List of Serbo-Croatian words of Turkish origin
Serbo-Croatian vernacular has over time borrowed and adopted a lot of words of Turkish origin. The Ottoman conquest of the Balkans began a linguistical contact between Ottoman Turkish and South Slavic languages, a period of influence since at least the late 14th up until the 20th century, when large territories of Shtokavian-speaking areas became conquered and made into provinces of the Ottoman Empire, into what was collectively known as Rumelia. As the Ottoman Turkish language itself extensively borrowed from Arabic, Persian and Central Asian Turkic languages other than itself, many words of such origins also entered Serbo-Croatian via Turkish.[1] Numerous migrations in the war-torn Western Balkans helped spread Shtokavian and its enriched vernacular. Some Turkisms in Serbo-Croatian have entered the language through other languages, such as Italian, while some words of Greek origin have been adopted in their Turkish forms.
Over the passage of time, many Turkish loanwords were completely adopted into standardized varieties of Serbo-Croatian and are no longer considered loanwords, if not for lack of true synonyms.[2] Numerous such Turkisms (e.g. bakar, alat, sat, čarape, šećer, or boja) are often preferred to later introduced Germanisms and Latinisms (farba, kolur, tinta, pigment). This is mostly the case with the Croatian variety of Serbo-Croatian, which has historically been more stringent to internationalisms. Out of all four varieties of the language, Bosnian has by far introduced and retained the most of Turkisms, largely due to its cultural Islamic ties. Turkish loanwords underwent pronunciation changes, principally on gender suffixes and adaptations of ö, ü, ı that are non-existent in Serbo-Croatian. Turkisms are also commonly called "Orientalisms".
Characteristics
[edit]Turkisms often end in one of the following suffixes: –luk, –ci, –li, which come from the original –lik, –çi, –lı.[3] Other suffixes include –ak, –hana, –ija, –suz and –uk. Persian –dār is also a common suffix. Many Serbo-Croatian words that are not of Turkish, Arabic or Persian origin have adopted these suffixes (e.g. kamiondžija, bezobrazluk, lopovluk), showing that influence of Turkish onto Serbo-Croatian extends past loanwords, into morphology and other linguistic characteristics.[4][5]
Number of Turkish loanwords
[edit]
There is an uncertainly high number of Turkish loanwords (a lot of which are themselves loanwords from Arabic and Persian) in the modern Serbo-Croatian language,[2] mostly contained within the prestige Shtokavian dialect, and fewer in Kajkavian and Chakavian. The first edition of Srpski rječnik from 1818 listed around 2,500 Turkisms among 26,270 total words (~9,5%), while the second edition from 1852 listed around 3,700 out of 40,000 (~9,25%).[6][7]
Orientalist expert Olga Zirojević deems that a lot more Turkish loanwords have been used in Serbia's distant past - around 8,000 - than in the present,[8] which is estimated to be around 3,000.[9][10] First dictionary of Turkisms in Serbia was written by Djordje Popović-Daničar in 1884, called Turkish and other Eastern words in our language (Turske i druge istočanske reči u našem jeziku). The book contains around 6,000 words. Another academic, Dušan Marjanović, compiled a corpus of 5,000 Turkisms in early 1930s.[11]
A prominent Sharia and jurist writer Abdulah Škaljić spent several years at the Institute for the study of folklore of University of Sarajevo thoroughly documenting Turkisms in the folk literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He subsequently created the most comprehensive dictionary of Turkisms, first published in 1957 in two volumes, then called Turkisms in the vernacular and folk literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Turcizmi u narodnom govoru i narodnoj književnosti Bosne i Hercegovine). Encouraged by great interest among domestic and international scientists and the demand for the dictionary, Škaljić expanded his research to the entirety of Serbo-Croatian-speaking area. In 1965 he published the dictionary named Turkisms in the Serbo-Croatian language (Turcizmi u srpskohrvatskom jeziku), which after several additions and revisions ended up having 8,742 words and 6,878 terms.[12]
An academic research in the Croatian dialectological field was done by Silvana Vranić and Sanja Zubčić at the University of Rijeka. They analyzed a corpus of 443 Shtokavian, 122 Chakavian and 95 Kajkavian phrasemes typical of Croatian speech, in which they found 118, 45 and 29 Turkisms respectively. The ratio of phrasemes per Turkisms was found to be 4.1, 2.7 and 3.3 respectively, showing that Shtokavian contains the most Turkisms, although not equally distributed along regions where it is spoken - the most were found in Dalmatian Hinterland at 39%, then Slavonia at 36%, and Lika at 25%.[13]
List of loanwords
[edit]Only a number of Turkish loanwords are common to all four standardized varieties of Serbo-Croatian. Many more Turkisms lie in the vernacular speeches, which vary across regions and cultures. A large number of such loanwords are mainly found in the Bosnian standard, and are considered colloquial or non-existent in other varieties. The following is a non-exhaustive list thereof.
| Serbo-Croatian[14] | Turkish | Origin | English meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| alat | alet | arab. ʔāla | tool |
| amidža | amca | turk. Amca (father's brother,uncle)[15] | uncle (father's side) |
| aršin | arşın | arşın (unit of length) | |
| avlija | avlu | courtyard | |
| babo | baba | turk. baba [16] | father, grandfather |
| badava | bedava | pers. bādihäwā | gratis, free |
| bajagi, kobajagi | bayaǧı | as if, apparently, quasi | |
| bakar | bakır | copper | |
| baksuz | bahtsız | jinx | |
| bakšiš | bahşiş | pers. bahšīš | tip, fee |
| barem, bar | bari | at least | |
| barjak, bajrak | bayrak | turk. batrak, batruk[17] | banner, flag |
| baška | başka | aside | |
| bašta, bašća | bahçe | pers. bāǧçe | garden |
| bećar, bećarac | bekar | turk. short version of bekaret[18] drived from arab. bikr بكر | bachelor, reveler |
| bedem | beden | arab. badan | defensive wall |
| bekrija | bekriya | pers. bakravi from arab. bikr | tippler, drunkard |
| belaj | bela | arab. balāʔ | trouble |
| bešika | beşik | bladder | |
| bilmez | bilmez | dimwit, goof | |
| boja | boya | color | |
| bre | bre | more (interjection) | |
| bubreg | böbrek | kidney | |
| budala | budala | arab. budalāʔ | fool |
| bumbar | bumbar | pers. būnbār, būmbār̕ | bumblebee |
| bunar | pınar | a well | |
| burazer | birader | pers. birāder | brother in law |
| burma | burma | wedding ring | |
| čak | çak | turk. çak[19] or çok[20] | even |
| čalabrknuti, čalabrcnuti | çala | fast + bite | |
| čamac | çamac | small boat | |
| čarapa | çorap | arab. cawrab جورب or cūrāb جوراب[21] | sock |
| čaršija | çarşı | bazaar | |
| čekić | çekiç | hammer | |
| čelik | çelik | steel | |
| česma | çeşme | fountain, faucet | |
| čiča, čika, čiko | çiçe | uncle (both sides) | |
| čičak | çiçek | burdock | |
| čizma | çizme | boot | |
| čoban, čobanac | çoban | pers. šubān | shepherd, shepherd's stew |
| čukun-, šukun- | kökün | great-great- (kinship) | |
| ćelav | kel | bald | |
| ćenifa | kenef, tuvalet | arab. kanaf | toilet |
| ćorav | kör, körlük | pers. kūr | blind |
| ćošak | köşe | pers. kūše | corner |
| ćup | küp | turk. kūp[22] | jar |
| ćuprija | köprü | turk. köprüg [23] | bridge |
| dadilja | dadı | pers. dādā | nanny, babysitter |
| darmar | tarumar | pers. tār-u mār | higgledy-piggledy |
| dernek | dernek | fair, festivity | |
| deva | deve | camel | |
| dućan | dükkan | arab. dukkān | shop |
| dugme | düğme | turk. tukme,düğüm[24] | button |
| duhan, duvan | duhan, nargile | arab. duḵān / duḵḵān | tobacco |
| dušek | döşek | mattress | |
| dušman | düşman | pers. dušmen | enemy |
| džaba | çaba | free, for nothing | |
| džep | cep | arab. jayb | |
| džin | cin | arab. jinn | giant |
| džukela | cahil,cühela | arab. juhalāʔ | mutt, big dog |
| džumbus | cümbüş | pers. ǧunbiš | uproar, disorder |
| đon | gön | sole (of a shoe) | |
| đubre | gübre | garbage | |
| ekser | ekser | nail | |
| fišek | fişek | ice cream cone | |
| fitilj | fitil | arab. fatīl | fuse |
| galama | ağlama | noisiness | |
| hajde, ajde | haydi | go ahead, come on | |
| hajduk | haydut | hajduk | |
| hajvan, ajvan | hayvan | arab. ḥaywān | animal (pejoratively) |
| halka, alka | halka | arab. ḥalqa / ḥalqa | quoit, alka |
| hašiš | haşiş, esrar | arab. ḥašīš | hashish |
| inat | inat | arab. ʕinād | spite, defiance |
| jarak | yarak | trench | |
| jastuk | yastık | pillow | |
| jok | yok | nope, no | |
| jorgan | yorgan | quilt | |
| jorgovan | ergüvan | pers. ergevwn | lilac |
| juriš | yürüyüş | rush, onslaught, storm | |
| kajiš, kaiš | kayış | belt, strap | |
| kaldrma | kaldırım | turk. kaldırmak(to uplift)-kaldırım[25] | cobblestone |
| kandža | kanca | claw | |
| kapak | kapak | eyelid | |
| kapija | kapı | gateway, gate | |
| karaula | karavulhane, saat kulesi | watchtower | |
| karavan | karavan | caravan | |
| kat | kat | storey | |
| kavez | kafes | arab. qafaṣ | cage |
| kazan | kazan | turk. kazğan-kazan[26] | cauldron, kettle |
| kesa | kese | pers. kīse | bag, sack |
| kesten | kestane | greek. kástana | chestnut |
| kiosk | köşk | pers. kūšk | kiosk |
| komšija | komşu | neighbor | |
| kopča | kopça | buckle | |
| krevet | kerevet, yatak | greek. kreváti | bed |
| kula | kule | arab. koleh[27] | tower |
| kusur | kuruş | germ. Grosch[28] | change (money) |
| kutija | kutu | greek. kouti | box |
| lakrdija | lakırdı | a variety of farce | |
| lepeza | yelpaze | handheld fan | |
| leš | leş | pers. läše | corpse |
| lula | lüle | pers. lūle | tobacco pipe |
| makaze | makas | arab. maqaṣṣ | scissors |
| majmun | maymun | arab. maymūn | monkey |
| mamuran | mahmur | arab. maḵmūr | hungover |
| marama | mahrama, başörtüsü | arab. maḥrama | scarf |
| mušterija | müşteri | arab. muštari(n) | customer |
| nanule | nalin, sandal | arab. naʕlayn | wooden sandals |
| nišan | nişan | pers. nišān | gunpoint |
| odžak, odžačar | ocak | chimney, chimney sweep | |
| oroz, horoz | horoz | pers. hurūz | rooster |
| ortak | ortak | partner | |
| pamuk | pamuk | pers. pambeh | cotton |
| pandža | pençe | pers. penǧe | claw |
| papuča | pabuç, ayakkabı | pers. pāpūš | slipper |
| pare | para | pers. pāre | money |
| pazar | pazar | pers. bāzār | bazaar, piazza, marketplace |
| pendžer | pencere | pers. penǧere | window |
| peškir | peşkir, havlu | pers. pīšgīr | towel |
| raja | raya, kalabalık | arab. raʕiyya | rayah, commoners, crowd |
| raskalašan | kalleş | pers. qalāš | profligate |
| sačmarica, sačma | saçma | shotgun, shot pellets | |
| saksija | saksı | flowerpot | |
| sanduk | sandık | arab. sandūq / sundūq | chest, crate, box |
| sapun | sabun | lat. sapo | soap |
| sat | saat | arab. sât[29] | clock |
| sevdalinka | sevdalı | sevdalinka | |
| sokak | sokak | arab. zuqāq | alley |
| sunđer | sünger | sponge | |
| surla | zurna | pers. sūrnā | trunk (of an elephant) |
| šamar | şamar | slap, smack | |
| šah | şah | pers. šah | chess |
| šator, čador | çadır | turk. çatır,çaşır[30] | tent |
| šuga | şuga | pers. šūg | scabies |
| taban | taban | sole (of a foot) | |
| taman | tamam | arab. tamām | just right |
| tambura, tamburica | tambur | tamboura, tamburica | |
| tava | tava | pers. tābe | pan |
| tavan | tavan | attic | |
| testera | testere | pers. destere | saw |
| top | top | cannon | |
| trampa | trampa | ital. tramuta | barter, exchange |
| tulipan | tülbent, lale | pers. dülbend | tulip |
| tulum | tulum, parti | party (having fun) | |
| turpija | törpü | file (tool) | |
| zanat | sanat | arab. ṣanʕa | trade, occupation, profession |
| zumbul | sümbül | pers. sunbul | hyacinth |
Food and cuisine loanwords
[edit]| Serbo-Croatian | Turkish | Origin | English meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ajran | ayran | ayran | |
| ajvar | havyar | ajvar | |
| avan/havan s tučkom | havan ve tokmak | mortar and pestle | |
| badem | badem | almond | |
| baklava | baklava | baklava | |
| batak | bacak | drumstick (poultry) | |
| biber | biber | greek. péperi | black pepper |
| boranija, buranija | borani | pers. borâni | green bean stew |
| bostan | bostan, karpuz, kavun | pers. būstān | watermelon, melon |
| boza | boza | turk. buza[31] | boza |
| burek | börek | börek | |
| čaj | çay | chin. chá | tea |
| čorba | çorba | pers. šūrbā, šūrbaǧ | chorba |
| ćevapi | kebap | arab. kabāb | ćevapi |
| ćufte | köfte | pers. kūfte | meatballs |
| dolma | dolma | dolma | |
| đulabija | gülabi | pers. gulābī | rose apple |
| đuveč | güveç | güveç | |
| džezva | cezve | arab. jaḏwa / jiḏwa | cezve |
| džigerica | ciğer | pers. ǧiger | liver (food) |
| fildžan, fildižan, findžan | fincan | arab. finjān < pers. pingān | orientally decorated cup |
| halva, alva | helva | arab. ḥalwā | halva |
| ibrik | ibrik | arab. ʔibrīq < pers. ābrīz | ibrik |
| jogurt | yoğurt | yogurt | |
| kafa, kava, kahva | kahve | arab. qahwah | coffee |
| kajgana | kaygana | scrambled eggs | |
| kajmak | kaymak | kaymak | |
| kajsija | kayısı | apricot | |
| kašika | kaşık | spoon | |
| kefir | kefir | kefir | |
| limun | limon | arab. laymūn < sanskr. nimbū निम्बू | lemon |
| meza, meze | meze | pers. mazzeh | meze |
| naranča | naranciye, portakal | Arab. nāranc نارنج < pers. nārenǧ, nāreng < Sanskr. nāgaranga or nāranga नागरङ्ग[32] | orange |
| nana, nena (metvica) | nane | arab. naʕnaʕ / naʕnāʕ | spearmint |
| pastrma, pastirma | pastırma | pastirma | |
| patlidžan | patlıcan | pers. bādinǧān, bâdendžân | eggplant |
| pekmez | pekmez | jam | |
| pilav | pilav | pers. pilāw< sanskr. pulāka पुलाक | pilaf |
| pita | pide | greek. pita< assyr. pītā פִּיתָּא | pie |
| ratluk | lokum | arab. rāḥa(t) al-ḥulqūm | turkish delight |
| rakija | rakı | arab.ʕaraq | rakia |
| sarma | sarma | sarma (food) | |
| šafran | safran | arab. zaʕfarān | saffron |
| šećer | şeker | pers. šekar or sanskr.śakkharā | sugar |
| šerbet | şerbet | arab. šarba | sharbat |
| sirće | sirke | turk. sirke[33] | vinegar |
| sudžuk | sucuk | sujuk | |
| sutlijaš | sütlaç | rice pudding | |
| tepsija | tepsi | casserole | |
| tulumba | tulumba | tulumba |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]
- ^ Brozović, Dalibor (19 October 2000). "Odoše Turci, ostaše turcizmi" [The Turks left, Turkisms remained]. Vijenac (in Serbo-Croatian). No. 173. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- ^ a b Nomachi, Motoki (2015). ""East" and "West" as Seen in the Structure of Serbian: Language Contact and Its Consequences" (PDF). Slavic Eurasian Studies. 28.
- ^ Škaljić, Abdulah (1966). Turcizmi u srpskohrvatskom jeziku [Turkisms in the Serbo-Croatian language] (in Serbo-Croatian). Sarajevo: Svjetlost. p. 24. ISBN 978-8651510475.
- ^ Despotović, Ivana (18 July 2012). "Turcizmi u jezicima balkanskih naroda" [Turkisms in languages of Balkan nations] (in Serbo-Croatian). Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- ^ Vajzović, Hanka (1999). Orijentalizmi u književnom djelu [Orientalisms in literary works] (in Serbo-Croatian). University of Michigan: Language Institute. ISBN 9789958620010.
- ^ Amarilis, Dragana (2020). "Turske reči, turcizmi u srpskom jeziku" [Turkish words, Turkisms in the Serbian language] (in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- ^ Peco, Asim (1986). Germanizmi u Vukovu srpskom rječniku iz 1852 [Germanisms in Vuk's Serbian Dictionary from 1852] (PDF) (in Serbo-Croatian) (14 ed.). Zagreb: Filologija.
- ^ Talović, Violeta (13 August 2011). "U srpskom jeziku više od 8.000 turcizama" [More than 8,000 Turkisms in the Serbian language] (in Serbo-Croatian). Novosti.rs. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- ^ "Srbija i Turska: Šta je sve opstalo posle nekoliko vekova turske vladavine" [Serbia and Turkey: What remained after several centuries of Turkish reign] (in Serbo-Croatian). BBC News in Serbian. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- ^ Đinđić, Marija (2013). "Turcizmi u savremenom srpskom književnom jeziku: Semantičko-derivaciona analiza, doktorska disertacija" [Turkisms in the contemporary Serbian literary language: Semantic-derivative analysis, doctoral thesis]. University of Belgrade Faculty of Philology. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
- ^ Zukorlić, Mensur (9 April 2020). "Turcizmi u govoru bosanskog, srpskog, albanskog, crnogorskog, makedonskog i hrvatskog jezika" [Turkisms in the speech of Bosnian, Serbian, Albanian, Montenegrin, Macedonian and Croatian languages] (in Serbo-Croatian). Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- ^ "Predgovor Abdulaha Škaljića u riječniku Turcizmi u srpskohrvatskom jeziku" [Foreword by Abdulah Škaljić in the dictionary Turkisms in the Serbo-Croatian language] (PDF) (in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- ^ Vranić, Silvana; Zubčić, Sanja (2013). "Turcizmi u frazemima hrvatskih govora" [Turkisms in phrasemes in speeches of Croatia] (in Serbo-Croatian). Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Rijeka. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
- ^ Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Croatian). Znanje, Srce. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
- ^ [1] Nişanyan Dictionary "amca"
- ^ [2] Nişanyan Dictionary "baba"
- ^ [3] Nişanyan Dictionary "bayrak"
- ^ [4] Nişanyan Dictionary "bekar"
- ^ [5] Nişanyan Dictionary "çak"
- ^ [6] Nişanyan Dictionary "çok"
- ^ [7] Nişanyan Dictionary "çorap"
- ^ [8] Nişanyan Dictionary "küp"
- ^ [9] Nişanyan Dictionary "köprü"
- ^ [10] Nişanyan Dictionary "düğme"
- ^ [11] Nişanyan Dictionary "kaldırım"
- ^ [12] Nişanyan Dictionary "kazan"
- ^ [13] Nişanyan Dictionary "kule"
- ^ [14] Nişanyan Dictionary "kuruş"
- ^ [15] Nişanyan Dictionary "saat"
- ^ [16] Nişanyan Dictionary "çadır"
- ^ [17] Nişanyan Dictionary "boza"
- ^ [18] Nişanyan Dictionary "narenciye"
- ^ [19] Nişanyan Dictionary "sirke"