeat
Battle of Adrar Bouss (15 September 2011)	Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb	Niger	Defeat
Battle of Aguelhok (17 January 2012 – 25 January 2012)	MNLA AQIM Ansar Dine	Mali 713th Nomad Company	Victory
Battle of Tessalit (18 January 2012 – 11 March 2012)	Mali Malian Army	Azawad MNLA Ansar Dine AQIM	Victory
Battle of Dofas (4 March 2012 – 5 March 2012)	Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Ansar al-Sharia	Yemen Supported by: United States	Victory
Battle of Yurkud (2012) (10 March 2012)	Al-Shabab	Ethiopia	Defeat
2012 Abyan offensive (12 May 2012 – 15 June 2012)	Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Ansar al-Sharia	Yemen Supported by: United States Saudi Arabia[57]	Defeat
Battle of the Wagadou Forest (2011) (June 24, 2011)	AQIM	Mauritania Mali	Defeat
Battles of Gao and Timbuktu (26 June 2012 – 27 June 2012)	Islamists MOJWA AQIM Ansar Dine Boko Haram	Azawad MNLA	Victory
Siege of Nubl and Al-Zahraa (19 July 2012 – 3 February 2016)	Free Syrian Army[58][59] Islamic Front Al-Nusra Front Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[60]	Syrian Government Iran Russia (from late 2015) Allied militias: Hezbollah Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba	Defeat
2012–2017 Lebanon–Syria border clashes (13 years, 4 months, 1 week and 5 days)	Free Syrian Army[61] Saraya Ahl al-Sham [62] Al-Nusra Front Islamic State (2013–17) 313 Brigade (Syria)[63][64] Jaysh al-Islam[65] Ahrar al-Sham Al-Qaeda and allies: Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (2017) [66][67] Fatah al-Islam (until 2014)[68] Ghuraba al-Sham (until 2013) Jund al-Sham (until 2014)[69] Abdullah Azzam Brigades[70][71] Osbat al-Ansar[72] Osbat al-Nour Sunni Resistance Committees[73]	Lebanon Lebanese Armed Forces Internal Security Forces Syria Syrian Armed Forces	Ongoing
Siege of Menagh Air Base (2 August 2012 – 6 August 2013)	Syrian Opposition Free Syrian Army Syrian Islamic Liberation Front Al-Nusra Front[74] Islamic State Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (JAMWA)[75]	Syrian Government	Victory
Siege of Abu al-Duhur Airbase (23 September 2012 – 9 September 2015)	Army of Conquest[76] Al-Nusra Front Ahrar ash-Sham Jund al-Aqsa Ajnad ash-Sham Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria[77] Free Syrian Army (until late 2014)	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces National Defense Force	Victory
Battle of Kismayo (2012) (28 September 2012 – 1 October 2012)	Al-Shabaab	Kenya Defence Forces Raskamboni Movement Alleged: United States	Defeat
Battle of Maarat al-Numan (2012) (8 October 2012 – 13 October 2012)	Free Syrian Army Al-Nusra Front	Syrian Armed Forces	Victory
Battle of Ras al-Ayn (8 November 2012 – 17 July 2013)	Revolutionary Military Council of Hasaka Free Syrian Army[78] Ahfad al-Rasul Brigades[79] al-Nusra Front Ghuraba al-Sham[79] Supported by: Turkey[80]	Rojava (under the DBK) YPG YPJ (third phase)[81] Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces	Defeat
Battle of Menaka (16 November 2012 – 20 November 2012)	Islamist coalition AQIM MOJWA	Azawad MNLA Tuareg volunteers	Victory
Battle of Darayya (November 2012–March 2013) (15 November 2012 – 14 February 2013)	National Coalition Free Syrian Army Mujahideen Ahrar ash-Sham[82] Jabhat al-Nusra[83]	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces	Victory
Battle of Konna (10–18 January 2013)	Islamists groups: Ansar Dine MOJWA AQIM Boko Haram	Mali France	Defeat
Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt (11 January 2013)	Al-Shabaab	France Supported by: United States	Victory
Battle of Diabaly (14–21 January 2013)	Islamists groups: Ansar Dine MOJWA AQIM Boko Haram	Mali France	Partial Defeat
Battle of Safira (6 February 2013 – 19 February 2013)	Al-Nusra Front	Syrian Armed Forces	Victory
Battle of Ifoghas (22 February 2013)	Ansar Dine MOJWA AQIM Boko Haram Al-Mulathameen	France Chad	Defeat
Battle of Shadadeh (12–14 February 2013)	Al-Nusra Front	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces	Victory
Akashat ambush (4 March 2013)	Islamic State of Iraq[84][85]	Syrian Arab Republic Iraq	Victory
Battle of Raqqa (3 March 2013 – 6 March 2013)	Syrian Islamic Front Ahrar al-Sham Free Syrian Army Al-Nusra Front[86] Islamic State of Iraq[87]	Syrian Government	Victory
Battle of Tigharghar (12 March 2013)	AQIM	Chad	Defeat
Second Battle of Timbuktu (20 March 2013 – 1 April 2013)	AQIM	Mali France	Defeat
Battle of Radda (29 March 2013 – 27 April 2013)	al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Ansar al-Sharia Islamic Emirate of Abyan other islamists groups	Yemen Military of Yemen People's Committees	Indecisive
Al-Qusayr offensive (2013) (4 April 2013 – 8 June 2013)	Free Syrian Army Syrian Islamic Liberation Front Syrian Islamic Front Al-Nusra Front	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Arab Armed Forces National Defense Forces[88] Popular Committees[89] Hezbollah Iran IRGC	Defeat
2013 Hawija clashes (23 April 2013 – 26 April 2013)	Naqshbandi Army Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant	Iraqi Government Kurdistan Region Peshmerga Sahwa militia	Victory
Battle of al-Qusayr (2013) (19 May 2013 – 5 June 2013)	Free Syrian Army Syrian Islamic Liberation Front Syrian Islamic Front Al-Nusra Front	Syrian Arab Republic Hezbollah	Defeat
Operation al-Shabah (20 May 2013 – 14 July 2013)	Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Al-Nusra Front	Iraqi Government Iraqi Army Iraqi Air Force Iraqi Police	Indecisive
Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present) (12 years, 2 months, 3 weeks and 6 days)	al-Nusra Front (2013–17)[90] Ahrar ash-Sham[91] Jaysh al-Islam Free Syrian Army factions Mare' Operations Room (2014–16) Hawar Kilis Operations Room (since 2016) Syrian Turkmen Brigades[92] Fatah Halab (2015–17) Supported by Turkey (artillery strikes and arms)[93][94][95] Qatar (arms)[96][97][98] Saudi Arabia (arms)[99][100][101]	Syrian Democratic Forces And allied groups CJTF-OIR (airstrikes, arms, and ground troops) (from 2014) United States[102] Australia United Kingdom France[103] Netherlands United Arab Emirates[104][105][106] Saudi Arabia (from 2018)[107][106] Czech Republic[108] Iraqi Kurdistan[109] (limited involvement) Russia (until 2024)[110][111][112] Ba'athist Syria (until 2024)[113][114][115] Islamic State Military of IS Dokumacılar (2013–17)	Ongoing
2013 Latakia offensive (4–19 August 2013)	Al-Qaeda Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Al-Nusra Front[116] Free Syrian Army Syrian Turkmen Brigades Ahfad al-Rasul Brigades Syrian Islamic Front Ahrar ash-Sham Ansar al-Sham Junud al-Sham[117] Harakat Sham al-Islam[118]	Syrian Arab Republic	Defeat
Battle of Ma'loula (4 September 2013 – 15 September 2013)	Syrian opposition Free Syrian Army Al-Nusra Front Ahrar ash-Sham[119]	Syrian government Syrian Social Nationalist Party[120] Hezbollah	Defeat
Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013) (10 September 2013 – 28 November 2013)	Free Syrian Army Damascus Military Council Islamic Front (from 22 November) Jaysh al-Islam Ahrar ash-Sham Al-Nusra Front[121]	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces Hezbollah[122] Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas[123] LAAG[124] Arab Nationalist Guard[125]	Defeat
Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013) (1 October 2013 – 1 December 2013)	Syrian Opposition Free Syrian Army Al-Nusra Front Ahrar al-Sham Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement Islamic State	Syrian Government Hezbollah[126]	Defeat
Battle of Sadad (21 October 2013 – 28 October 2013)	Al-Nusra Front Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Free Syrian Army	Syrian Government Syrian Social Nationalist Party	Defeat
Battle of Qalamoun (2013) (15 November 2013 – 26 April 2014)	Al-Nusra Front Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Green Battalion Free Syrian Army Islamic Front	Syrian Government Allied militias: Hezbollah Arab Nationalist Guard	Defeat
Battle of Murak (1 February – 23 October 2014)	Syrian Opposition Free Syrian Army Islamic Front Al-Nusra Front Sham Legion[127] Liwa Aqab al-Islami	Syrian Government Hezbollah	Defeat
Daraa offensive (February–May 2014) (3 February 2014 – 27 May 2014)	Free Syrian Army Islamic Front Ahrar ash-Sham Al-Nusra Front	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces National Defense Force Hezbollah Arab Nationalist Guard	Indecisive
Al-Otaiba ambush (26 February 2014)	Al-Nusra Front	Hezbollah Supported by: Syrian Arab Republic	Defeat
2014 Idlib offensive (5 March 2014 – 25 May 2014)	al-Nusra Front[128] Free Syrian Army Islamic Front Jaysh al-Sham[129] Sham Legion[130] Jund al-Aqsa Liwaa al-Umma	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces National Defense Force	Victory
Battle of Hosn (20 March 2014)	Jund al-Sham Ahrar ash-Sham Al-Nusra Front Islamic Front Free Syrian Army	Syrian Arab Republic Hezbollah	Defeat
2014 Latakia offensive (21 March 2014 – 15 June 2014)	Al-Nusra Front Junud al-Sham Harakat Sham al-Islam Islamic Front Ahrar ash-Sham Ansar al-Sham Free Syrian Army Syrian Turkmen Brigades Supported by: Turkey< United States[131][132]	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces Syrian Army Suqur al-Sahara National Defense Forces Syrian Resistance Ba'ath Brigades Hezbollah	Defeat
Battle of Markada (21–31 March 2014)	al-Nusra Front	Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant al-Barakah Province[133] Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi	Defeat
Battle of Al-Malihah (4 April 2014 – 14 December 2014)	Free Syrian Army Islamic Front Jaysh al-Islam Al-Nusra Front[134]	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Arab Armed Forces National Defense Force Hezbollah[122] LAAG[135] Liwa Fatemiyoun[136]	Defeat
Second siege of Wadi Deif (4 April 2014 – 14 December 2014)	Al-Nusra Front Islamic Front Sham Legion Free Syrian Army	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Arab Armed Forces National Defense Force	Victory
Battle of Dayet in Maharat (16 2014 – 17 April 2014)	al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb	France	Defeat
Operation Zarb-e-Azb (15 June 2014 – 22 February 2017)	Insurgent groups Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan[137][138][139] Lashkar-e-Jhangvi East Turkestan Islamic Movement al-Qaeda Haqqani network[140] Cross-border attacking militants[141][142][143][144][145] Formerly: Lashkar-e-Islam (Rejoined TTP on 12 March 2015) Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (Rejoined TTP on 12 March 2015) Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (Until Mid 2015) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[146] Wilayat Khorasan (from 2015) Jundallah[147] Tehreek-e-Khilafat Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan[148]	Pakistan  Pakistan Army  Pakistan Air Force  Pakistan Navy[149] Special Forces ISI Covert Action Division SSW Pakistan Marines Elite Police Civil Armed Forces Pakistan Frontier Corps	Defeat
Operation Inherent Resolve (11 years, 3 months and 4 weeks)	Islamic State[150][151][152] al-Qaeda al-Nusra Front (2014–17)[153] Khorasan group (2012–2017) Jund al-Aqsa[154] (2014–17)[155][156] Hurras al-Din (2018–2025) Turkistan Islamic Party[157] Islamic Front (2013–15) Ahrar ash-Sham (2014–18)[158] Syrian Salvation Government (2017–24) Tahrir al-Sham (2017–25)	United States U.S. Armed Forces	Ongoing
2014 Hama offensive (26 July 2014 – 19 September 2014)	Al-Nusra Front Free Syrian Army Syrian Revolutionary Command Council[159] Islamic Front Ajnad al-Sham Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance	Syrian Arab Republic Iran	Defeat
2014 Israel–Gaza conflict (8 July 2014 – 26 August 2014)	Gaza Strip Hamas Palestinian Islamic Jihad Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine[160] Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Popular Resistance Committees Abdullah Azzam Brigades[161] Jaysh al-Ummah[162]  Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades[163]	Israel	Indecisive
Battle of Arsal (2014) (2 August 2014 – 7 August 2014)	Al-Nusra Front Islamic State	Lebanon Hezbollah Syrian Arab Republic	Defeat
Operation Indian Ocean (16 August 2014 – 2015)	Al-Shabaab	Federal Government of Somalia Jubaland Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a AMISOM United States Supported by: EUTM Somalia	Defeat
2014 Quneitra offensive (27 August 2014 – 23 September 2014)	SRCC Free Syrian Army Islamic Front Al-Nusra Front	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces National Defense Force UNDOF	Victory
American-led intervention in Syria (11 years and 3 weeks)	Islamic State (2013–present) al-Qaeda al-Nusra Front (2014–2017) Khorasan group (2014–2017) Rouse the Believers Operations Room (2018–2020) Hurras al-Din (2018–2025) Jund al-Aqsa (2014–17) Turkistan Islamic Party (2014–2025)	CJTF–OIR United States Turkey Free Syrian Army (2011–present) Supported by: United Kingdom France Former participants: Canada (2014–16) Bahrain (2014–16) Belgium (2014–17) Germany (2015–22)[164] Saudi Arabia (2014–2018)[165][101][166] United Arab Emirates (2014–2018)[105] Qatar (2014–16) Morocco (2014–16) Australia (2014–17)[167] Netherlands (2014–19)[168] Denmark (2016–23)[169][170] Italy (2018) Local ground forces Syrian Democratic Forces YPG YPJ Syriac Military Council Al-Sanadid Forces Euphrates Volcano (2014–15) Ba'athist Syria  Russia (until 8 December 2024) Hezbollah[171] Iran (until 6 December 2024) Supported by: Islamic Resistance in Iraq Popular Mobilization Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah (limited 2019 and 2021 strikes) Syrian Salvation Government (2017–2024) Ahrar al-Sham (Nov. 2014–2025 airstrikes, intentionality disputed) Tahrir al-Sham (2017–2025) Jaysh al-Sunna (2015–2017)	Ongoing
Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict (26 October 2014 – 1 March 2015)	Al-Nusra Front Jund al-Aqsa Ahrar al-Sham Levant Front[172] Supported by: Knights of Justice Brigade (alleged)[173]	Free Syrian Army Syrian Revolutionaries Front Hazzm Movement Syrian Salvation Front[174] Ansar Brigades[175][176]	Victory
2014 Idlib city raid (27 October 2014)	al-Nusra Front Jund al-Aqsa[177] Islamic State (alleged)[178] Supported by: Sleeper cells within the city	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces National Defense Force	Defeat
Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (1 November 2014 – 15 December 2014)	Free Syrian Army Islamic Front Al-Nusra Front	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces National Defence Force Hezbollah Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada[179] Supported by: Iranian IRGC	Victory
2014 hostage rescue operations in Yemen ( 26 November 2014 and 6 December 2014)	al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula	United States Yemen	Indecisive
Daraa offensive (January 2015) (24 January 2015 – 31 January 2015)	Free Syrian Army Islamic Front[180] al-Nusra Front	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces Syrian Army National Defence Force Hezbollah Supported by: Iranian IRGC	Victory
Battle of Bosra (2015) (21 March 2015 – 24 March 2015)	Free Syrian Army Youth of Sunna Forces Islamic Muthanna Movement Al-Nusra Front	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Arab Army National Defense Force[181] Druze militias^[citation needed] Hezbollah[181] Lions of Hussein Iranian IRGC[181] Imam Ali Brigades[182]	Victory
Second Battle of Idlib (24 March 2015 – 28 March 2015)	Army of Conquest[76] Al-Nusra Front Ahrar al-Sham Sham Legion Jaysh al-Sunna Liwa al-Haqq Ajnad ash-Sham Ajnad al-Kavkaz[183] Farouq Brigades	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces National Defense Force Hezbollah	Victory
2015 Idlib offensive (24 March 2015 – 5 April 2015)	Army of Conquest[76] Al-Nusra Front Freemen of the Levant Sham Legion Army of the Sunnah Truth Brigade Soldiers of al-Aqsa Soldiers of the Levant Strangers of the Levant Soldiers of the Caucasus Turkistan Islamic Party Farouq Brigades Xhemati Alban[184]	Syrian Government Syrian Armed Forces Syrian Arab Army National Defense Forces Hezbollah Russia[185]	Partial Victory
Siege of Al-Fu'ah-Kafriya (2015) (10 years, 6 months, 2 weeks and 4 days)	Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (2017–18) Army of Conquest (2015–17)[76] Al-Nusra Front Jaysh al-Sunna Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria[186] Ajnad al-Sham Liwa al-Haqq Sham Legion (left the Army of Conquest in July 2016) Jund al-Aqsa[a] Ahrar ash-Sham (Syrian Liberation Front since February 2018) Free Syrian Army[187]	Syrian Arab Republic Iran Allied militias: Hezbollah[188][189] Quwat al-Ridha[190] Kata'ib Hezbollah	Ongoing
Abyan campaign (March–August 2015) (26 March 2015 – 11 August 2015)	AQAP	Supreme Political Council[191] Houthi fighters Yemeni Republican Guard Cabinet of Yemen Republic of Yemen Armed Forces People's Committees Popular resistance[192] Supported by: Southern Movement Arab coalition Saudi Arabia[193] (leader) Bahrain Egypt[194] Jordan Kuwait Morocco Sudan United Arab Emirates	Partial Defeat
Shabwah campaign (March–August 2015) (29 March 2015 – 15 April 2015)	Cabinet of Yemen Security Forces (pro-Hadi) Southern Movement People's Committees Popular resistance Supported by Arab Coalition Saudi Arabia[195] (leader) Bahrain Egypt[194] Jordan Kuwait Morocco Sudan United Arab Emirates AQAP	Supreme Revolutionary Committee[191] Houthi fighters Security Forces (pro-Saleh) Yemeni Republican Guard	Defeat
Battle of Nasib Border Crossing (1 April 2015)	Free Syrian Army al-Nusra Front[196]	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces National Defense Force	Victory
Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015) (1 April 2015 – 20 April 2015)	Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant al-Nusra Front[197][198]	Jaysh al-Islam[199] Free Syrian Army Aknaf Bait al-Maqdis  Syrian Arab Republic Armed Forces Palestine Liberation Army[200] PFLP-GC[201] Fatah al-Intifada[200] PPSF[202]	Partial Victory
Battle of Mukalla (2 April 2015 – 16 April 2015)	Al-Qaeda AQAP	Yemen Army People's Committees Popular resistance Hadhramaut Tribal Alliance[203]	Victory
Battle of Taiz (2015–2016) (15 April 2015 – present)	Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula[204] Ansar al-Sharia	Supreme Revolutionary Committee/Supreme Political Council Houthi fighters Security Forces (pro-Saleh) (2015–2017) Republican Guard (2015–2017) Cabinet of Yemen Security Forces (pro-Hadi) Islah fighters People's Committees Popular resistance Salafist militias[205] (from late 2015) Arab Coalition: Saudi Arabia[206][207] (leader) Qatar (2015–17) Bahrain[208] Egypt[208][194] Jordan Morocco (2015–19) Sudan (2015–19) United Arab Emirates	Ongoing
Battle of Leego (2015) (26 June 2015)	Al-Shabaab	AMISOM Burundi	Strategical Victory
Aleppo offensive (July 2015) (2–7 July 2015)	Fatah Halab[209] Levant Front Free Syrian Army Ansar al-Sharia^[citation needed] al-Nusra Front[210] Jabhat Ansar al-Din Ansar al Khilafah[211] Mujahideen al Islam Movement Al Tawhid Wal Jihad Brigade	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces National Defense Force Ba'ath Brigades[212] Al-Quds Brigade Hezbollah	Partial Victory
Battle of Zabadani (2015) (3 July – 24 September 2015)	Syrian Opposition Jaysh al-Haramoun[213]^[better source needed] Al-Nusra Front Ahrar ash-Sham Free Syrian Army Islamic Front (Joined August 15)	Syrian Government Iran Syrian Social Nationalist Party[214] Hezbollah Al-Jabalawi Battalion[215] Palestine Liberation Army[216]	Ceasefire
Al-Ghab offensive (July–August 2015) (28 July – 28 August 2015)	SRCC Free Syrian Army Islamic Front Alwiya al-Furqan Army of Mujahideen Supported by: Turkey Saudi Arabia Qatar Army of Conquest[217] Al-Nusra Front Ahrar al-Sham[218] Sham Legion Jaysh al-Sunna Liwa al-Haqq Jund al-Aqsa Ajnad ash-Sham Ghuraba al-Sham Independent Jihadist groups: Imam Bukhari Jamaat[219] Ajnad al-Kavkaz[220] Junud al-Sham Jabhat Ansar al-Din[221] Turkistan Islamic Party[222][223][224] Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad[225][226][227]	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Arab Armed Forces National Defence Forces Hezbollah[228] Syrian Social Nationalist Party Syrian Resistance[229] Liwa Fatemiyoun Lions of Hussein Brigade[230] Supported by: Iran^[citation needed] Quds Force IRGC	Victory
Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War (30 September 2015 – present (10 years, 1 week and 6 days))	Islamic State Al-Qaeda Al-Nusra Front (2013–2016) Jabhat Fath al-Sham (2016–2017) Jund al-Aqsa (2017–2018) Guardians of Religion (2018–2025)	Russia Iran Syrian Arab Republic Humanitarian support: Armenia[231][232] Syrian Democratic Forces (2016[233][234][235]–2017[236]) Syrian opposition Syrian Salvation Government Tahrir al-Sham (2017–2025) Syrian Interim Government Free Syrian Army[237] Syrian National Army Supported by: Turkey[238][239][240] Qatar[241] Ukraine [242][243][244] United States (2015–2017)[245][246][247] Syrian Democratic Forces (2017–present)[248]	Indecisive
Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015) (16 October – 21 December 2015)	SRCC Free Syrian Army Islamic Front Alwiya al-Furqan Army of Mujahedeen Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki (until late Jan. 2016)[249] Supported by: Turkey Saudi Arabia Qatar United States Al-Nusra Front Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria Caucasus Emirate	Syrian Arab Republic Iran Iranian-backed Shi'ite Militias Kata'ib Hezbollah[250] Harakat al-Nujaba Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas[251] Liwa Fatemiyoun[252] Al-Badr Brigades[253] Ammar Brigade LAAG[254] Hezbollah Air strikes: Russia Islamic State (since 23 Oct.)	Defeat
2015 Latakia offensive (15 October 2015 – 12 March 2016)	Free Syrian Army Islamic Front Al-Nusra Front Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria (TIP) Katibat Jabal al-Islam[255] Supported by: Turkey	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces Syrian Social Nationalist Party[256] Syrian Resistance Hezbollah LAAG[257] Lions of Hussein Brigade Russia (air strikes): Russian Air Force Military advisors	Defeat
2015 Hama offensive (28 November – 15 December 2015)	Jund al-Aqsa Army of Conquest Al-Nusra Front Ahrar ash-Sham Free Syrian Army Army of Victory Falcons of al-Ghab	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces National Defense Force Quwat al-Ghadab[258] Khaybar Brigade[259] Air strikes: Russia Russian Air Force	Defeat
Fall of Zinjibar and Jaar (2–3 December 2015)	al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula	Popular Committees and Popular resistance Southern Movement	Victory
Southern Abyan Offensive (2016) (20 February 2016)	Al-Qaeda Emirate in Yemen AQAP	Yemen People's Committees Popular resistance	Victory
Idlib insurgency (2016–2024)	Islamic State Support: Jund al-Aqsa (until 2017) Liwa Dawud (until 2014) Al-Qaeda Hurras al-Din Allies: Ansar al-Tawhid (sometimes, until 2020)[260][261]	Syrian Government and loyalists Supported by: Russia[187] Syrian Salvation Government Hayat Tahrir al-Sham Jaysh al-Izza Jaysh al-Ahrar Army of Conquest (dissolved in 2017) Ahrar al-Sham (2015-2017) National Front for Liberation Syrian Liberation Front Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement Ahrar al-Sham Sham Legion Free Idlib Army Jabhat Thuwar Saraqib Turkey	Victory
Siege of Madjoari (February 2021 – May 25, 2022)	Ansarul Islam Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Armed Forces Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland	Victory
Archam clashes (February 18–19, 2022)	Unknown jihadists Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin[262] Islamic State in the Greater Sahara[263]	Mali Malian Air Force	Defeat
Operation Laabingol (January 16–23, 2022)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin Ansarul Islam	Burkina Faso France	Defeat
Siege of Djibo (16/17 February 2022 – present)	Ansar ul Islam[264] Al-Qaeda[265] Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM)[265]	Burkina Faso France[266] (until February 2023)[267]	Ongoing
2022 Mondoro attack (4 March 2022)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Malian Armed Forces	Victory
Ménaka offensive (March 8, 2022 – May 2023)	Platform Movement for the Salvation of Azawad Imghad Tuareg Self-Defense Group and Allies  Mali Takuba Task Force (until June 2022)  France  Czech Republic Wagner Group (from June 2022)  Niger (from March 2023) Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Islamic State in the Greater Sahara	Defeat
2022 Natiaboani ambush (March 20, 2022)	Unknown jihadists Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (per ACLED)	Burkina Faso	Inconclusive
Moura massacre (27 March 2022 – 31 March 2022)	Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Mali Armed Forces Wagner Group	Defeat
2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia (20 July – c. early August 2022)	Al-Qaeda Al-Shabaab	Ethiopia Somali Region	Victory
Bourzanga attack (May 21, 2022)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Burkina Faso France	Defeat
Battle of Talataye (2022) (6–7 September 2022)	Movement for the Salvation of Azawad Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Islamic State Sahel Province	Defeat
Battle of Bal'ad (2022) (October 7, 2022)	al-Qaeda al-Shabaab	Somalia	Defeat
Siege of the Villa Rossa Hotel (November 27–28, 2022)	al-Shabaab	Somalia	Defeat
Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022 – November 2024) (2 December 2022- 27 November 2024)	Syrian opposition Syrian Salvation Government Al-Fateh al-Mubin Operations Room Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan Brigade Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas Brigade Ibn al-Walid battalions Syrian Interim Government National Front for Liberation Ahrar al-Sham Sham Legion Suqour al-Sham Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria Ansar al Tawhid So Be Steadfast Operations Room^[citation needed] Hurras al-Din Ansar al-Din Front Jihad Coordination Ansar Fighters Brigade	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces Syrian Arab Army Republican Guard[268] National Defence Forces Local Defence Forces Baqir Brigade[269] Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Russia	Inconclusive
December 2022 Ménaka region clashes (December 3–10, 2022)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Islamic State in the Greater Sahara	Inconclusive
Battle of Runirgod (December 12–22, 2022)	al-Shabaab	Somali Army Macawisley	Defeat
Hilowle Gaab attack (January 6, 2023)	al-Shabaab	Somalia Ma'awisley	al-Shabaab tactical victory Somali strategic victory
Diafarabé and Koumara attacks (January 10, 2023)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Mali Wagner Group	Inconclusive
Battle of Hawadley (January 17–19, 2023)	al-Shabaab	Somalia Somali National Army NISA	Defeat
Battle of Buulo Mareer (26 May 2023)	al-Shabaab	ATMIS[270] Uganda	Victory
April 2023 Aorema attack (April 15, 2023)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Armed Forces Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland	Indecisive
Battle of Ougarou (April 17, 2023)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Armed Forces Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland	Indecisive
Noaka attack (June 26, 2023)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland	Indecisive
2023 Namsiguia ambush (June 26, 2023)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin Katiba Hanifa	Burkina Faso	Indecisive
Siege of Timbuktu (8 August 2023 – present)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Mali Wagner Group (alleged by JNIM)	Ongoing
Battle of Ber (2023) (August 11–12, 2023)	CMA MNLA HCUA MAA JNIM	Mali Wagner Group MINUSMA Burkina Faso	Defeat
Tombouctou and Bamba attacks (September 7, 2023)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Mali	Victory
2023 Koutougou attack (August 15, 2023)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Niger	Indecisive
Niafunké attack (November 24, 2023)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Mali	Victory
Kwala attack (February 28, 2024)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Mali	Victory
2023 Farabougou attack (December 12, 2023)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin Katiba Macina	Mali Local dozo hunters	Victory
Tawori attack (March 31, 2024)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Burkina Faso Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland Defense and Security Forces	Victory
Battle of the Wagadou Forest (2024) (April 5, 2024)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	CSP-DPA MNLA HCUA MAA	Indecisive
Mourdiah attack (26 May 2024)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Mali Wagner Group	Defeat
2024 El Dher attack (8 June 2024)	Al-Shabaab	Somalia Galmudug ATMIS Supported by: US	Inconclusive
Mansila attack (June 11, 2024)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Burkina Faso	Victory
Battle of Tinzaouaten (2024) (25–27 July 2024)	CSP-DPA MNLA HCUA MAA GATIA 2 Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin[271][272]	Wagner Group Mali	Victory
Nassougou attack (August 8, 2024)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Burkina Faso Rapid Intervention Battalions BIR 1 BIR 5 Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland	Victory
Battle of Koumbri (September 4, 2023)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Armed Forces 12th Infantry Commando Regiment Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland	Indecisive
Kidal offensive (October 2, 2023 – December 20, 2023)	JNIM	Mali Wagner Group CSP-PSD MNLA HCUA MAA GATIA (al-Mahmoud faction)	Defeat
March 2025 Diapaga attack (March 28, 2025)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Burkina Faso Armed Forces VDP 27th BIR	Victory
2025 Dioura attack (June 1, 2025)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Malian Armed Forces	Victory
2025 Timbuktu attack (June 2, 2025)	{ Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin	Malian Army Wagner Group	Indecisive
Battle of Boulikessi (2025) (June 1, 2025)	Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin AQAP	Malian Army Wagner Group	Victory

See also

• List of wars and battles involving ISIL

References

1. Coll 2004, pp. 226–227. sfn error: no target: CITEREFColl2004 (help)
2. Maley 1998, pp. 63. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMaley1998 (help)
3. Roblin, Sebastien (2019-03-16). "Pakistan's F-16s Battled Soviet Jets—and Shot Down the Future Vice President of Russia". The National Interest. Retrieved 2024-03-29.
4. Hamid, Mustafa; Farrall, Leah (16 April 2015). The Arabs at War in Afghanistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1849045933.
5. "AFGHANISTAN REBELS LOSE KEY BATTLE". Washington Post. 8 July 1989. Retrieved 20 December 2019. It also is a setback to the U.S.-Pakistani policy that supports the guerrillas in their fight against the Kabul government of President Najibullah.
6. "The Lessons Of Jalalabad; Afghan Guerrillas See Weaknesses Exposed". New York Times. 13 April 1989. Casualties have been high on both sides. Government troops have been reduced by heavy guerrilla shelling and rocketing from 12,000 to 9,000, Western diplomats say....The Afghan Air Force is said to be taking advantage of the fact that, probably for the first time in the war, guerrilla forces are concentrated in static positions, which make them easier bombing targets.
7. "The elite force who are ready to die". the guardian. 26 October 2001.
8. Afghanistan : Crisis of Impunity, p. 23–32.
9. Rashid, p. 72.
10. Afghanistan : Crisis of Impunity: The Role of Pakistan, Russia and Iran in Fueling the Civil War. Volume 13, Number 3. Human Rights Watch. July 2001. pp. 36–49. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
11. "Pakistan's militant Islamic groups". BBC. 13 January 2002. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
12. Neville, Leigh, Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military), Osprey Publishing, 2015 ISBN 978-1-4728-0790-8, p.48
13. Jones, Seth G. (12 April 2010). In the Graveyard of Empires: America's War in Afghanistan. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-393-07142-9.
14. Neville, Leigh (19 May 2015). Special Forces in the War on Terror. Osprey Publishing. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-4728-0790-8.
15. Naylor, Sean (1 June 2006). Not a Good Day to Die: The Untold Story of Operation Anaconda. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 46, 118–119. ISBN 978-0-14-192946-0.
16. "Houthis accuse Yemen's president of arming Al-Qaeda". Middle East Monitor. 19 January 2015. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
17. "Saudis 'in a panic mode' as Shi'ite rebels move North from Yemen". Worldtribune.com. 4 December 2009. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
18. Canales, Pedro (3 December 2009). "Marruecos y Jordania envían tropas de élite para ayudar a los saudíes en Yemen". El Imparcial (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
19. "Houthi victories in Yemen make Saudi Arabia nervous". Al Monitor. 15 October 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-10-18. Retrieved 2014-10-18.
20. Martin Reardon (30 September 2014). "Saudi Arabia, Iran and the 'Great Game' in Yemen". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
21. "North Korea's Balancing Act in the Persian Gulf". HuffPost. 17 August 2015. Archived from the original on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015. North Korea's military support for Houthi rebels in Yemen is the latest manifestation of its support for anti-American forces.
22. "North Korea Likely Supplied Scud Missiles Fired at Saudi Arabia by Yemen's Houthi Rebels – VICE News". vice.com. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
23. "Report: North Korea supplying missiles to Yemen rebels". upi.com. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
24. "Mana'a and al-Ahmar received money from Gaddafi to shake security of KSA, Yemen". 4 September 2011. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
25. Wright, Dr. Donald P, and Reese, Colonel Timothy R. On Point II: Transition to the New Campaign: The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom, May 2003-January 2005, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013 ISBN 1494406470 ISBN 978-1494406479
26. Mockaitis, Thomas R., The Iraq War Encyclopedia , ABC-CLIO, 2013 ISBN 0313380627 ISBN 978-0313380624
27. http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/reports/Iraq%20Report%208.pdf, p.9
28. Nance, Malcolm W., The Terrorists of Iraq: Inside the Strategy and Tactics of the Iraq Insurgency 2003–2014, CRC Press, 2014 ISBN 1498706894 ISBN 978-1498706896
29. "Al-Qaida group claims attack on Abu Ghraib". NBC News. 2005-04-03. Retrieved 2007-06-03.
30. Schlosser, Dr. Nicholas J., U.S. Marines in Battle: Al-Qaim, September 2005 – March 2006 [Illustrated Edition], Tannenberg Publishing, 2014
31. "The US Army and the Battle for Baghdad: Lessons Learned-and Still to Be Learned" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 1, 2021.
32. "U.K. Finishes Withdrawal of Its Last Combat Troops in Iraq". Bloomberg. 26 May 2009.
33. http://www.blisty.cz/2006/11/27/art31424.html (Czech)
34. http://www.601skss.cz/ef2006.html%20(Czech) http://www.601skss.cz/ef2006.html (Czech)
35. Comolli (2015), pp. 28, 103, 171. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFComolli2015 (help)
36. "Islamic State in Greater Sahara (ISGS) / Islamic State in the Sahara (ISS) / Islamic State in Burkina Faso & Mali (ISISBM)". Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
37. "Flintlock 11 Kicks off February 21 in Senegal". AFRICOM. 3 February 2011. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012.
38. "Canada Sends Special Forces to Aid African Al-Qaida Fight". Montreal Gazette. 2 December 2011. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012.
39. "French Hostage Executed after raid on Al-Qaeda base". France 24 news. 26 July 2011. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
40. "Police in Spain arrest 5 suspected of financing terrorists". CNN. 27 September 2011. Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
41. "US Starts Anti-Al-Qaeda Military Exercise in Sahara". BBC. 3 May 2010. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
42. "Britain Signals Maghreb Push with Anti-Terror Help". Reuters Africa. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
43. "The Danish effort in the Sahel region (MINUSMA and Operation Barkhane)". fmn.dk. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
44. Maclean, Ruth; O’Reilly, Finbarr (March 29, 2020). "Crisis in the Sahel Becoming France's Forever War". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
45. Forces, Swedish Armed. "Swedish Special Forces to Mali". Försvarsmakten. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
46. "The Battle of Baqubah I". The Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 21 June 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2007.
47. Michael Yon. "Be Not Afraid". Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2007.
48. Mockaitis, Thomas R., The Iraq War Encyclopedia , ABC-CLIO, 2013 ISBN 0313380627 ISBN 978-0313380624
49. Baur (2021), p. 19. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBaur2021 (help)
50. "À Mogadiscio, l'Union africaine contient l'offensive shebab mais reste menacée". Le Point. 21 September 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
51. "Iran's Hizbullah sends more troops to help Assad storm Aleppo, fight Sunnis". World Tribune. 2012-07-29. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
52. "The SSNP 'Hurricane' in the Syrian Conflict: Syria and South Lebanon Are the Same Battlefield". Al Akhbar English. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
53. Petkova, Mariya. "What has Russia gained from five years of fighting in Syria?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
54. Bar, Zvi (20 June 2012). "World must intervene before 'Iraqization' of Syria". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
55. Yezdani, İpek (2 September 2012). "Rebels fighting against al-Assad rule fragmented, disorganized in Syria" (PDF). Hürriyet Daily News. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
56. Syria rebels clash with Palestinians as envoy due in China | Egypt Independent
57. "Increased U.S. Involvement in Yemen (Dispatch)". Stratfor. 2012-05-17. Archived from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2025-04-20.
58. UNHRC (2013), p. 22. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFUNHRC2013 (help)
59. sohranas (April 2015). "The clashes continue around Nasib border crossing, and the helicopters drop 9 barrel bombs on Ibtaa and al- Sheikh Meskin". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
60. "The Assad Regime and Jihadis: Collaborators and Allies?". 12 February 2014.
61. "FSA 'Arsal Commander' Shot Dead in Town's Square". Naharnet. 14 August 2015.
62. "Last rebel faction leaves mountains on Syrian-Lebanese border alongside displaced". Syria Direct. 14 August 2017.
63. "Timeline of blasts in Lebanon". The Long War Journal. 10 July 2013. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
64. "Un groupuscule syrien peu connu revendique l'attentat de Bir el-Abed à Beyrouth". L'Orient-Le Jour. 10 July 2013. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
65. "Jaish al-Islam confronts Islamic State in Arsal". Al-Monitor. 5 February 2015.
66. Jesse Marks (10 August 2017). "Preventing Forced Return in Lebanon and the Greater Levant". The Stimson Center.
67. "Syria Islamist factions, including former al Qaeda branch, join forces – statement". Thomson Reuters Foundation. 28 January 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
68. Abu Amer, Adnan (4 September 2015). "Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon becomes battlefield for Fatah-Islamist conflict". Al-Monitor.
69. Masi, Alessandria (12 April 2016). "Palestinian Fatah Leader Killed In Lebanon Refugee Camp Bomb". International Business Times.
70. Wood, Josh (4 April 2012). "Syria War Triggers Rifts in Palestinian Camps in Lebanon". New York Times.
71. "Lebanon arrests top al-Qaeda linked fighter". Al-Jazeera. 12 February 2014.
72. Abu Amer, Adnan (15 June 2015). "Hamas working to lower tensions in Lebanese camps". Al-Monitor.
73. ""Sunni Resistance Committees in Lebanon" Releases Video on Arsal Attack". SITE Intelligence Group. 16 October 2015.
74. CNN, 22 January 2013, Rebels in northern Syria pin hopes on airbase's downfall
75. New York Times, 5 August 2013, Rebels Gain Control of Government Air Base in Syria
76. "Al Qaeda and allies form coalition to battle Syrian regime in Idlib". Long War Journal. 24 March 2015.
77. "Ivan Sidorenko". Twitter. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
78. George, Susannah (24 January 2013). "In Syria, Two Opponents of the Regime Fight Each Other". NPR. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
79. AFP (18 January 2013). "Raging clashes pit Syrian Kurds against jihadists". NOW. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
80. Azizi, Bradost (6 February 2013). "Islamists Fighting Kurds in Syria Admit to Turkish Military Support". Rudaw. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
81. Lister (2015), p. 153. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLister2015 (help)
82. "BBC Arabic: Groups affiliated to al-Qaeda carry out acts of terror". Champress. 18 September 2012. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
83. Yezdani, İpek (2 September 2012). "Rebels fighting against al-Assad rule fragmented, disorganized in Syria" (PDF). Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
84. "Al Qaeda claims killing of Syrian soldiers in Iraq". Reuters. 11 March 2013.
85. "SYRIA UPDATE 13-01: IRAQ-SYRIA OVERLAND SUPPLY ROUTES". Institute for the Study of War. 8 March 2013.
86. "Activists: Syrian regime bombs rebel-held city". USA Today.
87. Winter (2014), p. 6. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFWinter2014 (help)
88. "Syria: National Defense Forces at Forefront of Qusayr Fighting". Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
89. "The Counter-Insurgency Role of Syria's "Popular Committees"". Fair Observer. 10 May 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
90. "En Syrie, les Kurdes infligent une cuisante défaite aux jihadistes". 18 July 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
91. The New Arab (28 September 2015). "Syrian rebels and Kurds battle for control of Aleppo". alaraby.
92. Sami Kohen (26 December 2015). "Suriye Türkmenleri dört cephede savaşıyor (Syrian Turkmen fighting on 4 fronts)". Milliyet. Retrieved 27 December 2015. Statement: "Kurdish people is not our enemy, but PYD and YPG are, because they kicked Turkmen from their homes, burned villages and are currently trying to displace Turkmen and help Assad against them"
93. Richard Spencer; Raf Sanchez (12 September 2014). "Turkish government co-operated with al-Qaeda in Syria, says former US ambassador". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
94. Rojava: Syria's Unknown War. YouTube. 2 January 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
95. "Turkey shells northern Syria for second day: monitor". Reuters. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
96. Roberts, Dr David (6 March 2015). "Is Qatar bringing the Nusra Front in from the cold?". BBC News.
97. "Qatar breaks Arab League ranks to support Turkey bombing in Iraq". Middle East Eye.
98. David Blair; Richard Spencer (20 September 2014). "How Qatar is funding the rise of Islamist extremists". Telegraph.co.uk.
99. "Gulf allies and 'Army of Conquest'". 28 May 2015. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
100. "The Rise of Jaysh al-Fateh in Northern Syria". Jamestown. 12 June 2015.
101. "Victory for Assad looks increasingly likely as world loses interest in Syria". The Guardian. 31 August 2017. Returning from a summit in the Saudi capital last week, opposition leaders say they were told directly by the foreign minister, Adel al-Jubeir, that Riyadh was disengaging.
102. "ISIS targeted in more U.S. airstrikes to defend Syria town of Kobani". CBS News. 11 October 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
103. "France will keep delivering arms to Kurdish Syrian rebels to fight Islamic State group". Fox News. 24 March 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
104. "Elite Forces led by former Syrian opposition chief join fight against ISIS". ARA News. December 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 12, 2016.
105. "The UAE has it in for the Muslim Brotherhood". Al-Araby Al-Jadeed. 22 February 2017. Along with their American counterparts, Emirati special forces are said to be training elements of the opposition. They constitute a kind of Arab guarantee among the Syrian Democratic Forces – an umbrella group dominated by the Kurds of the PYD, on whom the US are relying to fight IS on the ground.
106. "U.S. Seeks Arab Force and Funding for Syria". Wall Street Journal. 16 April 2018. Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E. helped pay the stipends for the Syrian fighters the U.S. is supporting
107. "Saudi Arabia in talks with YPG to form new force". Daily Sabah. 30 May 2018.
108. "News of arrests of YPG-linked Czechs shocks Turkey". Al-Monitor. 17 November 2016. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016.
109. "Peshmerga fighters 'heavily shelling' IS jihadists in Kobane". Yahoo News. 4 November 2014.
110. Grove, Thomas (April 21, 2016). "Russia Pursues Ties With Kurds to Keep Foothold in Region". Wall Street Journal.
111. "Kurds attack Turkish-backed Syrian opposition forces with Russian help". i24 News. 28 November 2015.
112. "YPG advances near Turkey's border". Rudaw Media Network. 28 November 2015.
113. "Assad: We Armed Kurds Before International Coalition". Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
114. "Syrian Kurds recruit regime loyalists to fight jihadists – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 2017-08-03.
115. "Assad regime says it will continue to provide weaponry, money to Kurds". DailySabah. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
116. Rania Abouzeid (23 August 2013). "Inside the battle for Assad's heartland". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
117. Сирия Латакия Сопка Дурин. 4 September 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
118. "Former Guantanamo detainee killed while leading jihadist group in Syria". 4 April 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
119. "Syrian Christian Village Besieged By The Rebels Forces". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 2013-09-10. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
120. "The SSNP 'Hurricane' in the Syrian conflict: Syria and South Lebanon Are The Same Battlefield|Al-Akhbar in English". Archived from the original on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
121. Yezdani, İpek (2 September 2012). "Rebels fighting against al-Assad rule fragmented, disorganized in Syria" (PDF). Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
122. "Syrie: l'armée et le Hezbollah reprennent une nouvelle localité près de Damas – L'Orient-Le Jour". Lorientlejour.com. 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
123. Blanford, Nicholas (18 January 2013). "Video appears to show Hezbollah and Iraqi Shiites fighting in Syria". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
124. Phillip Smyth (February 2015). "The Shiite Jihad in Syria and Its Regional Effects: Appendix 7. Shiite Militia Geography" (PDF). The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
125. فيديو: الجيش النظامي السوري يعزز سيطرته على دمشق ومحيطها France 24, 22 January 2014
126. "Syria rebels recapture army base near Aleppo airport". South African Broadcasting Corporation. Reuters. 9 November 2013. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
127. "The Sham Legion: Syria's Moderate Islamists". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 15 April 2014. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
128. "Bombardment and Human losses in Idlib province". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014.
129. "The new face of the Syrian rebellion". The Arab Chronicle. 5 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-04-25. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
130. "The Sham Legion: Syria's Moderate Islamists". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 15 April 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
131. "Syria rebels get US-made missiles". AFP. Archived from the original on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
132. "Congress secretly approves U.S. weapons flow to 'moderate' Syrian rebels". Reuters. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
133. Nance (2016), pp. 54–55. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFNance2016 (help)
134. Yezdani, İpek (2 September 2012). "Rebels fighting against al-Assad rule fragmented, disorganized in Syria" (PDF). Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
135. "Regime edges closer to taking key East Ghouta town". Syria Direct. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
136. Iranian doc follows Afghan fighters in Syria
137. Khan, Tahir. "Anti-terrorism cooperation: Islamabad asks Kabul to extradite Fazlullah". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
138. "Securing the "Durand Line"".
139. Zahir Shah Sherazi (4 June 2014). "Cross-border militant attacks kill four soldiers in Bajaur".
140. "US commander commends Zarb-e-Azb for disrupting Haqqani network's ability to target Afghanistan". The Express Tribune. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
141. "Cross-border attack: 7 militants killed as Pak army check post targeted in Lower Dir". The Express Tribune. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
142. "Volatile frontiers: Attack on border post repulsed". The Express Tribune. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 23 September 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
143. "Militants attack Pakistani post near Afghan border". Yahoo News. 16 September 2014.
144. "Militants attack Pakistani post near Afghan border". Associated Press. AP. 16 September 2014.
145. "3 FC personnel, 11 militants killed in North Waziristan cross-border attack". 16 September 2014.
146. "ISIS Now Has Military Allies in 11 Countries – NYMag". Daily Intelligencer. 23 November 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
147. "Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State". Reuters. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
148. "IMU Declares It Is Now Part Of The Islamic State". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
149. Saleem, Farukh (14 October 2014). "India disappointed by Zarb-e-Azb's success". The News International, editorial. The News International. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
150. "Islamic State, rival Al Nusra Front each strengthen grip on Syria". Los Angeles Times. 28 November 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
151. Master. "Negotiations failed between the IS, Jabhat al-Nusra and Islamic battalions". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Archived from the original on 17 November 2014.
152. "War of Words Between al Qaeda and ISIS Continues With Scholar's Smackdown". NBC News. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
153. "IŞİD ve El Nusra'nın birleştiği iddia edildi". Star Gazete (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
154. "An internal struggle: Al Qaeda's Syrian affiliate is grappling with its identity". Brookings Institution. 31 May 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
155. Charkatli, Izat (23 February 2017). "Over 2,000 radical rebels defect to ISIS following intra-rebel deal". Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
156. "Search for the dead begins in Idlib after Islamic State-linked brigade leaves for Raqqa". 22 February 2017.
157. Caleb Weiss (14 February 2017). "Uighur jihadist fought in Afghanistan, killed in Syria". Long War Journal. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
158. Nick Paton Walsh; Laura Smith-Spark (6 November 2014). "Report: Airstrikes target new Islamist group in Syria". CNN. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
159. "Syria Update: June 25 – August 7, 2014".
160. "Abu Jamal: Palestinian resistance continues to confront the occupier with rockets and missiles". PFLP. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
161. Ben Solomon, Ariel (11 July 2014). "Videos show Lebanese jihadi group active in Gaza". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
162. "Jaysh al-Ummah (Gaza)". European Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
163. "Armed wing linked to Mahmoud Abbas's faction says it shot rockets at Ashkelon, Sderot and elsewhere Wednesday night". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
164. "German troops deployment and ops in Syria fall within 'right of self-defense', Germany's top court rules". DailySabah. 19 October 2019.
165. "Saudi Arabia, UAE send troops to support Kurds in Syria". Middle East Monitor. 22 November 2018.
166. Samia Nakhoul, Aziz El Yaakoubi (24 May 2023). "Saudi embrace of Assad sends strong signal to US". Reuters. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
167. "Australia ends strikes in Iraq and Syria". BBC News. 22 December 2017.
168. "Dutch air mission ends but Peshmerga, Iraqi training continues". Kurdistan24.
169. "Denmark's decision to withdraw from airstrikes on Syria and Iraq". Middle East Monitor. 6 December 2016.
170. "Denmark Withdraws its Forces from Syria". The Syrian Observer. The Syrian Observer. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
171. "Iran update". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 2025-01-13.
172. Smeisem, Absi (3 March 2015). "The rise and fall of Syria's Hazzm rebel group". alaraby. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
173. Muhammad Salih (3 November 2014). "لواء فرسان الحق يدعم جبهة النصرة في معارك ريف إدلب [Fursan al-Haq brigade supports Jabhat al-Nusra in the battles of Idlib countryside]". Al-Hal.
174. "Victory Front and the Movement of Ahrar al-Sham town surrounded the headquarters of the Syrian Salvation Front in Bowler". Shaam News Network. 2 November 2014. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
175. Abdullah al-Hamwi (3 December 2014). "ألوية الأنصار تلاقي مصير جبهة ثوار سوريا [Ansar Brigades meet the fate of the Syrian Revolutionaries Front]". Al-Modon.
176. "Al- Nusra Front kills 13 fighters from al- Ansar brigades in Idlib". SOHR. 30 November 2014. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015.
177. "Idleb Province: 27-10-2014". Facebook. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
178. Isis attack on Idlib: Assad's army leaders 'slaughtered' as jihadists nearly take Syrian provincial capital The Independent, 28 October 2014
179. "Syria Update: November 25 – December 02, 2014". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
180. "Moderate Syrian rebels say they're advancing on Damascus from south". Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
181. "Roman-era town falls to rebels". Syria Direct. 25 March 2015. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2025.
182. @archicivilians (3 April 2015). "One of Imam al-Hussein Brigade leaders "Abu Kadhim Khudr" was killed by Rebels during the battle of #Bosra in #Daraa" (Tweet). Retrieved 1 March 2025 – via Twitter.
183. Joanna Paraszczuk (31 March 2015). "Ajnad al-Kavkaz tell how their Jamaat helped 'liberate' Idlib". From Chechnya to Syria. Archived from the original on May 21, 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
184. "Bataille d'Idlib: les snipers albanais des djihadistes d'Hayat Tahrir al-Cham". FranceSoir (in French). Retrieved 2022-12-20.
185. Mardasov, Anton. "What are Russian special operations forces doing in Idlib?". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-12-20.
186. Joscelyn, Thomas (18 September 2015). "Al Nusrah Front, allies strike 2 Shiite towns in Idlib province". Long War Journal.
187. ""Free Syrian Army" condemns the agreement of (Kafriya and Foua')". El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 3 April 2017. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018. Cite error: The named reference "auto" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
188. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (18 December 2016). "The Situation in al-Fu'a and Kafariya". Syria Comment. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
189. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (10 September 2018). "Exile from Kafariya: Interview". Syria Comment. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
190. Farahmand Alipour (27 August 2015). "Syrian Shiites take up arms in support of Assad's army". al-Monitor. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
191. Orkaby, Asher (25 March 2015). "Houthi Who?". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
192. "Anti-Houthi fighters seize districts in central and southern Yemen". 10 August 2015.
193. Felicia Schwartz, Hakim Almasmari and Asa Fitch (26 March 2015). "Saudi Arabia Launches Military Operations in Yemen". WSJ. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
194. "Saudi Arabia launches airstrikes in Yemen". CNN. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
195. Felicia Schwartz, Hakim Almasmari and Asa Fitch (26 March 2015). "Saudi Arabia Launches Military Operations in Yemen". WSJ. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
196. "The clashes continue around Nasib border crossing, and the helicopters drop 9 barrel bombs on Ibtaa and al- Sheikh Meskin". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
197. "'ISIS and Nusra are one' in Yarmouk Camp". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
198. Master. "Jabhat al-Nusra and IS take control on 90% of the Yarmouk camp". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
199. "Army of Islam on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
200. Leith Fadel (6 April 2015). "Complete Report from the Yarmouk Camp; Palestinian Resistance on the Offensive". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
201. AFP (17 December 2012). "Syria hits back at UN over Palestinian refugees". Syria. NOW. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
202. Al-Thawra (14 April 2014). "Popular Struggle Front Condemns PLO Backtrack on Yarmouk". The Syrian Observer. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
203. Al-Kibsi, Hesham (7 April 2015). "'Hadhramout Tribal Alliance' Receives Mukalla From Al-Qaeda". Yemen Observer. Archived from the original on 8 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
204. "Yemen conflict: Al-Qaeda seen at coalition battle for Taiz". BBC News. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
205. Penniless Yemeni fighters desert front in droves as Hadi fails to pay up Middle East Eye
206. Mazzetti, Mark; Kirkpatrick, David D. (25 March 2015). "Saudi Arabia Begins Air Assault in Yemen". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
207. Felicia Schwartz, Hakim Almasmari and Asa Fitch (26 March 2015). "Saudi Arabia Launches Military Operations in Yemen". WSJ. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
208. "Egypt, Jordan and Sudan ready for ground offensive in Yemen: report". the globe and mail. 26 March 2015. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
209. "Infographic: "Fatah Halab" Military Operations Room – Coalition of 31 Rebel factions". Archicivilians. 18 June 2015. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
210. Alessandria Masi (9 March 2015). "Aleppo Battle: Al Qaeda's Jabhat Al-Nusra Is Friend To Syrian Rebel Groups". International Business Times.
211. Joscelyn, Thomas (3 July 2015). "Al Nusrah Front, allies form new coalition for battle in Aleppo". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
212. "Pro-regime Sunni fighters in Aleppo defy sectarian narrative". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
213. Leith Fadel (7 July 2015). "Syrian Armed Forces and Hezbollah Close-in on Al-Zabadani". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
214. Leith Fadel (24 July 2015). "Syrian Army and Hezbollah Advance in Southern Al-Zabadani". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
215. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (19 July 2016). "Kata'ib al-Jabalawi: A Pro-Assad Militia from Homs". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
216. Edward. "Shells target the capital, wound in a shelling by the regime forces on Darayya city and violet clashes in the area and al-Zabadani city". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Archived from the original on 11 August 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
217. "Al Qaeda and allies form coalition to battle Syrian regime in Idlib". Long War Journal. 24 March 2015.
218. "Syrian rebels fight Syrian army near Assad heartland". Newsweek. Reuters. 30 April 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2015. As the biggest group in Army of Fatah, Ahrar al-Sham appears to hold the key to preventing infighting.
219. "Jihadists celebrate in key Idlib city after defeating Syrian regime". Long War Journal. 27 April 2015. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
220. Joanna Paraszczuk (3 June 2015). "Abdul Hakim Shishani calls on North Caucasians to unite". From Chechnya to Syria. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
221. "Second Idlib Stronghold Falls to Jabhat al-Nusra and Rebel Forces". Institute for the Study of War. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
222. Weiss, Caleb (9 August 2015). "Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria takes part in battle for the Al Ghab plain". Long War Journal.
223. Weiss, Caleb (23 April 2015). "Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria involved in new Idlib offensive". Long War Journal.
224. "karakur-fethisi". Internet Archive. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
225. Idlibga oid so'ngi qishloqlardagi janglar - Идлибга оид сўнги қишлоқлардаги жанглар. YouTube. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
226. Tel Vosit qishlog'idagi amaliyot - Тел Восит қишлоғидаги амалиёт. YouTube. 5 August 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
227. Sahl al G'ob mintaqasidagi fathlari - Саҳл ал Ғоб минтақасидаги фатҳлар. YouTube. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
228. "Elijah J. Magnier on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
229. "The Military Situation in Idlib Province – Syria – April 29, 2015". archicivilians. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
230. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (14 February 2016). "Liwa Usud al-Hussein: A New Pro-Assad Militia in Latakia". Syria Comment. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
231. "Understanding Armenia's Syrian Gamble". Jamestown. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
232. "Armenia sends military deminers and medics to support Russian mission in Syria". EurasiaNet. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
233. "Russian support for PKK's Syrian arm PYD". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
234. "Kurds attack Turkish-backed Syrian opposition forces with Russian help". i24 News. 28 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2 December 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
235. "YPG advances near Turkey's border". Rudaw Media Network. 28 November 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
236. "Syrian Kurds seize territory from IS with US, Russian support". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-11.
237. "Russia unleashes first wave of airstrikes in Syria". Al Arabiya. 30 September 2015. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
238. Kim Sengupta (12 May 2015). "Turkey and Saudi Arabia by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria". The Independent. Archived from the original on 13 May 2015.
239. AFP, "'Army of Conquest' rebel alliance pressures Syria regime". Yahoo News. 28 April 2015.
240. "Turkey supports Free Syrian Army". Anadolu Agency. 25 October 2014. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015.
241. Gareth Porter (28 May 2015). "Gulf allies and 'Army of Conquest'". Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
242. "Opinion | Syrian rebels had help from Ukraine in humiliating Russia". Washington Post. 11 December 2024. Archived from the original on 28 January 2025. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
243. Soylu, Ragip (2 December 2024). "Has Ukraine helped the Syrian rebel offensive in Aleppo?". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 2 December 2024.
244. "Ukrainian intelligence coordinating with Syrian rebels against 'mutual enemy', says opposition figure". The New Arab. 4 December 2024. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024.
245. "U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria into Proxy War With Russia". The New York Times. 12 October 2015. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
246. "US drops ammunition to rebels fighting ISIL in Syria". Al Jazeera. 13 October 2015. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
247. "U.S. weapons reaching Syrian rebels". The Washington Post. 11 September 2013. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
248. "U.S.-backed militias says Russian jets struck its fighters in east Syria". Reuters. 25 September 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
249. Edward (29 January 2016). "Nur al-Din Zanki movement hand over its positions to other factions and more casualties in areas controlled by the regime forces in Aleppo and casualties for the regime forces in the countryside". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights.
250. Leith Fadel (19 October 2015). "Two Brigades of Kata'eb Hezbollah Arrive in Aleppo Amid the Presence of General Suleimani". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
251. Leith Fadel (26 October 2015). "More Iraqi Paramilitary Arrive in Aleppo Under Orders from the Iranian Revolutionary Guard". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
252. Leith Fadel (2 November 2015). "Syrian Army and Hezbollah Make Huge Gains in Southern Aleppo: Military Operations Begin in Al-Hadher". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
253. Leith Fadel (25 December 2015). "Hezbollah and Iraqi reinforcements arrive in southern Aleppo to begin the march to Idlib". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
254. Aaron Y. Zelin (30 October 2015). "The Archivist: 'Go Forth, Lightly and Heavily Armed': New Mobilization Calls By the Islamic State in Aleppo Province". Jihadology. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
255. Landis, Syria Comment-Joshua (2015-12-13). "Syria: The Factions Of North Latakia – Analysis". Eurasia Review. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
256. Leith Fadel (30 December 2015). "Syrian Army captures Beit Fares village in northern Latakia". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
257. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (3 September 2016). "Quwat Dir' Al-Amn Al-Askari: A Latakia Military Intelligence Militia". Syria Comment. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
258. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (3 July 2016). "Quwat al-Ghadab: A Pro-Assad Christian Militia in Suqaylabiyah". Retrieved 12 July 2016.
259. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (3 January 2016). "The Syrian National Resistance: Liwa Khaybar". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
260. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (3 May 2020). "Ansar al-Tawheed Statement on Independent Status: Translation and Analysis". Retrieved 3 May 2020.
261. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (10 June 2020). "Why Ansar al-Tawheed Ended its Alliance with Hurras al-Din". Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
262. "Mali soldiers killed days after France announces exit". February 19, 2022 – via www.bbc.com.
263. "Mali soldiers killed days after France announces exit". The Star.
264. Sophie Douce (6 May 2022). "Burkina Faso attempts difficult talks with jihadist groups". LeMonde. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
265. "Burkina Army Kills Jihadist Chief, Say Security Sources". Defense Post. 1 June 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
266. Sophie Douce (29 September 2022). "Burkina Faso : à Djibo, une vie sous blocus djihadiste". LeMonde (in French). Retrieved 6 October 2022.
267. "French army officially ends operations in Burkina Faso". France 24. 20 February 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
268. "Arm*ed clashes | Officer of "Republic Guards" killed in Idlib countryside". SOHR. 1 April 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
269. "In two separate attacks | Regime soldier kil*led and three injured by snipers of H*T*S in Idlib". SOHR. 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
270. Kithumbu, Alex (2023-05-26). "Statement on Buulo Mareer FOB attack by Al-Shabaab". African Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS). Retrieved 2023-06-23.
271. Kilner, James (28 July 2024). "Dozens of Wagner fighters killed and Russian helicopter destroyed in Mali ambush". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
272. "Mali separatists claim major victory over army, Russian allies". Radio France Internationale. Agence France-Presse. 28 July 2024. Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.

Notes

1. Jund al-Aqsa left the Army of Conquest in October 2015, rejoined al-Nusra in October 2016, left again in January 2017.

1. 9 June 2011 – mid-2012 (part of the Free Syrian Army since 23 September 2011)
2. From October 2011 onwards.