List of Japanese inventions and discoveries

This is a list of Japanese inventions and discoveries. The Japanese have made contributions across a number of scientific, technological and art domains. In particular, the country has played a crucial role in the digital revolution since the 20th century, with many modern revolutionary and widespread technologies in fields such as electronics and robotics introduced by Japanese inventors and entrepreneurs.

Arts

See also: Japanese art

Origami paper cranes (orizuru)

A kamishibaiya (kamishibai artist) in Tokyo, performing Ōgon Bat (1930).

• Kamishibai — Originates from 8th century Buddhist temples, where monks used emakimono ("picture scrolls"), an early combination of picture and text to convey a story.^[1]
  • Costumed superhero — The kamishibai characters Ōgon Bat (1930) and Prince of Gamma (early 1930s) were the earliest costumed superheroes with superpowers.^[2]
  • Mecha — Dai Ningen Tanku from the kamishibai Ōgon Bat (1930) was the first piloted humanoid giant mecha robot.^[3]
  • Superhero secret identity — Prince of Gamma (early 1930s) was the earliest superhero with superpowers and a secret identity.^[2]
• Noh — A historical genre of Japanese theatre that originated from sarugaku in the mid‑14th century.^[4]
  • Kabuki — A genre of Japanese theatre developed by female dancer Okuni in the early 17th century.^[5]
  • Revolving stage — Invented for the Kabuki theatre in Japan during the 18th century.^[6]
• Origami — Folded paper were used for decorations and tools in Shinto ceremonies, where decorations and gifts in folded paper became stylized as ceremonial origami.^[7]
  • Paper crane (orizuru) — The kozuka of a Japanese sword made by Gotō Eijō between the 1500s–1600s was decorated with a picture of a crane made of origami.^[8]
  • Yoshizawa–Randlett system — The Yoshizawa–Randlett system is a diagramming system used for origami models. It was first developed by Akira Yoshizawa in 1954. It was later improved upon by Samuel Randlett and Robert Harbin.^[9]
• Physical challenge game show — Takeshi's Castle (1986) hosted by Takeshi Kitano established a genre of television game shows involving physical challenges and painful entertainment. It inspired numerous similar game shows around the world.^[10]

Animation

See also: Anime and History of anime

Katsudō Shashin (1907), an early anime.

• Anime — Japanese animation, or anime, today widely popular both in Japan and abroad, began in the early 20th century.
• Bishōjo — Several characters created by Hayao Miyazaki are considered icons of the bishōjo boom, the earliest being Lana from the TV series Future Boy Conan (1978).^[11]
  • Moe — The character of Clarisse from Hayao Miyazaki's The Castle of Cagliostro (1979) has been cited as a potential ancestral example.^[12]
• Bullet time — The bullet time visual effect originated as a cel animation effect in the anime series Speed Racer (1967).^[13]
• CGI in animated feature film — Golgo 13: The Professional (1983) was the first animated feature film to incorporate scenes with CGI animation.^[14]
  • Photorealistic CGI animated feature film — Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (2001), directed by Hironobu Sakaguchi and produced by Square Pictures, was the first computer-animated feature film with photorealistic characters.^[15]
  • Motion capture feature film — Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (2001) was the first major feature film produced entirely with motion capture technology.^[16]
• Cyberpunk animation — The earliest animated cyberpunk work was the original video animation (OVA) Megazone 23 (1985).^[17]
  • Digital rain — Originates from the cyberpunk anime film Ghost in the Shell (1995), a strong influence on The Matrix (1999).^[18]
  • Postcyberpunk animation/film — The first postcyberpunk media work in an animated/film format was Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2002). It has been called "the most interesting, sustained postcyberpunk media work in existence".^[19]
  • Simulated reality — Megazone 23 (1985) tackled the concept of a simulated reality more than a decade before live-action films such as Dark City (1998), The Matrix and Existenz (1999).^[17]
• Hadouken — Game designer Takashi Nishiyama credits an energy attack called Hadouho (lit. the "Wave Motion Gun"), from the 1970s anime Space Battleship Yamato, as the origin of Hadouken.^[20]
• Multi-season story arc — 1980s Japanese anime series, notably Dragon Ball (1986) and Dragon Ball Z (1989), developed a serialization format where a continuous story arc stretches over numerous episodes or multiple seasons.^[21]
• Original net animation (ONA) — Makoto Shinkai was a pioneer of ONA, producing the earliest ONA short films starting with Tōi Sekai (1997).^[22]
  • Animated web film — The earliest animated web film was Makoto Shinkai's ONA short film Tōi Sekai (1997).^[22]
  • Anime web series — The earliest anime web series was the ONA series Infinite Ryvius: Illusion (2000).^[23]
• Real robot — Mobile Suit Gundam (1979) introduced the real robot concept and, along with The Super Dimension Fortress Macross (1982), formed the basis of real robot anime.^[24]
• Steampunk animation — The earliest example of steampunk animation was Hayao Miyazaki's anime series Future Boy Conan (1978).^[25]
• Superflat — A postmodern art form, founded by the artist Takashi Murakami, which is influenced by manga and anime.^[26]
• Sweat drop — The sweat drop had long been part of manga iconography. The first anime to depict a large sweat drop, when a character is in trouble, is believed to be the 1991 anime adaptation of the manga Goldfish Warning!^[27]
• Time loop animation — The earliest animated work with the time loop concept was Mamoru Oshii's anime film Urusei Yatsura 2: Beautiful Dreamer (1984).^[28]
• Video game film — The first video game film adaptations were the 1986 anime films Super Mario Bros: Peach-hime Kyūshutsu Dai Sakusen and Running Boy: Star Soldier no Himitsu.^[29]
• Virtual idol — Originates from Macross franchise (1982). First virtual idol was Lynn Minmay from Macross.^[30]
• Virtual influencer — The Japanese talent agency Horipro created the first real-life AI virtual influencer, Kyoko Date, in 1995.^[31]

Architecture

See also: Japanese architecture and Construction industry of Japan

Nagoya Castle

• Capsule hotel — The first capsule hotel in the world opened in 1979 and was the Capsule Inn Osaka, located in the Umeda district of Osaka, designed by Kisho Kurokawa.^[32]
• Earthquake-resistant structures — Shinbashira-based pagodas and temples are earthquake resistant, dating back to Hōryū-ji (7th century).^[33]
• Electronic wallpaper — At the FPD 2008 exhibition, Japanese company Soken demonstrated a wall with electronic wall-paper.^[34]
• Japanese castle — Fortresses constructed primarily out of stone and wood used for military defence in strategic locations.^[35]
• Japanese pagoda — The Japanese pagoda originates from the Chinese pagoda, but was adapted for Japan's environment. Notably, the addition of a shinbashira pillar to better withstand earthquakes in Japan.^[33]
  • Tahōtō — Tahōtō is a form of Japanese pagoda found primarily at Esoteric Shingon and Tendai school Buddhist temples. Unlike most pagodas, it has two stories.^[36]
• Love hotel — Originates from Osaka's Hotel Love, opened in 1968.^[37]
• Metabolism — A post-war Japanese architectural movement developed by a wide variety of Japanese architects including Kiyonori Kikutake, Kisho Kurokawa and Fumihiko Maki.^[38]
• Shinbashira — A central pillar at the core of a Japanese pagoda or temple. The pillar structure is made out of straight trunks of Japanese cypress (hinoki) trees. Hōryū-ji (7th century) is an early example.^[33]
• Wooden building — Hōryū-ji, a Buddhist temple built in the 7th century, is widely recognized as the world's oldest wooden building.^[39]

Cinema

See also: Cinema of Japan

Seven Samurai (1954), directed by Akira Kurosawa.

• Blockbuster format — Akira Kurosawa's films, such as Seven Samurai (1954), were "the clearest precursor" and "the model for" the Hollywood blockbuster format in the 1970s.^[40]
  • Assembling the team — Seven Samurai (1954) originated the "assembling the team" trope, commonly used in action films, sports films and heist films.^[41]
  • Cutting on action — Kurosawa's approach to cutting on motion in films such as Seven Samurai has been widely adopted by many Hollywood blockbuster films.^[42]
  • Evil empire — Kurosawa's The Hidden Fortress (1958) established the adventure film trope of rebels against an evil empire, notably inspiring Star Wars (1977).^[43]
  • Numbered sequel — Kurosawa's Sanshiro Sugata Part II (1945) was the earliest numbered sequel in the history of cinema.^[44]
• Buddy cop — Akira Kurosawa's Stray Dog (1949), starring Toshiro Mifune and Takashi Shimura as a police duo, was a precursor to the buddy cop film genre.^[45]
  • Police procedural film — Stray Dog was a precursor to the modern police procedural film genre.^[45]
• Digital cinema — A joint venture between JVC and Hughes Electronics (Hughes-JVC) was founded in 1992 to develop liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) digital video projectors for commercial movie theaters under the branding ILA (Image Light Amplifer).^[46]
  • Digital movie camera — Sony's Solid State Electronic Cinematography digital video camera was used to shoot the first digital film, Rainbow (1996).^[47]
• Fatality — Fatality finishing moves first appeared in The Street Fighter (1974), a Japanese martial arts film starring Sonny Chiba.^[48]
• Henshin Hero (transforming hero) — In 1957, Shintoho produced the first Super Giant film serial, signaling a shift in popularity that favored masked superheroes over giant monsters called the "Henshin Boom" later popularized by Kamen Rider (1971).^[49]
  • Kyodai Hero (giant hero) — This tokusatsu superhero subgenre initially began with the Japanese film Ghidorah (1964), where Godzilla is a prototypical Kyodai hero, paving the way for the Kyodai hero franchise Ultraman (1966).^[50]
• IMAX film — Tiger Child (1970), the first IMAX film production, was produced by Japanese company Asuka Productions. It premiered at Expo '70 in Osaka at the Fuji Group Pavilion.^[51]
• Jidaigeki — Jidaigeki silent films date back to the early 20th century.^[52]
  • Ninja film — Jidaigeki silent films began depicting ninjas in the 1910s.^[52]
  • Samurai cinema — Jidaigeki silent films began depicting samurai in the 1910s.^[53]
• Kaiju — Yoshirō Edamasa's The Great Buddha Arrival (1934) is one of the earliest examples of a kaiju film in Japanese cinematic history.^[54]
  • Giant monster suit — Eiji Tsuburaya, while working on the film Godzilla (1954), formulated the technique of using a human actor in a creature suit to play a giant monster combined with the use of miniatures and scaled-down city sets.^[55]
• Live-action video game film — The Japanese film Mirai Ninja (1988) was the first live-action video game film adaptation.^[56]
• Low angle — A noted aspect of Yasujirō Ozu's camera technique is his consistent use of an extremely low camera position to shoot his subjects, a practice traced back to his films of the 1931–1932 period.^[57]
  • Tatami shot — Yasujirō Ozu invented the tatami shot, in which the camera is placed at a low height, roughly the eye level of a person kneeling on a tatami mat.^[58]
• Man with No Name — A stock character that originated with Akira Kurosawa's Yojimbo (1961), where the archetype was first portrayed by Toshirō Mifune. The archetype was adapted by Sergio Leone for his Spaghetti Western Dollars Trilogy.^[42]
• Mentorship — Akira Kurosawa films such as Sanshiro Sugata (1943), Drunken Angel (1948) and Stray Dog (1949) established the themes of mentorship and mentor-student relationships in cinema.^[42]
• Modern action film — Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai (1954) is considered to be the first modern action film.^[59]
  • Multi-camera action scene — Pioneered by Kurosawa with films such as Sanshiro Sugata (1943), Rashomon (1950) and Seven Samurai (1954).^[60]
  • Opening action scene — Seven Samurai established the common action film trope where the action hero is introduced in an action opening scene unrelated to the film's larger plot.^[42]
  • Slow motion action scene — Pioneered by Kurosawa with films such as Sanshiro Sugata, Rashomon and Seven Samurai.^[60]
• Time loop feature film — The Girl Who Leapt Through Time (1983), based on the 1969 novel of the same name, was the earliest feature film about a time loop.^[61]
• Tokusatsu — Tokusatsu special effects date back to films by Shōzō Makino (from 1914 to 1928).^[62]
  • Suitmation — Eiji Tsuburaya, while working on the film Godzilla (1954), formulated the special effects technique of suitmation, the use of a human actor in a costume to play a giant monster combined with the use of miniatures and scaled-down sets.^[55]
  • Suit actor — A notable early example was Godzilla suit actor Haruo Nakajima.^[63]
• Yakuza film — Akira Kurosawa's Drunken Angel (1948) was the first film to depict post-war yakuza.^[64]

Comics

See also: Manga, History of manga, and Manga iconography

Hokusai Manga, published in the early 19th century, was an early manga comic book.

• Comic book — Kibyoshi picture books from the late 18th century were the world's first comic books. These graphical narratives share themes with modern manga.^[65]
• Large eyes — Originates from shōjo magazines in the early 20th century, with the illustrations of Yumeji Takehisa, Jun'ichi Nakahara and Kashō Takabatake.^[66]
• Manga — Origins in 12th century scrolls, the basis for the right‑to‑left reading style. During the Edo period (1603–1867), Toba Ehon embedded the concept of manga.^[67]
  • Binge-viewing — Shōnen Jump (founded 1968) developed a formula of compiling chapters into standalone tankōbon volumes that could be "binged" all at once.^[68]
  • Cyberpunk manga — The genre began with Katsuhiro Otomo's Akira (1982).^[69]
  • Lone Wolf and Cub — The genre began with Osamu Tezuka's manga Dororo (1967) and Kazuo Koike's manga Lone Wolf and Cub (1970).^[70]
  • Magical girl — Princess Knight (1953) was a prototype for the genre. Himitsu no Akko-chan (1962) was the earliest true magical girl series.^[71]
• Mobile comic — Following the launch of NTT's i-mode (1999), Japanese mobile phones began offering downloadable mobile manga comics.^[72]
• Steampunk comic — Steampunk manga appeared in the 1940s, starting with Osamu Tezuka's Lost World (1948).^[73]
• Super robot — This mecha subgenre was defined by Go Nagai's manga series Mazinger Z (1972).^[74]
• Transforming robots — Gajo Sakamoto's manga comic Tank Tankuro (1934) introduced the concept of a transforming mecha robot.^[75]
• Video game comic — The earliest comic book based on video games was the manga Game Center Arashi (1978).^[76]

Literature

See also: Japanese literature and Japanese science fiction

Kaguya-hime returning to the Moon in The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter (10th century)

• Isekai — The concept has origins in the story of fisherman Urashima Tarō (8th century), who saves a turtle and is brought to a wondrous undersea kingdom.^[77]
• J-horror — Origins can be traced back to the horror fiction and ghost stories of the Edo period and Meiji era, which were known as kaidan ("strange story").^[78]
• Novel — Ochikubo Monogatari (10th century) has been called the "world's first full-length novel".^[79]
  • Historical novel — The Tale of Genji (11th century) is considered to be the first historical novel.^[80]
  • I-novel — The first I-novel is believed to be Tōson Shimazaki's The Broken Commandment (1906).^[81]
  • Light novel — Origins trace back to the serialization of Record of Lodoss War (1986–1989) in the magazine Comptiq.^[82]
  • Battle royale genre — The genre was established by Koushun Takami's novel Battle Royale (1999) and Kinji Fukasaku's 2000 film adaptation.^[83]
  • Cell phone novel — The first cell phone novel was Deep Love (2002).^[84]
• Science fiction — The early Japanese science fiction subgenre of Mirai-ki ("records of the future") dates back to the 7th century. Famous Mirai‑ki works includes Urashima Tarō (8th century) and The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter (10th century).^[85]
  • Time travel — Time travel in fiction dates back to the tale of Urashima Tarō from the Mukashibanashi (8th century).^[85]
  • Extraterrestrials in fiction — The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter (10th century) is considered to be the first story about an extraterrestrial visiting Earth.^[85]
  • Flying saucer — The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter (10th century) has an early manuscript illustration of a round flying machine similar to a flying saucer.^[86]
  • Time loop — The earliest novel about a time loop was Yasutaka Tsutsui's The Girl Who Leapt Through Time (1965).^[87]
• Superhero — Sarutobi Sasuke was an early superhero ninja from 1910s Japanese children's novels.^[88]
• Unreliable narrator — Dates back to Ryūnosuke Akutagawa's novel In a Grove (1922) and Akira Kurosawa's film adaptation Rashomon (1950).^[89]

Audio

See also: Electronics industry in Japan

Audio technology

Sony Discman D121

• Automatic dual-side record player — In 1981, Sharp Corporation released the first record player that automatically switches sides of a vinyl record.^[90]
• Delta-sigma modulation (ΔΣ) — This digital sampling method was defined and named in 1962 by University of Tokyo researchers H. Inose, Y. Yasuda and J. Murakami.^[91]
  • High-resolution delta-sigma — In 1999, Sharp introduced the first 1-bit amplifier utilizing 2.8 MHz high-resolution sampling with 7th order delta-sigma modulation.^[90]
• Digital audio optical disc — First demonstrated by Sony in 1976. In 1978, they demonstrated a disc with 150 minutes, 16-bit audio and 44,056 Hz sample rate.^[92]
  • Cross-interleaved error correction — In 1978, Sony demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with cross-interleaved error correction code.^[92]
  • Compact Disc Digital Audio (CD-DA) — Developed by Sony and Philips in 1980. Sony proposed 16-bit depth and 44.1 kHz sampling based on earlier PCM adaptor.^[93]
  • CD player — The world's first CD player was Denon's DN-3000F (1981).^[94]
• Digital audio recorder — Heitaro Nakajima, head of NHK's Technical Research Laboratories, in 1967 had commenced work on the digitization of sound and within two years had developed the first digital audio tape recorder.^[95]
  • Digital audio mastering — Denon's DN-023R (1972) was the first pulse-code modulation (PCM) digital recorder for audio mastering.^[96]
  • Digital multi-track recorder — The Denon DN-023R (1972) was the first digital multi-track recorder, supporting eight audio channels.^[97]
  • Digital audio player — Sony's PCM-1, introduced in 1976, was the first commercial product allowing PCM digital audio recording and playback, using Betamax cassette tapes as storage media.^[95]
  • PCM adaptor — The first PCM adaptor was Sony's PCM-1, introduced in 1976.^[95]
  • Random access digital editing — The Denon DN-036ED (1982) was the first random access PCM digital audio editing system.^[96]
  • Digital mixing console — The Denon DN-050MD (1984) was the first digital mixing console for audio mastering.^[96]
  • Digital audio tape (DAT) — Introduced by Sony in 1987.^[98]
• Electrostatic headphones — The Stax SR-1 were the first electrostatic headphones, developed between 1959 and 1960 by Stax Ltd.^[99]
  • 3.5 mm headphone jack — Introduced with Sony's EFM-117J transistor radio in 1964.^[100]
• High-resolution audio — In 1972, Denon's DN-023R digital audio recorder introduced a high-resolution 47.25 kHz sample rate.^[97]
  • 44,100 Hz (44.1 kHz) — The CD quality standard of 16-bit audio and 44.1 kHz sample rate was introduced by Sony's PCM-1600 (1978) PCM adaptor.^[93]
  • 48,000 Hz (48 kHz) — The Denon DN-023R's 47.25 kHz sample rate in 1972 came close to 48 kHz, which was later standardized by Sony's Digital Audio Tape (DAT) format in 1987.^[97]
  • 24-bit audio — Panasonic's D-5 HD (1994) digital video format supported 24-bit digital audio bit depth and 48 kHz sample rate.^[101]
• Home stereo system — In 1962, Pioneer Corporation introduced the world's first home stereo system with detachable speakers.^[102]
  • Stereo digital audio — In 1969, NHK developed the first pulse-code modulation (PCM) stereo digital audio recorder.^[97]
  • Discrete quadraphonic sound — In September 1970, JVC introduced Compatible Discrete 4 (CD-4), the first discrete quadraphonic sound system for LP records.^[96]
  • 8-channel digital audio — Denon's DN-023R (1972) digital audio recorder supported 8-channel digital audio.^[96]
  • 22.2 surround sound — In 2005, NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories (NHK STRL) demonstrated the first prototype 22.2 surround sound system for its Super Hi-Vision UHDTV technology.^[103]
• Human voice synthesis — Early speech synthesis systems typically produced a low-quality robotic voice. In 1998, Toshiba introduced the first speech synthesis system that produced a high-quality human voice.^[104]
• Integrated amplifier — Sony's TA-1120 (1965) was the first silicon transistor stereo integrated amplifier. Compared to vacuum tube amplifiers at the time, the TA-1120 offered higher output with lower distortion.^[105]
• Karaoke — In 1971, the karaoke machine was invented by Japanese musician Daisuke Inoue in Kobe, Japan.^[106]
• Linear predictive coding (LPC) — The origins of linear predictive coding (LPC) speech coding dates back to the work of Fumitada Itakura (Nagoya University) and Shuzo Saito (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) in 1966.^[107]
  • Itakura–Saito distance — Fumitada Itakura and Shuzo Saito first presented the Itakura–Saito distance algorithm in 1968.^[107]
  • Line spectral pairs (LSP) — Developed by Fumitada Itakura in 1975.^[107]
• MPEG-1 Audio Layer II (MP2) — The MUSICAM (MP2) audio coding format was co-developed by Matsushita (Panasonic) in 1989.^[108]
  • Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) — The AAC patent holders include Japanese companies JVC Kenwood, NEC, NTT, Panasonic and Sony.^[109]
• Paper audio record — In 1950, Yoshiro Nakamatsu invented the Jūshoku record, an optical sound media which uses a printed paper sheet instead of transparent film. He claimed it was an early floppy disk, which is disputed by IBM.^[110]
• Portable audio player — Denon's R-26-F (1951) was the first portable audio tape recorder.^[111]
  • Pocket radio — Sony's TR-63 (1957) was the first transistor radio that could fit in a pocket.^[112]
  • Personal stereo — The Sony Walkman was released in 1979, created by Akio Morita, Masaru Ibuka and Kozo Ohsone. In everyday language, walkman became a generic term, referring to any personal stereo, regardless of producer or brand.^[113]
  • Portable CD player — Sony's Discman, released in 1984, was the first portable CD player.^[114]
• Speech recognition — In 1966, Fumitada Itakura and Shuzo Saito developed an early practical speech recognition algorithm using LPC.^[107]

Instruments

Roland TR-808 Rhythm Composer (1980), the first fully programmable drum machine and one of the most influential inventions in popular music.

• Analog modeling synthesizer — The Roland D-50 from 1987 was the first virtual analog synthesizer.^[115]
  • Linear arithmetic synthesis (LA synthesis) — A sample-based synthesis method invented by Roland Corporation for the Roland D-50 synthesizer (1987).^[116]
  • Sample-based synthesis with digital effects — The Roland D-50 (1987) was the first sample-based synthesizer with built-in digital effects such as delay, reverb and chorus.^[117]
  • Supersaw — A waveform created by Roland for the Roland JP-8000 (1996) analog modeling synthesizer. It is commonly used in trance music.^[118]
• Bass synthesizer–sequencer — The Japanese instruments Firstman SQ-01 (1980) and Roland TB-303 (1981) were the first bass synthesizers with integrated sequencers.^[119]
  • Acid bass — Acid house music is characterized by the distinctive squelching basslines of the Roland TB-303 (1981) bass synthesizer.^[120]
• Chorus pedal — The Boss CE-1 Chorus Ensemble, released by Boss Corporation in 1976, was the first chorus pedal.^[121]
  • Overdrive pedal — The Boss OD-1 Overdrive (1977) was the first overdrive pedal.^[122]
  • Digital delay pedal — The Boss DD-2 (1983) was the first digital delay pedal.^[122]
  • Digital reverb pedal — The Boss RV-2 (1989) was the first digital reverb pedal.^[122]
• CV/gate — Introduced with the Roland MC-8 Microcomposer sequencer in 1977.^[123]
  • DIN sync — Introduced with the Roland TR-808 (1980).^[124]
• Digital piano — Yamaha Corporation's GS1 (1980) FM synthesizer was the earliest digital piano.^[125]
  • Digital piano sound module — The Roland MKS-20 (1986) was an early digital piano MIDI module, using Roland's structured adaptive synthesis (SAS) for more realistic piano sounds.^[126]
• Digital synthesizer — Yamaha developed the first prototype frequency modulation synthesis (FM synthesis) digital synthesizer in 1974.^[127]
  • Phase distortion synthesis (PD) — Invented by Casio for its Casio CZ-101 digital synthesizer in 1984.^[128]
  • Digital accordion — Roland Corporation's FR-7 (2004) was the first digital accordion.^[129]
• Direct-drive turntable — Invented by Shuichi Obata, an engineer at Matsushita (now Panasonic), based in Osaka. In 1969, Matsushita released it as the SP-10, the first in their influential Technics series of turntables.^[130]
• Electronic drum — In 1964, Ikutaro Kakehashi developed the first fully transistorized electronic drum instrument, the R1 Rhythm Ace, which was exhibited in 1964. It was manually hand-operated like modern electronic drum pads.^[131]
  • Electronic cajón — Roland's ELCajon EC-10 Electronic Percussion (2016) was the first hybrid cajón with built-in electronic sounds.^[132]
• Guitar synthesizer — The Roland GR-500 (1977), manufactured by Roland Corporation and FujiGen, was the first guitar synthesizer.^[132]
  • Keytar — The earliest commercial keytar was Hillwood's RockeyBoard RB-1 (synth piano with VCF) released in 1977.^[133]
  • MIDI guitar — The Roland GR-700 (1984) was the first guitar synthesizer to support MIDI and memory functions.^[134]
• Handheld electronic tuner — Korg's WT10 (1975) was the first battery-powered handheld electronic tuner.^[135]
  • Chromatic tuner — Boss Corporation's TU-12 (1983) was the first automatic chromatic tuner.^[136]
  • Compact pedal tuner — The Boss TU-2 (1998) was the first combat pedal tuner.^[136]
• Microprocessor music sequencer — In 1977, the Roland MC-8 Microcomposer was an early stand-alone, microprocessor‑based, digital CV/gate sequencer.^[123]
  • Polyphonic digital sequencer — In 1977, the Roland MC-8 Microcomposer was an early polyphonic digital sequencer.^[137]
  • MIDI music sequencer — In 1983, the first MIDI music sequencer was the Roland MSQ-700.^[132]
• Microprocessor programmable drum machine — In 1978, the Roland CR-78 and CR-68 were the first microprocessor‑based programmable rhythm machines.^[132]
  • Fully programmable drum machine — The Roland TR-808 (also known as the 808), introduced in 1980, was the first fully programmable drum machine. It was the first drum machine with the ability to program an entire percussion track from beginning to end, complete with breaks and rolls.^[138]
  • Groovebox — The Roland MC-202, released in 1983, has been described as the original groovebox.^[139]
  • MIDI drum machine — In 1983, the first MIDI drum machine was the Roland TR-909.^[123]
• MIDI — In 1981, Ikutaro Kakehashi of Roland Corporation proposed a standardized means of synchronizing electronic music instruments. Roland, Yamaha Corporation, Korg and Kawai co-developed the MIDI standard between 1981 and 1983.^[140]
  • MIDI synthesizer — In 1983, the first MIDI synthesizers were the Roland Jupiter-6 and Prophet 600.^[123]
  • MIDI sound card — The Roland MPU-401 (1984) was the first MIDI-equipped sound card, capable of MIDI sound processing and sequencing.^[141]
  • General MIDI — Standardized in 1991 by the Japan MIDI Standards Committee (JMSC) and MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA).^[142]
• MIDI digital audio workstation (DAW) — Yamaha Corporation's MSX personal computers, Yamaha Integrated System (YIS) and Yamaha CX5M developed between 1981 and 1983, were the first MIDI-equipped music workstations.^[143]
  • LCD digital audio workstation — Yamaha's C1 Music Computer (1988) laptop was the first portable DAW with liquid-crystal display (LCD).^[143]
  • Digital audio workstation with MIDI timecode (MTC) — Korg's Soundlink (1990) was the first DAW with MTC synchronisation.^[144]
  • Touchscreen digital audio workstation — The Korg OASYS and Korg Trinity, launched in 1995, were the first DAWs with touch-sensitive screen.^[145]
• Music computer — Yamaha's MSX computers, Yamaha Integrated System (YIS) and Yamaha CX5M developed between 1981 and 1983, were the first dedicated music home computers.^[143]
  • USB audio interface — Roland's UA-100 USB Audio Interface (1998) was the first USB audio interface, allowing recording and playback of high-fidelity digital audio with a personal computer.^[132]
• Music Macro Language (MML) — The first commands for classical MML appeared on the Sharp MZ-80K (1978) computer.^[146]
• PCM digital sampler — Toshiba's LMD-649 (1981) was an early digital sampler that played and recorded PCM samples.^[147]
  • Multi-timbral polyphony — Akai's S900 (1986) digital sampler was the first multi-timbral MIDI instrument with dynamically‑assigned polyphonic parts.^[148]
• Phaser effects pedal — In 1968, Shin-ei's Uni-Vibe effects pedal, designed by audio engineer Fumio Mieda, incorporated phase shift and chorus effects, soon becoming favorite effects of guitarists such as Jimi Hendrix and Robin Trower.^[149]
• Physical modelling synthesis — The first commercially available physical modelling synthesizer was Yamaha Corporation's VL‑1 in 1994.^[150]
• Polyphonic synthesizer with digital keyboard scanning — In the early 1970s, Yamaha developed polyphonic synthesizers with voice allocation technology and digital keyboard scanning. The Yamaha GX-1 (1973) used voice allocation technology.^[151]
  • Polyphonic string synthesizer — The earliest polyphonic string synthesizer was Roland Corporation's RS-101 (1975).^[152]
• Singing voice synthesis software — Between 1999 and 2003, Yamaha developed Vocaloid, a then novel software that synthesized a singing human voice.^[153]
• Sound chip — The earliest was Sony's PCM-1, a pulse-code modulation (PCM) processor introduced in 1976.^[95]
  • Differential PCM sound chip — The earliest was Oki Electric Industry's MSM5205, an adaptive differential PCM (ADPCM) speech synthesis chip released in 1979.^[154]
  • FM synthesis sound chip — Yamaha Corporation's GS1 (1980) synthesizer featured the earliest frequency modulation synthesis (FM synthesis) chipset.^[155]
  • Sample-based synthesis sound chip — The earliest is the Roland LA32 (1987) chip, producing LA synthesis (a form of sample-based synthesis) in the Roland D-50 synthesizer and Roland MT-32 sound module.^[156]
• Sound module — Roland Corporation's SPV355 Pitch‑to‑Voltage Synthesizer (1979) was the earliest rack-mounted sound module.^[157]
  • MIDI sound module — The Yamaha SFG-01 (1983) sound module for the MSX introduced FM synthesis and MIDI sequencing to computers.^[158]
  • Multi-timbral sound module — The Roland MT-32 (1987) was the first MIDI sound module using LA synthesis, a form of multi-timbral sample-based synthesis. It was commonly used in computer music, especially game music.^[159]
• Touch-sensitive electronic keyboard — Roland Corporation's EP-30 (1974) electronic piano featured the first touch-sensitive keyboard.^[132]
• Vowel–consonant synthesis — A type of hybrid digital-analog synthesis first employed by the early Casiotone keyboards in the early 1980s.

Music

See also: Music of Japan

Yellow Magic Orchestra (YMO) in 1981: Haruomi Hosono (left), Ryuichi Sakamoto (center) and Yukihiro Takahashi (right).

• Ambient music — Pioneered by Japanese electronic music composer Isao Tomita during the late 1960s to early 1970s.^[160]
  • Space music — Pioneered by Isao Tomita in the early 1970s.^[160]
  • Chillwave — According to Mojo magazine, Haruomi Hosono's album Paraiso (1978) was "prescient of late-noughties chillwave."^[161]
  • Deep Note — YMO's "Loom" from BGM (1981) has "a patiently ascending, two-minute-long Shepard’s tone" anticipating the Deep Note.^[162]
  • Glitch music — Originated as a distinct movement in Japan and Germany during the 1990s, including the musical works of Ryoji Ikeda in Japan.^[163]
• Commercial digital recording — Commercial digital recording was pioneered in Japan by NHK and Nippon Columbia, also known as Denon, in the 1960s. The first commercial digital recordings were released in 1971.^[97]
  • Digital classical music — The first digitally recorded classical music album was recorded in Tokyo in April 1972 and released by Nippon Columbia.^[97]
  • Digital sample loops — Yellow Magic Orchestra's Technodelic (1981) was the first music album with digital sample loops.^[164]
  • FM synthesis music album — The earliest commercial music album produced using FM synthesis was Mari Iijima's city pop album Rosé (1983), produced by Ryuichi Sakamoto using the Yamaha DX7 synthesizer.^[165]
• Electro — Pioneered by Yellow Magic Orchestra (Haruomi Hosono, Ryuichi Sakamoto and Yukihiro Takahashi), also known as YMO, with tracks such as YMO's "Computer Game / Firecracker" (1978) and Sakamoto's "Riot in Lagos" (1980).^[166]
  • Electronic hip-hop — YMO's "Music Plans" and "Rap Phenomena" from the album BGM (1981) were the earliest synthesized electronic rap songs with drum machine beats.^[167]
  • Boom bap — YMO's "Music Plans" from BGM (1981) is where "the beginnings of that funky, electronic boom-bap vibe of hip‑hop beats start to emerge" according to UnderMain Magazine.^[167]
  • Grime music — The origins of grime music has been traced back to the work of Ryuichi Sakamoto, including the tracks "Grasshopper" and "End of Asia" from his album Thousand Knives (1978) as well as the single "Bamboo Houses" (1982).^[168]
  • Jungle music — According to Fact magazine, Ryuichi Sakamoto's "Differencia" from the album B-2 Unit (1980) has "relentless tumbling beats and a stabbing bass synth that foreshadows jungle by nearly a decade".^[169]
• Electro-pop — Pioneered by Yellow Magic Orchestra (YMO) in the late 1970s, before it became popular in 1980s music.^[170]
  • Synth-pop — Pioneered by YMO in the late 1970s, before it became popular in the 1980s.^[166]
  • Gated reverb — YMO's "Behind the Mask" (1979) was the first song to use gated reverb on the snare drums, a technique that later became popular in 1980s pop music.^[171]
  • Techno — Pioneered by YMO during the late 1970s to early 1980s. They coined the "techno" genre label, with releases such as "Technopolis" (1979), Technodelic (1981) and "The Spirit of Techno" (1983).^[172]
  • Electronica — According to Pitchfork, Ryuichi Sakamoto's "E-3A" from the album B-2 Unit (1980) was looking "ahead to Mouse on Mars’ idyllic ’90s electronica."^[172]
  • Synthwave — YMO's "Mass" from the album BGM (1981) anticipated the "ominous drama" of synthwave according to Noah Yoo of Pitchfork.^[162]
• Electronic dance music (EDM) — Japanese composer Ryuichi Sakamoto's "Riot in Lagos" from the album B-2 Unit (1980) laid the groundwork for modern electronic dance music.^[173]
  • Broken beat — Foreshadowed by Ryuichi Sakamoto's B-2 Unit (1980).^[169]
  • Electronic body music (EBM) — Ryuichi Sakamoto's "Riot in Lagos" from B-2 Unit (1980) was "a new body music" that "foretold the future" of music according to Mary Anne Hobbs of BBC Radio 6 Music.^[174]
  • Intelligent dance music (IDM) — Foreshadowed by Ryuichi Sakamoto's B-2 Unit (1980).^[169]
  • Industrial techno — Ryuichi Sakamoto's B-2 Unit (1980) anticipated the sounds of industrial techno.^[169]
  • Ambient techno — YMO's "Happy End" from the album BGM (1981) was "a progenitor of" ambient techno according to Noah Yoo of Pitchfork.^[162]
  • 22-beat rhythm — Haruomi Hosono's album S-F-X (1984) experimented with new 22-beat rhythms, which went beyond the standard 8‑beat rhythms of rock music and even the complex rhythms of funk, disco, jazz fusion and hip hop at the time.^[175]
• Funky house — Yellow Magic Orchestra's "Tighten Up" from the album X∞Multiplies (1980) featured "grooves now‑recognizable as funky house" according to Tastemakers Music Magazine.^[176]
  • Ambient house — Pioneered by Yellow Magic Orchestra in the early 1980s.^[177]
  • Deep house — "Heartbeat" (1981) by Colored Music (Ichiko Hasimoto and Atsuo Fujimoto) "sounds remarkably like classic deep house" according to Resident Advisor in 2016.^[178]
• Japanese mode — A pentatonic musical scale commonly used in traditional Japanese music.^[179]
  • Royal road progression — The earliest example of the contemporary royal road chord progression occurs in Yumi Arai's "Yasashisa ni Tsutsumareta Nara" (1974), closely followed by Arai's "Sotsugyou Shashin" (1975) released by Hi-Fi Set.^[180]
• J-pop — Modern J-pop has its roots in traditional music of Japan, and significantly in 1960s pop and rock music.^[181]
  • City pop — The genre's origin has been attributed to the Japanese band Happy End (Haruomi Hosono, Takashi Matsumoto, Eiichi Ohtaki and Shigeru Suzuki), active from 1969 to 1972.^[182]
  • Shibuya-kei — A music genre that flourished in Japan during the 1990s.^[183]
• Noise rock — The genre was pioneered by Japanoise band Les Rallizes Dénudés, founded in 1967.^[184]
  • Visual kei — Visual kei emerged in the 1980s Japanese underground music scene, pioneered by Japanese rock bands such as X Japan, Dead End, Buck-Tick, D'erlanger, and Color.^[185]
  • Kawaii metal — In the early 2010s, Japanese idol heavy metal music group Babymetal pioneered the kawaii metal genre.^[186]
• Quadraphonic LP record — In June 1971, JVC released Wonderful CD-4 Sound in Japan. It was the first quadraphonic LP record produced using the Compatible Discrete 4 (CD-4) quadraphonic sound system.^[96]

Computing

See also: Supercomputing in Japan and Electronics industry in Japan

Intel 8259A chip from a PC XT. A version of the Intel 8259 (1976), the first programmable interrupt controller (PIC) designed by Masatoshi Shima.

• Arrow keys — Fujitsu's OASYS100 (1980) word processor and Fujitsu FM-8 (1981) personal computer introduced a thumb-shift keyboard layout with arrow keys.^[187]
• DMA controller — Dates back to the Intel 8257 (1976) designed by Masatoshi Shima.^[188]
  • Programmable interrupt controller (PIC) — The first PIC was the Intel 8259 (1976) designed by Masatoshi Shima.^[189]
  • Programmable interval timer (PIT) — Dates back to the Intel 8253 (1975) designed by Masatoshi Shima.^[188]
  • Universal synchronous and asynchronous receiver-transmitter (USART) — Dates back to the Intel 8251 (1976) designed by Masatoshi Shima.^[188]
• Information society — The concept originates from Japan, where the term Joho Shakai (information society) was first coined by the periodical Hoso Asahi in 1964.^[190]
• Japanese writing touch tablet — In 1971, Hitachi's Hidekazu Terai and Kazuo Nakata invented a touch tablet with Japanese writing character recognition for computer use.^[191]
  • Touch tablet word processor — Appeared in 1970s Japan. In 1979, Sharp Corporation's Shoin WD‑3000 featured touch tablet input with a touch pen.^[192]
• Mail sorter with optical character recognition (OCR) — Developed by Toshiba between 1966 and 1967.^[104]
• Parametron — Eiichi Goto invented the parametron in 1954 as an alternative to the vacuum tube. Early Japanese computers used parametrons until they were superseded by transistors.^[193]
  • Quantum flux parametron — Eiichi Goto invented the quantum flux parametron in 1986 using superconducting Josephson junctions on integrated circuits as an improvement over existing parametron technology.^[193]
• Switching circuit theory — From 1934 to 1936, NEC engineer Akira Nakashima introduced switching circuit theory in a series of papers showing that two-valued Boolean algebra can describe the operation of switching circuits.^[194]
• Text-to-speech (TTS) — Noriko Umeda et al. developed the first general English text-to-speech system in 1968, at the Electrotechnical Laboratory in Japan.^[195]
• Universal Serial Bus (USB) — The USB standard was co-developed by NEC in 1996.^[196]

Artificial intelligence

See also: Fifth Generation Computer Systems

Sega AI Computer (1986), the earliest home computer specialized for artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP).

• 3D computer vision — Takeo Kanade pioneered the field of three-dimensional computer vision.^[197]
• Activation function — Dates back to Kunihiko Fukushima's development of the rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation function in 1969.^[198]
  • Rectified linear unit (ReLU) — In 1969, Kunihiko Fukushima introduced ReLU in the context of visual feature extraction in hierarchical neural networks.^[199]
• Artificial intelligence marketing (AIM) — Toyota's "Driven by Intuition" advert for the 2018 Lexus ES car was the first advert written entirely by artificial intelligence (AI).^[200]
• Backpropagation — Anticipated by Shun'ichi Amari in the 1960s.^[201]
• Convolutional neural network (CNN) — A feedforward neural network, a type of deep learning artificial neural network (ANN), first proposed by Kunihiko Fukushima in 1979.^[199]
  • Neocognitron — A hierarchical multi-layered CNN first proposed by Kunihiko Fukushima in 1979.^[199]
  • Competitive learning — A form of unsupervised learning developed by Kunihiko Fukushima with the neocognitron in 1979.^[202]
  • Unsupervised learning — Pioneered by Fukushima with the neocognitron in 1979.^[202]
• Deep learning artificial neural network (ANN) with stochastic gradient descent (SGD) — In 1967, Shun'ichi Amari proposed the first deep learning ANN using the SGD algorithm.^[199]
  • SGD multilayer perceptron (MLP) — In 1967, Shun'ichi Amari and H. Saito reported the first multi-layered neural network trained by SGD.^[199]
  • Recurrent neural network (RNN) — In 1972, Shun'ichi Amari and Kaoru Nakano published the first papers on deep learning RNN networks.^[199]
  • Amari–Hopfield network — The Amari network, the earliest deep learning RNN, was first published by Shun'ichi Amari in 1972. It was rediscovered by John Hopfield in 1982 as the Hopfield network.^[199]
• Facial recognition system — In 1970, Takeo Kanade publicly demonstrated a face‑matching system.^[203]
  • Face detection with artificial neural network (ANN) — In 1996, Takeo Kanade, Henry Rowley and Shumeet Baluja developed a face detector using ANN network.^[204]
• Feature extraction — Developed at NHK's Visual and Auditory Information Science Unit in the 1960s.^[205]
• Fifth Generation Computer Systems (FGCS) — Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) initiated the FGCS project in 1982. The FGCS project extensively researched AI and natural language processing (NLP).^[206]
  • KL0 — An AI programming language developed by the FGCS project between 1982 and 1986.^[207]
  • AI computer workstation (personal sequential inference machine) — Mitsubishi Electric's MELCOM PSI, developed between 1982 and 1986, was the first computer workstation specialized for AI. It directly executed KL0 code.^[207]
  • AI home computer — The Sega AI Computer (1986) was the earliest home computer specialized for AI and NLP.^[208]
• Lucas–Kanade method — In computer vision, the Lucas–Kanade method is a widely used differential method for optical flow estimation developed by Takeo Kanade and Bruce D. Lucas in 1981.^[209]
  • Kanade–Lucas–Tomasi feature tracker (KLT) — The KLT feature tracker is an approach to feature extraction. It was developed by Takeo Kanade and Carlo Tomasi in 1991.^[210]
  • KLT corner detection — Developed by Kanade and Tomasi in 1991.^[211]
• Tomasi–Kanade factorization — Developed by Kanade and Tomasi in the early 1990s.^[212]

Calculators

Casio electronic pocket calculator with a seven-segment liquid-crystal display (LCD) that can perform arithmetic operations

• All-electric compact calculator — In 1957, Casio's Model 14-A was the first all-electric compact calculator, based on relay technology.^[213]
  • All-transistor desktop calculator — Sharp Corporation's CS-10A (1964) was the first all-transistor-diode electronic desktop calculator.^[90]
  • 10-key electronic calculator — The Canon Canola 130 (1964) was the first ten-key electronic calculator.^[214]
  • Calculator memory — The Casio 001 (1965) was the first electronic calculator with a memory function.^[215]
• Handheld calculator — Sharp Corporation's Micro Compet (1969) was the first commercial electronic calculator that could be held in the palm of a hand.^[216]
  • Battery-powered handheld calculator — Introduced in 1970 with Sharp's QT-8B Micro Compet and EL-8, the Sanyo ICC-82D, and Pocketronic by Canon Inc.^[217]
• Integrated circuit calculator — Between 1964 and 1966, Sharp developed the CS-31A, the first electronic calculator incorporating integrated circuit (IC) chips.^[218]
  • MOS calculator — In 1966, NEC developed the first metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) calculator IC chip for Hayakawa Electric (Sharp).^[219]
  • LSI calculator — The Sharp QT-8D Micro Compet (1969) was the first calculator to use large-scale integration (LSI) MOS integrated circuit chips.^[220]
  • Microprocessor calculator — Busicom's 141-PF (1971) calculator was the first commercial product to use a microprocessor.^[220]

• LCD calculator — Between 1968 and 1970, Sharp developed the first prototype desktop calculators with LCD displays.^[221]
  • VFD calculator — The Sharp QT-8D Micro Compet (1969) was the first calculator to use a vacuum fluorescent display (VFD).^[220]
  • LED calculator — In 1971, Busicom's LE-120A (Handy-LE) and LE-120S (Handy) were the first calculators to use LED displays.^[217]
• Pocket calculator — In 1971, Busicom's LE-120A (Handy-LE), Handy LC and LE-120S (Handy) were the first truly pocket-sized electronic calculators.^[217]
  • Credit card size calculator — The Casio Mini Card LC-78 (1978) was the first credit card sized calculator.^[217]
  • Graphing calculator — Casio released the first commercial graphing calculator, the Casio fx-7000G, in 1985. Sharp released its first graphing calculator in 1986.^[222]
  • Mathematical display — Casio's fx-82ES (2004) introduced a natural mathematical display as the calculator input method.^[215]
• Soroban — The soroban is an abacus developed in Japan. It is derived from the ancient Chinese suanpan, imported to Japan in the 14th century.^[223]
  • Soroban with electronic calculator — In the 1970s, Suntory released a device combining a soroban abacus with an electronic calculator.^[217]
• Touch key calculator — In 1975, Sharp released the lsimate EL-8130 Arithmetic Calculator, the first touch key calculator. Instead of a push-button keypad, it had a flat touch key interface using membrane keypad (like a touchpad or touchscreen).^[224]

Computers

Epson HX-20, introduced in 1981, was the first laptop.

• 32-bit computer numerical control (CNC) — Mitsubishi Electric's MELDAS 300 (1987) was the first 32-bit CNC.^[225]
• E-reader with electronic paper — The Sony Librie, released in 2004 and the precursor to the Sony Reader, was the first e‑reader to use electronic paper.^[226]
• Fifth generation computer — Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) initiated the Fifth Generation Computer Systems (FGCS) project in 1982.^[206]
  • Massively parallel microcomputers — LINKS-1 (1982) was an early massively parallel computing system with up to 256 microcomputer network nodes.^[227]
• Handheld computer (pocket PC) — Sharp Corporation's PC-1210 and PC-1211 (1980) were the first handheld pocket computers.^[217]
  • Personal digital assistant (PDA) — The Sharp PC-1211 (1980) was the first PDA.^[228]
• Integrated circuit minicomputer — NEC's NEAC-1240 (1967) was the first minicomputer to use integrated circuit (IC) chips.^[229]
• Measurement-based quantum computer (MBQC) — In 2008, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) presented the first demonstration of quantum computing based on quantum gate teleportation.^[230]
• Microcomputer — The Sord SMP80/08, developed from 1972 to early 1973, was an early microcomputer, using the Intel 8008 microprocessor. In early 1974, the Sord SMP80/x was the first microcomputer to use the Intel 8080 microprocessor.^[231]
  • 16-bit microcomputer — In 1976, the Panafacom L-16A was released. It was an early 16-bit microcomputer, based on the 16-bit Panafacom MN1610 (1975) microprocessor.^[232]
  • Home computer with disk drive — In 1977, Sord's M200 Smart Home Computer was an early integrated home desktop computer with a Zilog Z80 CPU, computer keyboard, CRT monitor, floppy disk drive and MF-DOS operating system.^[233]
• Notebook computer — Yukio Yokozawa, an employee for Suwa Seikosha (now Seiko Epson), invented the first notebook computer in July 1980 and received a patent for the invention.^[234]
  • Laptop — The Epson HX-20, introduced in 1981, was the first laptop computer.^[235]
  • Clamshell design — The Sharp PC-5000 (1983)^[236] and Ampere WS-1 (1984) laptops featured a modern clamshell design.^[237]
  • Notebook PC — The NEC UltraLite (1988) was the first IBM PC compatible laptop notebook computer.^[238]
  • Laptop with fingerprint scanner — Laptops with built-in fingerprint readers emerged with devices such as NEC's MC/R730F in the late 1990s.^[239]
• Personal computer with hard disk drive — The Sord M223 Mark VI came with a built-in hard disk drive in 1979.^[233]
  • Personal computer with optical disc drive — Fujitsu's FM Towns, released in February 1989, was the first personal computer sold with a built-in CD-ROM drive.^[240]
• Standardized computer architecture — The first attempt at a standardized computer architecture was the MSX, introduced by ASCII Corporation and Microsoft Japan in 1983.^[241]
  • Personal computer with laserdisc player — The Pioneer Palcom, a 1984 MSX computer by Pioneer Corporation, was the first personal computer sold with an optional laserdisc player.^[242]
• Stored-program transistor computer — Electrotechnical Laboratory's ETL Mark III, which began development in 1954 and was completed in 1956, was the first stored-program transistor computer.^[243]

Memory and storage

See also: Semiconductor industry in Japan

Toshiba SD card, a type of flash memory card.

• 3.5 inch floppy disk — Pioneered by Sony in 1981.^[244]
  • Quick Disk — A 3-inch (75 mm) floppy disk format by Mitsumi, originally released for the MSX computer in 1984.^[245]
• Compact disc (CD) — The CD format was jointly developed by Sony (Toshitada Doi) and Philips (Joop Sinjou).^[93]
  • CD-ROM — Sony and Philips created the technical standard that defines the format of a CD-ROM in 1983.^[246]
  • LD-ROM — In 1984, Sony demonstrated a laserdisc format designed to store digital data.^[247]
• Digital versatile disc (DVD) — The DVD, first developed in 1995, resulted from a cooperation between three Japanese companies (Sony, Toshiba and Panasonic) and one Dutch company (Philips).
  • DVD recordable (DVD-R) — Pioneer Corporation released the first DVD-R drive in 1997.^[248]
  • Blu-ray Disc (BD) — After Shuji Nakamura's invention of practical blue laser diodes, Sony demonstrated a prototype BD blue laser disc in 2000.^[249]
• Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) — Toshiba's Toscal BC-1411 electronic calculator (released in November 1965) introduced bipolar DRAM, using discrete bipolar transistors and capacitors as DRAM memory cells.^[250]
  • Stacked capacitor — Introduced by Fujitsu in 1984.^[251]
  • Synchronous graphics RAM (SGRAM) — Hitachi's 8 Mbit (1 MB) HM5283206 graphics memory chip, introduced in November 1994, was the first SGRAM memory chip.^[252]
  • Double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM) — In February 1997, Fujitsu introduced the first double data rate (DDR) synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) chip, with a capacity of 256 Mbit (16 MB).^[253]
• EEPROM — ETL began research in 1971, fabricating an electrically re-programmable non-volatile memory in 1972.^[254]
• Flash memory — Flash memory was invented by Dr. Fujio Masuoka while working for Toshiba. In 1980, he filed a patent for NOR flash memory.^[255]
  • NAND flash — Invented by Fujio Masuoka, while working at Toshiba, in 1986.^[255]
  • Charge trap flash (CTF) — In 1991, NEC's research team including N. Kodama, K. Oyama and Hiroki Shirai developed a type of flash memory that incorporated a charge trap method.^[256]
  • Vertical NAND (V-NAND) — V-NAND, also known as 3D NAND, stacks NAND flash memory cells vertically within a chip using 3D CTP technology. V-NAND technology was introduced by Toshiba in 2007.^[257]
• Megabyte memory chip — In January 1984, Hitachi demonstrated the first 1 megabyte (MB) DRAM memory chip.^[258]
  • Gigabyte optical disc — In 1984, Sony demonstrated a digital data laserdisc with a capacity of 3.28 gigabytes (GB).^[247]
  • Terabyte mass storage — In January 2007, Hitachi's Deskstar 7K1000 and CinemaStar drives were the first 1 terabyte (TB) hard disk drives.^[259]
• Memory card — In 1985, the earliest memory card formats were the Sega Card for the SG-1000 and Master System game consoles,^[260] and the Bee Card and Astron SoftCard for the MSX computer.^[261]
  • Flash memory card — The Fujix Image Memory Card (1988) by Fujifilm and Toshiba was the earliest flash memory card, compatible with digital cameras from Fuji and Toshiba.^[262]
  • SD card — The Secure Digital (SD) memory card format was jointly developed in 1999 by Panasonic (then known as Matsushita), Kioxia (then part of Toshiba) and SanDisk.^[263]
• Minidisc — In 1992, Sony introduced the MiniDisc (MD), a music recording and playback format intended to replace audio cassettes.^[264]
  • Heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) — Sony's recordable MiniDisc (1992) used HAMR recording, but the discs were read optically via the Kerr effect.^[264]
• NILFS — A log-structured file system for Linux developed by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in 2005.^[265]
• Optical disc drive — The first erasable optical disc drive was announced in 1983 by Matsushita.^[266]
• Quad-level cell (QLC) — NEC demonstrated QLC in 1996, with flash memory storing 2 bits per cell. In 1997, NEC demonstrated DRAM with QLC cells.^[251]
  • Triple-level cell (TLC) — Toshiba introduced NAND flash memory chips with triple-level cells (TLC) in 2009.^[267]
• Perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) — In 1976, Shun-ichi Iwasaki verified advantages in PMR. In 1978, T. Fujiwara began developing floppy disk media optimized for PMR and the first commercial magnetic storage devices using the technique.^[268]
  • GMR head — In 1997, Toshiba released the first practical hard disk drive (HDD) equipped with a giant magnetoresistance (GMR) disk read-and-write head.^[104]
  • Flux control MAMR (FC-MAMR) — In 2021, Toshiba released the first flux control microwave-assisted magnetic recording (FC-MAMR) hard disk drive.^[269]
• Spin-transfer torque (STT) — In 1997, Sony Research Center published the first patent for STT RAM.^[270]
• Three-dimensional memory chip — In 1969, a 3D IC memory chip was proposed by NEC.^[271]

Microprocessors

Intel 4004 (1971), the first single‑chip microprocessor, was co‑designed by Masatoshi Shima of Busicom.

• Microprocessor — The concept was proposed in 1968 by Tadashi Sasaki and a Nara Women's College researcher.^[272] Masatoshi Shima of Busicom co-developed the first single-chip microprocessor, Intel 4004, between 1968 and 1971.^[273]
  • 12-bit microprocessor — The Toshiba TLCS-12 (1973) was the first 12-bit microprocessor.^[274]
  • Microcontroller unit (MCU) — In early 1970s, Japan produced MCUs for automobiles, including 4-bit and 8-bit MCUs for entertainment, wipers, locks and dashboard.^[275]
• NMOS microprocessor — NEC's μCOM-4 (1973) was the earliest NMOS microprocessor, fabricated by NEC's LSI team consisting of five researchers led by Sohichi Suzuki.^[276]
  • 16-bit microprocessor — The NEC μCOM-16 (1974) was the earliest two-chip 16-bit microprocessor.^[277]
  • 16-bit microprocessor chip — The Panafacom MN1610 (1975) was the first single-chip 16-bit microprocessor.^[278]
  • 32-bit microprocessor — In 1981, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) developed a prototype 32-bit microprocessor using very-large-scale integration (VLSI) technology.^[230]
  • Digital signal processor (DSP) — The NEC μPD7720 (1980) was the first commercial DSP chip.^[279]
  • Compressed instruction set — Originally developed by Hitachi for their SuperH (1992) central processing unit (CPU) microprocessor.^[280]
  • 128-bit vector registers — The Hitachi SH-4 (1997) microprocessor featured a floating-point unit (FPU) with 128-bit vector registers.^[281]
  • Glass CPU — Shunpei Yamazaki invented an integrated circuit chip made entirely from glass and with an 8-bit central processing unit.^[282]
• Plastic CPU — Shunpei Yamazaki invented a central processing unit (CPU) chip made entirely from plastic.^[282]

Culture

See also: Culture of Japan and Japanese popular culture

Kawaii items, from left to right, top to bottom: shelf of decorated tea kettles; food served at a maid café; Hello Kitty on a sign in Ikebukuro, Tokyo; mobile phone charm attached to a pink Palm

• Dab — Known as "henshin" or "sentai move" in Japan, it originates from the tokusatsu show Kamen Rider (1971).^[283]
• Folding hand fan — The folding fan was invented in Japan, with dates ranging from the 6th to 9th centuries.^[284]
• Kawaii — Roots date back to The Pillow Book (1002).^[285]
  • Netsuke — A miniature sculpture, originating in 17th-century Japan.^[286]
  • Lolita fashion — In the late 1970s, a new movement known as Otome (乙女) was founded, which inspired Lolita fashion.^[287]
• Selfie — Modern selfie originates from 1990s Japanese kawaii culture. Digital selfie originates from Japanese purikura in 1995.^[288]
• Soramimi — Derived from long-running "Soramimi Hour" segment (debuted 1992) on Japanese comedian Tamori's TV program Tamori Club.^[289]

Food and drink

See also: Japanese cuisine

Instant noodles before boiling

• Canned coffee — Canned coffee was invented in 1965 by Miura Yoshitake, a coffee shop owner in Hamada, Shimane Prefecture, Japan.^[290]
• Cooking comic — Genre emerged in 1970, with Totsugeki Ramen, Cake Cake Cake and Kitchen Kenpo.^[291]
• Fake food — Simulated food was invented after Japan's surrender ending World War II in 1945. Japanese artisans and candlemakers created wax food initially for foreigners.^[292]
• Fortune cookie — They most likely originated from cookies made by Japanese immigrants to the United States in the late 19th or early 20th century.^[293]
• Instant noodle — Invented by Momofuku Ando, a Taiwanese-Japanese inventor, in 1958.^[294]
• Monosodium glutamate — Invented and patented by Kikunae Ikeda.^[295]
• Umami — Umami as a separate taste was first identified in 1908 by Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University while researching the strong flavor in seaweed broth.^[296]

Martial arts

See also: Japanese martial arts, Mixed martial arts in Japan, and Professional wrestling in Japan

All-Japan Judo Championships, 2007 men's final

• Bushido
  • Kendo
• Jujutsu — Japanese martial art styles including unarmed and armed techniques. Evolved among the samurai of feudal Japan for defeating an armed and armored opponent without weapons.^[297]
  • Judo — It was created as a physical, mental and moral pedagogy in Japan, in 1882, by Kanō Jigorō.^[298]
  • Aikido — Aikido was created and developed by Morihei Ueshiba in first half of the 20th century.
  • Kimura lock — Known as gyaku ude-garami in judo, it was popularized by Masahiko Kimura in 1951. It is commonly used in judo, Brazilian jiu-jitsu and mixed martial arts.^[299]
• Kenpō
  • Okinawan martial arts — In the 14th century, Chinese Chuan Fa was taught to Okinawans, who combined Chuan Fa with the existing martial art of Te to form Tō-de (Okinawa-te).^[300]
  • Karate — Began as a common fighting system known as "ti" (or "te") among the pechin class of the Ryukyuans. The Motobu‑ryū school was notably passed down by Seikichi Uehara.^[301]
• Mixed martial arts (MMA) — Mixed martial arts in Japan dates back to ancient times.^[302]
  • Kūdō — Japanese hybrid martial art founded by Takashi Azuma in 1981.^[303][304]
• Ninjutsu — Developed by groups of people mainly from the Iga Province and Kōka, Shiga of Japan. Throughout history, many different schools (ryū) have taught their unique versions of ninjutsu. An example of these is the Togakure-ryū.^[305]
• Puroresu
  • Soccer kick — A high-profile early user of soccer kicks as a finishing move was Antonio Inoki. In a 1977 puroresu match, Inoki used soccer kicks to legitimately knock out Great Antonio.^[306]
  • Strong style
• Shoot wrestling — Originates from 1970s Japanese puroresu.^[307]
  • Shoot boxing — Shoot boxing was created in August 1985 by former kickboxer Caesar Takeshi.^[308]
  • Shootfighting
• Sumo — According to the Nihon Shoki, published in 720, the origin of sumo is the contest of strength between Nomi no Sukune and Taima no Kehaya in 26 BC.^[309]

Philosophy

See also: Japanese philosophy

Tajōmaru and the samurai's wife, two unreliable narrators in Akira Kurosawa's Rashomon (1950), which the Rashomon effect is named after.

• Kokugaku — A school of Japanese philology and philosophy originating during the Edo period.^[310]
• Kyokan — A concept forwarded by Masao Kawai. It first appeared to Western readers in Kawai's book Ecology of Japanese Monkeys (1969).^[311]
• Lean manufacturing — A generic process management philosophy derived mostly from the Toyota Production System (TPS) and identified as "Lean" only in the 1990s.^[312]
• Paris syndrome — Hiroaki Ota, a Japanese psychiatrist working at the Sainte-Anne Hospital Center in France, identified the syndrome in the 1980s.^[313]
  • Galápagos syndrome — Identified in Japan during the 2000s.^[314]
• Postmodern video game — Hideo Kojima's Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty (2001) is considered the first postmodern video game.^[315]
  • Post-truth politics — Hideo Kojima's Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty (2001) is cited as an early work that anticipated contemporary post-truth politics.^[316]
• Psychological novel — The Tale of Genji (11th century) is considered to be the first psychological novel.^[80]
• Rashomon effect — The concept originates from Ryūnosuke Akutagawa's novel In a Grove (1922), which was adapted into Akira Kurosawa's film Rashomon (1950).^[317]
• Uncanny valley — Masahiro Mori first introduced the concept in his 1970 essay The Uncanny Valley Phenomenon (不気味の谷現象, Bukimi no Tani Genshō).^[318]

Display technology

See also: Electronics industry in Japan

Sony home cinema setup, with full HD LCD television, digital TV set-top box, DVD player, PlayStation 3 video game console, and loudspeakers.

• Active shutter 3D system — Matsushita Electric developed a 3D television that employed active-shutter stereoscopic technology in the late 1970s, unveiled in 1981.^[319]
  • Autostereoscopy — A prototype single-viewer 3D display, the Floating Image System, was presented by video game company Sega AM3 in 1997.^[320]
  • Parallax barrier — In the early 2000s, Sharp released electronic flat-panel displays with parallax barrier autostereoscopy, selling laptops with the first 3D LCD displays.^[321]
• AV receiver — Denon's AVC-500 (1985) was the first AV amplifier, enabling the development of modern home cinema.^[111]
• Cathode-ray tube (CRT) with thermal electron emission — In 1925, Kenjiro Takayanagi invented a high-performance CRT display with a thermal electron emission source.^[322]
  • Horizontal sync and vertical sync with photocell — In 1927, Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated the first CRT with horizontal and vertical synchronizing pulses generated by means of a photocell.^[322]
  • Bipotential electron gun —In 1929, Takayanagi demonstrated a CRT that incorporated a bipotential electron gun with G2 and oxide cathode.^[323]
  • Aperture grille — One of two major CRT display technologies, along with shadow mask. Aperture grile was introduced by Sony with their Trinitron television set in 1968.^[323]
  • Deflection yoke — In 1971, JVC introduced deflection yokes for CRT displays.^[324]
  • CRT color filters — Introduced with Toshiba's Microfilter technology in 1995.^[323]
• Chip-on-glass (COG) — Developed by Kyocera in 1987, used for manufacturing LCD and OLED displays.^[221]
• Color TFT liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD) — In 1983, a-Si thin-film transistor (TFT) color liquid-crystal display (LCD) panels were demonstrated by Sanyo, Sanritsu and Canon Inc.^[221]
  • Metal–insulator–metal LCD (MIM LCD) — In 1981, Seiko Epson co-developed the first LCD display using metal‑insulator‑metal (MIM) diodes.^[323]
  • Color ferroelectric liquid crystal display (FLCD) — By 1985, Seiko had demonstrated a color FLCD panel.^[325]
  • Dual-scan super twisted nematic (DSTN) — In 1987, Seiko Epson developed dual-scan super-twisted nematic (DSTN) technology.^[323]
  • CSTN (color STN) — Toshiba, Sharp Corporation and Mitsubishi Electric had introduced color LCD STN displays by 1989.^[221]
  • IPS panel — In the early 1990s, Katsumi Kondo at Hitachi combined in-plane switching (IPS) with TFT LCD technology to develop the first practical IPS panel with wide viewing angle, presented by Hitachi in 1995.^[323]
• Component video — Between 1970 and 1973, NHK and Panasonic developed a Hi-Vision 1125i HDTV with color analog component video, demonstrated by Panasonic in 1973 with prototype analog HDTV CRT monitor and HD video camera.^[326]
  • S-Video — The S-Video cable standard was introduced in 1987 with JVC's S-VHS format.^[327]
  • Digital Visual Interface (DVI) — Developed in 1999 by the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG), which included Japanese companies Fujitsu and NEC.^[328]
• Flat-panel video display — In 1974, Sharp Corporation's scientists demonstrated the first flat-panel display capable of showing video images, using thin-film electroluminescence (TFEL) technology.^[329]
  • Color plasma display — The first full-color plasma display prototype was demonstrated by NHK in 1978.^[323]
  • Color electroluminescent display (ELD) — Demonstrated by K. Okamoto of Osaka University in 1981.^[330]
  • See-through display — In 2000, Denso co-developed a transparent EL display (ELD).^[323]
• High frame rate — Between 1974 and 1975, NHK developed prototype CRT displays capable of frame rates higher than the 60 Hz NTSC standard, reaching up to 500 Hz frame rate.^[326]
• LED-backlit LCD — The Sony Qualia 005 (2004) was the first LED-backlit LCD television.^[105]
  • QLED (quantum dot LED) — The first manufacturer shipping QLED TVs was Sony in 2013 as Triluminos, Sony's trademark for the technology.^[331]
• Metal–insulator–metal field-emission display (MIM FED) — In 2000, Hitachi developed the first FED display with MIM field emitter.^[323]
  • Ballistic electron surface-emitting display (BSD) — A type of FED developed by Matsushita Electric in 2001.^[323]
• OLED display — In 1996, TDK demonstrated the first active-matrix OLED (AMOLED) QVGA display. In 1997, Pioneer Corporation released the first passive-matrix OLED (PMOLED) display.^[323]
  • Flexible OLED display — In 2005, Sony and the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research developed a prototype OLED rollable display.^[332]
  • OLED head-mounted display (HMD) — The Sony HMZ-T1 (2011) was the first 3D HMD equipped with a HD OLED display.^[105]
  • Crystal LED (CLED) — Sony unveiled CLED display technology at CES 2012.^[333]
• Slot mask — A variant of shadow mask CRT display technology developed by Toshiba in 1971.^[323]
  • Invar shadow mask — Developed by Toshiba for a color display tube (CDT) computer monitor in 1983 and a CRT television set in 1986.^[323]
• TFT LCD projector — In 1986, Seiko Epson developed a TFT LCD light valve projector. In 1988, Sharp Corporation introduced a commercial TFT LCD projection system.^[323]
  • Color LCD projector — The Epson VPJ-700, released in January 1989, was the first compact full-color LCD projector.^[334]
  • LCD video projector — In 1989, Sharp released the first 100-inch LCD video projector for home use.^[216]
  • Metal-halide lamp projector — In 1991, Japanese company Iwasaki Electric developed the first metal-halide discharge projection lamp.^[323]

• UHP lamp projector — Epson's ELP-3500 (1996) was the first commercial LCD projector with ultra-high-performance lamp (UHP lamp).^[323]
  • Telecentric projector — In 1999, telecentric projection lens for LCD projectors were co-developed by Minolta and Nikon.^[323]
  • LED-backlit pocket projector — In 2005, the first LED-illuminated digital light processing (DLP) pocket projector was released by Mitsubishi Electric, Toshiba and Samsung.^[323]
  • LCD laser projector — The Sony VPL-FHZ55 (2013) was the first 3LCD laser light source projector.^[105]
• Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) — In 1966, ISE Electronics Corporation established the basic structure of VFD. They developed a single-digit VFD in 1967 and multi-digit VFD in 1970. In 1972, ISE received a patent for inventing VFD.^[335]
  • Flat-panel VF display (flat VFD) — In 1974, ISE Electronics developed a flat glass panel VFD.^[323]
• VFD color display — In 1979, Kasei Optonics developed a multi-color VFD.^[323]

Cameras

Minolta RD-175, a portable digital SLR (DLSR) camera released in 1995.

• Action camera — The first action camera was the Canon CI-10 (1985) by Canon Inc.^[336]
• Active-pixel sensor (MOS sensor) — The first active-pixel MOS image sensor was invented by Olympus in 1985. It had a vertical structure with NMOS transistors.^[337]
  • CMOS sensor — The first CMOS image sensor was developed by Mitsubishi Electric in 1992. Mitsubishi later began mass production in 1997.^[225]
  • Stacked CMOS — In 2012, Sony released the first stacked CMOS sensor, the Exmor RS.^[338]
• Aperture priority auto-exposure — The Asahi Pentax Electro-Spotmatic (ES), released in 1971, was the first single-lens reflex (SLR) camera with aperture priority auto-exposure.^[339]
• Autofocus camera — The Konica C35 AF (1977) was the first camera with autofocus.^[340]
  • Autofocus lens mount — Ricoh's Rikenon 50mm f/2 AF (1980) was the first autofocus interchangeable lens mount.^[340]
• Bayonet lens mount — The Nikon F-mount, debuted with the Nikon F (1959), was the first interchangeable lens bayonet mount.^[340]
  • Close range correction (CRC) — Nikon's Nikkor Auto 24mm f/2.8 (1967) was the first lens with a CRC system.^[341]
  • SLR camera aspheric lens — Nikon's OP Fisheye-Nikkor 10mm f/5.6 (1968) was the first aspheric lens for use with SLR cameras.^[341]
  • Extra-low dispersion (ED) — The Nikkor 300mm f/2.8 (1973) was the first ED lens.^[341]
  • CPU lens — The Nikkor 50mm f/1.8S (1986) was the first lens with a built-in central processing unit (CPU).^[341]
• Bokeh
• Bridge camera — In early 1988, the first bridge cameras were the Ricoh FF-7, Kyocera's Samurai, Olympus Corporation's Infinity SuperZoom 300, and the Chinon Genesis.^[342]
• Center-weighted average metering — The Nikon F Photomic TN (1967) was the first camera with a center-weighted exposure metering system.^[341]
  • Matrix metering — The Nikon FA (1983) was the first SLR camera with matrix metering.^[341]
• Color CCD camera — A Sony research team developed a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera in 1977.^[343]
  • Three-CCD camera (3CCD) — The Minolta RD-175 (1995) was the first digital camera integrated with three CCD image sensors.^[336]
  • Super CCD — A type of CCD sensor developed by Fujifilm in 1999.^[344]
• Color home video camera — In 1973, Toshiba released the first color video camera for home use.^[104]
  • Camcorder — In 1980, Sony demonstrated the first prototype camcorder, combining a color CCD camera with video cassette recorder (VCR) using 8 mm video format. Sony released it commercially several years later.^[345]
  • 3CCD video camera — The Sony DCR-VX1000 (1995) digital camcorder was the first digital video camera with three CCD sensors.^[346]
• Compact camera with zoom lens — The Pentax Zoom 70 (1986) was the first compact camera equipped with zoom lens.^[339]
  • Digital camera optical zoom — Fujifilm's Fujix DS-100 (1991) was the first digital camera with 3× optical zoom.^[336]
• Digital camera with flash memory — In 1988, Fujifilm introduced the Fujix DS-1P, the first fully digital camera to record digital images on a flash memory card.^[336]
  • Lithium-ion battery camera — Fujifilm's Fujix DS-220 (1995) was the first digital camera using a lithium-ion battery.^[336]
  • Digital infrared camera — Sony's DSC-F1 (1996) was the first digital camera with a built-in infrared transceiver.^[336]
  • Touchscreen camera — The Nikon Coolpix 300 (1996) was the first digital camera with a touchscreen.^[336]
  • Color instant-print camera — The Fujifilm FinePix PR21 (1999) was the first digital camera with built-in color printer.^[336]
  • Digital rangefinder — The Epson R-D1 (2004) was the first digital rangefinder camera.^[347]
• Digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR) — At Photokina 1986, Nikon revealed a prototype electronic still SLR camera, the Nikon SVC, the first digital SLR. Manufactured by Panasonic, its body shared many features with the N8008 (1988).^[348]
  • CMOS sensor DSLR — The Canon EOS D30 (2000) was the first DSLR camera with CMOS sensor.^[344]
  • Full-frame DSLR — The first full-frame DSLR was the N Digital by Contax, announced in 2000 and released in 2002.^[349]
• Digital stereoscopic 3D camera — The Minolta Dimâge 3D 1500 (1999) was the first digital stereoscopic 3D camera.^[336]
  • Autostereoscopic 3D camera — The Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D (2009) was the first autostereoscopic 3D camera.^[350]
• Digital video camera — In 1986, Sony developed a prototype digital video camera that recorded digital video on D-1 (Sony) video cassettes.^[351]
  • Digital TV camera — Sansui Electric's CT0110 (1996) was the first digital camera with a built-in TV tuner.^[336]
  • MPEG video camera — The Hitachi MP-EG1 (1996) camera introduced MPEG support. Sharp Corporation's VN-EZ1 Internet ViewCam (1999) camera introduced MPEG-4 support.^[336]
  • DSLR video camera — The Nikon D90 (2008) was the DSLR camera capable of video recording.^[340]
• Event camera — The development of silicon retina event cameras dates back to Kunihiko Fukushima’s Reticon in 1989.^[352]
  • Smart digital camera — In 2012, Nikon's Coolpix S800c and Samsung's Galaxy Camera were the first digital cameras to run the Android operating system. They can integrate with the same Android-compatible services used by smartphones.^[353]
  • Intelligent vision sensor — In 2020, Sony launched the first intelligent vision sensors with AI edge computing capabilies.^[354]
• Fisheye lens for 35 mm camera — In 1962, Nikon introduced the first regular production fisheye lens for 35 mm cameras.^[355]
  • Diagonal fisheye lens — The Fish-eye Takumar 18mm F11 (1962) by Pentax was the first diagonal fish-eye lens, used for a 35 mm SLR camera.^[339]
  • Orthographic projection fisheye lens — Nikon's OP Fisheye-Nikkor 10mm f/5.6 (1968) was the first fisheye lens with an orthographic projection.^[341]
• Flash camera — The Canon IV Sb, the first light-speed synchronized flash-and-shutter 35 mm camera, was released in 1952 by Canon Inc.^[214]
  • Single-lens reflex flash camera (SLR flash camera) — The Pentax SFX (1987) was the first SLR camera with built-in flash.^[339]
• Front-facing camera — The first front-facing camera was Nintendo's Game Boy Camera, released as an accessory for the Game Boy handheld game console in February 1998.^[356]
• Handheld TV camera — Ikegami Tsushinki introduced the first portable 4+1⁄2-inch Image Orthicon tube hand-held TV camera. The camera made its US debut in February 1962.^[357]
  • Portapak — In 1967, Sony unveiled the first self-contained video tape analog recording system that was portable.^[358]
  • Electronic news gathering (ENG) — Portapak (1967) led to the development of ENG.^[359]
  • Color ENG video camera — In 1972, Ikegami Tsushinki's HL-33 was the first compact handheld color video camera for ENG.^[360]
• High-speed camera — Between 1974 and 1975, NHK developed a Saticon video camera capable of frame rates higher than the 60 Hz NTSC standard, reaching up to 500 Hz frame rate.^[326]
  • High-speed shutter — The Nikon FM2 (1982) was the first camera with a shutter speed of ¹⁄₄₀₀₀ second (250 nanoseconds). The Nikon F-801 (N8008) in 1988 was the first camera with ¹⁄₈₀₀₀ second (125 nanoseconds) shutter speed.^[341]
• Image sharing — Olympus Deltis VC-1100 (1994) introduced digital image sharing via internal modem. Ricoh RDC-2S (1996) camera introduced digital image sharing via the Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) mobile network.^[336]
• Image stabilization — Panasonic invented optical image stabilization (OIS) for the PV-460 (1988) video camera.^[361]
  • Electronic image stabilization (EIS) — Panasonic invented EIS for the Brenby NV-S1 (1990) compact video camera.^[361]
  • Vibration reduction (VR) — The Nikon Zoom 700VR (1994) was the first camera featuring optical vibration reduction.^[341]
• LCD camera — The Nikon F3 (1980) was the first camera with a liquid-crystal display (LCD).^[341]
  • LCD digital camera — The Rhythm Watch Visimo (1994) was the first digital camera with LCD display.^[336]
• Mirrorless camera — The Epson R-D1 (2004) was also the first mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera (MILC).^[347]
  • Full-frame mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera (full-frame MILC) — The Sony α7 (2013) was the first full-frame MILC.^[340]
• Multi-layer optical coating — The first multi-layer coating was the "Super-Multi-Coating" introduced by Pentax in the 1950s.^[339]
• Selfie stick — Invented for the Minolta Disc-7 camera (1983), which had a package showing the camera mounted on a selfie stick.^[362]
• Single-lens reflex compact camera (compact SLR) — The Olympus OM-1 (1972) was the first compact SLR camera.^[340]
  • Full-frame compact camera — The Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX1 (2012) was the first compact camera with a full-frame sensor.^[340]
• Single-lens reflex system camera (system SLR) — The Nikon F (1959) was the first system SLR camera.^[340]
  • Electric motor drive — The Nikon F (1959) was the first camera with an electric motor drive.^[340]
  • Full-frame SLR camera — The Nikon F (1959) was the first SLR camera with full frame coverage.^[341]
  • Half-frame SLR camera — The Olympus Pen F (1963) was the first half-frame SLR camera.^[363]
• Single-use camera — The first single-use disposable camera was Fujifilm's QuickSnap (1986).^[364]
• Still video camera (SVC) — The first prototype SVC to be developed was the SV Camera (1977) by Canon Inc. The first SVC to be demonstrated was the Sony Mavica (1981).^[365]
• Through-the-lens metering (TTL) — The first camera to feature TTL light metering was by Japanese company Nikon, with a prototype rangefinder camera, the SPX, in 1950.^[366]
  • Through-the-lens SLR camera (TTL SLR) — Pentax introduced the first TTL SLR camera, the Pentax Spotmatic, at the 1960 photokina show.^[339]
  • Open-aperture metering — The Asahi Pentax Electro-Spotmatic (ES), released in 1971, was equipped with the first TTL open-aperture metering.^[339]
  • Pinhead mirror — The Nikon F3 (1980) was the first TTL camera with a pinhole mirror.^[341]
  • Through-the-lens autofocus (TTL AF) — The Pentax ME-F (1981) was the first TTL auto-focusing SLR camera.^[339]
• Ultra wide angle lens — In 1968, Nikon's Masaki Isshiki and Keiji Matsuki filed a patent for super wide fisheye lens with 220° to 270° field of view.^[367]
  • Ultra wide angle interchangeable lens — Nikon's Nikkor 13mm f/5.6 (1976) was the first F-mount interchangeable lens with ultra wide angle of view.^[341]
  • Ultra wide angle DSLR — Fujifilm's Fujix DS-505 (1995) was the first DSLR camera with full angle of view.^[336]
• Universal viewfinder — The Nikon SP (1957) was the first rangefinder camera with universal viewfinder supporting focal lengths ranging from 28 mm to 135 mm.^[341]
  • Electronic viewfinder (EVF) — Epson's EVF Liquid Crystal Panel Module (1988) was the first liquid-crystal display (LCD) viewfinder.^[334]
• Weather-proof camera — Olympus Corporation's AF-1 Nuretemo-Pikaso (Wet Flash), released in 1986, was the first weather‑proof compact camera.^[368]
  • Weather-proof digital camera — The Olympus µ-10 (2003) was the first weather‑proof metal-body digital camera.^[368]
• Wide-angle zoom lens — Nikon's Zoom-Nikkor 28-45mm f/4.5 (1975) was the first full-fledged wide-angle zoom lens.^[341]

Computer graphics

2.5D parallax scrolling of city buildings

• 3D computer graphics software — Earliest was 3D Art Graphics, a set of 3D computer graphics effects written by Kazumasa Mitazawa and released for the Apple II in 1978.^[369]
  • Ray-tracing hardware — The first interactive ray tracer was the LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System (1982), used to render 3D graphics with high-speed ray tracing.^[227]
  • Render farm — The LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System (1982) was a massively parallel system with up to 256 computer nodes for rendering 3D graphics.^[227]
• Animated color character sprite — First appeared in Kasco's arcade video game Playtron (1973).^[370]
  • Human sprite — Taito's arcade game TV Basketball (1974), designed by Tomohiro Nishikado, first represented human sprites.^[371]
  • Multi-color sprite — Taito's arcade game Super Speed Race (1977) first displayed multi-colored sprites.^[372]
  • Hardware sprite with line buffer — Introduced by the Namco Galaxian arcade system board with Galaxian (1979).^[373]
  • LCD character sprite — Nintendo's LCD game Game & Watch Ball (1980) featured the first depiction of character sprites on a liquid-crystal display (LCD).^[374]
• Bloom (shader effect) — Squaresoft's PlayStation 2 game The Bouncer (2000) introduced the use of bloom in 3D real-time computer graphics.^[375]
• Cel shading — First appeared in Riverhillsoft's video game Doctor Hauzer (1994).^[376]
  • Cel shader — The Sega Dreamcast game Jet Set Radio, demonstrated in 1999 and released in 2000, introduced a real-time cel shader.^[377]
• Color display tube (CDT) computer monitor — In 1972, Matsushita Electric developed a high resolution CDT display monitor. In 1980, Sony developed large Trinitron CDT monitors up to 19" display size.^[323]
  • TV tuner — The Sharp X1 (1982) was the first personal computer with a TV tuner, used as both a computer and television. The RGB display monitor could superimpose a computer screen over a TV screen, allowing both on the same display.^[90]
  • Multisync monitor — The NEC Multisync (1985) computer monitor introduced support for a wide range of sync frequencies.^[378]
  • Anti-static and anti-reflective coating — In 1988, Japanese companies Sony, Toshiba and Hitachi developed CDT monitors with anti-static, anti-reflex and anti-glare coating.^[323]
• Flat-panel computer display — The Sharp PC-1211 (1980) pocket computer was the first computer with flat-panel liquid-crystal display (LCD).^[217]
  • TFEL computer display — In 1983, Sharp Corporation developed the first TFEL portable computer display.^[323]
  • LCD computer monitor — Eizo's FlexScan (1997) was the first LCD monitor for desktop computers.^[379]
  • OLED computer display — The Sony CLIÉ PEG-VZ90 (2004) was the first personal digital assistant (PDA) mobile computing device to feature an OLED display.^[380]
• Frame memory — Between 1964 and 1969, NHK STRL developed a prototype 1125i Hi-Vision analog HDTV system which utilized a minicomputer with 20 megabyte (MB) frame memory disk storage to store images.^[326]
• Graphics processing unit (GPU) — The NEC μPD7220 (1981) was the first specialized GPU on a single LSI chip.^[381]
  • 3D GPU — The first GPUs dedicated to 3D polygon graphics were developed in Japan for arcades, with the Namco System 21 (developed 1985–1988) and Taito Air System (developed 1986–1988).^[373]
  • T&L GPU — In 1995, Fujitsu developed the first integrated 3D GPU with hardware T&L.^[382]
• High color — The Sega Super Scaler (1985) arcade board had a 16-bit color palette (65,536 colors).^[383]
  • True color — The Namco System 2 (1987) arcade board had a 24-bit color palette (16,777,216 colors).^[384]
• High-dynamic-range rendering (HDR rendering) — In 1990, Hiroshima University researchers presented a lighting model for driving simulators that demonstrated high dynamic range (HDR) processing.^[385]
• Isometric graphics — Introduced by Data East's arcade video game Treasure Island (1981) for the DECO Cassette System.^[386]
  • Axonometric graphics — Introduced by Sega's arcade game Zaxxon (1981).^[387]
• JPEG arithmetic coding — Patents providing the basis for JPEG's arithmetic coding algorithm include two Mitsubishi Electric patents by Toshihiro Kimura, Shigenori Kino, Fumitaka Ono and Masayuki Yoshida in 1989 and 1990.^[388]
• Pseudo-3D sprite scaling — Introduced with the arcade games Interceptor (1975) by Taito's Tomohiro Nishikado and Road Race (1976) by Sega.^[389]
  • Pseudo-3D rotation — Dates back to Sega's arcade game After Burner (1987).^[390]
• Scrolling — First appeared in the arcade racing game Speed Race (1974) by Taito's Tomohiro Nishikado.^[391]
  • Vertical scrolling — First appeared in Speed Race (1974).^[389]
  • Side-scrolling — Dates back to Taito's arcade racing game Dead Heat (1975).^[392]
  • Multi-directional scrolling — Introduced by Tomohiro Nishikado's arcade shooter game Interceptor (1975).^[389]
  • Forward scrolling — Introduced by Sega's arcade driving game Road Race (1976).^[389]
  • Parallax scrolling — First appeared in the arcade games Jump Bug (1981) by Alpha Denshi and Moon Patrol (1982) by Irem.^[393]
  • Infinite scrolling — Dates back to Konami's arcade shoot 'em up game Time Pilot (1982).^[394]
• Super video graphics array (SVGA) — In 1988, NEC Home Electronics created the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) to develop the Super VGA (SVGA) computer display standard. The development of SVGA was led by NEC.^[395]
  • VGA projector — The first video graphics array (VGA) projectors were Epson's light valve TFT LCD projector in 1993 and 3LCD projector in 1994.^[323]
• Tile-based graphics — The tile-map model was introduced by Namco's arcade game Galaxian (1979), which ran on the Namco Galaxian arcade system board.^[396]
  • Hardware scrolling — The Namco Galaxian arcade system board introduced with Galaxian (1979) pioneered a hardware sprite system that animates pre-loaded sprites over a scrolling background, the basis for later 2D game systems.^[397]
  • Tile-based graphics card — HAL Laboratory's PCG (1980) was an early tile-based graphics card for home computers.^[398]
• VR photography — In 1995, Takeo Kanade's team introduced virtualized reality, where a multi-camera setup captures a real-world scene from different angles to render as a virtual world within a virtual reality.^[399]

High definition

• High-definition (HD) — Between 1964 and 1969, NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories (NHK STRL) developed a monochrome Hi-Vision 1125i analog HDTV system, demonstrated in 1969 with a HD CRT monitor and HD video camera.^[326]
  • HD interlaced video — Between 1970 and 1975, NHK developed prototype Saticon HD video camera and HD CRT displays with analog HD interlaced display resolutions from 935i to 2125i scanlines.^[326]
  • HD progressive scan — Between 1974 and 1975, NHK developed prototype Saticon HD video camera and HD CRT displays with analog HD progressive scan resolutions from 610p to 1195p.^[326]
  • Digital HD — NEC's μPD7220 (1981) graphics processing unit (GPU) supports digital HD resolutions up to 1024p with 16 colors or up to 2048i in monochrome.^[400]
  • 4K resolution — The NEC μPD7220 (1981) GPU supports monochrome 4K resolutions up to 4096×1024p or 4096×2048i.^[401]
• High-definition CCD camera (HD CCD) — In the 1980s, prototype HD CCD cameras were developed by Fujitsu, Ikegami Tsushinki, Matsushita Electric, NEC, Sanyo, Sharp Corporation, Sony, Toshiba and JVC.^[402]
  • Full HD DSLR video camera — The Canon EOS 5D Mark II (2008) was the first DSLR camera capable of full high-definition video recording.^[340]
• High-definition LCD display — In the 1980s, prototype HD LCD displays were developed NEC, Sanyo and Sharp Corporation.^[402]
  • HD plasma display — In the 1980s, prototype HD plasma displays were developed by Fujitsu, Hitachi, Matsushita Electric, Mitsubishi Electric, Sony and Toshiba.^[402]
  • HD video projector — Introduced with the Sony HDVS in 1981.^[403]
• High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) — In 2002, the HDMI founders included Hitachi, Panasonic, Maxell, Sony and Toshiba.^[404]
• High-definition television program (HDTV program) — NHK's Images for Hi-Vision (1982) was the first HDTV program, broadcast on NHK's Hi-Vision analog HDTV.^[405]
  • HDTV sports broadcasting — The 1984 Summer Olympics, where NHK shot some of the events in HD video, was the first sporting event broadcast on HDTV.^[405]
  • 3D HDTV — In the 1998 Nagano Olympics, some sporting events were filmed in 3D high definition.^[406]
• High-definition video codec
  • HD video decoder — In the 1980s, HD video decoders were released by Hitachi, NEC, NHK (MUSE), Sanyo, Toshiba and Canon Inc.^[402]
  • HD video encoder — In the 1980s, HD video encoders were released by Canon, Ikegami Tsushinki, NHK (MUSE) and Toshiba.^[402]
• High-definition video disc — In the 1980s, HD video recording optical disc formats were released by Sanyo, Sony and JVC.^[402]
  • Digital HD video disc — In 2000, Sony demonstrated a prototype blue laser disc format, Blu-Ray, capable of storing digital HD video.^[249]
• High-definition video recording — Introduced with Sony HDVS (1981), including Hi-Vision VCR recording 1125i analog HDTV content on U-matic cassettes.^[403]
  • Progressive scan HD video — Panasonic's D-5 HD (1994) videocassette format was the first HD digital video format to support progressive scan, recording 720p content.^[407]
  • HD video combo television unit — The Sharp Aquos LC-52X1 (2008) LCD TV was the first TV set with a built-in Blu-Ray disc HD digital video recorder.^[216]
• Satellite HDTV — NHK used Yuri, a Japanese broadcasting satellite launched in 1978, to demonstrate analog HDTV satellite transmission in 1979.^[326]
  • HD video space camera — NHK and Sony developed the first HD video camcorder used on a spacecraft, the Space Shuttle Discovery in 1998.^[408]
• Super XGA (SXGA) — The super extended graphics array (SXGA) display standard was developed by JVC in 1997.^[409]
  • SXGA+ — Introduced by JVC in 1998.^[410]
  • Quad XGA (QXGA) — Introduced by JVC in 1999.^[410]
• Ultra HD (UHD) — Hitachi's ARTC HD63484 (1984) GPU supports monochrome 4K UHD resolutions up to 4096×2048p or 4096×4096i. The resolutions were targeted at the bit-mapped desktop publishing market.^[411]
  • Ultra HD video projector — In 2000, JVC developed a 4K resolution D-ILA cinema projector.^[323]
  • 8K resolution — Between 1995 and 2003, NHK and JVC developed a prototype 8K video system, demonstrated in 2003 with 8K compatible UHDTV, video camera, video disc recorder and video projector.^[412]
  • 16K resolution — Sony, Nest+Visual and Indy Associates in early 2014 demonstrated 16K video, using a modified Sony F65 CineAlta camera. A 16K film was presented in March 2014 on a multi-screen video display at Tokyo International Airport.^[413]
  • 32K resolution — In 2018, Sony were working on developing a 32K display.^[414]
• Ultra HD camcorder — JVC's GY-HMQ10, released in January 2012, was the first handheld 4K camcorder.^[415]
  • 8K resolution camcorder — Sharp Corporation's 8C-B60A (2017) was the first 8K camcorder.^[216]
• Ultra HDTV (UHDTV) — Between 1995 and 2003, NHK and JVC researchers developed an early UHDTV prototype, which they demonstrated in 2003.^[412]
• Upscaler TV — The Toshiba Regza ZF (2008) was the first upscaling TV, capable of upscaling standard definition (SD) content to full HD.^[416]
• Upscaler UHDTV — The Sharp Aquos 4K Next (2015) LCD TV introduced the first 8K upscaling integrated circuit chip for rendering 8K images.^[216]

Television

See also: Television in Japan

A recreation of Kenjiro Takayanagi's pioneering television experiment (1926), on display at the NHK Broadcasting Museum in Atagoyama, Tokyo.

• All-electronic television (TV) — In 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi invented the first all‑electronic television (TV).^[417] By 1927, Takayanagi improved the resolution to 100 scanlines.^[418]
  • Cathode-ray tube TV (CRT TV) — Demonstrated by Kenjiro Takayanagi in 1926.^[419]
  • Halftone TV — By 1928, Kenjiro Takayanagi was the first to transmit human faces in halftones. His work had an influence on the later work of Vladimir K. Zworykin.^[420]
  • Transistor TV — The first fully transistorized, portable solid-state TV set was Sony's TV8-301, developed from 1958 to 1959 and then released in early 1960.^[421]
• Automatic fine tuning (AFT) — In 1969, Toshiba released the first color TV with AFT integrated circuit technology.^[104]
  • Integrated circuit color TV — In 1969, Toshiba released an early color TV incorporating an integrated circuit (IC) chip. In 1971, they released the first color TV with mostly IC chips.^[104]
• Digital television (DTV) — In the mid-1980s, Toshiba, Sony and NEC released TV sets with digital capabilities. These early digital TV sets converted analog TV signals into digital video signals.^[422]
  • DTV broadcast — Proposed in 1986 by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) and Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MPT) as part of the Integrated Network System (INS).^[423]
• Enhanced-definition television (EDTV) — Nippon TV (NTV) began broadcasting Clear-Vision (EDTV) in 1989 and Wide Clear Vision (widescreen EDTV) in 1995.^[424]
  • Improved-definition television (IDTV) — In 1989, IDTV used digital electronics to improve NTSC picture quality in Japan.^[402]
• Flat-screen TV — In 1974, Sharp Corporation demonstrated the first flat-screen TV using thin-film electroluminescence (TFEL) technology.^[323]
  • Flat-panel CRT TV — Sony's KV-28SF5 (1996), which introduced Super Flat Trinitron technology, was the first CRT TV with a flat screen.^[105]
  • OLED TV — The Sony XEL-1 (2007) was the first OLED TV.^[105]
• Hybrid log–gamma (HLG) — High-dynamic-range television (HDR TV) format co-developed by NHK in 2015.^[425]
• Interactive TV — Between 1975 and 1977, Pioneer Electronics developed Qube, the first two-way addressable, interactive cable TV system.^[426]
  • Smart TV — Introduced in Japan during the early 1980s. LSI chips with memory and character generator enabled a mix of programming and information over TV signals.^[427]
• Large-screen television technology (video wall) — In 1980, Mitsubishi Electric introduced Diamond Vision, the first large-scale video display system.^[225]
  • Jumbotron — Introduced by Sony at the Expo '85 held in May 1985 at Tsukuba, Ibaraki.^[428]
• Laser TV — The world's first HD laser TV was produced by Mitsubishi Electric in 2008.^[429]
• LCD television (LCD TV) — The first LCD televisions were invented as handheld televisions in Japan. The first LCD TV prototypes were demonstrated by Hitachi in 1977 and Matsushita Electric in 1978.^[221]
  • Color LCD TV — In 1980, Hattori Seiko's R&D group began development on color LCD pocket televisions.^[430]
  • Wall-mount TV — In 1991, Sharp Corporation released the first wall-mountable TV, with a color TFT LCD display.^[216]

Sony XEL-1, the world's first OLED TV.

• On-screen display (OSD) — In 1972, Sharp Corporation introduced the first television set to display a television channel number on the corner of the screen.^[431]
  • Picture-in-picture (PIP) — In 1978, Sharp's CT-1804X was the first TV that could display two programs at once on the same screen.^[90]
• Portable television — The Sony TV8-301, developed from 1958 to 1959, was the first direct-view portable TV.^[421]
  • Portable color TV — In 179, Sony released the first portable color TV.^[333]
  • Handheld television (pocket TV) — The Panasonic IC TV MODEL TR-001 (1970) was the first TV that was small enough to fit in a large pocket. It featured a 1.5-inch display, along with a 1.5-inch speaker.^[432]
• SAW TV receiver — In 1977, Toshiba produced the first surface acoustic wave (saw) device for TV receivers.^[104]
• Widescreen television — Between 1970 and 1975, NHK developed widescreen TV displays for their Hi-Vision analog HD system. They experimented with different aspect ratios from 1:1 to 9:1 before settling on 5:3.^[326]

Timekeeping

See also: Japanese clock

2A Seiko quartz wristwatch using the chronograph function (movement 7T92)

• Battery-powered electric clock — In 1885, Sakizō Yai invented a continuous electric clock powered by wet-cell batteries. Earlier electric clocks had spring-powered clockwork movements, whereas Yai's electric clock was powered directly by a battery.^[433]
• Digital stopwatch — Seiko's Stop Clock (1963), used at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, was the first digital stopwatch.^[434]
• Digital wristwatch — In 1953, Yoshiro Nakamatsu invented the first prototype wristwatch with a digital display.^[110]
  • LCD digital watch — In 1969, Yoshio Yamasaki at Suwa Seikosha (Seiko Epson) began developing a digital watch with LCD display.^[221]
  • Digital calendar — The Casiotron QW02-10 (1974) by Casio was the first digital watch with an automatic calendar function.^[435]
• Japanese clock (wadokei)
  • Myriad year clock — Universal clock designed by the Japanese inventor Hisashige Tanaka in 1851. It belongs to the category of Japanese clocks called Wadokei.^[436]
• Portable quartz clock — Seiko's Crystal Chronometer (1963), used at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, was the first portable quartz clock.^[437]
• Quartz wristwatch — The world's first quartz wristwatch was revealed in 1967, a prototype of the Astron revealed by Seiko in Japan, where it was in development since 1958. It was eventually released to the public in 1969.^[438]
  • CMOS watch — Suwa Seikosha (Seiko Epson) began developing a CMOS integrated circuit chip for a Seiko quartz watch in 1969. It was revealed as the Seiko Analog Quartz 38SQW in 1970.^[439]
  • Automatic quartz — The first watch to combine self-winding with a crystal oscillator for timekeeping was unveiled by Seiko in 1986.^[440]
• Self-winding chronograph — In early 1969, Seiko produced the first commercial self-winding chronograph with a vertical clutch system and column wheel.^[441]
  • Digital chronograph — The Seiko LC Chronograph (1975) was the first digital chronograph.^[434]
• Spring Drive — A watch movement which was first conceived by Yoshikazu Akahane working for Seiko in 1977 and was patented in 1982. It features a true continuously sweeping second hand, rather than the traditional beats per time unit.^[334]
• Smartwatch — In the 1980s, Seiko began to develop computers in the form of watches, starting with the Data 2000 (1984) watch.^[442]
• Television watch — The world's first television watch, the TV-Watch, was released by Seiko in 1982. It use an active-matrix LCD display.^[334]

Video

Sony's U-matic, the first videocassette format, introduced in 1971.

• Digital video recording — In 1972, Toshiba's TOSBAC computer was using digital video disks to display color digital images.^[443]
  • Digital video recorder (DVR) — In the 1980s, prototype digital high-definition video recorders were developed by Fujitsu, Hitachi, Sanyo and Canon Inc.^[402]
  • Digital component video — The D-1 (Sony) digital videocassette format introduced in 1986 was the first commercial digital component video format.^[444]
  • Deep color (30-bit color) — The D-5 (Panasonic) digital videocassette introduced in 1993 was the first component video format supporting 10-bit color per component.^[444]
  • DV format — Introduced in 1995, the format was developed by Sony and several other Japanese video camera manufacturers.^[445]
• Digital video optical disc — In 1988, Matsushita Electric demonstrated a prototype optical video disc capable of storing 2.6 gigabytes (GB) of digital video content.^[402]
  • Digital video disc (DVD) — The DVD format was developed in 1995 by Sony, Toshiba, Panasonic and Philips.
  • DVD player — The first DVD player was released by Toshiba in November 1996.^[446]
  • DVD recorder — The first DVD recorder was released by Pioneer Corporation in 1999.^[248]

Betamax (top) and VHS (bottom) tapes were respectively created by Japanese companies Sony and JVC.

• Helical scan video tape recorder (VTR) — Invented by Norikazu Sawasaki in 1953.^[447] In 1959, Toshiba released the first commercial helical scan VTR.^[448]
  • Transistor VTR — Sony's SV-201 (1961) was the first transistor-based VTR.^[105]
  • Videocassette — The first video cassette tape format was Sony's U-matic, developed in the 1960s before being released in 1971.^[449]
  • Videocassette recorder (VCR) — In 1971, the first videocassette player was the Sony VP-1100 and the first VCR was the Sony VO-1700, using U-matic videocassettes.^[450]
  • VHS — The VHS (Video Home System) was invented in 1973 by Yuma Shiraishi and Shizuo Takano, who worked for JVC.^[451]
  • Betamax — Betamax was an analog magnetic tape videocassette marketed to consumers released by Sony on May 10, 1975.^[452]
• Inter-frame motion compensation (MC) — In 1959, the concept of inter-frame motion compensation was proposed by NHK researchers Y. Taki, M. Hatori and S. Tanaka. They proposed predictive inter-frame video coding in the temporal dimension.^[453]
  • H.261 — The majority of patents for the H.261 (1988) video coding standard were from Japanese companies, including Hitachi, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT), Toshiba, KDDI, Sony, Sharp Corporation, Oki and Matsushita.^[454]
  • VC-1 — Japanese companies that contributed patents towards the VC-1 (2006) video coding format include Panasonic, Hitachi, Mitsubishi Electric, Sony, JVC Kenwood, Toshiba, Fujitsu, Sharp, and NTT.^[455]
  • AV1 — Japanese companies that contributed patents towards the development of the AV1 (2018) video coding format include NTT and Toshiba.^[456]
• Laserdisc player (LD player) — In February 1979, Pioneer released the first laserdisc (LD) player for business use.^[248]
• MPEG — The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) was co-founded by Hiroshi Yasuda.^[457]
  • MPEG-1 — Majority of companies that contributed patents for MPEG-1 (1991) were Japanese companies, including Fujitsu, Matsushita Electric, Mitsubishi Electric, NEC, NHK and Pioneer.^[458]
  • H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2 — The majority of patents contributed towards MPEG-2 (1995) were from Japanese companies, including Sony, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, JVC Kenwood, Toshiba, Hitachi, Fujitsu, KDDI, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT), Sanyo Electric, Sharp Corporation and Canon Inc.^[459]
  • MPEG-4 Visual (H.263) — The majority of patents contributed towards MPEG-4 Visual (1999) were from Japanese companies, e.g. Mitsubishi, Hitachi, Panasonic, Toshiba, Sony, Sharp, NTT, JVC, Fujitsu, Canon, KDDI, Oki Electric and Sanyo.^[460]
  • AVC (H.264) — The majority of patents for AVC (2003) were from Japanese companies, including Panasonic, Godo Kaisha, Toshiba, NTT, Sony and Fujitsu.^[461]
  • HEVC (H.265) — Japanese companies that contributed patents towards HEVC (2013) include NTT, JVC, NEC, Canon, Fujitsu, Maxell and NHK.^[462]
  • VVC (H.266) — Japanese companies that contributed patents towards VVC (2020) include NTT, Godo Kaisha, JVC, KDDI, Mitsubishi, NEC, Panasonic and Fujitsu.^[463]
• Video floppy — The first prototype video floppy disk was developed in 1977 by Canon Inc. The Video Floppy format was demonstrated by Sony and introduced under the Mavipak name in 1981 for their prototype Mavica.^[365]

Games

A modern pachinko machine

• Modelguns — Japan's Model Gun Collection, founded in 1959, was the first manufacturer of modelguns, which they debuted in 1962.^[464]
• Model robot
• Pachinko — Pachinko machines were first built during the 1920s as a children's toy called the Corinth game.^[465]

Board games

See also: List of traditional Japanese games

Renju is played on a 15×15 grid Go board.

• 2d6 System — Created by Group SNE for Sword World RPG (1989), one of the most successful tabletop role-playing games in Japan.^[466]
• Go (modern rules) — Though the game originated in China, free opening of the game as it is played globally began in the 16th century Japan.
• Gomoku — Historical records indicate the origins of gomoku can be traced back to the mid-1700s during the Edo period. By the late Edo period, around 1850, books had been published on gomoku.^[467]
• Renju — A professional variant of gomoku. It was named renju by journalist Ruikou Kuroiwa in 1899.^[468]
• Replays — Created by Group SNE with Record of Lodoss War (1986).^[466]

Electro-mechanical

See also: Electro-mechanical game and Arcade game

A child playing with a classic Japanese Mogura Taiji (Whac‑A‑Mole) machine.

• Audio-visual novelty game — Electro-mechanical (EM) arcade game genre originating from Japan, pioneered by Periscope (1965) from Namco and Sega.^[469]
  • Special effects — Introduced by Periscope (1965).^[470]
  • Pseudo-3D — Pseudo-3D effects date back to Periscope (1965).^[471]
  • Virtual world — Introduced by Periscope (1965).^[472]
  • Image projection — EM games with rear image projection on a screen were introduced in 1968 with Sega's Duck Hunt and Kasco's Indy 500.^[473]
  • Character animation — Sega's Duck Hunt (1968) introduced the projection of animated moving targets on a screen.^[474]
  • 4D effect — Taito's arcade game Cycle Rider (1970) was the first game with a 4D effect in the form of wind blowing at the player.^[475]
• Bonus points — Dates back to Sega's Duck Hunt (1968). It awarded a higher score of 15 points for a head shot, whereas a standard body shot earned 10 points.^[476]
• Car combat — The concept of ramming cars dates back to Sega's Stunt Car (1970) and Dodgem Crazy (1972). They reversed racing game conventions by making vehicle collisions the objective of the gameplay.^[477]
  • Block breaker — In Sega's Stunt Car (1970), the car is used as a kicker to launch balls into holes on the playfield, anticipating the gameplay of Breakout (1976).^[478]
• Cockpit arcade cabinet — In 1970, Kasco's Indy 500 (F-type) introduced a sit-down cockpit arcade cabinet.^[479]
• Cooperative gameplay (co-op) — Periscope (1965) by Namco and Sega was both a single-player game and a three-player co-op game.^[480]
  • 3-player (3P) — Periscope (1965) was both a single-player game and a three-player game.^[481]
• First-person light gun shooter — Sega's Duck Hunt (1968) was the first shooter game to project first-person graphics on a screen.^[476]
  • Headshot — The concept dates back to Sega's Duck Hunt (1968). The game awarded the player a higher score for a head shot, earning 15 points, whereas a standard body shot earned 10 points.^[476]
  • First-person shooter (FPS) — Sega's Jet Rocket (1970) was the earliest FPS, with free-roaming first-person movement and shooting. Sega expanded its FPS gameplay with Heli‑Shooter (1977) using microprocessor technology.^[482]
• First-person racing game — Kasco's arcade racer Indy 500 (1968) introduced pseudo-3D graphics projected using mirrors to give a first-person perspective on a screen.^[483]
• Flight simulator game — Sega's Jet Rocket (1970), a first-person combat flight simulator, was the first flight simulator game.^[484]
• Full-motion video (FMV) — Nintendo's EM arcade game Wild Gunman (1974), published by Sega in North America, was the first FMV game.^[485]
  • Live action — Wild Gunman (1974) was the first game to use live-action actors.^[486]
  • Adult game — The first erotic game was Nintendo's FMV arcade game Fascination (1974).^[487]
  • Female character — Nintendo's FMV arcade game Fascination (1974) featured the earliest female character in an electronic game, portrayed by a live-action Swedish model.^[487]
• Family fun center — Modern family fun centers appeared in Japan during the late 1960s, notably arcades operated by Sega.^[488]
• Handheld electronic game — Waco's Electronic Tic-Tac-Toe (1972) is commonly cited as the first commercial handheld electronic game.^[489]
• Head-to-head shooting — Sega's Gun Fight (1969) introduced competitive head-to-head shooting between two players, inspiring several early shooter video games.^[490]
• Holography — Sega's Monte Carlo (1971) was the first game to display holographic animations.^[491]
• Interactive movie game (cinematic game) — Nintendo's Wild Gunman (1974) was the first interactive movie game.^[492]
  • Interactive storytelling — Wild Gunman (1974) was the first game with interactive storytelling. Each scenario presents alternate FMV scenes depending on user action.^[492]
• Medal game — Medal games began in Japan during the early 1970s and started becoming popular with Sega's Harness Racing (1974), Nintendo's EVR Race (1975) and Aruze's The Derby Vφ (1975).^[493]
• Ninja game — The earliest ninja game was Kasco's EM arcade shooter game Ninja Gun (1977).^[494]
• Open world — Sega's Jet Rocket (1970) is considered the earliest open world game. Sega expanded its first-person open world gameplay with Heli‑Shooter (1977) using microprocessor technology.^[482]
• Quick time event (QTE) — Nintendo's electro-mechanical arcade game Wild Gunman (1974) featured the earliest quick time events (QTE).^[495]
• Rhythm game — In the early 1970s, Kasco created a rhythm-based EM arcade game, designed by Kenzou Furukawa, whose idea was "a game where you'd lift girls skirts in time to some rhythm" inspired by the 1969 Oh! Mouretsu commercials.^[496]
• Score printing — Sega's arcade title Duck Hunt (1968) was the first game to print out the player's score.^[474]
• Submarine simulator — Periscope (1965), by Namco and Sega, used lights and plastic waves to simulate sinking ships from a submarine.^[497]
• Whac-A-Mole — Invented in 1975 by Kazuo Yamada of TOGO, based on the designer's 1974 pencil sketches.^[498]

Game audio

Playing Dance Dance Revolution, one of the most successful rhythm games.

• Chiptune — Taito's arcade video game Space Invaders (1978), designed by Tomohiro Nishikado, had the earliest continuous background music produced from a sound chip.^[499]
  • Adaptive music — The first example was Space Invaders (1978). Simple background music increased in tempo as time goes on and aliens descend upon the player.^[500]
  • Melodic chiptune — Nintendo's arcade game Sheriff (1979) had the earliest continuous melodic music produced from a sound chip.^[501]
• Digital sample loops — Rally-X (1980), composed by Namco's Toshio Kai, demonstrated the earliest use of digital sample loops.^[502]
• Electronic sound effects — Introduced with electro-mechanical (EM) arcade game Periscope (1965) by Namco and Sega.^[470]
  • Loudspeaker — Periscope (1965) was the first electronic game with sound effects played through a speaker.^[478]
  • Solid-state electronics — Dates back to Sega's EM game Duck Hunt (1968), which had solid‑state electronic sound.^[476]
  • Sound volume — Duck Hunt (1968) introduced volume controls for the sound effects.^[474]
• Game music — Sega introduced electronic game music with their EM arcade game Jumbo (1969), which used an 8-track player to stream electronic circus music.^[503]
  • Game music tape loops — Sega introduced tape music loops to arcades with EM games such as Sand Buggy (1972).^[504]
• Microphone game controller — Nintendo's Famicom (1983) introduced the first microphone game controller.^[505]
• Pulse-code modulation (PCM) — Namco's arcade game King & Balloon (1980) was the first video game to feature PCM digital samples, using a digital-to-analog convertor (DAC) for voice synthesis.^[505]
  • Differential PCM (DPCM) — Moon Patrol (1982) by Irem's Takashi Nishiyama was the earliest video game to use an adaptive DPCM (ADPCM) sound chip, the MSM5205 by Oki Electric Industry.^[506]
  • Bit Rate Reduction (BRR) — Audio compression format based on ADPCM, introduced with Sony's SPC700 sound chip in the Super Nintendo (1990) game console.^[507]
• Rhythm video game — Dance Aerobics was released in 1987, and allowed players to create music by stepping on Nintendo's Power Pad peripheral. It has been called the first rhythm-action game in retrospect.^[508]
  • Dance pad — The earliest dance pad was Bandai's Power Pad, released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1987.^[509]
  • Guitar controller — Invented by Konami's Bemani division in 1998 for the arcade game GuitarFreaks.^[510]
• Speech synthesis — Sunsoft's arcade shooter Stratovox (1980) was the first video game to feature voice synthesis.^[511]
• Streaming audio — Sega's EM game MotoPolo (1968) introduced an 8-track player unit that plays sounds from endless tape cartridge through a speaker.^[512]
  • Streaming audio in video games — Nintendo's arcade title EVR Race (1975) was the first video game to stream pre-recorded audio from a video tape.^[513]
  • Streaming video game music — Sega's Astron Belt, an arcade laserdisc game debuted in 1982 and released in early 1983, was the first video game with streaming music.^[514]
• Video game music album (VGM album) — Haruomi Hosono's Video Game Music (1984), featuring arrangements of Namco's arcade game music, was the first VGM album.^[515]
• Voice acting — Dates back to Nintendo's EM game Wild Gunman (1974), where the full-motion video (FMV) intro scene has a voiced narrator giving gameplay instructions.^[485]
  • Video game voice acting — The first video game with voice acting was Nintendo's arcade game EVR Race (1975), streamed from a video tape.^[513]
• Wavetable synthesis — The Namco WSG (Waveform Sound Generator) was a wavetable synthesis chip introduced in 1980 and used in several arcade system boards including the Namco Pac-Man (1980) and Namco Galaga (1981).^[500]

Game consoles

See also: Video game console and Video games in Japan

Nintendo Entertainment System (NES)

• 3D stereoscopic handheld — Bandai's Terror House (1982) produced an early 3D-like effect. Tomy's Tomytronic 3D (1983) featured an early stereoscopic 3D display.^[516]
  • 8-bit handheld console — Nintendo's Game Boy (1989) was the first handheld game console with an 8-bit CPU.^[517]
  • Autostereoscopic game console — The Nintendo 3DS (2011) was the first console with an autostereoscopic 3D display, using a parallax barrier.^[518]
• Dual-ported video RAM (DP VRAM) — The Sega Mega Drive (1988) was the first console to use DP VRAM.^[519]
  • Geometry processor — The Sega Saturn (1994) was the first console with a 3D geometry processor.^[520]
• Hybrid console — The Sega Nomad (1995) was the first hybrid console.^[521]
• Mass storage — The Famicom Disk System (1986) introduced mass disk storage to console gaming, using Mitsumi's Quick Disk format.^[522]
  • Optical disc drive — The CD-ROM² add-on for NEC's PC Engine, released in November 1988, was the first game console to use CD-ROM as storage media.^[523]
• Multi-screen display — First appeared with Nintendo's Game & Watch series. The first game in the Multi-Screen series was Oil Panic (1982).^[524]
• Memory card — Earliest memory cards introduced in 1985, the Sega Card for the SG-1000 and Master System consoles. The Sega Card was developed as a cheaper alternative to game cartridges.^[260]
• Nintendo — Gunpei Yokoi was the creator of the Game Boy and Virtual Boy and worked on Famicom (NES), the Metroid series, Game Boy Pocket and did extensive work on the system we know today as the Nintendo Entertainment System (Famicom).^[525]
  • Multi-color hardware sprite — The Famicom (1983) was the first console featuring a graphics chip (by Ricoh) with hardware support for multi-colored sprites.^[526]
• Online console multiplayer — In 1987, Nintendo launched the Family Computer Network System for the Famicom in Japan. Online games developed for the system include a graphical, competitive online multiplayer version of Go.^[527]
  • Digital purchase — Introduced in 1987 with Nintendo's Japan-only Disk Writer kiosks, which allowed users to purchase and download the latest Famicom Disk System games onto their floppy disks.^[528]
  • Downloadable content (DLC) — The Sega Meganet service launched for the Japanese Mega Drive in 1990. Phantasy Star II (1989) featured eight Phantasy Star II Adventures for download on Meganet. This was the earliest example of DLC.^[529]
  • Satellite modem — Nintendo's Satellaview (1995) for the Super Famicom was the first satellite modem for a game console.^[530]
  • Built-in modem — Sega's Dreamcast, launched in 1998, was the first console with a built-in modem.^[531]
  • Voice chat in online gaming — Began with the Dreamcast in 1999. Games such as Seaman (1999) and Alien Front Online (2001) included built-in voice chat functionality via the SegaNet online service.^[532]
• PlayStation — The first Sony PlayStation was invented by Ken Kutaragi. Research and development for the PlayStation began in 1990, headed by Kutaragi, a Sony engineer.^[533]
• Saved game — The Legend of Zelda (1986) for the Famicom Disk System was the first console game with a save feature, using Mitsumi's Quick Disk format.^[534]
  • Cartridge save — Taito's Mirai Shinwa Jarvas (1987) for the Famicom introduced the concept of saves stored on a battery‑backed static RAM (SRAM) memory chip on the game cartridge.^[535]
  • FRAM save — Ferroelectric RAM (FRAM) was commercialized in the mid-1990s. Its first high-profile commercial use was by game company Sega, who used FRAM chips to store saves in Sonic the Hedgehog 3 (1994) cartridges.^[536]
  • Memory card save — SNK's Neo Geo (1990) was the first home game console to feature a removable memory card for saves.^[537]
• Touchscreen handheld — In the early 1990s, Sega were planning to release a Game Gear successor with a touchscreen interface. However, touchscreen technology was expensive, so they instead released the Sega Nomad in 1995.^[526]
• TV game — The Sharp Nintendo Television (C1 NES TV) is a CRT television with a built-in Famicom that was produced by Sharp Corporation under license from Nintendo. It was originally released for Japan in October 1983 as the My Computer TV.^[538]
  • Video screen capture — Sharp's Famicom Titler (1989) was a Famicom variant that captured direct game footage from a Famicom game, along with video editing capabilities, keypad and touchpad controls, and microphone audio input.^[539]
• Vertical scrolling game console — The first console with vertical scrolling was Nintendo's dedicated console Color TV-Game Racing 112 (1978), a clone of Taito's arcade video game Speed Race (1974).^[540]
  • Scrolling tiled background — The Famicom (1983) was the first console featuring a graphics chip with hardware support for scrolling tiled backgrounds.^[541]
• Virtual reality headset (VR) — The Sega VR headset was an early unreleased VR device with built-in motion tracking, first announced in 1991. Its sensors tracked the player's movement and head position.^[542]

Game controllers

See also: Game controller

Nintendo 64 controller, debuted in 1995 and released in 1996, popularized analog thumbstick controls.

• Analog thumbstick — Introduced by Dempa's XE-1 AP (1989) controller for the Sega Mega Drive console and Japanese computers.^[543]
  • Digital-analog thumbstick — Introduced with the Nintendo 64 controller, debuted in 1995 and released in 1996. Its thumbstick was a digital-analog hybrid.^[544]

Donkey Kong (1982), showing its revolutionary D-pad design.

• Cockpit controls — Sega's Jet Rocket (1970) introduced cockpit controls.^[474]
  • Throttle — Sega's EM arcade game Heli-Shooter (1977) involves the player piloting a helicopter using a throttle joystick to accelerate and decelerate.^[545]
  • Throttle lever — Sega's arcade video game After Burner II (1987) introduced a throttle lever to accelerate and decelerate the speed.^[546]
• D-pad — Developed by Nintendo's Gunpei Yokoi, who developed the modern "cross" design for the Donkey Kong (1982) Game & Watch handheld game.^[547]
• Directional buttons — Sega's arcade electro-mechanical game Missile (1969) had two directional buttons are used to move a motorized tank.^[548]

Controller of the PlayStation 2, the best-selling video game console of all time.

• Dual control — Sega's EM game Missile (1969) had dual-control scheme, with two directional buttons moving a tank and a joystick used to shoot and steer the missile.^[548]
  • Twin-stick shooter — Introduced by Taito's Western Gun (1975), which used one joystick for movement and a second for firing.^[549]
  • Dual analog control — Sony's Dual Analog and DualShock controllers in 1997 were the first to feature two analog sticks.^[550]
• Force feedback — Sega's arcade motorbike game Man T.T. (1976), also known as Fonz, was the first game using haptic technology for vibrating collisions.^[469]
• Gamepad (joypad) — Introduced by Nintendo with the D-pad controller for the Donkey Kong Game & Watch handheld (1982) and the NES controller (1983).^[551]
  • Shoulder buttons and grip handles — Introduced by Dempa's XE-1 AP (1989) controller for the Sega Mega Drive console and Japanese computers.^[543]
• Joystick — Sega's EM arcade game MotoPolo, released in early 1968, introduced joystick controllers, used to move miniature motorbikes in any direction on the table.^[552]
  • Analog joystick — Introduced by Sega's MotoPolo (1968). Joysticks used analog magnetic lever technology to move miniature motorbikes in any direction.^[552]
  • Joystick with fire button — First game to use a joystick with fire button was Sega's Missile (1969), which used a joystick to shoot and steer the missile.^[548]
  • Analog flight stick — Sega's Space Harrier (1985) introduced an analog flight stick for movement. It could register movement in any direction as well as measure the degree of push.^[553]
  • Rotary joystick — Joystick–knob hybrid, which can move in various directions like a joystick and be rotated like a knob, such as for 8‑direction movement and 360-degree aiming. Introduced by SNK's TNK III (1985) and Ikari Warriors (1986).^[554]
• Light gun toy — Nintendo introduced a light gun toy to the home market with the Kōsenjū SP (Beam Gun) in 1970. The gun was developed by Nintendo's Gunpei Yokoi with Sharp's Masayuki Uemura.^[555]
  • Video game light gun — The first video game light gun, released for the Magnavox Odyssey console in 1972, was designed and manufactured by Nintendo, based on their earlier Kōsenjū SP light gun.^[556]
  • Hands-free head-mounted display with head tracking and voice command — The first such device was Konami's LaserScope (1990) for the NES console. It supported all NES Zapper light gun games.^[557]
• Motion controller — Sega's arcade boxing game Heavyweight Champ (1985) featured the first motion-based controllers.^[558]
  • Full-body motion control — Invented by Yu Suzuki for Sega's arcade motorbike racing game Hang-On (1985).^[559]
  • Motion-sensing controller — Invented by Nintendo for the Wii, the Wii Remote is the first controller with motion-sensing capability. It was a candidate for Time magazine's Best Invention of 2006.^[560]
• Motion simulator — The first hydraulic motion simulator arcade cabinets were developed by Sega for the arcade games Space Tactics (1981), Hang-On (1985) and Space Harrier (1985).^[561]
  • Gyroscope — Sega's R360 cabinet, debuted with the arcade game G-LOC: Air Battle (1990), introduced the use of gyroscope technology for the first 360-degree motion simulator experience.^[562]
• Periscope — Periscope (1965) by Namco and Sega introduced a new controller in the form of a periscope viewer. Its periscope viewer arcade cabinet design was later adopted by several arcade video games.^[563]
• Positional gun — Earliest example of a positional gun was used for Sega's EM arcade gun game Sea Devil (1972).^[564]
• Racing wheel with accelerator pedal — Kasco's EM game Indy 500 (1968) featured a steering wheel along with an accelerator pedal.^[565]
  • Handheld racing wheel — Tomy's Demon Driver (1978) and Turnin’ Turbo Dashboard (1983) were the first handheld games with racing wheels.^[516]
• Touch control — In 1985, the Sega Graphic Board for the SG-1000 and SC-3000 was a touch tablet with stylus pen, used for the drawing game Terebi Oekaki.^[566]
  • Touchpad — In 1986, the Sega AI Computer had a touchpad, mainly used for educational games.^[567]
• Trackball control — The earliest use of trackball controls in a video game was Sega's arcade football/soccer game World Cup, released in March 1978.^[568]

Sports

See also: Sports in Japan

Airsoft players defending an objective.

• Air hockey — Sega's electro-mechanical (EM) arcade game MotoPolo (1968) anticipated air hockey gameplay.^[512]
  • Motorbike electronic sports game — Sega's MotoPolo (1968) was the first electronic sports game featuring motorbikes.^[569]
  • Formula One electronic game — Namco's EM arcade games Formula-X (1973) and F-1 (1976) were the first Formula One electronic games.^[570]
  • Bowlingo — Capcom's Bowlingo (1990) was a coin-operated, electro-mechanical, automated mini ten-pin bowling installation, smaller than a standard bowling alley.^[571]
• Airsoft — Airsoft originated in Japan, then spread to Hong Kong and China in the late 1970s.^[572]
  • Airsoft gun — The inventor of the first airsoft gun was Tanio Kobayashi in the 1970s.^[573]
• Association football video game — Tomohiro Nishikado's arcade video game Soccer (1973) was the first association football (soccer) sports video game.^[574]
  • Basketball video game — Tomohiro Nishikado's arcade title TV Basketball (1974) was the first basketball video game.^[575]
  • Skiing video game — Taito's arcade title Alpine Ski (1981) was the first skiing video game.^[576]
  • Olympic video game — Konami's arcade title Track & Field (1983) was the first officially licensed video game based on the Olympic Games.^[577]
  • Rugby video game — Data East's Scrum Try (1984) for arcade DECO Cassette System was the first rugby video game.^[578]
  • 3D sports video game — ASCII's Amnork (1986) for the for the FM-77 AV computer was the first sports video game with real-time 3D polygon graphics.^[579]
• Combat sports video game — Sega's arcade video game Heavyweight Champ (1976) was the first combat sports video game.^[580]
  • Boxing video game — Sega's Heavyweight Champ (1976) was the first boxing sports video game.^[581]
  • Wrestling video game — Technōs Japan's arcade title Tag Team Wrestling (1983) was the first wrestling video game.^[582]
  • Sumo video game — Technōs Japan's arcade title Shusse Ōzumō (1984) was the earliest sumo video game.^[583]

Nissan Silvia (S14) performing a drift (2014)

• Drifting — Kunimitsu Takahashi created drifting techniques in the 1970s.^[584]
  • Drifting competition — In 1988, Keiichi Tsuchiya and Option magazine founder Daijiro Inada organised the first contest specifically for sliding a car sideways.^[585]
• Ekiden (road relay)
• Esports — Has arcade roots dating back to 1974, with Sega's All Japan TV Game Championships, a nationwide tournament in Japan.^[586]
• Gateball
• Instant replay — From 1957, NHK began instant replay broadcasts of sumo wrestling events. Due to matches being short, broadcasters would quickly rewind the video tape after a match to replay the contest.^[587]
  • 3D TV sports broadcasting — In the 1998 Nagano Olympics, some sporting events were filmed for 3D HDTV.^[406]
  • VOD sports broadcasting — The 1998 Nagano Olympics included the first video-on-demand (VOD) sports coverage.^[406]
  • Bullet time instant replay — Takeo Kanade developed a multi-camera instant replay system for CBS that produced a bullet time effect during replays. The system was demonstrated during a Super Bowl 2001 broadcast on CBS.^[588]
• Keirin — Started as a gambling sport in 1948 and became an Olympic sport in 2000.
• Sports animation — Animal Olympic Games, a 1928 animated short film directed by Yasuji Murata, was the first sports anime.^[589]
• Sports comic — The judo manga series Igaguri-kun by Eiichi Fukui, first published in the manga magazine Bōken'ō in 1952, was the first sports manga series.^[590]

Video games

See also: Video games in Japan and History of Eastern role-playing video games

Space Invaders (1978), an early arcade shoot 'em up.

• 16-bit video game — Universal's arcade video game Get A Way (1978) was the earliest game with a 16-bit CPU.^[591]
  • 32-bit video game — The Sega X Board arcade system, which debuted with After Burner (1987), featured the first 32-bit graphics processing unit (GPU).^[592]
  • 64-bit video game — The Sega Model 1 arcade system, which debuted with Virtua Racing (1992), featured the first 64-bit GPU.^[592]
• 3D polygon graphics — Pre-rendered 3D graphics were introduced with arcade laserdisc game Interstellar, debuted by Funai at the AM Show in September 1983.^[593]
  • 3D pre-rendered graphics — Introduced by Funai's arcade game Interstellar (1983).^[593]
  • 3D real-time computer graphics — Technosoft's racing game Plazma Line (1984) was the first home computer game with real‑time 3D polygon graphics.^[594]
• 3D polygon human character — First appeared in Arsys Software's Star Cruiser (1988).^[595]
  • 3D character physics — A 3D character physics engine first appeared Sega AM2's Virtua Fighter (1993).^[596]
  • Texture-mapped 3D characters — Virtua Fighter 2 (1994) introduced texture-mapped 3D characters.^[597]
• 3D stereoscopic game — Sega's SubRoc-3D (1982) was the first 3D stereoscopic game.^[319]
  • Holographic video game — Sega released the first holographic video game, Time Traveler (1991). The holographic mirror-like optical device used by the arcade game was invented by Japanese company Dentsu.^[598]
• 3D texture mapping — Namco's SimDrive (SimRoad) for the Namco System 22, with a limited 1992 release, introduced 3D texture mapping.^[599]
  • Texture filtering — The Sega Model 2 arcade system introduced the use of 3D texture filtering with Daytona USA (1993).^[600]
• 6-player video game — Dates back to Taito's arcade racing game Dead Heat (1975).^[392]
• Action role-playing game (ARPG) — Panorama Toh (1983) is considered to be the first ARPG.^[601]
  • Role-playing shooter (RPS) — Panorama Toh (1983) was the first ARPG with shooter game elements.^[601]
  • Activity-based progression — Nihon Falcom's Xanadu: Dragon Slayer II (1985) was the earliest role-playing video game where individual stats increase based on activity levels.^[602]
  • Morality meter — Xanadu: Dragon Slayer II (1985) featured a Karma meter, which affects the temple's reaction.^[603]
  • Soulslike — A subgenre of ARPG and action-adventure games that originate from FromSoftware's Demon's Souls in 2009.^[604]
• Adult video game — The first erotic video game was Hudson Soft's Yakyūken (1981) for the Sharp MZ-80K computer.^[487]
• Alien invasion — Space Invaders (1978) was the first video game to depict aliens.^[605]
• Arcade conversion — Kasco's Playtron (1973) had an early prototype arcade system board that supported interchangeable games.^[370]

Kung-Fu Master (1984), an early side-scrolling arcade beat 'em up.

• Beat 'em up — In 1984, Irem's Kung-Fu Master laid the foundations for scrolling beat 'em ups with its hand-to-hand combat against multiple enemies.^[606]
  • Belt scrolling— Introduced by Technōs Japan's Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun (1986).^[607]
• Bonus stage — The first bonus stage in video game history is in Rally-X, released by Namco in 1980. This became a signature feature of other arcade games.^[608]
• Boss battle in real-time — Sega's Samurai, released March 1980, had the player samurai fight a number of swordsmen before confronting a more powerful boss samurai.^[609]
  • Multiple bosses — SNK's Sasuke vs. Commander, released in October 1980, is the earliest game with multiple boss encounters.^[610]
  • Final boss — In Phoenix (1980), the player's ship must fight a giant mothership in the final level.^[611]
  • Sub-boss — In Irem's Kung-Fu Master (1984), end-of-level sub-bosses are followed by the final boss on the top level.^[612]
  • Boss rush — Sega's Fantasy Zone (1986) popularized the concept of a boss rush, a stage where players face multiple previous bosses again in succession.^[613]
• Branching storylines — The Portopia Serial Murder Case (1983) introduced non-linear branching storylines, presenting different scenarios in response to player actions.^[614]
  • Multiple endings — The Portopia Serial Murder Case (1983) introduced alternate endings, considered "way ahead of its time".^[615]
• Breaking the fourth wall — Hideo Kojima's Metal Gear (1987) was the earliest video game to break the fourth wall.^[616]
• Camera change button — Introduced in 1991 by MNM Software's Japan-exclusive Sharp X68000 games Magical Shot and Star Wars: Attack on the Death Star.^[617]
  • Free-floating camera — Nintendo EAD's Super Mario 64 (1996) introduced a free-floating camera that can be controlled independently of the character.^[618]
• CD-ROM video game — The first CD-ROM games were Fighting Street and No-Ri-Ko, released for the PC Engine CD-ROM² in 1988. In 1987, there were CD-ROM² demos of Odori Koen Satsujin Jiken, CD Zoo and Tengai Makyō: Ziria.^[619]
  • CD-ROM RPG — Tengai Makyō: Ziria (Far East of Eden: Ziria) for the PC Engine CD-ROM² was the first RPG on CD-ROM, developed from 1987 to 1989.^[619]
  • AAA game — Tengai Makyō II: Manji Maru (1992) for the PC Engine CD-ROM² is considered to be the first AAA game production on CD-ROM.^[620]
• Character action game — Genre was established by Namco's Pac-Man (1980).^[621]
  • Reactive AI — The ghosts in Pac-Man (1980) were early examples of enemy AI that react to the player's choices.^[621]
• Cheat code — Dates back to the Konami Code, created in 1986 by Kazuhisa Hashimoto as he worked on porting the 1985 arcade game Gradius for use on the Nintendo Entertainment System.^[622]
• Climbing — Nichibutsu's arcade game Crazy Climber (1980) was the first climbing game.^[623]
• Combo — Data East's arcade DECO Cassette System game Flash Boy (1981), a scrolling action game, had the earliest combo mechanic. When the player punches an enemy and it explodes, debris can destroy other enemies.^[624]
  • Combo system — The first fighting game with a combo system was Culture Brain's Shanghai Kid (1985), with "rush" attacks similar to custom combos in Street Fighter Alpha 2 (1996).^[625]
  • Super combo — Introduced by SNK's Art of Fighting (1992).^[626]
• Command menu — Yuji Horii's The Hokkaido Serial Murder Case: The Okhotsk Disappearance [ja] (1984) introduced a command menu system.^[627]
  • Branching menu — The 1985 NES port of The Portopia Serial Murder Case has branching menu selections.^[628]
• Color vector graphics — The Sega G80 arcade system, launched in 1981, possessed the world's first color vector X-Y video system.^[629]
• Co-op action video game — Sega's arcade light gun shooter Balloon Gun (1974) was the earliest co-op action video game.^[630]
• Cover system — In Tomohiro Nishikado's Western Gun (1975), the player characters could take cover behind destructible objects.^[631]
  • Cover button — Namco's 1995 3D light gun shooter arcade game Time Crisis introduced a dedicated cover button, specifically an "action" foot pedal, that could be used to take cover behind in-game objects.^[632]
  • Laser sight — A laser sight mechanic, where a laser sight helps assist with manually aiming a gun, first appeared in Metal Gear Solid (1998) and WinBack (1999).^[633]
  • Blind fire — The earliest cover system with a blind fire mechanic appeared in Kill Switch (2003), designed by Chris Esaki and released by Namco.^[634]
• Cutscene — Taito's Space Invaders Part II (1979) introduced cutscenes as brief comical intermissions between levels.^[635]
  • Narrative cutscene — The first video game with storytelling cutscenes was Nintendo's Sheriff (1979).^[636]
  • Quick time event cutscene (QTE) — Sega's Die Hard Arcade (1996) introduced QTEs in the modern form of cutscene interludes in an otherwise interactive game.^[637]
• Destructible object — Destructible objects were introduced by Tomohiro Nishikado's Western Gun (1975).^[631]
  • Destructible environment — Namco's Dig Dug (1982) was the first game with a fully destructible environment.^[638]
• Dialogue tree — Introduced by Yuji Horii's The Portopia Serial Murder Case (1983), with branching dialogue choices considered "way ahead of its time".^[615]
• Difficulty level — Dates back to Tomohiro Nishikado's Speed Race (1974).^[639]
  • Difficulty curve — The concept was accidentally invented by Tomohiro Nishikado when he created Space Invaders (1978).^[640]
  • Dynamic difficulty — Pioneered by Space Invaders (1978).^[641]
  • Enemy horde — Space Invaders (1978) was the first video game where a player had to repel hordes of hostile enemies.^[642]
  • It's not a bug, it's a feature — The earliest example of this in video games is Space Invaders (1978), where the gradually increasing speed and difficulty was originally an accident.^[643]
  • Risk and reward — Pioneered by Space Invaders (1978).^[644]
• Digitized character sprite — Magical Company's 2D arcade fighting game Last Apostle Puppet Show (1988) was the first game to feature fully digitized character sprites.^[645]
• Drifting mechanic — Introduced by Sega's Out Run (1986). The mechanic incorporates AI assistance and details such as, if the car's tires grip the road surface too closely, the car's handling becomes too twitchy.^[646]
• Farm life sim — The genre began with the SNES game Harvest Moon (1996).^[647]
• Female video game character — In Nintendo's arcade game Sheriff (1979), the non-player character Betty was the earliest female character in a video game.^[501]
  • Damsel in distress — Betty from Nintendo's Sheriff (1979) was the first damsel-in-distress to appear in a video game.^[636]
  • Female protagonist — Hiroshi Suzuki's stealth game Manbiki Shōjo (Shoplighting Girl), released for the PET 2001 in 1980, was the earliest video game with a female player character. It was a sequel to 1979's Manbiki Shōnen (Shoplighting Boy).^[648]

Street Fighter II (1991), an arcade fighting game.

• Fighting game — Sega's Heavyweight Champ (1976) was the first video game with fist fighting.^[649] Technōs Japan's Karate Champ (1984) established the one-on-one fighting game genre.^[650]
  • Tag team — Technōs Japan's arcade title Tag Team Wrestling (1983) was the first video game with a tag team game mechanic.^[651]
  • Special move — Introduced by Karate Champ (1984).^[626]
  • Platform fighter — Namco's The Outfoxies (1994) originated the concept of platform fighters. The subgenre was most defined by Nintendo's Super Smash Bros. (1999).^[652]
• Flight simulator video game — Tomohiro Nishikado's arcade game Interceptor (1975) was a crude early first-person combat flight simulator video game.^[653]
• First-person shooter video game (FPS) — Tomohiro Nishikado's Interceptor (1975) is considered an early first-person shooter (FPS).^[654]
  • 3D first-person shooter (3D FPS) — The earliest FPS to use 3D polygons was ASCII's Amnork (1986) for the FM‑77 AV computer.^[655]
  • Sniper rifle — Vic Tokai's Golgo 13: Top Secret Episode (1988) was the first video game with a sniper rifle.^[651]
  • Strafing — Arsys Software's Star Cruiser (1988) was an early FPS with strafing controls, considered ahead of its time.^[656]
• FMV video game — The first video game with full-motion video (FMV) was Nintendo's arcade game EVR Race (1975), which played anime scenes from an Electronic Video Recording (EVR) video tape on a CRT display.^[657]
  • FMV cutscene — Data East's laserdisc video game Bega's Battle (1983) introduced animated FMV cutscenes with voice acting to develop a story between the game's shooting stages.^[514]
• Gouraud shading — Namco's SimDrive (SimRoad) for the Namco System 22, with a limited release in 1992, introduced Gouraud shading.^[658]
  • Phong shading — The Sega Hikaru arcade system introduced Phong shading, with the system's debut title Brave Firefighters (1999). Space Channel 5 (1999) for the Sega Dreamcast was the first home console game with limited Phong shading.^[659]
• Hack and slash — In Sega's action game Samurai (1980), the player samurai swordsman must fight a number of other swordsmen.^[609]
  • Side-scrolling hack and slash — The earliest side‑scrolling hack‑and‑slash game was Taito's arcade game The Legend of Kage (1985).^[660]
  • 3D hack and slash (character action) — A subgenre of 3D, third-person, weapon-based, melee action games. The subgenre was defined by Hideki Kamiya's Devil May Cry (2001).^[661]
• High score — Defined by Taito's Space Invaders (1978), with high scores determined by playing to stay alive for as long as possible, as scores keep rising.^[662]
• Horror game — Space Invaders (1978) was a precursor to horror games, as it involved a survival scenario which initially created a sense of panic for players upon release.^[663]
  • Survival horror — The earliest survival horror was AX-2: Uchū Yusōsen Nostromo, developed by Akira Takiguchi for the PET 2001 and PC-6001 in 1981. The genre was later named and defined by Capcom's Resident Evil (1996).^[664]
  • Psychological horror game — Capcom's Sweet Home (1989) was the earliest psychological horror game, based on the 1989 Japanese film of the same name.^[665]
  • Fast zombie — Originates from 1990s Japanese horror games. Resident Evil (1996) featured zombie dogs that run towards the player. The House of the Dead (1996) introduced running human zombies who run towards the player, jump and swim.^[666]
  • Zombie dog — Resident Evil (1996) was the first video game with zombie dogs, popularizing the concept in mass media.^[666]
  • Zombie virus — Resident Evil (1996) gave realistic scientific explanations for zombie origins, such as biological weaponry, genetic manipulation, and parasitic symbiosis. This became the standard approach for explaining zombie origins.^[667]
• Human combat — Tomohiro Nishikado's arcade title Western Gun (1975) was the first video game to depict human-to-human combat.^[668]
  • Violent video game — Western Gun was the first video game to depict human violence.^[668]
  • Western video game — Western Gun was the first Western genre video game.^[669]
• Japanese role-playing game (JRPG) — Koei's The Dragon and Princess (1982), released for the PC-88 and FM-7 computers, was the first role-playing video game (RPG) made in Japan.^[670]
  • Active Time Battle (ATB) — Hiroyuki Ito introduced the ATB system in Final Fantasy IV (1991).^[671]
  • Critical hit — The concept of critical hits was introduced to video games with the 1986 JRPG title Dragon Quest.^[672]
  • Pausable real-time — The earliest example of pausable real-time combat was ELF Corporation's Knights of Xentar (1991).^[673]
  • Tactical RPG (strategy RPG) — Koei's The Dragon and Princess (1982) laid the foundations for the tactical RPG genre, with a tactical turn‑based battle system.^[670]
• Jumping — First appeared in Tomohiro Nishikado's arcade game TV Basketball (1974).^[674]
  • Double jump — Namco's Dragon Buster (1984) originated the double jump mechanic.^[675]
  • Wall jump — First appeared in UPL's arcade game Ninja-Kid II (1987).^[676]
• Optical disc video game — The first video game to use optical disc technology was Sega's arcade game Astron Belt, which debuted in 1982.^[677]
  • Laserdisc video game — The first laserdisc video game was Sega's Astron Belt, which debuted at the September 1982 AM Show.^[677]
• Last man standing — The earliest last-man-standing video game with a shrinking play zone was Hudson Soft's 1983 action game Bomberman.^[678]
  • Battle royale game (BR) — Bomberman (1990) is considered the first battle royale game.^[678]
• Levels — Tomohiro Nishikado's Space Invaders (1978) introduced the "concept of going round after round."^[679]
  • Multiple distinct levels — Dates back to 1979 with Theoretical Science Group's Heiankyo Alien^[680] and Nintendo's Sheriff.^[487]
• Licensed game — Sega's Fonz (1976) was the first time that a television character was licensed for a video game, with Sega predicting the start of a new coalition between the show business and amusement arcade industries.^[681]
  • Merchandising — Space Invaders (1978) and Pac-Man (1980) were the first video games to have character merchandise.^[682]
• Lives — Taito's classic arcade video game Space Invaders (1978) is credited with introducing multiple lives to video games.^[683]
  • Energy shield — SNK's arcade shoot 'em up game Ozma Wars (1979) introduced an energy supply represented numerically that depletes when taking hits.^[651]
  • Health meter — Data East's Flash Boy (1981) for the DECO Cassette System introduced an energy bar.^[624]
  • Health meter regeneration — Nintendo's Punch-Out, developed in 1983 and released in 1984, introduced a stamina meter that replenishes when the player strikes the opponent.^[684]
  • Auto health meter regeneration — T&E Soft's Hydlide (1984) introduced a health meter that gradually restores when the player character does not move. Namco's Star Luster (1985) was the first game with a regenerating energy shield.^[685]
• Maze chase — Heiankyo Alien (1979) was an early maze chase game predating Namco's Pac-Man (1980), which established the maze chase genre and spawning many imitations.^[686]
• Microtransaction — Invented by Double Dragon 3: The Rosetta Stone (1990). It has shops where players can insert coins into the arcade machine to purchase upgrades, power-ups, health, weapons, special moves and characters.^[687]
• Monster-taming game — Namco's Gaplus (1984) introduced a tractor beam that allows the player to capture alien enemies and turn them into useful allies.^[651]
• Motion capture — In Magical Company's arcade fighting game Last Apostle Puppet Show (1988), an early form of motion capture was used to animate the 2D digitized sprites.^[645]
  • 3D motion capture — The first 3D game to use motion capture for animating the 3D character models was the Sega Model 1 arcade game Virtua Fighter (1993).^[688]
  • Passive optical motion capture — Namco's arcade fighting game Soul Edge (1995) was the first video game to use passive optical motion-capture technology.^[689]
• Multi-directional shooter — Taito's Western Gun (1975) laid the foundations for the multi-directional shooter genre.^[690]
• Named character — In Nintendo's arcade game Sheriff (1979), the player character Mr. Jack and non-player character Betty were the earliest video game characters with names.^[636]
  • Video game mascot — Pac-Man (1980) is recognized as the first video game mascot.^[575]
• Ninja video games — The earliest ninja video game was SNK's arcade shooter Sasuke vs. Commander (1980).^[691]
• Online graphical multiplayer — LINKS, a Japanese online network for the MSX launched in 1986, featured early graphical online multiplayer games: T&E Soft's Daiva Dr. Amandora and Super Laydock, Telenet's Girly Block, and Bothtec's Dires.^[692]
• Open world video game — The earliest games considered to be rudimentary open world video games are the 1975 Tomohiro Nishikado arcade games Western Gun^[693] and Interceptor.^[389]
  • Mini-map — The first video game with a radar mini-map was Namco's arcade game Rally-X (1980).^[694]
  • Overworld — The arcade game Route-16 (1981) by Sun Electronics was the earliest game with an overworld. Exiting a maze takes the player to a large overworld map, from where they could enter various buildings.^[695]
  • Hub world — Sega's 1981 arcade game 005 was the first game with a hub world.^[484]
  • Day-night cycle — Nihon Falcom's computer game Panorama Toh (1983) introduced an open world with day-night cycles.^[601]
  • NPC schedule — Castlevania II: Simon's Quest (1987) introduced a day-night cycle where non-player characters (NPC) appear in certain locations depending on the time of day.^[696]
• Open-world graphic adventure — Yuji Horii's The Portopia Serial Murder Case (1983) was the earliest open world graphic adventure game.^[615]
  • Point-and-click — Legends of Star Arthur: Planet Mephius, released by T&E Soft in July 1983, introduced a point-and-click interface utilizing a cursor to interact with objects.^[697]
  • 3D adventure game — Synergy's Alice: An Interactive Museum (1991) was the first adventure game with pre-rendered 3D polygon graphics.^[698]
• Platformer — Space Panic (1980) by Universal Entertainment is considered the first platformer. Donkey Kong (1981) by Nintendo's Shigeru Miyamoto was the first platformer that allowed players to jump over obstacles and across gaps.^[699]
  • Scrolling platformer — Alpha Denshi's Jump Bug (1981) was the first platformer with scrolling graphics.^[700]
  • Grappling hook — Tokuro Fujiwara's Roc'n Rope (1983) introduced a grappling hook game mechanic, later used by 1987 platformers Bionic Commando and Arumana no Kiseki.^[701]
  • Metroidvania — Brain Breaker (1985) by Enix is considered the first Metroidvania game.^[702]
• Power-up — Pac-Man from 1980 is credited as the first video game to feature a power-up mechanic.^[651]

Fonz arcade cabinet (1976)

• Puzzle video game — Heiankyo Alien (1979) by University of Tokyo's Theoretical Science Group (TSG) was the first puzzle video game.^[703]
  • Puzzle-platformer — Universal's Space Panic (1980) was the earliest puzzle-platformer.^[704]
  • Physics game — Nintendo's Gyromite (1985) was an early physics-based puzzle game.^[705]
• Racing simulation — The earliest attempt at a racing simulation was Namco's arcade game Pole Position (1982).^[706]
  • Checkpoint — Namco's Pole Position (1982) was the first game with a checkpoint system.^[707]
  • Time trial — Pole Position (1982) was the first game to have a qualifying lap before the main race.^[707]
  • Kart racing game — Sega's arcade game Power Drift featured go-kart racing in 1988.^[708]
• Real-time strategy (RTS) — Bokosuka Wars (1983) is considered an early RTS.^[709] Herzog Zwei (1989) is considered the first true RTS.^[596]
  • Multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) — The genre originates from Herzog Zwei (1989).^[710]
• Save data — The first game to save the player's high score was Taito's Space Invaders (1978).^[711]
• Shoot 'em up — Space Invaders (1978) is frequently cited as the first or original in the genre. Space Invaders pitted the player against multiple enemies descending from the top of the screen at a constantly increasing speed.^[712]
  • Bullet hell — The bullet hell or danmaku genre began to emerge in the early 1990s. Toaplan's Batsugun (1993) is considered to be the ancestor of the modern bullet hell genre.^[713]
• Stealth game — Hiroshi Suzuki's Manbiki Shounen (Shoplifting Boy), released in 1979, was the stealth game. It inspired two stealth games in 1980, Taito's Lupin III and Suzuki's own sequel Manbiki Shoujo (Shoplifting Girl).^[714]
• Survival game — Survival scenarios date back to Space Invaders (1978), Pac-Man (1980) and early survival horror.^[715] Survival game mechanics were introduced in Panorama Toh (1983).^[601]
• Third-person shooter (TPS) — Radar Scope (1979) was the first shooter game with a pseudo-3D third-person perspective.^[716]
  • Rail shooter — Sega's arcade game Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom (1982) was an early pseudo-3D third-person rail shooter.^[717]
  • Over-the-shoulder (OTS) — Resident Evil 4 (2005) redefined the TPS genre with its "over the shoulder" offset camera angles, where the camera is placed directly over the right shoulder and therefore doesn't obscure the action.^[718]
• Time travel video game — Dates back to Konami's arcade shoot 'em up game Time Pilot (1982).^[394]
• Visual novel (VN) — The visual novel genre is a type of interactive fiction developed in Japan in the early 1990s. As the name suggests, visual novels typically have limited interactivity, as most player interaction is restricted to clicking text and graphics.^[719]

Sciences

See also: Science and technology in Japan and History of science and technology in Japan

Atmospheric science

A downburst.

• Downburst — Downbursts, strong ground-level wind systems that emanate from a point above and blow radially, were discovered by Ted Fujita.^[720]
  • Macroburst — Ted Fujita discovered macrobursts and classified them as downbursts larger than 4 km (2.5 mi).^[720]
  • Microburst — The microburst was first discovered and identified as a small scale downburst affecting an area 4 km (2.5 mi) in diameter or less by Fujita in 1974.^[720]
• Fujita scale — The first scale designed to measure tornado intensity, it was introduced by Ted Fujita in 1971. The scale was widely adopted until the Enhanced Fujita scale.^[721]
• Fujiwhara effect — The Fujiwhara effect is an atmospheric phenomenon first described by Sakuhei Fujiwhara in 1921.^[722]
• Jet stream — Jet streams were first discovered by Japanese meteorologist Wasaburo Oishi by tracking ceiling balloons.^[723]

Chemistry and biomedical

See also: Kampo

Image from Kishitsu Geryō Zukan ("Surgical Casebook") by Hanaoka Seishu

• Aluminium-zinc alloy — By alloying zinc with aluminum, Sumitomo Metal Industries developed the 7075 aluminium alloy (extra super duralumin), a strong lightweight metal, in 1935.^[724]
• Acetylcholine neurotransmitter — In 1926, Kenmatsu Shimidzu discovered that acetylcholine was a neuromuscular neurotransmitter.^[725]
  • Glutamate (neurotransmitter) — The first suggestion that glutamate might function as a neurotransmitter came from Takashi Hayashi in 1952.^[725]
  • Inhibitory GABA — In 1956, Takashi Hayashi discovered the inhibitory action of GABA.^[725]
  • Amino acid neurotransmitter — Between the 1960s and 1970s, Masanori Otsuka established GABA as the first amino acid neurotransmitter.^[725]
  • Substance P neuropeptide — Between the 1960s and 1970s, Masanori Otsuka established substance P (SP) as the first peptide neurotransmitter.^[725]
• Adrenaline (epinephrine) — Jōkichi Takamine and Keizo Uenaka first discovered epinephrine in 1900. Takamine successfully isolated and purified the andrenaline hormone.^[725]
• Agar — Agar was discovered in Japan around 1658 by Mino Tarōzaemon.^[726]
• ALK positive lung cancer — Hiroyuki Mano, Research Institute director at the National Cancer Center, led the discovery of lung cancer fusion genes.^[727]
  • Cancer genome treatment — Hiroyuki Mano led the discovery of cancer genome treatment.^[727]
• Antiparasitic drugs — Satoshi Ōmura discovered antiparasitic drugs including avermectin, endectocide and ivermectin.^[727]
• Antiretroviral medication (anti-AIDS drugs) — Hiroaki Mitsuya discovered the anti-HIV drug zidovudine (AZT) and anti-AIDS drugs including didanosine (ddI) and zalcitabine (ddC).^[727]
• Aspergillus oryzae — The genome for Aspergillus oryzae was sequenced and released by a consortium of Japanese biotechnology companies, in late 2005.^[728]
• Condensin — Discovered by Riken senior researcher Tatsuya Hirano.^[727]
  • Chromosome assembly — Discovered by Tatsuya Hirano.^[727]
• CRISPR — Yoshizumi Ishino discovered CRISPR in 1987.^[729]
• Dementia with Lewy bodies — First described in 1976 by psychiatrist Kenji Kosaka. He was awarded the Asahi Prize in 2013 for his discovery.^[727]
• Dopamine in striatum — In 1959, Isamu Sano discovered a high concentration of dopamine in the striatum.^[725]
  • Dopamine reduction in Parkinson's disease — In 1959, Isamu Sano discovered the reduction of dopamine in patients with Parkinson's disease.^[725]
  • DOPA treatment for Parkinson's disease — In 1960, Isamu Sano discovered the use of DOPA as a treatment for Parkinson's disease.^[725]
• Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) — This surgical procedure was developed in Japan by M. Tada, M. Murata and F. Murakami between 1974 and 1984.^[730]
• Ephedrine synthesis — In 1885, the chemical synthesis of ephedrine was first accomplished by Japanese organic chemist Nagai Nagayoshi.^[731]
• Frontier molecular orbital theory — Kenichi Fukui developed and published a paper on frontier molecular orbital theory in 1952.^[732]
• Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD) — Discovered by Yukio Fukuyama, Tatsushi Toda and Tamao Endo.^[727]
• General anesthesia — Hanaoka Seishū was the first surgeon who used the general anaesthesia in surgery, in 1804. He also dared to operate on cancers of the breast and oropharynx, remove necrotic bone, and perform amputations of extremities.^[733]
• Green fluorescent protein (GFP) — Discovered by Osamu Shimomura.^[727]
• Immunoglobulin E (IgE) — Antibody only found in mammals. It was discovered during 1966–1967 by Kimishige Ishizaka's team at the Children's Asthma Research Institute and Hospital in Denver, Colorado.^[734]
• Induced pluripotent stem cell — The induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) is a kind of pluripotent stem cell which can be created using a mature cell. iPSCs technology was developed by Shinya Yamanaka and his lab workers in 2006.^[735]
• KS steel — Magnetic resistant steel that is three times more resistant than tungsten steel. It was invented by Kotaro Honda in 1917.^[736]
  • MKM steel — MKM steel, an alloy containing nickel and aluminum, was developed in 1931 by the Japanese metallurgist Tokuhichi Mishima.^[737]

Chemical structure of methamphetamine

• Methamphetamine (meth) — Methamphetamine was first synthesized from ephedrine in Japan in 1894 by chemist Nagayoshi Nagai.^[738]
  • Methamphetamine hydrochloride — In 1919, methamphetamine hydrochloride was synthesized by pharmacologist Akira Ogata.^[739]
• Nihonium — Element 113. Named after Nihon, the local name for Japan. It was discovered by a Japanese team under Kōsuke Morita.^[727]
• Okazaki fragment — DNA fragments formed on lagging template strand during DNA replication. Discovered 1966 by Reiji Okazaki, Tsuneko Okazaki and Kiwako Sakabe.^[740]
  • Bacteriophage DNA replication — In 1968, Okazaki fragments were further investigated by the researchers and their colleagues through their research including the study on bacteriophage DNA replication in Escherichia coli.^[741]
• Orexin — Discovered by Masashi Yanagisawa.^[727]
  • Endothelin — Discovered by Masashi Yanagisawa.^[727]
• Photocatalysis — Akira Fujishima discovered photocatalysis occurring on the surface of titanium dioxide in 1967.^[742]
• Plant fertilization — Nagoya University professor Tetsuya Higashiyama discovered the process of plant fertilization.^[727]
• Pulse oximetry — Pulse oximetry was developed in 1972 by Takuo Aoyagi and Michio Kishi, bioengineers at Nihon Kohden. Susumu Nakajima, a surgeon, and his associates first tested the device in patients, reporting it in 1975.^[743]
• Portable electrocardiograph — Taro Takemi built the first portable electrocardiograph in 1937.^[744]
• Regulatory T cell — Discovered by Shimon Sakaguchi.^[727]
• Statin — The statin class of drugs was first discovered by Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo. Mevastatin was the first discovered member of the statin class.^[745]
• Takadiastase — A form of diastase which results from the growth, development and nutrition of a distinct microscopic fungus known as Aspergillus oryzae. Jōkichi Takamine developed the method first used for its extraction in the late 19th century.^[746]
• Thiamine (Vitamin B₁) — In 1884, Kanehiro Takaki attributed beriberi to insufficient nitrogen intake (protein deficiency). In 1910, Umetaro Suzuki succeeded in extracting a water-soluble complex of micronutrients from rice bran. It was called vitamine.^[747]
• Transurethral resection in saline (TURis) — This urological surgical procedure was developed by Japanese physicians Makoto Miki (Shinjuku Ishikawa Hospital), Hiroaki Shiozawa, Tetsuo Matsumoto and Taku Aizawa between 2000 and 2003.^[748]
• Urushiol — Urushiol, a mixture of alkyl catechols, was discovered by Rikou Majima. Majima also discovered that Urushiol was an allergen which gave members of the genus Toxicodendron, such as poison ivy and poison oak, their skin-irritating properties.^[749]

Equipment

Miniature USB microscope, a type of digital microscope.

• Amino acid analyzer — JEOL's JLC-5AH (1968) was the first amino acid analyzer.^[750]
  • Spectrum cell analyzer — Sony's SP6800 (2013) was the first spectrum cell analyzer.^[105]
• Atomic force microscopy — In 1976, the first micrograph of atomic arrangements was taken with JEOL Electron Microscope.^[750]
  • Digital microscope — In 1986, Japanese company Hirox created the first digital microscope.^[751]
• Automated dispensing cabinet — In 2004, Sumitomo Heavy Industries released the first automatic radiopharmaceutical administering device for positron emission tomography.^[752]
• Digital radiography — In 1981, Fujifilm's FCR (Fuji Computed Radiography) was the first digital X-ray diagnostic imaging system with computer processing.^[364]
• Electrosurgical insulated-tip knife (IT knife) — Introduced by Olympus Corporation in 2002 for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) surgical procedures.^[753]
  • Electrosurgery with ultrasound and RF energy — The Thunderbeat (2012) by Olympus was the first electrosurgical device with ultrasonic and bipolar RF energy.^[363]
• Endless hot rolling — In 2000, the first endless hot rolling process was jointly developed by Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal, Kawasaki Steel, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and IHI Corporation.^[754]
  • Hot rolling thermometer — In 2011, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal developed the first hot rolling sheet steel thermometer with high precision.^[754]
• Esophagogastroduodenoscope (EGD) — Mutsuo Sugiura was a Japanese engineer famous for being the first to develop a gastrocamera (EGD). While working at Olympus Corporation, he developed the first EGD in 1950, the Olympus GT-1.^[755]
  • Fiber gastroscope — Introduced by Olympus in 1964.^[363]
• Flexible bronchoscopy — Shigeto Ikeda invented the flexible fiber bronchoscope in 1966.^[756]
  • Video bronchoscope — In 1994, Pentax researchers developed video broncoscopes with a charge-coupled device (CCD) video chip located at their distal end.^[757]
  • High-definition video bronchoscope — The first high-definition video (HD video) bronchoscope was introduced by Pentax in 2011.^[758]
• Friction analysis of galvannealed sheet steel — In 2003, Sumitomo Metal Industries and Toyota researchers conducted the first friction analysis of galvannealed sheet steel using Dr. STAMP technology.^[759]
• High-definition video brain surgery — In 1987, a brain surgery was first recorded in HD video using NHK's Hi-Vision analog HDTV technology.^[405]
• High-resolution ultrasound machine — Developed by Toshiba between 1971 and 1975.^[104]
  • Ultrasound vector monitor — In 1975, JVC introduced the first 8-inch X-Y monitor for ultrasound.^[324]
  • Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) — Introduced by Olympus Corporation in 1982.^[753]
  • HD video endoscopy — In 2002, the Olympus Evis Lucera was the first HD endoscopic video system.^[753]
  • Ultra HD endoscopy — Introduced by Olympus in 2015.^[363]
• High-tensile strength plate — In 2007, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal developed the first high-tensile strength plate for improving the fatigue strength of welded joints.^[754]
• Medical imaging display monitor — In 1982, JVC introduced a CRT monitor for medical imaging.^[324]
  • Medical imaging LCD monitor — In 2001, JVC introduced a 20.8-inch LCD monitor with calibration for 2–3 megapixel medical imaging.^[324]
• Medical monitor — In 1957, JVC introduced a medical CRT display with deflection yoke technology. In 1972, JVC introduced the first 12‑inch raster display medical CRT monitor.^[324]
  • ECG monitor — In 1976, JVC introduced the first electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor.^[324]
  • Flat screen medical monitor — By 1991, JVC had developed a medical LCD monitor. In 2000, they introduced a flat-screen medical CRT monitor.^[324]
  • High-resolution medical monitor — In 2000, JVC introduced high-resolution medical monitors, including a 2–5 megapixel CRT monitor and a 3 megapixel LCD monitor.^[324]
  • Sub-pixel super-resolution imaging — In 2008, Katsuhiro Ichikawa's Japanese research team developed independent sub‑pixel driving technology, demonstrating a 15 megapixel effective image resolution from a 5 megapixel LCD monitor.^[760]
  • OLED medical monitor — Sony's 25-inch PVM-2551MD (2012) OLED surgical monitor was the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved OLED medical grade display.^[761]
• Planetarium projector with 3D ray tracing — LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System was used to create the first 3D planetarium video made with ray-traced 3D computer graphics. It was presented with Fujitsu at a 1985 Tsukuba event.^[227]
• Space photography camera — Konica's Minolta Hi-Matic was the first camera taken into outer space on a human spaceflight mission by astronaut John Glenn in 1962.^[762]
  • Space photography digital camera — The Nikon NASA F4 (1987) was the first digital camera designed for space photography. It was used on the Space Shuttle Discovery in 1991.^[341]
• Vectorcardiography (VCG) — Taro Takemi invented the vectorcardiograph in 1939.^[744]

Finance

See also: Japanese financial system and Economy of Japan

Scheme of a single candlestick chart.

• Bitcoin — Bitcoin's founder is credited as Satoshi Nakamoto. However, the name is believed to be a pseudonym and there is debate over whether or not he is Japanese.^[763]
• Candlestick chart — Candlestick charts have been developed in the 18th century by Munehisa Homma, a Japanese rice trader of financial instruments.^[764]
• Futures contract — The first futures exchange market was the Dōjima Rice Exchange in Japan in the 1730s.^[765]
• ISO 22301 — In 2012, Fujitsu co-developed the ISO 22301 international standard for business continuity management systems.^[187]
• Mobile payment — Mobile payments began adoption in Japan during the early 2000s.^[766]
  • Mobile wallet — In 2004, NTT DoCoMo and Sony introduced the first mobile wallets, for 3G mobile phones in Japan.^[767]
• Okamoto–Uchiyama cryptosystem — Developed by Tatsuaki Okamoto.^[727]
  • Efficient Probabilistic Public-Key Encryption Scheme (EPOC) — Developed by Tatsuaki Okamoto.^[727]
  • MOV attack — Developed by Tatsuaki Okamoto.^[727]
• Smart card — Kunitaka Arimura of the Arimura Technology Institute in Japan independently developed the idea of an integrated circuit card, and filed a smart card patent in March 1970.^[768]

Mathematics

See also: Japanese mathematics

A page from Seki Kōwa's Katsuyo Sampo (1712), tabulating binomial coefficients and Bernoulli numbers.

• Amari distance — It is named after Japanese information theorist Shun'ichi Amari and was originally introduced as a performance index for blind source separation.^[769]
• Bernoulli number — Studied by Seki Kōwa and published after his death, in 1712. Jacob Bernoulli independently developed the concept, though his work was published a year later.^[770]
• Calculus — Seki Kōwa (1642–1708) founded Enri, a mathematical system with the same purpose as calculus.^[771]
• Determinant — Introduced in Japan to study elimination of variables in systems of higher-order algebraic equations. They used it to give shorthand representation for the resultant. The determinant as an independent function was first studied by Seki Kōwa in 1683.^[772]
• Elimination theory — In 1683 (Kai-Fukudai-no-Hō), Seki Kōwa came up with elimination theory, based on resultant.^[772]
  • Resultant — In 1683, Seki Kōwa came up with elimination theory, based on resultant. To express resultant, he developed the notion of determinant.^[772]
• Hironaka's example — Hironaka's example is a non-Kähler complex manifold that is a deformation of Kähler manifolds discovered by Heisuke Hironaka.^[773]
• Information geometry — The modern theory is largely due to Shun'ichi Amari, whose work has been greatly influential on the development of the field.^[774]
• Itô calculus — Developed by Kiyosi Itô in the 1940s. Concepts include Itô integral and Itô's lemma. It is widely used in various fields, especially mathematical finance.^[775]
  • Itô's lemma — This result was discovered by Kiyoshi Itô in 1951.^[776]
  • Stochastic calculus — Developed by Kiyosi Itô in the 1940s, involving stochastic integrals and stochastic differential equations based on the Brownian motion or Wiener process.^[775]
  • Stochastic differential equation (SDE) — Invented by Kiyosi Itô in 1942.^[775]
• Itô diffusion — A diffusion process developed by Kiyosi Itô.^[775]
• Iwasawa theory — Initially created by Kenkichi Iwasawa, Iwasawa theory was originally developed as a Galois module theory of ideal class groups.^[777]
  • Main conjecture of Iwasawa theory — A deep relationship between p-adic L-functions and ideal class groups of cyclotomic fields, proved by Iwasawa for primes satisfying the Kummer–Vandiver conjecture.^[777]
• Japanese theorem for cyclic polygons — This result comes from a sangaku tablet dated 1800.^[778]
  • Japanese theorem for cyclic quadrilaterals — In geometry, this theorem states that the centers of the incircles of certain triangles inside a cyclic quadrilateral are vertices of a rectangle. It was originally stated on a sangaku tablet in 1880.^[778]
• Kenmotsu manifold — Discovered by Katsuei Kenmotsu in 1972.^[779]
• Richardson extrapolation — Takebe Katahiro used Richardson extrapolation in 1695, about 200 years earlier than Richardson.^[780]
• Sangaku — Japanese geometric puzzles on wooden tablets created during the Edo period (1603–1867) by members of all social classes. The Dutch Japanologist Isaac Titsingh introduced sangaku to the West when he returned to Europe in the late 1790s.^[781]
• Soddy's hexlet — Irisawa Shintarō Hiroatsu analyzed Soddy's hexlet in a Sangaku in 1822 and was the first person to do so.^[782]
• Takagi existence theorem — Takagi existence theorem was developed by Teiji Takagi in isolation during World War I. He presented it at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1920.^[783]
• Two-valued Boolean algebra — Discovered independently by NEC engineer Akira Nakashima. From 1934 to 1936, his switching circuit theory showed that two-valued Boolean algebra can describe the operation of switching circuits.^[194]

Nanotechnology

A "sliced and unrolled" representation of a carbon nanotube as a strip of a graphene molecule.

• Carbon nanofiber (CNF) — Discovered by Morinobu Endo in the early 1970s.^[784]
• Carbon nanotube (CNT) — Discovered by Morinobu Endo in 1976.^[785]
  • Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) — Discovered by Sumio Iijima of NEC in 1991.^[786]

• Nanoelectronics
  • Surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED) — SED display technology was developed between 1986 and 1997 by Canon Inc.^[323]
  • Nanoscale transistor — Between 1996 and 1997, NEC's research team led by Hisao Kawaura, Toshitsugu Sakamoto and Toshio Baba developed a prototype 16 nm process PMOS transistor.^[787]
  • Carbon nanotube field-emission display (CNT FED) — First demonstrated by Yahachi Saito, Sashiro Uemura and Koji Hamaguchi in 1998.^[788]
  • Optical communication nanowire lasers — In 2017, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) demonstrated the first laser oscillation and modulation with optical communication nanowire.^[230]
• Nanolithography
  • Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV) — Hiroo Kinoshita invented EUV at Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in the mid-1980s and demonstrated it in 1986.^[789]
  • Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) mass production — Canon's FPA-1200NZ2C, developed from 2004 to 2017, was the first mass-production equipment for NIL.^[790]
  • Multi-beam lithography — In 2017, JEOL and IMS developed the first multi-electron beam lithography system for mass production.^[750]
• Nanotechnology — The field of nanotechnology was named and defined by Norio Taniguchi in 1974.^[791]

Physics

445–450 nm blue laser (middle)

• Asteroid sample-return mission — Hayabusa (2003–2010) was the first successful asteroid space probe to travel through outer space and return with an asteroid sample.^[727]
• Blue laser — Discovered by Shuji Nakamura, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano while developing blue LED from 1986 to 1992, winning them Nobel Prize in Physics.^[792]
• Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix — Discovered by Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa, it introduced three generations of quarks.^[793]
  • Spontaneous symmetry breaking — Discovered by Kobayashi and Maskawa, for which they were awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics.^[793]
• Ferrite magnet — Yogoro Kato and Takeshi Takei of the Tokyo Institute of Technology synthesized the first ferrite compounds in 1930.^[794]
  • Neodymium magnet — Neodymium magnets were invented independently in 1982 by Sumitomo Special Metals and General Motors.^[795]
• Gold synthesis — The first synthesis of gold was conducted by Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka, who synthesized gold from mercury in 1924 by neutron bombardment.^[796]
• High-temperature superconductors (HTS) — Jun Akimitsu discovered new HTS including magnesium diboride ^[727]
  • Iron-based superconductor (FeSC) — Discovered by Tokyo Institute of Technology team under Hideo Hosono.^[797]
• K2K experiment
  • T2K experiment
  • Super-Kamiokande
  • Hyper-Kamiokande
• Klein–Nishina formula
• Kuramoto model — Developed by Yoshiki Kuramoto.^[727]
  • Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation — Developed by Yoshiki Kuramoto.^[727]
  • Non-linear synchronization — Yoshiki Kuramoto pioneered the non-linear model of the synchronization phenomenon.^[727]
• Meson — In 1934, Hideki Yukawa predicted the existence and the approximate mass of the meson as the carrier of the nuclear force that holds atomic nuclei together. He was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery.^[798]
  • Pion — First proposed by Hideki Yukawa in 1935.^[799]
• Neutron scattering — Seishi Kikuchi demonstrated the scattering of fast neutrons in 1934.^[800]
  • Kikuchi lines (physics)
• Nuclear power — In 1934, Tohoku University professor Hikosaka Tadayoshi's atomic physics theory noted the huge energy contained by atomic nuclei and proposed that both nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons could be created.^[801]
  • Magic number (physics) — Proposed by Hikosaka Tadayoshi in 1934.^[802]
  • Nuclear reaction with particle accelerator — In 1934, Seishi Kikuchi demonstrated nuclear reactions using an accelerator.^[800]
• Nuclear shell model — Proposed by Hikosaka Tadayoshi in 1934.^[800]
  • Nuclear pile — In 1941, Hikosaka Tadayoshi proposed a pile-type nuclear reactor.^[800]
  • Uranium-238 nuclear fission (U238) — In 1941, Hikosaka Tadayoshi reported the chain reaction of uranium fission caused by fast neutrons, noting the fatal factor which breaks the chain reaction is the resonance absorption of neutrons by U238.^[800]
  • Fast breeder reactor — Proposed by Hikosaka Tadayoshi in 1944.^[800]
• Plasma gasification commercialization — In 1999, a 166-short-ton (151 t) per day pilot plant was built in Yoshii, co-developed by Hitachi Metals. It was certified after a demonstration period during 1999–2000.^[803]
  • Thermal cracking by gasification — By 2015, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal had successfully established the first thermal cracking technology using gasification recycling equipment for 100% resource recovery.^[754]
• Quantum electrodynamics (QED) — Shin'ichirō Tomonaga co-developed the field of quantum electrodynamics in the mid-20th century, for which he was awarded the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics.^[804]
  • Lamb shift — Co-developed by Shin'ichirō Tomonaga in the mid-20th century.^[804]
  • Schwinger–Tomonaga equation
  • Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid
• Quantum tunnelling — In 1957, Leo Esaki demonstrated tunneling of electrons over a few nanometer wide barrier in a semiconductor structure and developed a diode based on tunnel effect.^[805]
  • Quantum Hall effect — First predicted by Tsuneya Ando's University of Tokyo team in 1975.^[806]
  • Quantum telecloning — In early 2006, the University of Tokyo, Japan Science and Technology Agency and University of York gave the first experimental demonstration of quantum telecloning.^[807]
• Saturnian model (Nagaoka model) — In 1904, Hantaro Nagaoka proposed the first planetary model of the atom as an alternative to the plum pudding model. It was a basis for the Bohr model in 1913.^[808]
  • Sakata model — The Sakata model was a precursor to the quark model proposed by Shoichi Sakata in 1956.^[809]
• Yukawa coupling
• Yukawa potential

Solar power

• Bifacial solar cell (BSC) — BFC solar cell was first proposed by Hiroshi Mori in 1960 while working for Hayakawa Denki Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Hayakawa Electric Industry), later known as Sharp Corporation.^[810]
• Floating solar — The first floating solar installation was built in 2007 by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Aichi.^[811]
• Perovskite solar cell (PSC) — Invented by Tsutomu Miyasaka, Akihiro Kojima, Kenjiro Teshima and Yasuo Shirai in 2009.^[812]
• Solar module — Between 1959 and early 1963, Sharp Corporation developed the first commercial solar module.^[90]
  • Solar-powered buoy — In May 1963, the first commercial application of solar modules was for a marine application, attached to a solar-powered lighted buoy in the Tsurumi Shipping Lane, Yokohama Port.^[90]
  • Solar-powered calculator — The Sharp EL-8026 Sunman (1976) was the first solar-powered electronic calculator, utilizing solar cell technology.^[220]
• Solar-powered game — Nintendo's Kōsenjū SP (Beam Gun) light gun, released in 1970, was the first electronic game device using solar cell technology from Sharp.^[555]
  • Solar-powered video game — The Bandai LCD Solarpower (1982) handheld game system was the first solar‑powered video game device.^[516]
• Solar sail — IKAROS, launched by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in 2010, was the first spacecraft to successfully use solar sail technology for propulsion. It made the first successful interplanetary spaceflight using solar sail technology.^[813]
• Space-based solar power — JAXA announced in March 2015 that they wirelessly beamed 1.8 kilowatts about 50 meters to a small receiver by converting between electricity and microwaves.^[814]

Semiconductors

See also: Semiconductor industry in Japan

• Avalanche breakdown — Between 1952 and 1953, Jun-ichi Nishizawa discovered the avalanche effect in semiconductors.^[815]
• Electron-beam lithography (EBL) — JEOL's JEBX-2A (1966) and JEBX-2B (1967) were the first complete EBL systems.^[816]
  • Microlithography — The first photolithography system to achieve a high optical resolution more precise than a square micrometre was the FPA-141F (1975) by Canon Inc.^[817]
• Epitaxy — Jun-ichi Nishizawa invented electroepitaxy in 1955, photoepitaxy in 1961, and gallium arsenide (GaAs) molecular layer epitaxy (MLE) in 1984.^[815]
• Oxypnictide — Discovered by Tokyo Institute of Technology team under Hideo Hosono.^[797]
• Silicon carbide power semiconductor — Hiroyuki Matsunami pioneered the application of silicon carbide in power electronics.^[727]
• Solid-state maser — Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa in 1955.^[818]
• Transparent conducting oxide — Developed by Hideo Hosono.^[727]

Diodes

Blue LEDs

• Avalanche diode — Jun-ichi Nishizawa invented the avalanche photodiode in 1952 and avalanche injection diode in 1958.^[815]
  • Avalanche photodiode — Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa in 1952.^[815]
• Blue LED — Between 1988 and 1992, Shuji Nakamura invented the first efficient blue LED, building on the earlier work of Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano.^[819]
  • White LED — In 1995, Yoshinori Shimizu's team at Nichia developed the first white LED, by combining blue LED with phosphors, the basis for modern LEDs.^[820]
• Green LED — Developed by Junichi Nishizawa in 1971.^[821]
• Photodiode — Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa in 1950.^[815]
  • Pinned photodiode (PPD) — Invented by Nobukazu Teranishi, Hiromitsu Shiraki and Yasuo Ishihara at NEC in 1980.^[822]
• PIN diode — Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa in 1950.^[815]
  • PIN photodiode — Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa in 1950.^[815]
• Semiconductor laser (injection laser) — Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa in 1957.^[815]
  • Continuous wave semiconductor laser — Co-invented by Izuo Hayashi (1970). It's commonly used for fiber-optics, laser printers, barcode readers and optical discs.^[823]
  • Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) — Short cavity VCSEL proposed by Kenichi Iga in 1977. Demonstrated by Soda, Iga, Kitahara and Suematsu in 1979.^[824]
• Tunnel diode (Esaki diode) — It was invented in August 1957 by Leo Esaki and Yuriko Kurose when working at Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo, now known as Sony.^[421]
  • Tunnel injection — Jun-ichi Nishizawa invented the tunnel injection diode in 1958.^[815]
• Variable capacitance diode (varicap) — Jun-ichi Nishizawa invented the hyperabrupt variable capacitance diode in 1959.^[815]
• White OLED — Pioneered by J. Kido's team at Yamagata University in 1995. It led to the commercialization of OLED displays and lighting.^[825]

Integrated circuits

• CMOS large-scale integration (CMOS LSI) — Toshiba used C²MOS technology to develop a CMOS LSI chip for Sharp Corporation's Elsi Mini LED pocket calculator in 1971.^[826]
  • Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) — In 1972, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) developed a prototype 64 kbit VLSI memory chip.^[230]
• Glass integrated circuit (IC) — Shunpei Yamazaki invented an integrated circuit made entirely from glass and with an 8-bit central processing unit (CPU).^[282]
• Ion implantation — Discovered by Jun-ichi Nishizawa in 1950.^[815]
• Three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) — 3D ICs were first successfully demonstrated in 1980s Japan. In 1983, a Fujitsu research team including S. Kawamura, Nobuo Sasaki and T. Iwai demonstrated the first 3D IC CMOS chip.^[827]
• Through-silicon via (TSV) — First 3D ICs with TSV were fabricated in 1980s Japan. Patents filed by Hitachi (1983) and Fujitsu (1984).^[828]
• Wafer bonding — Proposed by Yoichi Akasaka's Mitsubishi Electric research team in 1986. In 1989, Yoshihiro Hayashi's NEC research team fabricated a two active layer 3D IC chip using CUBIC (Cumulatively Bonded IC).^[829]

Transistors

A double-gate FinFET transistor device

• Field-effect transistor (FET) — The static induction transistor (SIT), the first practical FET to be built, was invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa and Y. Watanabe in 1950.^[830]
  • Static induction transistor (SIT) — Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa and Y. Watanabe in 1950.^[830]
  • Junction FET (JFET) — The first JFET was the SIT, invented by Nishizawa and Watanabe in 1950.^[830]
  • Clocked CMOS (C²MOS) — Toshiba developed C²MOS, a circuit technology with lower power consumption and faster operating speed than ordinary CMOS, in 1969.^[826]
  • Twin-well CMOS — In 1978, Toshiaki Masuhara's Hitachi team introduced the twin-well Hi-CMOS process with the HM6147 memory chip. Twin-well CMOS became the most common semiconductor process in the 1980s.^[831]
• Insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) — The basic IGBT mode of operation, where a pnp transistor is driven by a MOSFET, was first proposed by K. Yamagami and Y. Akagiri of Mitsubishi Electric in the Japanese patent S47-21739, filed in 1968.^[832]
  • Non-latch-up IGBT — Akio Nakagawa's Toshiba team invented the device design concept of non-latch-up IGBTs in 1984.^[833]
• Microscale transistor — In 1979, NTT demonstrated a 1 μm MOS transistor for their 64 kb DRAM memory chip.^[834]
• Multi-gate MOSFET — A double-gate MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor FET) was described by Toshihiro Sekigawa of ETL in a 1980 patent describing the XMOS transistor.^[835]
  • Fin field-effect transistor (FinFET) — Began with DELTA transistor demonstrated by Digh Hisamoto's Hitachi team in 1989.^[836]
  • GAAFET — Gate-all-around (GAA) MOSFET was first demonstrated in 1988 by a Toshiba research team including Fujio Masuoka, Hiroshi Takato, and Kazumasa Sunouchi, who demonstrated a vertical nanowire GAAFET.^[837]
• Oxide thin-film transistor (oxide TFT) — Developed by Hideo Hosono.^[838]
• PNP transistor — Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa in 1950.^[815]
• Power MOSFET — In 1969, Hitachi introduced a vertical power MOSFET.^[839]
  • DMOS — In 1969, the DMOS (double-diffused MOSFET) with self-aligned gate was first reported by Y. Tarui, Y. Hayashi and Toshihiro Sekigawa of the Electrotechnical Laboratory (ETL).^[840]
  • LDMOS — In 1977, Hitachi introduced the LDMOS transistor. They were the only LDMOS manufacturer between 1977 and 1983, mainly for audio power amplifiers and PA systems.^[841]
• VMOS — VMOS was invented by Hitachi in 1969.^[842]

Telecommunication

• Ansafone — Created by inventor Dr. Kazuo Hashimoto between 1964 and 1958. He was employed by the company Phonetel, who in 1960 began selling the first answering machines in the US.^[843]
  • Digital answering machine — In 1983, Kazuo Hashimoto received a patent for a digital answering machine architecture with US Patent 4,616,110.^[844]
• Caller ID — In 1976, Kazuo Hashimoto built the first prototype of a caller ID display device that could receive caller information.^[843]
• Digital electronic switching system (ESS) — Fujitsu's FETEX-150 (1981), part of the FETEX (Fujitsu Electronic Telephone eXchange) series, was the first fully digital ESS with a full digital telephone switchboard.^[187]

Internet

A thread on 4chan, a popular English language imageboard inspired by Japanese imageboard 2chan.

• Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) — Fujitsu's FETEX-150 (1981) was the first commercial ATM electronic switching system (ESS).^[187]
• Digital videophone — The first practical videophone for home use was Mitsubishi's Luma 1000 in 1986. It could send digital images over a phone line.^[845]
• Fiber-optic communication — First proposed by Jun-ichi Nishizawa in 1963.^[846]
  • Graded-index fiber (GI fiber) — Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa in 1964.^[847]
  • Fiber-optic cable — In 1975, NEC and Tokyo Electric Power Company conducted the first comprehensive field test of a fiber‑optic cable system.^[229]
  • Fiber-optic communications system — In 1977, NEC developed the first commercial fiber-optic communications system.^[229]
  • Multi-core fiber (MCF) — Invented by S. Inao of Furukawa Electric in 1979.^[848]
  • Optical fiber connector — Invented by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in 1986.^[849]
• Gigabit per second (Gbit/s) — In 1979, Takashi Kimura of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) demonstrated 1 Gbit/s fibre-optic transmission over 20 km.^[850]
  • Terabit per second (Tbit/s) — In 1996, a Fujitsu research team demonstrated the first 1 Tbit/s fibre-optic transmission over 150 km, using zero-dispersion single-mode optical fiber (SMF) and wideband EDFA.^[851]
  • Petabit per second (Pbit/s) — In 2012, NTT demonstrated the first successful 1 Pbit/s fibre-optic transmission over 50 km.^[230]
• Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) — NTT's Integrated Services Network (INS), also known as INS-Net, was the first ISDN service. After field tests from 1984 to 1987, NTT launched INS-Net in 1988.^[852]
  • Broadband fibre-optic network — NTT's INS-Net 1500 was the first broadband ISDN fibre-optic network. After field tests between 1986 and 1987, INS-NET 1500 was launched in 1989.^[852]
  • Image sharing — INS-Net launched with an image sharing service allowing high-resolution color digital images to be shared.^[852]
  • Streaming media — INS-Net launched with a music streaming service allowing digital music transmission.^[852]
  • Video on demand (VOD) — In 1986, a VOD service was first proposed for INS-Net.^[423]
• Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) — Originates from Toshiba's Cell Switch Router (CSR) technology in 1994.^[853]
  • Multicast MPLS — In 2003, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) first developed multicast MPLS for broadband services.^[230]
• Online magazine — The first online magazine was Internet Magazine launched by Japanese company Impress in September 1994.^[854]
• OpenFlow product — In 2011, NEC's Universe PF Series was the first OpenFlow-compatible product.^[762]
• Optical communication — First proposed by Jun-ichi Nishizawa in 1963.^[846]
  • Synchronous optical network (SONET) — In 1989, NEC and NTT developed the first commercial synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) system.^[229]
  • Photonics telecommunications network — Between 2019 and 2021, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) led the development of Innovative Optical and Wireless Networks (IOWN), the first all-photonics telecommunications network.^[855]
• Textboard — Textboards like imageboards were invented in Japan. However, unlike imageboards, textboards are relatively unknown outside Japan.^[856]
  • Imageboard — The first imageboards were created in Japan. Later imageboards such as 2chan would be created.^[856]
• VTuber — In 2010, Nitroplus uploaded YouTube videos with Super Sonico talking to the audience about herself and company releases.^[857]

Mobile phones

See also: Japanese mobile phone culture

J-SH04, released by Sharp Corporation and J-Phone in 2000, was an early camera phone capable of picture messaging.

• Commercial mobile phone — The Panasonic TZ‑801 (1979) was the first commercial mobile phone. It used NTT's 1G mobile network, initially available only in Tokyo.^[858]
  • Pocket mobile phone — The NEC P3 (1990) was the first truly portable pocket-sized mobile phone.^[859]
  • Flip phone — The NEC TZ-804 (Mova N), launched in 1991, was the first mobile phone with a clamshell design.^[860]
  • Camera phone — The Kyocera Visual Phone VP-210, released in May 1999, was the first commercial camera phone.^[861]

Each of the most popular emoji from the 9 major emoji categories according to the Unicode Emoji Frequency study from 2021, rendered in the Noto Color Emoji font

• Emoji — The first emoji was created in 1998 or 1999 in Japan by Shigetaka Kurita.^[862]
  • Face with Tears of Joy emoji — NTT DoCoMo's emoji set in 1999 included the "Face with Tears of Joy" emoji.^[863]
• Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) — In 1979, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) introduced the first mobile phone system using FDMA.^[864]
• Front-facing camera phone — The Kyocera VP-210 Visual Phone, released in May 1999, was the first front-facing camera phone.^[861]
  • Mobile videophone — The Kyocera VP-210 (1999) was the first mobile videophone, which also doubled as a camera phone for still photos.^[865]
• Mobile network — First commercial cellular network, 1G, was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo.^[866]
  • 1G — The first commercial cellular network was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo.^[866]
  • 2G — Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) was developed in the late 1980s. Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) was developed by NTT in 1989.^[864]
  • 3G — In 1998, the first 3G network (FOMA) was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan.^[867]
  • LTE — In 2004, LTE was first proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan.^[868]
  • 4G — In February 2007, NTT DoCoMo tested a 4G communication system prototype called VSF-OFCDM and completed a trial.^[869]
  • 5G — NTT DoCoMo began development of 5G technology in 2010 and demonstrated 5G in 2013.^[870]
• Mobile web — In 1999, NTT DoCoMo's i-mode (1999) was the first Internet access service dedicated to mobile phones.^[219]
• Multimedia messaging service (MMS) — Picture messaging was introduced with the J-SH04, released by Sharp Corporation and J-Phone in 2000.^[90]
• Ringtone — In September 1996, IDO sold Digital Minimo D319 by Denso. It was the first mobile phone where a user could input an original melody, rather than having to use preloaded melodies. These phones proved to be popular in Japan.^[871]
  • Polyphonic ringtone — Polyphonic ringtone technology dates back to 1999, when Yamaha Corporation's MA-1 sound chip was introduced, including four 2-op FM synthesis channels.^[872]
• Smartphone — In 1991, NEC introduced a laptop computer with integrated mobile phone.^[873] NTT's i-mode (1999) mobile web service offered online shopping, mobile payments, NFC (mobile wallets), 1seg mobile TV, ringtones and games.^[874]
  • Foldable smartphone — The earliest commercial foldable smartphone was Kyocera's Echo (2011).^[875]
  • Multi-camera smartphone — The Sharp Aquos R2 (2018) was the first smartphone with a dual-camera configuration including separate photo camera and video camera.^[216]
• Stereoscopic 3D mobile phone — The first 3D mobile phone was the Sharp mova SH251iS (2002).^[876]
  • Autostereoscopic 3D mobile phone — In January 2009, Hitachi introduced the first autostereoscopic 3D phone under KDDI, the Hitachi H001.^[877]
• Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) — In 1998, the first wideband code-division multiple access network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan.^[867]

Wireless

A modern high-gain UHF Yagi television antenna.

• Cordless phone with answering machine — In 1989, Sharp Corporation introduced the first low-power cordless phone with an answering machine function.^[90]
• Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) — From 1965 to 1984, the first practical DBS service was co-developed by NHK STRL, NASDA and Toshiba.^[878]
• Meteor burst communications — The first observation of interaction between meteors and radio propagation was reported by Hantaro Nagaoka in 1929.^[879]
• Mobile computer with wireless Internet — Fujitsu's MV-BIBLO LOOX (2000) was the first mobile computer with built-in wireless Internet data transmission.^[187]
• Near-field communication (NFC) — In March 2002, Sony and Philips established a technology specification for NFC and created a technical outline.^[880]
• Radio-controlled wheel transmitter — Futaba introduced the FP-T2F in 1974. It was the first to use a steering wheel onto a box transmitter.^[881] KO Propo introduced the EX-1 in 1981. It is one of two types currently for surface use.^[882]
• Semiconductor microwave communication — In 1963, NEC developed first solid-state electronic semiconductor microwave communications line.^[219]
  • Transistor repeater — In 1963, Nippon Electric Company (NEC) developed the first fully transistorized microwave repeaters, using silicon transistors for microwave amplification.^[229]
  • Digital microwave communication — Between 1963 and 1968, Masasuke Morita led a team of NEC and NTT engineers in developing the first commercial pulse-code modulation (PCM) digital microwave communications system.^[883]
• Single channel per carrier (SCPC) — In 1973, Fujitsu developed the first SCPC satellite communications system.^[187]
  • Satellite modem — In 1978, Fujitsu developed the first satellite communications burst modem.^[187]
• Terahertz band wireless communication (THz) — Tadao Nagatsuma's team demonstrated 120 GHz photonics video signal in 2000 and 10 Gbit/s broadband with 120 GHz signal in 2002. In 2014, Minoru Fujishima demonstrated 1 THz RF CMOS signal.^[884]
  • Wireless communication with orbital angular momentum multiplexing (OAM) — In 2018, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) successfully demonstrated the first 100 Gbit/s wireless transmission using OAM multiplexing.^[230]
• WiMAX integrated circuit — In 2005, Fujitsu developed the first large-scale integration (LSI) chips for WiMAX-compliant base stations.^[187]
• Wireless earphones — Onkyo's W800BT range, launched in 2015, were the first wireless in-ear headphones.^[885]
• Wireless game console — The earliest was the TV Tennis Electrotennis (1975) home console by Epoch Co. It connected wirelessly to a TV through ultra high frequency (UHF) antenna technology.^[886]
• Wireless guitar amplifier — Boss Corporation's KATANA-AIR Wireless Guitar Amplifier (2018) was the first fully wireless guitar amplifier.^[129]
• Wireless outdoor security sensor — In 1983, Japanese company OPTEX developed one of the first wireless outdoor security sensors.^[887]
• Yagi antenna — The Yagi-Uda antenna was invented in 1926 by Shintaro Uda of Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, Japan, with the collaboration of Hidetsugu Yagi, also of Tohoku Imperial University.^[888]

Transportation

See also: Transport in Japan

A lineup of JR East Shinkansen bullet trains in October 2012

• Automatic ticket gate — Introduced with the opening of the Tokyo Underground Railway in 1927.^[889]
  • Piezoelectric energy harvesting walkway — In 2007, East Japan Railway's Tokyo train stations harvested energy from footsteps for ticket gates and EL displays.^[890]
• Bullet train — The world's first high volume capable (initially 12 cars) high-speed train was Tōkaidō Shinkansen, which commenced construction in 1959 and opened in 1964.^[891]
• Diesel-powered two-wheel tractor — In 1926, Okayama farmer Nishizaki Hiroshi invented a two-wheel tractor with a diesel powered engine.^[892]
  • Coaxial rotary tiller — Honda's Lucky FU650, launched in 1993, was the first rotary tiller with coaxial rotating tines.^[893]
• Hybrid electric bus — Introduced by Hino Motors in 1991.^[894]
  • Hybrid electric tour bus — Introduced by Hino Motors in 1997.^[894]
• Inverter-controlled high-speed gearless elevator — Introduced by Toshiba in 1985, using insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based inverter-controlled gearless drive system, since applied in high-speed elevators worldwide.^[104]
• Personal watercraft — Kawasaki were the first to develop stand-up personall watercraft under their trademark Jet Ski. While experimentation with personal watercraft preceded this. The Jet Ski was the first commercially successful and practical PWC.^[895]
• Rickshaw — A two or three-wheeled passenger cart seating one or two people that serves as a mode of human-powered transport pulled by a runner draws a two-wheeled cart. The rickshaw was invented in Japan circa 1869.^[896]
• Spiral escalator — Mitsubishi Electric unveiled the world's first practical spiral escalator in 1985. Spiral escalators have the advantage of taking up less space than their conventional counterparts.^[897]

Automobiles

See also: Automotive industry in Japan

Nissan Altra EV (1997), the first battery electric vehicle (BEV) using lithium-ion batteries.

• 4-valve dual overhead camshaft (DOHC) — The Nissan Skyline GT-R (C10), released in 1969, was the first production vehicle with a four-valve DOHC.^[898]
• 4-wheel steering (4WS) — Mazda were pioneers in applying four-wheel steering to automobiles, demonstrating it on their Mazda MX-02 (1984) concept car.^[899]
  • 4WS speed-sensitive steering — The Mazda Capella (626), released in 1987, introduced the first speed-sensitive 4WS system.^[900]
  • 4WS active steering — The Nissan Skyline (V36), released in 2006, introduced the first four-wheel active steering system.^[898]
• 4-wheel multi-link suspension — The Nissan Fairlady Z Model Z32 (1989) featured the first four-wheel multi-link suspension system.^[898]
• 5-speed automated manual transmission (AMT) — Isuzu Aska's NAVi5 (1985) introduced the first 5-speed AMT.^[901]
• 5-speed automatic transmission (AT) — Introduced with Jatco 5R01 transmission (1989) by Jatco and Nissan, used in the Nissan Cedric, Cefiro, Gloria, Skyline and Laurel.^[898]
  • 8-speed AT — Toyota's Lexus LS 460 (2006) featured the first 8-speed AT.^[200]
• Active exhaust system — Introduced in 1991 by Mitsubishi 3000GT.^[902]
• Automatic car door — Introduced for Japanese taxi vehicles in 1964.^[903]
• Battery electric vehicle (BEV) with lithium-ion battery — Nissan and Sony began researching lithium-ion batteries for automobiles in 1992, culminating in the Nissan Prairie Joy EV (1996), the first electric vehicle (EV) using lithium-ion batteries.^[898]
  • DC fast charging — The Mitsubishi i-MiEV (2009) was the first electric car with DC fast charging capability.^[904]
• Cam-shifting VVT — Between 1982 and 1989, Honda's Ikuo Kajitani invented VTEC, a variable valve timing (VVT) technology. The VTEC system uses two (or occasionally three) camshaft profiles and hydraulically selects between profiles.^[905]
  • VVT diesel engine — In 2010, Mitsubishi Motors developed and started mass production of its 4N13 1.8 L DOHC I4, the world's first passenger car diesel engine that features a VVT system.^[906]
• Common rail diesel truck — In 1995, the first mass production vehicle with common rail was the Hino Ranger truck, using the ECD-U2 common rail system developed by Denso.^[907]
• Diesel boxer engine — In January 2008, the Subaru EE engine became the world's first passenger car diesel boxer engine. This engine is a turbocharged boxer-four with common rail fuel injection.^[908]
• Dual-clutch transmission truck — In 2010, the Mitsubishi Fuso 6-speed Duonic transmission became the first dual-clutch transmission (DCT) to be used in a truck.^[909]
• Dual-mass flywheel (DMF) — Introduced with the Toyota Mark II in 1984.^[910]
• Electric SUV — The Toyota RAV4 EV, developed from 1995 to 1997, was the first electric sport utility vehicle (SUV).^[911]
  • Hybrid electric SUV — Toyota's Lexus RX 400h (2004) was the first luxury hybrid SUV.^[200]
• Fluoropolymer automotive paint — In 1988, Nissan introduced painting with fluorocarbon polymers.^[898]
• Fuel injection control — Introduced by Toyota and Nissan in 1971.^[912]
  • Electronic gasoline direct injection (GDI) – Introduced by Mitsubishi Motors in 1995.^[913]
  • Gasoline direct and indirect injection – The 2005 Toyota 2GR-FSE V6 engine was the first to combine both direct and indirect injection. The system (called "D-4S") has since been used in most Toyota engines.^[914]
  • Turbocharged GDI — The first turbocharged GDI engine was used in the Mitsubishi Pajero iO 4G93 (2000).^[915]
• Head restraint (head rest) — In 1968, Mazda Porter trucks and vans were the first production vehicles equipped with a head rest as standard equipment.^[900]
• Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) — The first commercial hybrid vehicle was the Toyota Prius launched in 1997.^[916]
  • Atkinson cycle car engine — The first Atkinson cycle car engine was used in the Toyota Prius (1997).^[917]
  • Parallel hybrid — The Honda Insight (1999) introduced a parallel hybrid system, Integrated Motor Assist (IMA).^[918]
  • BAS hybrid — In June 2001, Toyota introduced a BAS (belted alternator starter) hybrid system under the Toyota Hybrid System-Mild (THS-M) brand name.^[919]
  • Mild hybrid electric vehicle (MHEV) — Introduced with the Toyota Hybrid System-Mild (THS-M) in the Toyota Crown Royal Saloon (2001).^[910]
  • Hybrid electric sedan — Toyota's Lexus GS 450h (2006) was the first high-performance luxury hybrid sedan.^[200]
• Hydrogen car — In 2014, Toyota launched the first production hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, the Toyota Mirai.^[920] The Mirai has a range of 312 miles (502 km) and takes about five minutes to refuel. The initial sale price was roughly 7 million yen ($69,000).
• Insulated vehicle glass — In 1985, Nissan introduced insulated rear window glass to improve automotive air conditioning performance.^[898]
• Kei car (mini car) — A category of small automobiles, including passenger cars, vans and pickup trucks. They are designed for more affordable tax, insurance and parking costs in Japan.^[921]
  • Automatic transmission mini car — Honda N360 AT (1968).^[922]
  • 5-valve engine — Mitsubishi Motors were the first to market a car engine with five valves per cylinder, with the 548 cc 3G81 engine in their Minica Dangan ZZ kei car in 1989.^[923]
  • Hybrid electric compact car — Toyota's Lexus CT 200h (2011) was the first full hybrid luxury compact car.^[200]
• LED headlight — Toyota's Lexus LS 600h L, introduced in 2006, was the first production car with LED headlights.^[924]
• Low emission vehicle (LEV) – The first LEV was the Honda Civic in 1995.^[925]
  • Ultra-low-emission vehicle (ULEV) – The first ULEV was the Honda Accord in 1997.^[925]
  • Super ultra-low emission vehicle (SULEV) – The first SULEV was the Honda Accord in 1999.^[925]
• Miller cycle car engine — The Mazda Millenia (1993) was the world's first production car to employ a Miller cycle engine.^[900]
• Multi-rotary engine — Mazda Wankel engine (1960s) was the first twin rotary engine, commercialized with Mazda Cosmo Sports (1967). Mazda's 20B (1987) was the first three-rotor engine. Mazda 13J (1987) was the first four-rotor engine.^[900]
  • Automatic transmission rotary engine — The Mazda Capella (1970) introduced the Mazda 12A engine, the first rotary engine with automatic transmission.^[900]
  • Turbo rotary engine — In 1982, the Mazda Cosmo (929) and Mazda Luce (929) were the first cars with a rotary turbo engine. In 1986, the Mazda Luce (929) introduced a twin-turbo rotary engine configuration.^[900]
  • Rotary engine hydrogen vehicle — The Mazda RX-8 Hydrogen RE (2006) was the first hydrogen vehicle with a rotary engine.^[900]
• Modulated displacement (MD) — In 1982, Mitsubishi developed modulated displacement (MD), a form of variable displacement which proved that the technology, first used in Mitsubishi's 1.4 L 4G12 straight-four engine, can function successfully.^[926]
• Oxygen storage three-way catalyst — Introduced by Toyota in 1978.^[927]
  • NO_x adsorber — Introduced by Toyota in 1994.^[927]
• Parallel axis system — Introduced by the Hondamatic system with the Honda N360 AT (1968). The Hondamatic system is used in most Honda automatic and semi-automatic vehicles.^[922]
• Partial zero-emissions vehicle (PZEV) – The first PZEV was the Honda Civic GX in 2001. The first hybrid PZEV was the Honda Civic Hybrid in 2002.^[925]
  • Zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) — The Nissan Leaf (2009) was the world's first zero-emission vehicle.^[928]
• Plasma spark ignition system — Introduced by Nissan in 1982.^[898]
• Rear airbag — The Nissan President Model G50 (1993) introduced the first rear seat SRS airbag system, for the left-hand side (curbside) rear seat passenger.^[898]
  • Seat cushion airbag — The Nissan Skyline V35 (2001) introduced the first active seat cushion, which works in tandem with the seat belt and SRS airbag.^[898]
  • Dual-chamber airbag — Toyota's 2005 Lexus IS was the first car with a twin-chamber front passenger airbag.^[200]
  • Rear curtain airbag — In 2008, the Toyota iQ microcar featured the first production rear-curtain shield airbag to protect the rear occupants' heads in the event of a rear-end impact.^[929]
  • Center airbag — In 2009, Toyota developed the first production rear-seat center airbag designed to reduce the severity of secondary injuries to rear passengers in a side collision. This system first appeared on the Toyota Crown Majesta.^[910]
• Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) — The first large-scale SCR was installed by IHI Corporation in 1978.^[930]
• Self-driving car — The first self-driving car that did not rely upon rails or wires under the road is designed by the Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory in 1977. The car was equipped with two cameras that used analog computer technology.^[931]
  • Automatic parking — Toyota's Intelligent Parking Assist System (IPAS) is the first production automatic parking system, developed in 1999 initially for the hybrid Prius and Lexus models. It assists drivers in parking a vehicle.^[932]
• Self-repair car paint — In 2005, Nissan introduced Scratch Guard Coat, the first clear exterior paint that can self-repair scratches.^[898]
  • Hydrogen-free diamond-like carbon (hydrogen-free DLC) — In 2006, Nissan introduced the first hydrogen-free DLC coating.^[898]
• Semi-monocoque car — The Honda NSX (1990) was the first production car to feature an all-aluminium semi-monocoque.^[933]
• Torque vectoring — In 1996, Honda and Mitsubishi Motors released sports cars with torque vectoring systems. Torque vectoring differentials were originally used in auto racing. Mitsubishi rally cars were some of the earliest to use the technology.^[934]
• Triple-viscous four-wheel drive (4WD) — In January 1987, Nissan introduced the first triple-viscous full-time 4WD vehicles, with the Nissan Pulsar, Nissan EXA, Nissan Langley and Liberta Villa models.^[898]
• Variable-geometry turbocharger — Introduced by the Honda Legend Wing Turbo (1988).^[935]
  • Ceramic turbocharger — The Nissan Fairlady Z (300ZX), launched in 1989, was equipped with the first production ceramic turbocharger.^[898]
• Water intercooler — Introduced with the Toyota M-TEU engine in 1983.^[910]

Automotive electronics

The driver monitoring system (DMS) on Toyota's Lexus LS 600h (2006)

• Active noise control (ANC) — The Nissan Bluebird U13 (1991) was the first production vehicle with active noise control.^[898]
  • Active noise cancellation (ANC) — In 2004, Honda's Acura RL was the first car with active noise cancellation.^[936]
• Adaptive cruise control (ACC) — Introduced by Mitsubishi Motors in 1992. They were the first to offer a lidar-based distance detection system on the Mitsubishi Debonair.^[937]
  • Camera ACC — In 1999, Subaru introduced world's first camera-based ACC on the Subaru Legacy Lancaster.^[938]
• Advanced driver-assistance system (ADAS)
  • Voice warning system — In 1980, the Toyota Mark II was the first car with a voice warning system.^[910]
  • Voice command — In 1982, the Nissan Silvia S110 introduced voice recognition for operating the power windows.^[898]
  • Automotive head-up display (HUD) — Nissan was the first manufacturer to offer a HUD with the Nissan Silvia S13 (1988).^[898]
  • Blind spot monitor — Introduced by Mitsubishi Motors with their Driver Support System (DSS) in 1998.^[939]
  • Active automotive night vision — Toyota's Night View (2002) was the first active automotive night vision system.^[940]
• Automatic air conditioner (automatic AC) — Introduced by Toyota and Nissan in 1971.^[912]
  • Plasma air purifier — In 2003, Nissan introduced the Plasmacluster Ion TM Air Conditioner as an option for vehicles.^[898]
• Automotive microcomputer
  • Automotive engine microcomputer — The earliest microcomputer designed for an automobile was developed by Toshiba for Ford's Electronic Engine Control (EEC) in the early 1970s.^[104]
  • Fiber-optic communication — In 1982, the Toyota Century had the first application of fiber-optic communication in an automobile, with optical fibers used to transmit fast signals between microcomputer components.^[941]
  • Carputer — In 1987, Toyota's Electro Multi Vision for the Toyota Crown was an integrated car computer system with a wide range of features.^[942] Clarion is credited with introducing the first carputer in 1998.^[943]
• Car audio features
  • Component car stereo — In 1975, Pioneer Corporation released the first component car stereo.^[102]
  • Audio control on steering wheel — In 1984, the Nissan 300ZX introduced car radio controls on the steering wheel.^[944]
  • CD player — In 1984, Pioneer introduced the CDX-1, the first car CD player.^[945]
  • MP3 player — In 2001, the Mazda Protegé MP3 was the first vehicle to play MP3 files from the CD player.^[946]
  • 5.1 surround sound — In 2003, Honda's Acura TL was the first car with 5.1 surround sound.^[947]
• Collision avoidance system (CAS) — Earliest CAS systems were Toyota's Clearance Sonar (August 1989), Nissan's Traffic Eye (December 1989), Isuzu's system (1990), Hino's Safety Eye (May 1992), and Mitsubishi's Distance Warning (October 1992).^[948]
  • Driver monitoring system (DMS) — It was first introduced by Toyota in 2006 for its Lexus models. It was first offered in Japan on the GS 450h. The system's functions co-operate with the pre-collision system (PCS).^[949]
  • Driver eyelid monitoring system — Introduced in 2008 on the Toyota Crown's Driver Monitoring System.^[950]
• Electro Multi Vision — Toyota's Electro Multi Vision system was an integrated computer system introduced for the Toyota Soarer in 1985 and then further developed for the Toyota Crown in 1987.^[942] Electro Multi Vision introduced new features including:
  • CRT digital display panel (1985)^[951]
  • High resolution user interface with on-board diagnostics (1985)^[951]
  • Television receiver (1985)^[951]
  • Video tape recorder (1985)^[951]
  • CD-ROM drive (1987)^[942]
  • Hands free car phone (1987)^[942]
  • Touchscreen interface (1987)^[942]
• Electronic control unit (ECU) — In the early 1970s, the Japanese electronics industry began producing integrated circuits and microcontrollers for controlling vehicle engines.^[952]
  • Transmission control unit (TCU) — Transmission control was introduced by Toyota in 1970.^[912]
  • Engine control unit (ECU) — Toshiba developed the Electronic Engine Control (EEC) for Ford Motor Company. The core Toshiba TLCS-12 microprocessor CPU was developed from 1971 to 1973. The EEC system entered production in 1974.^[104]
  • Electronic Diesel Control — In August 1982, Toyota introduced a microprocessor-based engine control system for diesel engines.^[953]
  • Electronically controlled automated manual transmission (AMT) — Introduced with Isuzu Aska's NAVi5 in 1985.^[901]
• Electronically adjustable suspension dampers — In 1981, the Nissan Skyline Turbo GT-ES introduced the first electronically adjustable suspension shock absorbers.^[954]
  • Continuously variable damping — Invented by Honda engineers Yoshihiko Toshimitsu, Toshihiko Aoyama and Takashi Ishida in 1984.^[955]
• Electronically controlled suspension (ECS) — The 1983 Toyota Soarer introduced Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension (TEMS), the first electronically controlled car suspension.^[910]
  • Semi-active suspension (SAS) — The 1983 Toyota Soarer's TEMS system was the first SAS in a production car.^[910]
  • Ultrasonic ECS — In 1984, the Nissan Bluebird Maxima Model PU11 introduced Super Sonic Electronic Control Suspension with ultrasonic road surface sonar.^[898]
  • Active air suspension — Introduced in 1984 with the Mitsubishi Galant's CECS (Chassis Electronic Control Systems).^[956]
  • Electronically controlled air suspension (ECAS) — In 1986, the Toyota Soarer had the first electronically controlled full air suspension (spring constant, variable attenuation force) installed.^[910]
• Electronically controlled anti-lock braking system (ABS) – ABS control was introduced by Toyota and Nissan in 1971.^[912]
  • Automated emergency braking system (AEBS) – In 2000, Toyota's laser adaptive cruise control (ACC) added brake control.^[910] In May 2003, Honda's Collision Mitigation Brake System (CMBS) on the Inspire was the first AEBS system.^[957]
  • Brake-by-wire – Electronically controlled brake (ECB) system, developed by Toyota initially for its hybrid and Lexus models and introduced in June 2001, is the first production brake-by-wire braking system.^[958]
• Electronically controlled continuously variable transmission (ECVT) — In early 1987, Subaru launched the Justy in Tokyo with an ECVT developed by Fuji Heavy Industries, which owns Subaru.^[959]
  • Toroidal continuously variable transmission (toroidal CVT) – Introduced in 1999 with Nissan's Extroid CVT for the Nissan Cedric (Y34) and Nissan Gloria.^[960]
• Electronic stability control (ESC) – The 1971 Toyota Crown introduced Electronic Skid Control (ESC).^[961]
  • Traction control system (TCS) — Toyota introduced TCS for the Toyota Crown (1987) and improved it for the Lexus LS400 (1989).^[962]
• Fully active suspension — The Toyota Celica (1989) introduced Toyota Active Control Suspension, the first fully active suspension without anti-roll bars.^[910]
  • Hydraulic active suspension — Nissan's Infiniti Q45 Model G50 (1989) was the first passenger car with hydraulic active suspension.^[898]
  • Skyhook theory — The 1994 Toyota Celsior introduced the first Skyhook air suspension.^[910]
• Keycard lock — In 1985, the Nissan Skyline (R31) introduced a car lock system that allows locking and unlocking with a card.^[898]
  • Laser cut car key — Toyota's Lexus LS400 (1989) was the first major car with a laser-cut key.^[963]
• Lane departure warning system (LDWS) — Introduced by Mitsubishi Motors with their Driver Support System (DSS) in 1998.^[939]
  • Lane keeping assist (LKA) — The Nissan Cima Model F50 (2001) introduced the first lane keeping assistance system.^[898]
• LCD rear-view mirror — The Nissan Laurel C32 (1984) introduced an auto reflex room mirror using automatic anti-glare liquid-crystal display (LCD).^[898]
  • Electrochromic rear-view mirror — Invented by Nissan engineers Harutoshi Miyagi, Masazumi Ishikawa and Yasuyuki Murofushi between 1985 and 1986.^[964]
• Parking sensor — Toyota introduced ultrasonic Back Sonar on the 1982 Toyota Corona, the first production parking sensor, offering it until 1988.^[965]
  • Windshield wiper sensor — In 1983, the Nissan Cedric Y30 and Nissan Gloria Y30 introduced the world's first windshield wipers that adjust to changes in rain and snow levels.^[898]
• Pedestrian detection — In 2004, Honda introduced Intelligent Night Vision, the first system with pedestrian detection, on the Honda Legend.^[966]
  • Active pedestrian avoidance with steering correction – Introduced in 2013 on Toyota's Lexus LS XF40.^[967]
• Power side-view mirror — The Nissan Laurel C32 (1984) introduced electric retractable side-view mirrors.^[898]
  • Anti-glare side-view mirror — The Nissan Cefiro A31 (1988) introduced automatic anti-glare door mirrors.^[898]
  • Titanium side-view mirror — In 1997, Nissan developed the first titanium clear outside mirror with super hydrophilicity.^[898]
• Synchronized down shift rev-matching system (SynchroRev Match) — Invented by Nissan in 2008 for use on the Nissan 370Z and Fairlady Z.^[968]

Military

See also: Imperial Japanese Armed Forces and Japan Self-Defense Forces

The Wakamiya conducted the world's first naval-launched air raids in 1914.

• Air raid — Early in World War I (1914), the Imperial Japanese Navy ship Wakamiya conducted the world's first carrier-launched air raid.^[969]
• Aluminium-zinc alloy aircraft — The Mitsubishi A6M Zero (1939) fighter aircraft was the first vehicle to use the zinc-based 7075 aluminium alloy.^[724]
• Amphibious assault ship — The Shinshū Maru (1934) was a pioneer of modern-day amphibious assault ships.^[970]
  • Dock landing ship — The Shinshū Maru (1934) is regarded as the first dock landing ship.
  • Landing craft carrier — The Shinshū Maru (1934) was the world's first landing craft carrier ship to be designed as such.^[970]
• Diesel-powered tank — The world's first diesel-powered tank, this distinction goes to Japanese Type 89B I-Go Otsu, produced with a diesel engine from 1934 onwards.
• Wireless navigation system — In 1961, Hidetsugu Yagi designed the first wireless navigation system for military use.^[971]

Motorcycles

Honda CB750 (1969), the first superbike.

• Air bag vest — Honda introduced the first motorcycle airbag system in 2005.^[972]
• Double cradle frame — The Honda CB750, released in 1969, was the first mass-production motorcycle with a double cradle motorcycle frame.^[973]
  • Four mufflers — The Honda CB750 (1969) was the first mass-production motorcycle with four mufflers.^[973]
  • Straight-four SOHC — The Honda CB750 (1969) was the first mass-produced motorcycle with a parallel four-cylinder single overhead camshaft (SOHC) motorcycle engine.^[973]
  • Superbike — The Honda CB750 (1969) was the first superbike.^[974]
• Front disc brake — The Honda CB750 (1969) was the first mass-production motorcycle with front disc brake.^[975]
  • Hydraulic disc brakes — Honda CB750 (1969) was the first production motorcycle with hydraulic disc brakes.^[973]
  • Combined braking system (CBS) — The first CBS was introduced with the Honda RCB1000 in 1976.^[976]
• Motorcycle dual-clutch transmission (DCT) — The 2009 Honda VFR1200F is the first motorcycle to use DCT.^[977]
• Motorcycle traction control system (TCS) — Introduced with the Honda ST1100 in 1992.^[975]
• Oval piston engine — A piston engine utilizing oval cylinders, it was developed by Honda and introduced with the Honda NR500 in 1979.^[978]
  • 8-valve engine — Introduced with Honda's oval piston engine for the Honda NR500 in 1979.^[978]
• Universal Japanese Motorcycle (UJM) — The term was coined in the 1970s to describe a proliferation of similar Japanese standard motorcycles that became commonplace following Honda's 1969 introduction of its successful CB750.^[979]

Navigation

A Japanese taxi equipped with GPS navigation (2004).

• Attitude direction indicator control display unit (ADI CDU) — In 1975, Matsushita Electric developed a HIS ADI CDU system with CRT display for aircraft cockpit.^[323]
  • Ruggedized color CRT display — Developed by Toshiba in 1982 for commercial aircraft.^[323]
  • Avionic CRT display with electrostatic deflection and magnetic deflection — Developed by Sony in 1983.^[323]
  • Air traffic control (ATC) CRT display — In 1986, Sony developed a large Trinitron CRT display for ATC.^[323]
• Automotive navigation system — In 1973, MITI and Fuji sponsored CATC (Comprehensive Automobile Traffic Control).^[980] In 1980, the Toyota Crown introduced the Electronic Auto Compass.^[910]
  • Automotive dead reckoning — The first automotive navigation systems relied on dead reckoning, including Honda's Electro Gyrocator (1981).^[980]
  • Car navigation system — Honda, Nissan and Toyota released car navigation systems in 1981.^[980]
  • Navigation system with map display — Honda's Electro Gyrocator (1981) was the first car navigation system with a map display, using a small CRT display.^[980]
  • Navigation system with high resolution display and disk storage — In 1987, the Toyota Crown featured the first car navigation system using a high resolution CRT display and a CD‑ROM optical disc drive.^[981]
• Backup camera (rear-view camera) — First production automobile with a backup camera was the Toyota Crown in 1987.^[910]
  • Smart camera — Nissan's Rear View Monitor was a smart camera projecting on-screen parking guidelines onto the navigation system screen, introduced for the Infiniti Q45 in 2000.^[982]
  • Surround-view system — Introduced in 2007, with Nissan's Around View Monitor (AVM) for the Elgrand and Infiniti EX35,^[983] and Mitsubishi's "Multi-around monitor system" for the Delica.^[984]
• Blue LED traffic light — In 1994, Nichia initially commercialized blue LED technology for traffic lights.^[985]
• Satellite navigation (satnav)
  • GPS navigation — Pioneer Corporation's AVIC-1 (1990) was the first GPS car satnav system.^[248] The Mazda Eunos Cosmo (1990) was the first production car with a built-in GPS satnav system.^[900]
  • Voice assisted GPS navigation — In 1992, the world's first voice assisted GPS navigation system was introduced for the Toyota Celsior.^[910]
  • Satnav panoramic view — In 1995, Nissan introduced BirdView, the first satnav with 3D over-the-shoulder panorama view. BirdView used a 32-bit CPU and Nissan image processor.^[898]
  • Differential GPS (DGPS) — In 1997, a navigation system using differential GPS was developed as a factory-installed option on the Toyota Prius.^[910]
• Tactile paving — The original tactile paving was developed by Seiichi Miyake in 1965.^[986] The paving was first introduced in a street in Okayama city, Japan, in 1967. Its use gradually spread in Japan and then around the world.

Other technology

See also: Science and technology in Japan, History of science and technology in Japan, and Electronics industry in Japan

A lithium-ion battery pack for a laptop computer.

• Advanced boiling water reactor (ABWR) — Developed by Toshiba, Hitachi and GE. In 1996, the first ABWR entered commercial operation in Japan.^[104]
• Artificial snowflake — The first artificial snowflake was created by Ukichiro Nakaya in 1936, three years after his first attempt.^[987]
• Automatic door with infrared sensor — Invented in 1980 by OPTEX, a Japanese company founded by Toru Kobayashi. It was developed using far infrared technology.^[887]
• Double-coil bulb — Invented by Junichi Miura in 1921 using a coiled coil tungsten filament while working for Hakunetsusha (now Toshiba). They developed a method to mass-produce coiled coil filaments by 1936.^[988]
  • Compact fluorescent bulb — Toshiba began development after the 1973 oil crisis and had a trial run in 1978, before commercially releasing it as the "Neo Ball" in 1980.^[104]
  • Blue LED lighting — Invented by Shuji Nakamura and commercialized by Nichia in 1994.^[985]
• Dry cell battery — In 1885, Sakizō Yai invented the world's first dry cell battery in Meiji era Japan and founded Yai Dry Battery Limited Partnership Company.^[989]
  • Lithium-ion battery — Akira Yoshino invented the modern lithium-ion battery in 1985. In 1991, Sony and Asahi Kasei released the first commercial lithium-ion battery.^[990]
• Kama (tool)
• Mechatronics — The term "mechatronics" was coined and defined by Tetsuro Mori, an engineer from Yaskawa Electric Corporation, in 1969.^[991]
• Permanent fuse — Introduced by Mitsubishi Electric in 1969.^[225]

QR code for the URL of the English Wikipedia mobile main page

• QR code — The QR code, a type of matrix barcode, was invented by Denso Wave in 1994.^[992]
• Self-holding reed switch — In 1971, Fujitsu made the first practical application of self-holding reed switches.^[187]
• Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) — In the early 1950s, Fuji Electric developed an early UPS, demonstrated in 1954.^[993]
  • Vector-control inverter — Introduced by Toshiba in 1979.^[104]
  • Microprocessor-based numerical relay — Introduced by Toshiba in 1980.^[104]
• Washi — The washi papermaking technique was developed in Japan during the Heian period circa 805 to 809.^[994]

Chindōgu

Main article: Chindōgu

Chindōgu is the Japanese art of inventing ingenious everyday gadgets that, on the face of it, seem like an ideal solution to a particular problem. However, Chindōgu has a distinctive feature: anyone actually attempting to use one of these inventions would find that it causes so many new problems, or such significant social embarrassment, that effectively it has no utility whatsoever. Thus, Chindōgu are sometimes described as "unuseless" – that is, they cannot be regarded as 'useless' in an absolute sense, since they do actually solve a problem; however, in practical terms, they cannot positively be called "useful". The term "Chindōgu" was coined by Kenji Kawakami.

Domestic appliances

See also: Electronics industry in Japan

Electric rice cooker

• Bladeless fan — The first bladeless fan was patented by Toshiba in 1981.^[995]
• Bread machine — The bread machine was developed and released in Japan in 1986 by the Matsushita Electric Industrial Company.
• Electric rice cooker — Invented by designers at the Toshiba Corporation in the late 1940s.^[996]
• Electronic waste recycling plant — In 1999, Mitsubishi Electric opened the Higashihama Recycling Center, the first recycling plant for the household appliance industry.^[225]
• RFIQin — An automatic cooking device, invented by Mamoru Imura and patented in 2007.^[997]
• Ductless air conditioner (mini-split) — In 1961, Toshiba introduced the first ductless mini-split air conditioner (AC).^[998]
  • Cross-flow fan — In 1968, Mitsubishi Electric introduced the first wall-mounted mini‑split AC with cross-flow fan.^[225]
  • Portable air conditioner (AC) — In 1968, Toshiba introduced the first set-free room air conditioner that could be moved around the room.^[104]
  • Ductless multi-split AC — Multi-zone ductless AC systems were invented by Daikin in 1973. It was first sold in Japan.^[999]
• Dual flush toilet — The system was developed by Japanese sanitary product manufacturer Toto in 1960.^[1000]
  • Washlet — Toto began development in 1978.^[1001] In 1980, Toto introduced the Washlet G, which debuted with three functions: rear cleansing, dryer, and a heated seat.^[1002]
  • Smart toilet — Invented by Toto in the 1980s.^[1003]
• Helical air compressor — In 2000, Toshiba released the first AC with helical compressor, the Modular Multi System using R407C refrigerant.^[998]
  • DC twin rotary compressor — In 2017, Toshiba developed the first DC twin rotary air compressor, the world's largest capacity for INV Chiller.^[998]
• Individual quick freezing (IQF) — A quick freezer for whipped cream was developed by Norio Owada of Abi in the 1970s.^[1004]
  • Dual-swing refrigerator — In 1989, Sharp Corporation introduced the first dual-swing refrigerator, with doors that opened from both the left and right.^[90]
  • Cells Alive System (CAS) — Refrigeration technology developed by Norio Owada of Abi from 1992 to 1998.^[1004]
• Inverter air conditioner (inverter AC) — In 1980, Toshiba released the first inverter AC, as an alternative to the standard home window AC.^[998]
  • Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) — VRF systems (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were invented by Daikin in 1982. It was first sold in Japan.^[999]
  • Energy-saving air conditioner — In 1994, Mitsubishi Electric released the first energy-saving household AC.^[225]
  • Light commercial AC — In 2001, Toshiba released the first light commercial AC, the Super Power Eco using DC inverter rotary compressors (R410A refrigerant).^[998]
  • Voice control air conditioner — In 2011, Toshiba released the first voice-controlled AC.^[998]
• Japanese kitchen knife
  • Santoku — A general-purpose kitchen knife originating in Japan. This knife was created in the 1940s, known as the santoku bōchō.^[1005]
• Microwave oven with turntable — Between 1964 and 1966, Sharp Corporation introduced the first microwave oven with a turntable, an alternative means to promote more even heating of food.^[216]
  • Sensor microwave oven — In 1979, Sharp introduced the first microwave oven incorporating sensor and microcomputer technology.^[90]
  • Smart microwave oven — In 1999, Sharp introduced the RE-M210, the first Internet-capable microwave oven. It allowed users to download recipes and heating instructions from the Internet.^[1006]
  • Microwave oven drawers — Sharp's KB6014MSC andKB6015MSC, released in 2007, were the first microwave drawers.^[216]
• Plasma air purifier — Sharp Corporation's Plasmacluster, developed between 1998 and 2000, was the first plasma air purifier.^[90]
  • Air purifier with mosquito trap — Sharp's FU-GK50 (2016) Plasmacluster is the first mosquito-catching air purifier.^[216]
• Stainless steel vacuum bottle — Nippon Sanso and Honda invented the first stainless steel vacuum flask with a double-layer structure and without glass. The product was launched in 1978.^[973]

Printing

Timelapse of a 3D printer in action

• 3D printing — In 1981, Hideo Kodama invented two additive methods for fabricating 3D plastic models with photo-hardening thermoset polymer.^[1007]
• Automatic photo print washer — In 1951, Noritsu founder Kan'ichi Nishimoto invented an automatic photo print washer by applying the principles behind a water wheel.^[1008]
  • Film processor — Noritsu's RF−20E (1961) black-and-white film processor automated the black-and-white film development process for the first time.^[1008]
• Compact copier — The Fuji Xerox 2200 (1973) by Fujifilm was the first compact copier.^[364]
• Desktop laser printer — An early laser printer was developed in 1975 by Canon Inc. The Canon LBP-10 (1979) was an early desktop printer using a semiconductor laser.^[214]
• Digital printing — Seiko Epson's EP-101 (1968) was the first compact digital printer.^[334]
  • Electronic printer — The EP-101 (1968) was the first electronic mini-printer.^[1009]
• Hydrographics — Invented in Japan. Taica Corporation claims to have invented cubic printing in 1974. However, the earliest hydrographic patent was filed by Motoyasu Nakanishi of Kabushiki Kaisha Cubic Engineering in 1982.^[1010]
• Inkjet printing — Inkjet printing technology was first extensively developed in the early 1950s at Canon Inc. While working at Canon, Ichiro Endo suggested the idea for a "bubble jet" printer.^[1011]
• Ise katagami — The use of stencils was known by the Nara period, as is evident from objects in the Shōsōin.^[1012]
  • Screen printing — Screen printing originates from Japanese Ise katagami, in turn influenced by block printing from China.^[1013]
• Minilab — The first minilab, the QSS-1 (Quick Service System 1), was introduced by Noritsu in 1976.^[1008]
  • Digital minilab — Fujifilm's Frontier (1996) was the first digital minilab.^[364]
• Outer space printing — In 1998, the Epson Stylus Color 800 was the first color printer in space, launched on board the Space Shuttle Discovery.^[1009]
• Printer tracking dots — Developed in the mid-1980s by Fujifilm, Xerox and Canon Inc.^[1014]
• Purikura — Conceived in 1994 by Sasaki Miho for Atlus, who released the first purikira arcade machine with Sega as Print Club in 1995.^[1015]
• Serial impact dot matrix printer — In 1968, Oki introduced the first serial impact dot matrix printer (SIDM), the Oki Wiredot. It supported a character generator for 128 characters with a print matrix of 7 × 5.^[1016]

Robotics

See also: Japanese robotics

DER-01, a Japanese actroid (an android intended to be very visually similar to humans)

• Android — Waseda University initiated the WABOT project in 1967, and in 1972 completed the WABOT-1. It was the first android.^[1017]
  • Intelligent robot — WABOT-1 was the world's first full-scale humanoid intelligent robot.^[1018]
• Actroid — DER 01 was developed by a Japanese research group, The Intelligent Robotics Lab, directed by Hiroshi Ishiguro at Osaka University, and Kokoro Co., Ltd.^[1019]
• Bipedal robot — Invented at University of Tokyo in 1967.^[1020]
  • Quadrupedal robot — Invented by Shigeo Hirose in 1978.^[1021]
• Climbing robots — Invented by Shigeo Hirose in 1979.^[1021]
  • Wall running robot — Developed by Hitachi in 1986.^[1022]
• Demining robot — Invented by Shigeo Hirose in 1997.^[1021]
• Giant boarding robot — Kuratas, revealed in 2012, was described as the first giant boarding robot, modelled after the mechs from mecha anime and manga.^[1023]
• Medical robot nurse — The first was RIBA (Robot for Interactive Body Assistance), developed by Riken and Tokai Rubber Industries (TRI) in 2009.^[1024]
• Micro robot — NEC's ARMS-D, introduced in 1981, was the first industrial robot with micrometre level precision, enabled by NEC 8085 microprocessor technology.^[1025]
  • Industrial robot with linear motor — NEC's ARMS-D (1981) was the first industrial robot to use linear motors.^[1025]
• Mole robot — In 2001, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) developed the first non-soil discharge mole robot, used to install a conduit without excavation.^[230]
• Multi-arm robot — In 1977, Nissan and Toshiba developed the first multi-arm robot. It performed the work of four conventional industrial robots, with simultaneous multi-spot welding capabilities.^[898]
• Karakuri puppet — Karakuri puppets (からくり人形, karakuri ningyō) are traditional Japanese mechanized puppets or automata, originally made from the 17th century to the 19th century. The word karakuri means "mechanisms" or "trick".^[1026]
• Robotic exoskeleton for motion support (medicine) — The first Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) prototype was proposed by Yoshiyuki Sankai, a professor at Tsukuba University.^[1027]
• Running humanoid robot — Sony's QRIO (2003) was the first humanoid robot capable of running.^[105]
  • Swimming humanoid robot — The first was Swumanoid, developed by Motomu Nakashima's team at the Tokyo Institute of Technology between 2007 and 2012.^[1028]
• Snake robot — Invented by Shigeo Hirose in 1972.^[1029]
  • Spider robot — Invented by Shigeo Hirose in 1976.^[1029]
• Soft robotics — Shigeo Hirose invented the first soft robotic gripper in 1977.^[1030]
• Toy robot arm — Tomy's Armatron, introduced in 1982, was the first toy robot arm, moved by dual analog control joysticks. It had a significant influence on the development of modern robotics and artificial intelligence.^[1031]
  • Video game peripheral robot — Nintendo's R.O.B. (1985) was the first robot peripheral for a video game.^[705]
• Wind-up toy robot — Lilliput, a Japanese robot introduced in 1932, was the first wind-up toy robot.^[1032]

Textiles

See also: Japanese craft

• Automatic power loom with non-stop shuttle-change motion — Invented by Sakichi Toyoda, who implemented the principle of Jidoka (autonomation or autonomous automation), with the 1924 Toyoda Automatic Loom (Type G).^[1033]
• Vinylon — The second man-made fiber to be invented, after nylon. It was first developed by Ichiro Sakurada, H. Kawakami, and Korean scientist Ri Sung-gi at the Takatsuki chemical research center in 1939 in Japan.^[1034]

Weapons

See also: Samurai, Ninja, and Imperial Japanese Armed Forces

Katana

• Fire balloon (balloon bomb) — The Fu-Go balloon bomb was an experimental fire balloon weapon launched by Japan from 1944 to 1945, during World War II.^[1035]
• Fukiya

• Japanese sword
  • Japanese sword mountings
  • Katana — Traditional Japanese sword used by samurai warriors of ancient and feudal Japan. The swords originated in the Muromachi period (1392–1573).^[1036]
  • Ninjatō
• Kanabō
• Kusarigama
• Naginata
• Nuclear weapon — In 1934, Tohoku University professor Hikosaka Tadayoshi proposed that the huge energy in atomic nuclei could be used to create nuclear weapons.^[1037]
  • Nuclear fission weapon — Proposed by Japanese scientist Takutaro Hagiwara in the early 1940s.^[802]
  • Thermonuclear bomb — First proposed by Takutaro Hagiwara in 1941.^[802]
• Pepper spray — An early form of pepper spray was metsubushi, used by samurai in feudal Japan as a form of policing.^[1038]
• Shuriken — The shuriken was invented during the Gosannen War as a concealed weapon, primarily for the purpose of distracting a target.^[1039]
• Tantō
• Yumi

Writing

See also: Japanese writing system

Model B in Pink

• Correction tape — Correction tape was invented in 1989 by the Japanese product manufacturer Seed. It is an alternative to correction fluid.^[1040]
• Gel pen — The gel pen was invented in 1984 by the Sakura Color Products Corporation of Osaka.^[1041]
• Japanese typewriter — The first typewriter to be based on the Japanese writing system was invented by Kyota Sugimoto in 1929.^[1042]
• Mechanical pencil — In 1915, Sharp Corporation founder Tokuji Hayakawa invented a mechanical pencil.^[216]
• Rollerball pen — The first rollerball pen was invented in 1963 by the Japanese company Ohto.^[1043]

See also

• History of science and technology in Japan
• History of typography in East Asia
• List of automotive superlatives
• List of Chinese inventions
• List of Chinese discoveries
• List of Korean inventions and discoveries
• List of Taiwanese inventions and discoveries
• Science and technology in Japan
• Ten Japanese Great Inventors

References

1. Nash, Eric P. (2009). Manga Kamishibai: The Art of Japanese Paper Theatre. New York: Abrams Comicarts. p. 57.
2. Bradner, Liesl (November 29, 2009). "The superheroes of Japan who predated Superman and Batman". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 5, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
3. Tuova, Diana (2024-04-22). "10 Animated Movies About Robots". Loud And Clear Reviews. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
4. Ortolani, Benito (1995). The Japanese theatre: from shamanistic ritual to contemporary pluralism. Princeton University Press. p. 132. ISBN 0-691-04333-7.
5. "Kabuki". Britannica. Retrieved 2025-07-08.
6. Maltarich, Bill (2005). Samurai and supermen: national socialist views of Japan. Oxford: P. Lang. ISBN 3-03910-303-2. OCLC 59359992.
7. "折り紙の歴史と現在: 前史" (in Japanese). Kyushu University Library. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
8. 折り紙の歴史と現在: 戦国～江戸中期 (in Japanese). Kyushu University Library. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
9. Nick Robinson (2004). The Origami Bible. Chrysalis Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-84340-105-6.
10. Heritage, Stuart (5 October 2017). "Takeshi's Castle: welcome back to the king of agony-as-amusement TV". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
11. Galbraith 2019, pp. 98–9.
12. Richmond, Simon (2009). The Rough Guide to Anime. Penguin Books.
13. Dutta, Debopriyaa (2022-07-05). "The Matrix's Original Bullet-Time Method Was A Little Too Risky To Work". SlashFilm. Retrieved 2025-06-16.
14. Halverson, Dave (December 2005). "Anime Reviews: The Professional Golgo 13". Play. No. 48. United States of America. p. 92.
15. "Earliest film computer-generated animation with photorealistic characters". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
16. Mattson, Kelcie (2024-03-31). "This Notorious Flop Was the First Film to Use Motion Capture". Collider. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
17. Lambie, Ryan (2019-03-15). "Megazone 23: The '80s Anime That Tackled Simulated Reality Before The Matrix". Den of Geek. Retrieved 2025-05-26.
18. Joel Silver, interviewed in "Scrolls to Screen: A Brief History of Anime" featurette on The Animatrix DVD.
19. Person, Lawrence (2006-01-15). "Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex". Locus Online. Retrieved 2008-02-07.
20. "The Man Who Created Street Fighter". 2011-12-14. Archived from the original on 2016-05-26.
21. Ziegler, John R.; Richards, Leah (9 January 2020). Representation in Steven Universe. Springer Nature. p. 10. ISBN 978-3-030-31881-9. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
22. Novielli, Maria Roberta (2018-01-17). "From the New Web Perspectives to the Authorial Achievement: Shinkai Makoto". Floating Worlds: A Short History of Japanese Animation. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-351-33481-5.
23. "リヴァイアスイリュージョン その". Infinite Ryvius (Official Site) (in Japanese). TV Tokyo. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
24. 10 commandments of Real robot, Gundam Sentinel introduction, Gundam workshop, Format ACG
25. "Unprecedented level of game service operation' from Steampunk MMORPG Neo Steam". June 29, 2008. Archived from the original on March 12, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
26. Natalie Avella, Graphic Japan: From Woodblock and Zen to Manga and Kawaii, Rotovision, 2004, p111. ISBN 2-88046-771-3
27. 岡田斗司夫『オタク学入門』太田出版、1996年、30頁
28. Osmond, Andrew (29 November 2017) [30 September 2012]. "Edge of Tomorrow, and Kill Is All You Need". Manga UK. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
29. Innes, Ruby (April 19, 2022). "Diehard Fans Have Completely Remastered A Forgotten Mario Movie In 4K". Kotaku Australia. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
30. Eisenbeis, Richard (September 7, 2012). "The Fictional (Yet Amazingly Popular) Singers of Japan". Kotaku. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
31. Rattray, Tim (June 25, 2018). "From Macross to Miku: A History of Virtual Idols". Crunchyroll. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
32. "This is Japan's, and the world's, first capsule hotel, and you can still stay there". SoraNews24. 2024-05-05. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
33. "Why pagodas don't fall down". The Economist. 18 December 1997. Archived from the original on 2018-10-26. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
34. Techon Soken electronic wall-paper Archived 2019-03-27 at the Wayback Machine
35. Inoue, Munekazu (1959). Castles of Japan. Tokyo: Association of Japanese Castle.
36. Fujita Masaya, Koga Shūsaku, ed. (10 April 1990). Nihon Kenchiku-shi (in Japanese) (30 September 2008 ed.). Shōwa-dō. ISBN 978-4-8122-9805-3.
37. Slavin, Erik (25 March 2007). "My months in a love hotel". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
38. Lin (2010), p. 23
39. "Buddhist Monuments in the Horyu-ji Area". UNESCO World Heritage. Retrieved April 2, 2007.
40. Prince, Stephen (6 November 2015). "Kurosawa's international legacy". In Davis, Blair; Anderson, Robert; Walls, Jan (eds.). Rashomon Effects: Kurosawa, Rashomon and their legacies. Routledge. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-317-57464-4. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
41. Billson, Anne (October 30, 2018). "Why is Seven Samurai so good?". BBC Culture. BBC. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
42. Sherlock, Ben (13 December 2020). "10 Ways Akira Kurosawa Has Influenced Modern Blockbusters". Screen Rant. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
43. Gladman, Andrew (2024-08-04). "The Connection Between Akira Kurosawa's The Hidden Fortress and Star Wars, Explained". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
44. Sheldon Hall; Stephen Neale (April 30, 2010). Epics, Spectacles, and Blockbusters: A Hollywood History. Wayne State University Press. p. 298. ISBN 978-0814330081 – via Google Books.
45. "FilmInt". Film International. 4 (1–6). Sweden: Kulturrådet: 163. 2006. Retrieved 28 April 2012. In addition to being a masterful precursor to the buddy cop movies and police procedurals popular today, Stray Dog is also a complex genre film that examines the plight of soldiers returning home to post-war Japan.
46. Sterling, R.D.; Bleha, W.P. "Electronic Cinema Using ILA Projector Technology" (PDF). JVC. Hughes-JVC Technology Corporation. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
47. "7 Times New Technology Was Created to Make a Film". HowStuffWorks. 2023-02-16. Retrieved 2025-07-16.
48. Sam Stone (April 14, 2020). "Mortal Kombat Legends' Jeremy Adams Explains How Scorpion's Revenge Adapts the Game". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
49. Japan Pop!: Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture, p. 262 ISBN 0-7656-0560-0
50. McCoy, Joshua Kristian (18 June 2024). "Could Ultraman Have A Massive Worldwide Franchise Like Godzilla?". Game Rant. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
51. Disse, Diane. "The Birth of IMAX". IEEE. IMAX Corp. Retrieved 2025-07-08.
52. Ching, Gene (2021-07-24). "Snake Eyes, Storm Shadow, and the Legacy of Ninja Movies". Den of Geek. Retrieved 2025-05-28.
53. Gerow, Aaron, ed. (2012). "The Sword and The Screen: The Japanese Period Film 1915-1960". Film Series Commentaries. Yale University Council on East Asian Studies.
54. "Amazon.com: The Great Buddha Arrival : Hiroto Yokokawa: Prime Video". www.amazon.com. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
55. Millennial Monsters: Japanese Toys and the Global Imagination, pp. 47–48. ISBN 0-520-24565-2
56. Chute, Harrison (2023-01-13). "Best Video Game Adaptations That Prove They're Not All Terrible". Collider. Retrieved 2024-09-15.
57. Bordwell, p. 78
58. Ebert, Roger (19 December 2012). "Ozu: The Masterpieces You've Missed". Roger Ebert's Film Journal. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
59. Urquhart, Jeremy (2024-04-26). "Action Movies Wouldn't Be the Same Today Without Akira Kurosawa's 'Seven Samurai'". Collider. Retrieved 2025-06-10.
60. Prince, Stephen (2001-01-01). Screening Violence 1. A&C Black. pp. 178–185. ISBN 978-0-485-30095-6.
61. "Deja-view: The best time-loop movies and shows for one lifetime". Hindustan Times. 2021-03-12. Retrieved 2025-06-14.
62. 百科年鑑 [Encyclopedia Yearbook] (in Japanese). Heibonsha. 1984. p. 100 – via Google Books.
63. "「元祖」ゴジラ・スーツアクター中島春雄". Nippon.com (in Japanese). 2014-07-23. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
64. Schilling 2003, pp. 314.
65. Kern, Adam (2006). Manga from the Floating World: Comicbook Culture and the Kibyōshi of Edo Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 139–144 (Fig. 3.3). ISBN 978-0-674-02266-9.
66. Shamoon 2012, p. 58.
67. Kageyama, Y. "A SHORT HISTORY OF JAPANESE MANGA". Retrieved 1 October 2017.
68. Alt, Matt (18 June 2021). ""Demon Slayer": The Viral Blockbuster from Japan". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on June 19, 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
69. "What is cyberpunk?". Polygon. August 30, 2018.
70. Kurten, Guillermo (7 October 2022). "10 Best Anime Set In The Distant Past". Screen Rant. Retrieved 22 May 2025.
71. Ekens, Gabriella (2016-05-27). "What Makes Magical Girls So Popular?". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2020-12-07.
72. Huff, Sid L.; Barnes, Stuart J (November 1, 2003). Rising Sun: iMode and the Wireless Internet, Vol. 46, No. 1. Communications of the ACM. pp. 79–84.
73. Cavallaro, Dani (2015). "Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (Fushigi no Umi no Nadia)". The Art of Studio Gainax: Experimentation, Style and Innovation at the Leading Edge of Anime. McFarland & Company. pp. 40–53 (40–1). ISBN 978-1-4766-0070-3. Retrieved 2020-04-26.
74. Gilson, Mark (1998). "A Brief History of Japanese Robophilia". Leonardo. 31 (5): 367–369 [368]. doi:10.2307/1576597. JSTOR 1576597. S2CID 191411400.
75. Johnston, Rich (2017-06-20). "Japan's First Transforming Robot, Tank Tankuro By Gajo Sakamoto, Reissued By Fantagraphics". Bleeding Cool News And Rumors. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
76. "Game Center Arashi's Best Selection Compilation Book Includes First New Chapter in 35 Years". Anime News Network. 2019-11-16. Retrieved 2025-06-21.
77. "Why Are There So Many Parallel World Anime?". Anime News Network. January 31, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
78. Johnson, Adam J. (2015). The Evolution of Yōkai in Relationship to the Japanese Horror Genre (MA thesis). University of Massachusetts Amherst. pp. 1–116.
79. Kato, Shuichi (1979). A History of Japanese Literature: The First Thousand Years. David Chibbett. New York: Kodansha International, Ltd. pp. 160, 163. ISBN 0-87011-491-3.
80. Tyler, Royall (2003). The Tale of Genji. Penguin Classics. p. xxvi. ISBN 0-14-243714-X.
81. Hijiya-Kirschnereit, Irmela (1996). Rituals of self-revelation : Shishōsetsu as literary genre and socio-cultural phenomenon. Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. ISBN 0-674-77319-5. OCLC 461943570.
82. Steinberg, Marc (2015). Naze nihon wa media mikkusu suru kuni nanoka. Translated by Nakagawa, Yuzuru. Translation supervised by Eiji Ōtsuka. Tokyo: Kadokawa. pp. 241–242. ISBN 978-4-04-080019-6. OCLC 907893641.
83. Charity, Justin (2018-07-19). "The Japanese Thriller That Explains 'Fortnite' and American Pop Culture in 2018". The Ringer.
84. "Cell phone novels come of age". Japan Today. January 26, 2009. Retrieved 2020-02-10.
85. Nathan, Richard (2017-10-10). "Ahead of Time: Japan's early science fiction". Red Circle Authors. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
86. "Once Upon a Time". Emerald City (85). September 2002.
87. Frisch, Benjamin (2021-10-01). "The Best Time-Loop Story Out There Is on the PS5". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2025-06-10.
88. Torrance, Richard (2005). "Literacy and Literature in Osaka, 1890–1940". The Journal of Japanese Studies (31). Society for Japanese Studies: 56. Retrieved April 15, 2022. Sarutobi is an adolescent superhero
89. Redoblado, Simoun Victor (2022-05-03). "10 Films Told From The Perspective Of An Unreliable Narrator". Collider. Retrieved 2025-06-13.
90. "Product Story". Sharp Corporation. Retrieved 2025-05-30.
91. "Continuous-time sigma-delta modulation". Continuous-Time Sigma-Delta Modulation for A/D Conversion in Radio Receivers: Chapter 4: Continuous-time sigma-delta modulation. The International Series in Engineering and Computer Science. Vol. 634. Springer Publishing. 2001. pp. 29–71. doi:10.1007/0-306-48004-2_3. ISBN 9780306480041. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
92. "A Long Play Digital Audio Disc System". Audio Engineering Society. March 1979. Retrieved 2009-02-14.
93. "Shannon, Beethoven, and the Compact Disc". IEEE Information Theory Newsletter. IEEE. December 2007. Archived from the original on 2015-03-18.
94. "Inside Denon: A Legacy of Firsts". Denon. Retrieved 2025-06-29.
95. "Chapter 7: Making Digital Audio a Reality". Sony. Retrieved 2025-06-08.
96. Anazawa, Takeaki (March 1993). Historical Development of Analog Disk Recording Technology and Artifacts Now in Existence (PDF). Center of the History of Japanese Industrial Technology (National Museum of Nature and Science).
97. Fine, Thomas (2008). Barry R. Ashpole (ed.). "The Dawn of Commercial Digital Recording" (PDF). ARSC Journal. 39 (1). Ted P. Sheldon: 1–17. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
98. "Sony History". Sony.net. Archived from the original on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
99. "STAX History". Stax Ltd. Archived from the original on 2011-11-27. Retrieved 2025-06-28.
100. Becky Scarrott (2022-06-02). "Lightning headphones: are they good? Do they have a future?". What Hi-Fi?. Retrieved 2025-06-16.
101. Wyatt, Hilary (2013-07-18). Audio Post Production for Television and Film: An introduction to technology and techniques. Taylor & Francis. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-136-12005-3.
102. Saunders, Jarrah (29 May 2023). "Gear Icons: Pioneer DJ". Mixdown. Furst Media. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
103. "Development of a 22.2 Multichannel Sound System". NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories. Broadcast Technology (No. 25). Winter 2006. Retrieved 2025-06-26.
104. "First of Their Kind: Products". Toshiba. Retrieved 2025-06-09.
105. "Product & Technology Milestones". Sony. Retrieved 2025-06-08.
106. 井上大祐【カラオケ発明者】 J-ONE/INOUE Archived 2009-03-21 at the Wayback Machine Events-in-Music.com
107. Gray, Robert M. (2010). "A History of Realtime Digital Speech on Packet Networks: Part II of Linear Predictive Coding and the Internet Protocol" (PDF). Found. Trends Signal Process. 3 (4): 203–303. doi:10.1561/2000000036. ISSN 1932-8346.
108. Digital Video and Audio Broadcasting Technology: A Practical Engineering Guide (Signals and Communication Technology) ISBN 3-540-76357-0 p. 144: "In the year 1988, the MASCAM method was developed at the Institut für Rundfunktechnik (IRT) in Munich in preparation for the digital audio broadcasting (DAB) system. From MASCAM, the MUSICAM (masking pattern universal subband integrated coding and multiplexing) method was developed in 1989 in cooperation with CCETT, Philips and Matsushita."
109. "AAC Licensors". Via Corp. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
110. Lidz, Franz (December 2012). "Dr. NakaMats, the Man With 3300 Patents to His Name". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved October 15, 2014.
111. "Built on 110 years of innovation". Denon. Retrieved 2025-06-29.
112. "Chapter 7: Is 'Pocketable' Japanese-English?". Sony. Retrieved 2025-06-23.
113. Mark Batey (2016), Brand Meaning: Meaning, Myth and Mystique in Today's Brands (Second ed.), Routledge, p. 140
114. "Sony Celebrates Walkman 20th Anniversary". Sony Press Release. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
115. Reid, Gordon (January 2005). "The History Of Roland: Part 3". Sound on Sound."LA synthesis provided two simultaneous tone generators -- each comprising a PCM snippet and what was probably the first 'virtual-analogue' synth architecture"
116. "Roland - D-50 30th Anniversary".
117. Vail, Mark (2014). The Synthesizer. Oxford University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0195394894.
118. Shore, Alex (2013-05-13). "An Analysis of Roland's Super Saw Oscillator and its Relation to Pads within Trance Music" (PDF).
119. "Firstman SQ-01 Sequencer". Keyboard Report. Contemporary Keyboard. Vol. 7, no. October 1981. 1981. pp. 82, 88. ("Keyboard Report, Oct. '81", according to the "Vol.9, 1983". Contemporary Keyboard. 1983.)
120. "Acid House Entry". AllMusic.
121. Laughton, Jay (5 April 2017). "Tribute: Ikutaro Kakehashi and Roland's Impact on Music". Reverb.com. Retrieved 2025-06-03.
122. "The History of Boss Compact Pedals". Roland Corporation. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
123. Russ, Martin (2012). Sound Synthesis and Sampling. CRC Press. pp. 66, 192, 346. ISBN 978-1136122149.
124. "SYNC24USB: Sync your TR-808 and other DIN sync gear via a USB cable". Gearnews. 2017-12-13. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
125. "Yamaha GS-1". Vintage Synth Explorer. Retrieved 2025-05-31.
126. Reid, Gordon (January 2005). "The History Of Roland: Part 3". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 2025-06-07.
127. "[Chapter 2] FM Tone Generators and the Dawn of Home Music Production". Yamaha Synth 40th Anniversary - History. Yamaha Corporation. 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-10-23.
128. Jenkins, Mark (2009-10-19). Analog Synthesizers: Understanding, Performing, Buying--From the Legacy of Moog to Software Synthesis. Taylor & Francis. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-136-12277-4.
129. Panara, Kerry (2020-07-02). "The History and Evolution of the Accordion". Roland Resource Centre. Roland Corporation. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
130. Trevor Pinch, Karin Bijsterveld, The Oxford Handbook of Sound Studies, page 515, Oxford University Press
131. Reid, Gordon (2004), "The History Of Roland Part 1: 1930–1978", Sound on Sound (November), retrieved 19 June 2011
132. "History". Roland Corporation. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
133. "Rockeyboard RB-1". Hillwood Keyboard / Synthesizer Catalog 1977. Hillwood Musical Instrument/Zen-On. Archived from the original on 2012-06-08. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
134. Leete, Norm (August 1999). "Roland GR-Series". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
135. Reid, Gordon (October 2002). "The History Of Korg: Part 1". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
136. "Tuner History". Boss Corporation. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
137. Paul Théberge (1997), Any Sound You Can Imagine: Making Music/Consuming Technology, page 223, Wesleyan University Press
138. Contemporary Keyboard, Volume 7, Issues 1–6, 1981: "The Roland TR-808 will undoubtedly become the standard for rhythm machines of the future because it does what no rhythm machine of the past has ever done. Not only does the TR-808 allow programming of individual rhythm patterns, it can also program the entire percussion track of a song from beginning to end, complete with breaks, rolls, literally anything you can think of."
139. Colbeck, Julian (November 2001). "Roland MC-202 MicroComposer". Electronic Musician. Archived from the original on 2015-03-16. Retrieved 2025-06-03.
140. Chadabe, Joel (1 May 2000). "Part IV: The Seeds of the Future". Electronic Musician. XVI (5). Penton Media. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012.
141. "Programming the MPU-401". Piclist. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017.
142. Holmes, Thom (2012-05-22). Electronic and Experimental Music: Technology, Music, and Culture. Routledge. p. 262. ISBN 978-1-136-46895-7.
143. "Yamaha History: Personal Computers". Yamaha Corporation. Retrieved 2025-07-17.
144. Reid, Gordon (November 2002). "The History Of Korg: Part 2". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
145. Reid, Gordon (December 2002). "The History Of Korg: Part 3". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
146. "MZ-80K: The monitor program SP-1002". SharpMZ.org. 2002-09-01. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
147. Rockin'f, March 1982, pages 140–141
148. Wiffen, Paul (June 1994). "Multitimbrality: A Brief History". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
149. Molenda, Mike; Pau, Les (2007). The Guitar Player Book: 40 Years of Interviews, Gear, and Lessons from the World's Most Celebrated Guitar Magazine. Hal Leonard. p. 222. ISBN 9780879307820.
150. Aikin, Jim (2003). Software Synthesizers: The Definitive Guide to Virtual Musical Instruments. Backbeat Books. p. 4. ISBN 978-0879307523.
151. "[Chapter 1] Origins of the Yamaha Synthesizer". History, Yamaha Synth 40th Anniversary. Yamaha Corporation. 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-07-11. ... Introduced in 1975, the GX-1 was ... In 1973, Yamaha completed development work on a prototype codenamed the GX-707. Based on cluster voltage control, this instrument could be regarded as the predecessor of the Electone GX-1. ... As the flagship model in the Electone lineup, however, this prototype was conceived of as a theatre model for use on the concert stage. With a console weighing in excess of 300 kg and a separate board required for editing tones, it was not well suited for sale to the general public, and to this day is still considered a niche instrument.", "Why digital technology in an analog synth? ... It was thus clear that new control technology would be required in order to use a limited number of circuits in a more effective manner. ... This type of device was known as a key assigner, and it can rightly be called the predecessor of today's dynamic voice allocation (DVA) technology. Back in the early seventies, when tone generators still relied on analog technology, digital circuitry was already being put to use in these key assigners.
152. Jenkins, Mark (2009). Analog Synthesizers: Understanding, Performing, Buying--From the Legacy of Moog to Software Synthesis. CRC Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-136-12278-1.
153. "20 years of Vocaloid history". Vocaloid. Yamaha. 2024-12-03. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
154. Ciarcia, Steve (1979). Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar. Circuit Cellar. pp. 207–16. ISBN 978-0-07-010966-7.
155. "Yamaha Combo Keyboard Instruments: GS1 / GS2". Yamaha. Retrieved 2025-06-29.
156. "LA32". Video Game Music Preservation Foundation. Retrieved 2025-06-26.
157. Carter, Chris (May 2001). "Roland SPV355". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 2025-06-29.
158. Ellis, David (October 1984). "Yamaha CX5M". Electronics & Music Maker: 82–84.
159. Lendino, Jamie (2019-06-17). Faster Than Light: The Atari ST and the 16-Bit Revolution. Steel Gear Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-7323552-1-7.
160. Q&A with Isao Tomita Archived 2017-04-24 at the Wayback Machine, Tokyo Weekender
161. Male, Andrew (3 April 2023). "Ryuichi Sakamoto And Yellow Magic Orchestra: The Ten Best Albums". Mojo. Retrieved 9 March 2025.
162. Yoo, Noah (7 March 2021). "Yellow Magic Orchestra: BGM". Pitchfork. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
163. Christoph Cox & Daniel Warner (2004), Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music, page 396 Archived 2023-10-22 at the Wayback Machine, A&C Black
164. Carter, Monica (30 June 2011). "It's Easy When You're Big in Japan: Yellow Magic Orchestra at the Hollywood Bowl". The Vinyl District (accessed 22 July 2011).
165. "Sakamoto and Yamaha Synthesizers". Yamaha. Retrieved 28 February 2025.
166. Lufkin, Bryan (June 16, 2012). "Proto Synthpop Turned Yellow Magic Orchestra Into Godfathers of Electro". Wired. Archived from the original on 2020-08-09. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
167. Clenney, Chuck (4 October 2022). "Did Japan Invent Hip-Hop?". UnderMain Magazine. Retrieved 8 March 2025.
168. Takahashi, Logan (8 August 2016). "Teengirl Fantasy's Logan Takahashi Gives Us the Lowdown on Ryuichi Sakamoto's Most Influential Releases". Vice. Retrieved 7 March 2025.
169. Jones, Mikey (22 January 2015). "The Essential... Yellow Magic Orchestra". Fact. Retrieved 3 March 2025.
170. J. D. Considine (March 23, 2000). "Sakamoto hears music's sounds, not its styles". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on February 10, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
171. Bocaro, Madeline (25 April 2020). "Behind The Mask". Madelinex. Retrieved 10 February 2025.
172. Reynolds, Simon (2 April 2023). "Ryuichi Sakamoto's Borderless Brilliance". Pitchfork. Retrieved 6 March 2025.
173. Barsanti, Sam (2 April 2023). "R.I.P. Ryuichi Sakamoto, Oscar-winning composer". AV Club. Retrieved 3 March 2025.
174. Hobbs, Mary Anne (9 December 2020). "In praise of the 808 - 8 essential tracks to celebrate the drum machine that changed the world". BBC Radio 6 Music. BBC. Retrieved 3 March 2025.
175. Suzuki, Soichiro (2015). "Recording Techniques: Haruomi Hosono and Yasuhiko Terada on S-F-X & Medicine Compilation". Hosono Haruomi Rokuon‑jutsu: Bokura wa Kōshite Oto wo Tsukutte Kita (in Japanese). Du Books. ISBN 978-4-907583-69-9.
176. Matthews, Ethan (2024-04-26). "Discography: Yellow Magic Orchestra". Tastemakers Music Magazine. Retrieved 2025-06-23.
177. Yellow Magic Orchestra at AllMusic. Retrieved June 3, 2009.
178. "Colored Music - Colored Music (Club Edit) / Heartbeat (Club Edit) · Single Review ⟋ RA". Resident Advisor. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
179. Harich-Scheider, Eta (1973) [1922]. A History of Japanese Music. London: Oxford University Press. p. 520. ISBN 0-19-316203-2.
180. Ramage, Maxwell (2023). "The Royal Road Progression in Japanese Popular Music". Music Theory Spectrum. 45 (2): 238–256. doi:10.1093/mts/mtad008.
181. "J-POPって何だろう？そして今、改めて歌謡曲の魅力とは？" (in Japanese). Chūkyō Television Broadcasting. 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-03-12. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
182. Kimura, Yutaka (September 2002). ジャパニーズ・シティ・ポップ : Selected 500 over titles of albums [Japanese City Pop : Selected 500 over titles of albums]. Disc guide series : The DIG presents ; 10 (in Japanese). Shinko Music. p. 2. ISBN 978-4-401-61773-9.
183. Ohanesian, Liz (April 13, 2011). "Japanese Indie Pop: The Beginner's Guide to Shibuya-Kei". LA Weekly.
184. "Japanese Innovators: Pioneers in Experimental Sounds". Barbican Centre. 2018. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
185. Koji Dejima. "Bounce Di(s)ctionary Number 13 – Visual Kei". Bounce (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 1 March 2008. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
186. "Nothing Personal: Babymetal Don't Like Answering Questions". Noisey. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
187. "Company milestones (Chronological table)". Fujitsu. Retrieved 2025-07-11.
188. "Japanese Computer Pioneers: Shima Masatoshi". IPSJ Computer Museum. Information Processing Society of Japan. Retrieved 2025-06-16.
189. Das, Lyla B. (September 2010). The X86 Microprocessors: Architecture and Programming (8086 to Pentium). Pearson Education. p. 377. ISBN 978-81-317-3246-5.
190. "Information Society", Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Communication, California: SAGE Publications, 2010, doi:10.4135/9781412959216.n136, ISBN 978-1-4129-5920-9
191. "Text Editing System Using On-Line Real-time Character Recognition", Information Processing in Japan, Volumes 11-14, Information Processing Society of Japan
192. Nanette Gottlieb, Word-Processing Technology in Japan: Kanji and the Keyboard (2013), Routledge
193. "Parametron". www.thocp.net. Archived from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
194. History of Research on Switching Theory in Japan, IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials, Vol. 124 (2004) No. 8, pp. 720–726, Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan
195. Klatt, D (1987). "Review of text-to-speech conversion for English". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 82 (3): 737–93. Bibcode:1987ASAJ...82..737K. doi:10.1121/1.395275. PMID 2958525.
196. "Two decades of "plug and play": How USB became the most successful interface in the history of computing". Intel. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
197. "The Frontiers of Knowledge Award goes to Takeo Kanade for developing mathematical foundations for computer vision and robot perception". EurekAlert!. 7 February 2024. Retrieved 14 July 2025.
198. "Navigating Neural Networks: Exploring State-of-the-Art Activation Functions". Georgia Tech. January 31, 2024. Retrieved 2025-07-14.
199. Schmidhuber, Juergen (2022). "Annotated History of Modern AI and Deep Learning". arXiv:2212.11279 [cs.NE].
200. "Lexus History". Lexus. Toyota. 1 February 2022. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
201. "Japanese scientists were pioneers of AI, yet they're being written out of its history". Durham University. Retrieved 2025-07-14.
202. "The Maverick Who Gave Machines The Gift Of Sight". Asian Scientist. December 3, 2021. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
203. de Leeuw, Karl; Bergstra, Jan (2007). The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook. Elsevier. p. 266. ISBN 9780444516084.
204. Henry Rowley; Shumeet Baluja; Takeo Kanade (June 1996). "Neural Network-Based Face Detection" (PDF). Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition '96.
205. Hsiung, Hansun (2024-11-11). "Television and the Origins of Visual Pattern Recognition AI in Japan: a 'Quest for a Seeing Machine'". Asiascape: Digital Asia. 11 (1–2): 3–31. doi:10.1163/22142312-bja10054.
206. Odagiri, Hiroyuki; Nakamura, Yoshiaki; Shibuya, Minorul (1997). "Research consortia as a vehicle for basic research: The case of a fifth generation computer project in Japan". Research Policy. 26 (2): 191–207. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00008-5.
207. "MELCOM PSI". IPSJ Computer Museum. Information Processing Society of Japan. Retrieved 2025-07-11.
208. Cohen, Charles L. (July 24, 1986). "Children's Computer Brings AI Into the Home". Electronics.
209. B. D. Lucas and T. Kanade (1981), An iterative image registration technique with an application to stereo vision. Proceedings of Imaging Understanding Workshop, pages 121--130
210. Carlo Tomasi and Takeo Kanade. Detection and Tracking of Point Features. Carnegie Mellon University Technical Report CMU-CS-91-132, April 1991.
211. Dickmanns, Ernst Dieter (2007-06-02). Dynamic Vision for Perception and Control of Motion. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-84628-638-4.
212. Carlo Tomasi and Takeo Kanade. (November 1992). "Shape and motion from image streams under orthography: a factorization method". International Journal of Computer Vision. 9 (2): 137–154. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.131.9807. doi:10.1007/BF00129684. S2CID 2931825.
213. Houston, Keith (2023). Empire of the Sum: The Rise and Reign of the Pocket Calculator. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-88214-8.
214. "The History of Canon". Canon Inc. Retrieved 2025-07-17.
215. "History of Casio's Electronic Calculator Business". Casio Official Website. Casio. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
216. "Sharp History". Sharp Corporation. Retrieved 2025-07-24.
217. "Hand-held Calculators". Vintage Calculators Web Museum. Retrieved 2025-05-30.
218. "1964-1966: World's First Electronic Calculator". Sharp Corporation. Retrieved 2025-05-30.
219. "NEC Celebrates 120 Years" (PDF). NEC. March 2020. Retrieved 2025-07-04.
220. "Desk Electronic Calculators". Vintage Calculators Web Museum. Retrieved 2025-05-30.
221. Castellano, Joseph A. (2005). Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry. World Scientific. pp. 180–8, 277–83. ISBN 9789812565846.
222. "Evolution of the graphing calculator". New York Daily News. Tribune Content Agency. August 10, 2021. Archived from the original on 2025-03-05. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
223. Gullberg 1997, p. 169 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGullberg1997 (help)
224. "Sharp Elsimate EL-8130 Arithmetic Calculator". Centre for Computing History. Retrieved 4 June 2025.
225. "History". Mitsubishi Electric. Retrieved 2025-07-10.
226. "Sony LIBRIe – The first ever E-ink e-book Reader". Mobile mag. 2004-03-25. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
227. "【Osaka University 】 LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System". IPSJ Computer Museum. Information Processing Society of Japan. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
228. Lunduke, Bryan (2022-12-12). "What was the first PDA?". The Lunduke Journal of Technology. Substack. Retrieved 2025-07-24.
229. Suzuki, Yoshitaka (December 2002). NEC Corporation 1899-1999: A Century of "Better Products, Better Services" (PDF). Translated by Elliott, Thomas I. (1st ed.). NEC.
230. "R&D History". NTT R&D. Nippon Telegraph and Telephone. Retrieved 2025-07-05.
231. "SMP80/X series-Computer Museum".
232. "マイクロコンピュータ PANAFACOM L-16A". Center of the History of Japanese Industrial Technology (in Japanese). National Museum of Nature and Science. 2001-07-12. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
233. "M200 Smart Home Computer Series". IPSJ Computer Museum. Information Processing Society of Japan. Retrieved 2025-06-12.
234. FR2487094A1 patent: Notebook computer system small
235. "Epson HX-20 Portable Computer". National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. 2001. Retrieved 2025-06-29.
236. "Sharp PC-5000". Old-Computers: The Museum. Archived from the original on 2001-12-26. Retrieved 2025-07-24.
237. Japanese PCs (Television production). Computer Chronicles. 1984. Event occurs at 13:13. Retrieved 2025-07-24 – via YouTube.
238. Bugra, Ayse, ed. (2011). State, Market and Organizational Form. De Gruyter. p. 235. ISBN 9783110800739.
239. ASCII. "NEC、指紋認証システムを搭載したモバイルギアを発表". ASCII.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2025-04-22.
240. "【Fujitsu】 FM TOWNS". IPSJ Computer Museum. Information Processing Society of Japan. Retrieved 2025-06-14.
241. Loguidice, Bill (2017-04-14). "The bright life of the MSX, Japan's underdog PC". PC Gamer. Retrieved 2025-06-14.
242. "Pioneer Palcom PX-7(BK)". Centre for Computing History. Retrieved 2025-06-14.
243. 【Electrotechnical Laboratory】 ETL Mark III Transistor-Based Computer, Information Processing Society of Japan
244. "RIP for the 3.5-Inch Floppy". CBS News. 2010-04-25. Retrieved 2025-06-12.
245. https://www.msx.org/wiki/Category:QuickDisk_BASIC Archived 2023-02-23 at the Wayback Machine Mitsumi MSX QuickDisk BASIC copyright screen
246. "InfoWorld Vol. 16, No. 23". InfoWorld. June 6, 1994. p. 88. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
247. The Computer Chronicles - Japanese PCs (1984) (video). Computer Chronicles. March 17, 2015. Event occurs at 15:54. Retrieved December 10, 2022.
248. "History of Pioneer". Pioneer Corporation. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
249. "2000: Prototype blue laser disc stores HD video". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 2025-07-18.
250. "Toshiba "Toscal" BC-1411 Desktop Calculator". The Old Calculator Web Museum. Retrieved 2025-07-18.
251. "Memory". STOL (Semiconductor Technology Online). Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
252. HM5283206 Datasheet. Hitachi. 11 November 1994. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
253. "高速化回路を搭載した新しい256メガビットシンクロナスDRAMを開発" [Developed a new 256 Mbit synchronous DRAM with high-speed circuits]. Fujitsu (in Japanese). 1997-02-06. Retrieved 2025-07-19.
254. Tarui, Y.; Hayashi, Y.; Nagai, K. (1972). "Electrically reprogrammable nonvolatile semiconductor memory". IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 7 (5): 369–375. Bibcode:1972IJSSC...7..369T. doi:10.1109/JSSC.1972.1052895. ISSN 0018-9200.
255. Fulford, Benjamin (24 June 2002). "Unsung hero". Forbes. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
256. Kodama, N.; Oyama, K.; Shirai, H.; Saitoh, K.; Okazawa, T.; Hokari, Y. (December 1991). "A symmetrical side wall (SSW)-DSA cell for a 64 Mbit flash memory". International Electron Devices Meeting 1991 [Technical Digest]. pp. 303–306. doi:10.1109/IEDM.1991.235443. ISBN 0-7803-0243-5. S2CID 111203629.
257. Melanson, Donald (12 June 2007). "Toshiba announces new "3D" NAND flash technology". Engadget. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
258. "Computer History for 1984". Computer Hope. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
259. Grabham, Dan (2007-01-07). "CES 2007: World's first 1TB hard drive". TechRadar. Retrieved 2025-07-18.
260. Pettus, Sam; Munoz, David; Williams, Kevin; Barroso, Ivan (December 20, 2013). Service Games: The Rise and Fall of SEGA: Enhanced Edition. Smashwords Edition. ISBN 978-1-311-08082-0 – via Google Books.
261. "MSX Computing (GB) : Haymarket Publishing : Free Download, Borrow, And Streaming : Internet Archive". 1984.
262. "(Flash) Memory card types and other means of storage". Digital Camera Museum. Retrieved 2025-07-06.
263. "Three Giants to develop new "Secure Memory Card"". Digital Photography Review. August 25, 1999. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
264. Jan Maes, Marc Vercammen (22 August 2013). Digital Audio Technology: A Guide to CD, MiniDisc, SACD, DVD(A), MP3 and DAT. CRC Press. pp. 238–251. ISBN 9781136118623.
265. "NILFS - A New Linux File System for Prevention of Data Loss" (PDF). Nippon Telegraph and Telephone. September 26, 2005. Retrieved 2025-07-05.
266. Lasers & Optronics, Volume 6, page 77
267. "Toshiba Makes Major Advances in NAND Flash Memory with 3-bit-per-cell 32nm generation and with 4-bit-per-cell 43nm technology". Toshiba. 11 February 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
268. "Capacity Measurements, Areal Density, And PMR". Archived from the original on 2018-11-29. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
269. "Toshiba Unveils World's First FC-MAMR HDD: 18 TB, Helium Filled".
270. Maiken, Eric. "Nonvolatile random access memory device". patents.google.com. Japan Patent Office. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
271. U.S. patent 3,651,490
272. Aspray, William (1994-05-25). "Oral-History: Tadashi Sasaki". Interview #211 for the Center for the History of Electrical Engineering. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
273. Nigel Tout. "The Busicom 141-PF calculator and the Intel 4004 microprocessor". Retrieved November 15, 2009.
274. "1973: 12-bit engine-control microprocessor (Toshiba)" (PDF). Semiconductor History Museum of Japan. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
275. "Trends in the Semiconductor Industry". Semiconductor History Museum of Japan. Archived from the original on 2019-06-27. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
276. "NEC 751 (uCOM-4)". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Archived from the original on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
277. "1970s: Development and evolution of microprocessors" (PDF). Semiconductor History Museum of Japan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-06-27. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
278. "History". PFU Global Website. Ricoh. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
279. "IEEE Milestone: First Commercial Digital Signal Processor Chip, 1980" (PDF). IEEE. IEEE Milestones. December 2020. Retrieved 2025-06-07.
280. Nathan Willis (June 10, 2015). "Resurrecting the SuperH architecture". LWN.net.
281. "SH-4 SuperH™ RISC Processor" (PDF). Hitachi. Retrieved 2025-07-18.
282. "Top US Patent Holder is Legendary Japanese Inventor Shunpei Yamazaki". Impact Lab. February 26, 2006. Archived from the original on 2021-01-25. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
283. A Dab Starts Since 1971 on YouTube
284. Qian, Gonglin (2004). Chinese fans: artistry and aesthetics. San Francisco: Long River Press. pp. 12–22. ISBN 978-1-59265-020-0. OCLC 491728984.
285. Shibagaki, Arisa (2007). The Barbie Phenomena in Japan (Masters thesis). Bowling Green University.
286. Yuji Yamashita (2014), Meiji no saimitsu kogei. pp. 86-87. Heibonsha ISBN 978-4582922172
287. Valdimarsdótti, I. Guðlaug (2015). Fashion Subcultures in Japan. A multilayered history of street fashion in Japan (Thesis). University of Iceland. p. 21.
288. Pan, Lu (2015). Aestheticizing Public Space: Street Visual Politics in East Asian Cities. Intellect Books. p. 107. ISBN 9781783204533.
289. "タモリ倶楽部｜テレビ朝日".
290. "Canned Coffee". Nippon. 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
291. Sugimura, Kei. 50 Years of Gourmet Manga. Seikaisha Shinsho, 2017. ISBN 978-4061386181.
292. Hani, Yoko (November 24, 2002), "A feast for the eyes", Japan Times
293. Lee, Jennifer 8. (January 16, 2008). "Fortune Cookies are really from Japan". The Fortune Cookie Chronicles website. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25.
294. "Meet Momofuku Ando, inventor of Ramen Noodles"
295. "History of Property Rights – Ikeda, Kikunae". Archived from the original on 2007-10-28. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
296. Ikeda K (November 2002). "New seasonings". Chem. Senses. 27 (9): 847–9. doi:10.1093/chemse/27.9.847. PMID 12438213. (partial translation of Ikeda, Kikunae (1909). "New Seasonings[japan.]". Journal of the Chemical Society of Tokyo. 30: 820–836.)
297. Skoss, Meik (1995). "Jujutsu and Taijutsu". Aikido Journal. 103. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2007-09-09.
298. Kano, Jigoro (1994), Kodokan Judo, Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha, pp. 46–47
299. "Jiu-jitsu expert Rener Gracie unravels the devastating Kimura Lock". WWE. May 4, 2012. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
300. msisshinryu.com | Okinawan Masters
301. Bishop, Mark (1989). Okinawan Karate. A & C Black. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-7136-5666-4. Motobu-ryū & Seikichi Uehara
302. Brownell, Susan Elaine (1990). The olympic movement on its way into Chinese culture. University of California, Santa Barbara. pp. 29, 63. Retrieved May 13, 2018. In both ancient China and Greece, the most popular sports were probably wrestling, boxing, and combinations thereof (Greek pankration, Chinese leitai). The same might be argued for ancient Egypt, India and Japan.
303. Takashi, Azuma (July 1999), Hamidashi Karate, ISBN 978-4892248214
304. Takashi, Azuma (20 July 1999). Hamidashi Karate (in Japanese). Fukushodo. ISBN 978-4892248214.
305. Hayes, Stephen. "The Ninja and Their Secret Fighting Art." ISBN 0-8048-1656-5, Tuttle Publishing, 1990: 18–21
306. "Wrestling's Greatest Shoots, Volume 3: Antonio Inoki vs. the Great Antonio". Grantland. Retrieved 2014-06-11.
307. "Combat Submission Wrestling". Archived from the original on 2010-01-03.
308. 私説UWF 中野巽耀自伝 by Tatsuo Nakano. Page 18. Tatsumi Publishing Co., Ltd., 2020. ISBN 4777824268
309. "Dohyo (sumo ring): where gods dwell". 國學院大學. Retrieved 2023-06-04.
310. Earl, David Margarey, Emperor and Nation in Japan, Political Thinkers of the Tokugawa Period, University of Washington Press, 1964, pp. 66 ff.
311. Nakamichi, Masayuki (24 Aug 2021). "Professor Masao Kawai, a pioneer and leading scholar in primatology and writer of animal stories for children". Primates. 62 (5): 677–695. doi:10.1007/s10329-021-00938-2. PMID 34427809. S2CID 237280652.
312. Womack, James P.; Daniel T. Jones; Daniel Roos (1990). The Machine That Changed the World. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780892563500.
313. Wyatt, Caroline (20 December 2006). "'Paris Syndrome' strikes Japanese". BBC News. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
314. Tabuchi, Hiroko (19 July 2009). "Why Japan's Cellphones Haven't Gone Global". New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
315. Stanton, Rich (2015-08-16). "Metal Gear Solid 2: The first postmodern video game". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2025-06-10.
316. Wiltshire, Alex. "Flashback: How 'Metal Gear Solid 2' Foretold Our Post-Truth Future". Glixel. Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
317. McElhinney, David (2022-04-22). "The Rashomon Effect: In a Grove at 100 Years Old". Tokyo Weekender. Retrieved 2025-06-11.
318. Mori, M. (2012). "The Uncanny Valley [From the Field]". IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine. 19 (2). Translated by MacDorman, K. F.; Kageki, Norri. New York City: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: 98–100. doi:10.1109/MRA.2012.2192811.
319. "World's First 3D Video Game Unveiled: Developed Jointly By Sega and World-famous Matsushita" (PDF). Game Machine. No. 185. Amusement Press, Inc. 1 April 1982. p. 30.
320. Electronic Gaming Monthly, issue 93 (April 1997), page 22
321. "2D/3D Switchable Displays" (PDF). Sharp White Paper. Sharp Corporation. January 14, 2003. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
322. "Milestones: Development of Electronic Television, 1924-1941". ETHW. IEEE Milestones. 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
323. "Archives". Society for Information Display. Retrieved 2025-07-18.
324. "History". JVC Healthcare. JVC. Retrieved 2025-07-24.
325. Cole, George (October 1993). "The CRT challenge". Personal Computer World. pp. 362–365.
326. Cianci, Philip J. (2014-01-10). High Definition Television: The Creation, Development and Implementation of HDTV Technology. McFarland & Company. pp. 13–24, 83, 93. ISBN 978-0-7864-8797-4.
327. "Composite Video vs S-video - Difference and Comparison | Diffen". Diffen. Retrieved 2025-06-12.
328. "Digital Visual Interface" (PDF). Revision 1.0: Initial Specification Release. Digital Display Working Group. 1999-04-02. Archived from the original on 2012-08-13.
329. Wu, Xingwei (July 19, 2005). "Inorganic Electroluminescent Display Technology; Current Status and Future Development" (PDF). IMID '05 Digest. International Meeting on Information Display: 889–90.
330. Krasnov, Alexey N. (2003-08-01). "Electroluminescent displays: history and lessons learned". Displays. 24 (2): 73–79. doi:10.1016/S0141-9382(03)00015-5. ISSN 0141-9382.
331. "SONY ANNOUNCES 2013 BRAVIA TVS | Sony". 8 March 2013. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013.
332. Rojas, Peter (8 July 2005). "Sony's new ultrathin rollable display prototype". Engadget. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
333. "BRAVIA Professional Displays: Past, Present and Future". Sony. Retrieved 2025-07-23.
334. "Milestone Products". Epson. Retrieved 2025-06-09.
335. "History". Noritake Itron Corporation. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
336. "World's Firsts". Digital Camera Museum. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
337. Fossum, Eric R. (12 July 1993). "Active pixel sensors: Are CCDs dinosaurs?". In Blouke, Morley M. (ed.). Charge-Coupled Devices and Solid State Optical Sensors III. SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 1900. International Society for Optics and Photonics. pp. 2–14. Bibcode:1993SPIE.1900....2F. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.408.6558. doi:10.1117/12.148585. S2CID 10556755.
338. "Sony Develops "Exmor RS," the World's First*1 Stacked CMOS Image Sensor". Sony. August 20, 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
339. "Course of History". Ricoh Imaging. Pentax. Retrieved 2025-07-07.
340. Wade, John (2024-10-10). "140 years - A lifetime of landmark cameras". Amateur Photographer. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
341. "Our Product History". Nikon. Retrieved 2025-07-07.
342. Colton, Sandy (1988-04-29). "New Bridge Cameras Offer Perks To Novice And Pro Alike". Chicago Tribune. p. 96, section 7.
343. Ochi, S.; Yamanaka, S.; Kanoh, Y.; Nishimura, T. (February 1978). "A Device Structure and Spatial Spectrum for Checker-Pattern CCD Color Camera". IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 13 (1): 187–192. doi:10.1109/JSSC.1978.1051013. ISSN 0018-9200.
344. "Tech timeline: Milestones in sensor development". Digital Photography Review. March 17, 2023. Retrieved 2025-07-20.
345. Ochi, Shigeyuki; Iizuka, Tetsuya; Hamasaki, Masaharu; Sato, Yasushi; Narabu, Tadakuni; Abe, Hideshi; Kagawa, Yoshiaki; Kato, Keiji (2022-11-15). Charge-Coupled Device Technology. Taylor & Francis. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-351-46172-6.
346. "The Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame: Sony DCR-VX1000". IEEE Spectrum. 3 January 2019. Retrieved 2025-07-16.
347. "A brief history of mirrorless cameras". Engadget. 2019-04-15. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
348. Nikon SLR-type digital cameras, Pierre Jarleton
349. "Contax Introduces N Digital Camera, World's First Digital SLR With Full-Frame 6.29 Mega Pixel Sensor". Kyocera. February 24, 2002. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
350. "Fujifilm UK - Press centre". Archived from the original on July 26, 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
351. Slaymaker, James (2024-11-28). Essay Cinema in the Digital Era. Springer Nature. p. 60. ISBN 978-3-031-74042-8.
352. Delbrück, Tobi (2020-07-06). "The Slow But Steady Rise of the Event Camera". EE Times. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
353. Pogue, David (19 December 2012). "Smile, and Say 'Android'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
354. Lorbeer/pi, Klaus (14 May 2020). "Sony launcht weltweit erste Intelligent-Vision-Sensoren mit KI-Verarbeitung". computerwelt.at (in German). Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
355. Miyamoto, Kenro (1964). "Fish Eye Lens". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 54 (8): 1060–1061. doi:10.1364/JOSA.54.001060.
356. "Game Boy Camera". Nintendo. Archived from the original on May 30, 1998. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
357. Ellerbee, Bobby (20 February 2017). "February 20, 1962...Glenn Orbits Earth, CBS Debuts Mini Camera". Eyes of a Generation. Athens, Georgia. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
358. Shapiro, Mark (2006). "The History of Camcorders". Internet Video Magazine. San Diego, CA. Archived from the original on 2012-11-21. Retrieved 2009-12-27.
359. Beacham, Frank. "How "Electronic News Gathering" Came to Be". TV News Check. Archived from the original on 2015-05-28.
360. Ellis, John; Hall, Nick (2017): ADAPT. figshare. Collection.https://doi.org/10.17637/rh.c.3925603.v1
361. "20th Anniversary Special Column". Panasonic. Retrieved 2025-07-06.
362. "Japan Invented the Selfie Stick. In 1983". Kotaku. 2015-04-08. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
363. "Innovation History" (PDF). Olympus Corporation. One Olympus Report. 2017. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 2025-06-26.
364. "Fujifilm's 90-Year History". Fujifilm. 2024. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
365. Takishima, Yoshiyuki (December 9, 2019). "第4回：瀧島芳之さん（元キヤノン取締役、元カメラ事業本部長、元ソフト統括-開発本部長）". Impress Watch (Interview) (in Japanese). Interviewed by Yasunori Ichikawa. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
366. Stephen, Gandy. "Nikon Shibata Book". Stephen Gandy's CameraQuest. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
367. US Grant 3524697, Isshiki Masaki & Matsuki Keiji, "Achromatic super wide-angle lens", issued 18 August 1970, assigned to Nikon Corp. 
368. "Waterproof Cameras: Dedication to meeting and exceeding customer needs". Olympus Corporation. Retrieved 2025-07-07.
369. "Cassettes from Japan". Brutal Deluxe Software. Retrieved 2025-06-19.
370. "Kasco no Jidai ~ Moto Kansai Seisakusho Staff Interview ~" (キャスコの時代 ～元・関西製作所スタッフインタビュー～) [Kasco and the Electro-Mechanical Golden Age: Former Kansai Seisakusho Staff Interview]. Classic Videogame Station Odyssey. 2001. Retrieved 16 April 2021. Translation available at Shmuplations.
371. Colby, Richard; Johnson, Matthew S. S.; Colby, Rebekah Shultz (27 January 2021). The Ethics of Playing, Researching, and Teaching Games in the Writing Classroom. Springer Nature. p. 130. ISBN 978-3-030-63311-0. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
372. "Galaxian (Namco set 1) - MAME machine". Arcade Database. Retrieved 2025-06-13.
373. Sambe, Yukiharu (September 2013). "A brief history of arcade video game display technologies: From CRT displays to real time graphics" (PDF). Synthesiology. 6 (2): 93–102. doi:10.5571/synth.6.93 – via National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology.
374. "First LCD videogame to use drawn characters". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2025-07-17.
375. Massey, Tom (9 February 2015). "Ys: Memories of Celceta review". Eurogamer. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
376. Kaharl, Jonathan (August 8, 2022). "Doctor Hauzer". Hardcore Gaming 101. Retrieved 2025-06-08.
377. "Cel Shading: the Unsung Hero of Animation? – Animator". www.animatormag.com. Retrieved 2025-07-11.
378. "NEC Multisync: Color Monitor Backs Wide Range of Displays". InfoWorld. Vol. 8 (No. 43). InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. 1986-10-27. p. 61. ISSN 0199-6649.
379. "Company History". Eizo. Retrieved 2025-07-18.
380. "Sony's Clie PEG-VZ90—the world's most expensive Palm?". Engadget.com. 2004-09-14. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
381. Saxena, Sanjay; Paul, Sudip (2022-07-07). High-Performance Medical Image Processing. CRC Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-000-41035-8.
382. "3D Graphics Processor Chip Set" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
     • "3D-CG System with Video Texturing for Personal Computers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-06. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
383. MacDonald, Charles (2003-01-12). "Sega System 16B hardware notes". Sega Retro. Retrieved 2025-06-16.
384. Wilkins, K. (October 1999). "Namco System II driver". GitHub. MAME. Retrieved 2025-06-16.
385. Nakamae, Eihachiro; Kaneda, Kazufumi; Okamoto, Takashi; Nishita, Tomoyuki (1990). "A lighting model aiming at drive simulators". Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques. pp. 395–404. doi:10.1145/97879.97922. ISBN 978-0201509335. S2CID 11880939.
386. Lankoski, Petri; Dymek, Mikolaj (2023-04-12). "Towards a History of Finnish and Swedish Game Industry Platforms". Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1145/3582437.3587214. ISBN 978-1-4503-9855-8.
387. Paduano, Ivan (2024). "The Role of Isometry in Early Videogames: A Study of the Zaxxon Experience". Academia.edu.
388. "T.81 – DIGITAL COMPRESSION AND CODING OF CONTINUOUS-TONE STILL IMAGES – REQUIREMENTS AND GUIDELINES" (PDF). CCITT. September 1992. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
389. Zhouxiang, Lu (2022-05-12). A History of Competitive Gaming. Routledge. pp. 22–3. ISBN 978-1-000-58853-8.
390. Wall, Darren (2020-03-18). "The Making of After Burner". Read-Only Memory. Retrieved 2025-06-13.
391. Nachman, Corey. "The Evolution Of Sports Video Games". Business Insider. Retrieved 2025-06-15.
392. Nishikado, Tomohiro; Shokai, Takai; Onitama (2016). [講演] スペースインベーダーの歴史的意味 [(Lecture) The Historical Significance of Space Invaders] (in Japanese). Retro Game À La Carte. 28 minutes in. Retrieved 2025-06-16 – via YouTube.
393. Purcaru, Bogdan Ion (13 March 2014). "Games vs. Hardware. The History of PC video games: The 80's". Purcaru Ion Bogdan. p. 185 – via Google Books.
394. Kalata, Kurt (October 22, 2009). "Time Pilot". Hardcore Gaming 101. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
395. Brownstein, Mark (November 14, 1988). "NEC Forms Video Standards Group". InfoWorld. Vol. 10, no. 46. p. 3. ISSN 0199-6649. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
396. Mark J. P. Wolf (15 June 2012). Before the Crash: Early Video Game History. Wayne State University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0814337226. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
397. Making the Famicom a Reality, Nikkei Electronics (September 12, 1994)
398. "For Character Generation... It's the new HAL PCG 6500" (PDF). Micro: The 6502 Journal. No. 28. July 1980. p. 8.
399. Kanade, Takeo; Narayanan, P.J.; Rander, P.W. (June 1995). "Virtualized Reality: Concepts and Early Results". Proceedings IEEE Workshop on Representation of Visual Scenes (In Conjunction with ICCV'95): 69–76. doi:10.1109/WVRS.1995.476854. ISBN 0-8186-7122-X.
400. Posa, John G. (1981-03-10). "Chip controls high-resolution graphics" (PDF). Electronics. p. 210.
401. "Video Timing" (PDF). μPD7220/7220A Graphics Display Controller. NEC Electronics. December 1985. pp. 6–1.
402. The Big Picture: HDTV & High-resolution Systems (PDF). Office of Technology Assessment (United States Congress). 1990. pp. 27–9, 36, 72, 108.
403. "Sony Develops "High Definition Video System" To Meet the Needs of the Coming Era Of High-Standard Visual Information" (PDF). Sony Compact Disc Press Kit. Sony. April 29, 1981.
404. "HDMI Adopters and Founders". HDMI. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
405. "Milestones: The High Definition Television System, 1964-1989". ETHW. IEEE Milestones. 2016-05-11. Retrieved 2025-07-08.
406. Owens, Jim (2015-06-05). Television Sports Production. CRC Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-317-67109-1.
407. Pizzi, Skip; Jones, Graham (2014-04-24). A Broadcast Engineering Tutorial for Non-Engineers. CRC Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-317-90683-4.
408. Kuniko, Sanada (March 15, 2003). "High-definition cameras show their stuff in space". Nipponia. No. 24.
409. "JVC Celebrates the 20th year of D-ILA Device development". JVC. 2017. Retrieved 2025-07-16.
410. "D-ILA projector technology: The path to high resolution projection displays". EE Times. 2007-12-05. Retrieved 2025-07-16.
411. Anderson, Marian (2018-10-07). "GPU History: Hitachi ARTC HD63484". IEEE Computer Society. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
412. Kanazawa, M; et al. (2003). "Ultrahigh-Definition Video System with 4000 Scanning Lines" (PDF). SMPTE Motion Imaging. NHK. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 1, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
413. "A breathtaking new approach to 16K production for Haneda Airport". Sony. 2015-02-15. Retrieved 2025-06-27.
414. Pennington, Adrian (2018). "Forget 8K, are you ready for 32K?". Red Shark News. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
415. "JVC Unveils World's First Handheld 4K Camcorder". JVC. January 10, 2012. Retrieved 2025-07-24.
416. Chacksfield, Marc (2008-08-28). "Toshiba unveils world's first upscaling TV". TechRadar. Retrieved 2025-07-24.
417. "Milestones:Development of Electronic Television, 1924–1941". Retrieved June 15, 2017.
418. Forrester, Chris (2011-08-28). High Above: The untold story of Astra, Europe's leading satellite company. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-12009-1.
419. "Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television". NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation). 2002. Archived from the original on 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
420. Abramson, Albert. (1995). Zworykin, pioneer of television. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02104-5. OCLC 29954436.
421. "Chapter 9: The Model 2T7 Transistor". Sony History. Sony. 1996. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
422. Bateman, Selby (April 1986). "New Technologies: The Converging Digital Universe". Compute!. No. 71. pp. 21-29 (26-8).
423. Lea, William (9 May 1994). Video on demand: Research Paper 94/68. House of Commons Library. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
424. "Corporate History". Nippon TV. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
425. Simon Thompson (2015-05-15). "High Dynamic Range at the SES Industry Days". BBC. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
426. "Qube Turns 25". TV Tech. 2002-12-05. Retrieved 2025-06-08.
427. Gene Gregory (1985), Japanese Electronics Technology, Enterprise and Innovation, page 351, Japan Times
428. Fisher, Arthur (May 1985). "Science Newsfront". Popular Science. 226 (5). Bonnier Corporation: 10. ISSN 0161-7370.
429. "Popular Science Blog - Color Burns Bright with Mitsubishi's Laser TV".
430. Spin, Jul 1985, page 55
431. "Teletopics: New Ideas" (PDF). Practical Television. United Kingdom. December 1972. p. 54.
432. Popular Science, April 1970, page 26
433. Takeda, Tomohiro (2015). 大日本帝国の発明 (in Japanese). Japan: Saizusha. 乾電池の発明.
434. "The Stopwatch and the Chronograph Part 3". The Seiko Museum Ginza. Seiko. Retrieved 2025-07-07.
435. "Our Heritage Since 1974: Redefining the timepiece in every era to make life better". Casio. Retrieved 2025-07-06.
436. Challenge of the Myriad Year Clock (万年時計の謎に挑む), TV program (in Japanese) broadcast on 23 April 2005, Japan Broadcasting Corp. Retrieved on 2009-02-05.
437. "Quartz Crystal Chronometer". The Seiko Museum Ginza. Seiko. Retrieved 2025-07-07.
438. "Electronic Quartz Wristwatch, 1969". IEEE History Center. Archived from the original on May 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
439. "History". Seiko. Retrieved 2025-07-17.
440. "SEIKO Kinetic. 20 years of success" (Press release). Seiko. 2007-04-12. Archived from the original on 2018-03-11. Retrieved 2014-11-11.
441. "The Stopwatch and the Chronograph Part 2". The Seiko Museum Ginza. Seiko. Retrieved 2025-07-07.
442. "Seiko Computer Watch Fun". 14 July 2005. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
443. First USA-Japan Computer Conference Proceedings: October 3-5, 1972, Tokyo, Japan, pages 320-1, American Federation of Information Processing Societies
444. Mellor, David (2013-07-18). "Chapter 6: Digital Video". Sound Person's Guide to Video. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1136120770.
445. "The Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame: Sony DCR-VX1000 - IEEE Spectrum". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. 3 January 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
446. "Toshiba Science Museum : World's First DVD Player". toshiba-mirai-kagakukan.jp. Retrieved March 26, 2022. In November 1996, Toshiba introduced the world's first DVD player, the SD-3000, as a result of developments initiated in 1994.
447. SMPTE Journal: Publication of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Volume 96, Issues 1–6; Volume 96, page 256, Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
448. "First of Their Kind". Toshiba. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
449. "Chapter 1: The Video Cassette Tape". Sony. Retrieved 2025-06-27.
450. Sony sold 15,000 U-matic machines in the U.S. in its first year. "Television on a Disk," Time, September 18, 1972.
451. Pollack, Andrew (1992-01-20). "Shizuo Takano, 68, an Engineer Who Developed VHS Recorders". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
452. McDonald, Paul (2007-08-06). Video and DVD Industries. British Film Institute. p. 33. ISBN 9781844571673. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
453. "History of Video Compression". ITU-T. Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG & ITU-T VCEG (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 and ITU-T SG16 Q.6). July 2002. pp. 11, 24–9, 33, 40–1, 53–6. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
454. "ITU-T Recommendation declared patent(s)". ITU. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
455. "VC-1 Patent List". VIA-LA. Retrieved 2025-04-05.
456. Shankland, Stephen (10 March 2020). "Streaming video could be saddled with a new patent licensing cost". CNET. Retrieved 15 March 2020. Sisvel begins selling licenses for more than 1,050 patents for AV1, a video technology that's supposed to be free.
457. Chiariglione, Leonardo (6 September 2009). "Riding the Media Bits — MPEG's first Steps". Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
458. "ISO Standards and Patents". ISO. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
459. "MPEG-2 Patent List" (PDF). MPEG LA. April 1, 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-29. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
460. "MPEG-4 Visual - Patent List" (PDF). MPEG LA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
461. "AVC/H.264 Licensors". MPEG-LA. Archived from the original on 2015-05-30. Retrieved 2013-05-19.
462. "HEVC: Patent List" (PDF). MPEG LA. 1 July 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
463. "VVC Worldwide Essential Patents Landscape". Access Advance. Retrieved 2025-05-31.
464. Quesada, Alejandro de (2014-07-20). MP 38 and MP 40 Submachine Guns. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78096-390-7.
465. "A little about the machines, and who makes (made) them". Retrieved 15 February 2021.
466. Iveniuk, Robert (2024-11-30). "How Record of Lodoss War Influenced Anime and Tabletop Gaming". Anime Herald. Retrieved 2025-07-07.
467. "About the origin and rules of renju". Nihon Renju-sha (in Japanese). 2022-09-19. Archived from the original on 2023-04-03. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
468. 連珠…その起源
469. Smith 2019.
470. Battelle, John (June 1, 1993). "The Next Level: Sega's Plans for World Domination". Wired. Condé Nast Publications. Archived from the original on 2016-01-03. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
471. Periscope: A Game A Challenge (PDF). Sega. 1968.
472. Zagal, Jose P.; Edwards, Benj (2024-05-14). Seeing Red: Nintendo's Virtual Boy. MIT Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-262-36184-2.
473. "Duck Hunt". Sega Retro. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
474. Harlock, J.D. "Insert Coin(s) Here: The History of the American Arcade". The Ilford Review. Retrieved 2025-06-13.
475. "Night Rider". Sega Retro. 2025-03-28. Retrieved 2025-06-15.
476. "New Sega Gun To Bow at ATE: Sega Duck Shoot". Cash Box. Cash Box Pub. Co.: 34 4 January 1969.
477. Williams 2017, pp. 64–5.
478. Shaggy (2015-06-03). "Sega Turns 55 – Let's Remember Their Electromechanical Games". Arcade Heroes. Retrieved 2025-06-09.
479. "Kansai Seiki (Kasco) – appearance ~ cockpit". A foreigners' guide to eremeka arcades. Retrieved 2025-06-13.
480. McFerran, Damien (2022-01-28). "Sega Is Exiting The Japanese Amusement Arcade Business After Half A Century". Nintendo Life. Retrieved 2025-06-02.
481. Horowitz 2018, p. 10.
482. Coxworth, Ben (2024-08-03). "Sega Jet Rocket: The trailblazing '70s arcade game with no computer or screen". New Atlas. Retrieved 2025-05-26.
483. "Did You Know... Game & Pop Culture Fun Facts & Trivia". Live Magazine. Gametraders. April–May 2017. pp. 26–7.
484. Heath, David (2024-05-24). "7 Best Open-World Games by Sega, Ranked". Game Rant. Retrieved 2025-06-15.
485. McFerran, Damien (2018-08-13). "Wild Gunman And The Unlikely Story Of Sega And Nintendo's Early Coin-Op Alliance". Nintendo Life. Retrieved 2025-05-26.
486. "First live-action light-gun game". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2025-06-20.
487. Horowitz, Ken (2020-08-20). Beyond Donkey Kong: A History of Nintendo Arcade Games. McFarland & Company. pp. 16–7, 32–5. ISBN 978-1-4766-8420-8.
488. Stansfield, Jim (1969-11-22). "Family Fun Centers - Where Are You?" (PDF). Cash Box. p. 70.
489. Demaria, Rusel; Johnny L. Wilson (2002). High Score! The Illustrated History of Video games. McGraw-Hill. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-07-222428-3.
490. "Arcade Dreams' Forgotten Classics: Sega Gun Fight". IGN. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
491. "Monte Carlo". Sega Retro. 2 June 2025. Retrieved 2025-06-21.
492. Mukherjee, Arnab (3 June 2020). "Bandersnatched: The origins of interactive storytelling and branching storylines". Digit. Retrieved 2025-06-03.
493. "70s Amusement Machine History" (PDF). Japan Amusement Machine and Marketing Association (JAMMA) (in Japanese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-11. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
494. Hartigan, Elizabeth (5 September 1985). "The way ninjas sell, it could be Japanese hotcake, but it isn't". Star Tribune. p. 37. Retrieved 21 April 2022.(subscription required)
495. "Arcade Retrospective: The Tech That Nearly Killed the Arcade Industry! – Part 2". Arcade Heroes. 2023-02-13. Retrieved 2025-06-03.
496. Kasco and the Electro-Mechanical Golden Age (Interview), Classic Videogame Station ODYSSEY, 2001
497. Steve L. Kent (2001), The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond: the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world, p. 102, Prima, ISBN 0-7615-3643-4
498. "もぐら叩きを作った男" [The man who made Whac-A-Mole] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2014-11-13. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
499. "Sound Chips and Chiptune". Synth History. 2020-05-20. Retrieved 2025-06-23.
500. Fritsch, Melanie (2021). Summers, Tim (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Video Game Music. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-1-108-60919-7.
501. Mackie, Drew (August 24, 2022). "Unpacking the Sounds of Earthbound's Arcade". Thrilling Tales of Old Video Games. Retrieved 2025-06-25.
502. Collins, Karen (2008). Game sound: an introduction to the history, theory, and practice of video game music and sound design. MIT Press. pp. 112–118. ISBN 978-0-262-03378-7. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
503. "Jumbo". Sega Retro. Retrieved 2025-06-20.
504. Sweet, Michael (2014-09-19). Writing Interactive Music for Video Games: A Composer's Guide. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 978-0-13-356351-1.
505. Hopkins, Christopher (2022-08-31). Video Game Audio: A History, 1972-2020. McFarland & Company. pp. 19–21, 23–4. ISBN 978-1-4766-7435-3.
506. "Moon Patrol - MAME machine". Arcade Database. Retrieved 2025-06-25.
507. Nintendo (1993). "SNES Development Manual - Section 3, Super NES Sound". Nintendo. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
508. Block, Gerry, NES Power Pad Rocking Rhythm-Action Play Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine, IGN, July 7, 2008, Accessed April 10, 2009
509. Miller, Skyler (2001-01-24). "Dance Dance Revolution". Salon.com. Retrieved 2025-05-30.
510. "First guitar controller for a videogame". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2025-06-23.
511. Altice, Nathan (May 2015). I Am Error: The Nintendo Family Computer / Entertainment System Platform. MIT Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-262-02877-6.
512. "セガ60周年スペシャルインタビュー。伝説の筐体R360や『バーチャファイター』などアーケード開発者が開発秘話をたっぷり語る！" [Sega 60th Anniversary Special Interview: Arcade developers of the legendary chassis R360 and "Virtua Fighter" tell a lot of development secrets!]. Famitsu (in Japanese). 28 June 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
513. Hunter, William (2019-02-13). "Donkey Kong & Nintendo". The Dot Eaters. Retrieved 2025-06-14.
514. Fahs, Travis (March 3, 2008). "The Lives and Deaths of the Interactive Movie". IGN. Retrieved March 11, 2011.
515. Carlo Savorelli. "Xevious". Hardcore Gaming 101. p. 2. Archived from the original on July 31, 2010. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
516. "The top ten retro gaming secrets". PC Pro. 1 October 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-10-02.
517. Parker, Gregg Maxwell (2021-03-10). "10 Games For The Original Game Boy That Still Hold Up". Game Rant. Retrieved 2025-06-13.
518. "New 3DS XL Review". GameSpot. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
519. Leone, Matt (2015-02-03). "How Sega built the Genesis". Polygon. Retrieved 2025-06-08.
520. Peddie, Jon (2023-01-01). The History of the GPU - Eras and Environment. Springer Nature. p. 26. ISBN 978-3-031-13581-1.
521. Linneman, John (2018-05-13). "DF Retro: Revisiting Sega's Nomad - the original Switch?". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2025-06-16.
522. Linneman, John (2019-07-27). "Revisiting the Famicom Disk System: mass storage on console in 1986". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2025-06-20.
523. "Top 25 Videogame Consoles Of All Time: 13. TurboGrafx-16". IGN. 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
524. "Chapter 3: Game & Watch". Classic Videogame Hardware Genius Guide. Imagine Publishing. 2011. ISBN 978-1-908222-22-0.
525. History of Nintendo – Inventor Gunpei Yokoi. Inventors.about.com (1992-10-27). Retrieved on 2014-04-18.
526. Fahs, Travis (21 April 2009). "IGN Presents the History of SEGA". IGN. p. 7. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
527. Takano, Masaharu (September 11, 1995). "How the Famicom Modem was Born". Nikkei Electronics (in Japanese). Archived from the original on July 3, 2012.
528. McFerran, Damien (November 20, 2010). "Slipped Disk – The History of the Famicom Disk System". Nintendo Life. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
529. Cornelius, Dylan (2018-05-08). "Phantasy Star II: Amia's Adventure (MD, 1990)". Sega Does. Retrieved 2025-06-08.
530. "First console to feature a satellite modem add-on". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2025-06-23.
531. Stuart, Keith (2018-11-28). "Sega Dreamcast at 20: the futuristic games console that came too soon". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2025-06-24.
532. "Sega Launches Online Game Network". The New York Times. 2000-09-05. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
533. History of Sony PlayStation – Who Made the First PlayStation. Inventors.about.com (2014-03-05). Retrieved on 2014-04-18.
534. Ferreira, Becky (2016-02-21). "Why Zelda Was so Revolutionary When It Came Out 30 Years Ago Today". VICE. Retrieved 2025-06-20.
535. "Bravo World Record!". Famicom Tsūshin (in Japanese). No. 226. 16 April 1993. p. 91.
536. "FRAM converges with video game". EDN. Vol. 39, no. 5–8. 1994. p. 14. In the highest-volume usage yet for nonvolatile ferroelectric RAMs (FRAMs), video-game maker Sega has shipped several million copies of its new game, "Sonic the Hedgehog III," which incorporates FRAMS from Ramtron International Corp to save a game between sessions.
537. Nicoll, Benjamin (2015). "Bridging the Gap: The Neo Geo, the Media Imaginary, and the Domestication of Arcade Games". Games and Culture. 12 (2): 1–22. doi:10.1177/1555412015590048. S2CID 147981978.
538. Sharp Corporation [@SHARP_JP] (October 25, 2013). "ファミコン内蔵テレビ 19C-C1Fは1983年10月25日に発売（14型は一足はやく10/4発売）当初は「８ビットマイコン内蔵 マイコンピュータテレビ」という名でデビュー。今年でちょうど、30周年です。" (Tweet) (in Japanese). Retrieved September 18, 2022 – via Twitter.
539. Plunkett, Luke (August 25, 2016) [October 28, 2015]. "The Nintendo Console From The 80s Made For Recording Gameplay Footage". Kotaku. G/O Media. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
540. "Nintendo Color-TV Game Racing 112 (カラーテレビゲームレーシング112)". Nintendo Sega Japan!. 2016-09-24. Retrieved 2025-06-13.
541. Dalmau, Daniel Sánchez-Crespo (2004). Core Techniques and Algorithms in Game Programming. New Riders. pp. 22–3. ISBN 978-0-13-102009-2.
542. Lanxon, Nate (11 March 2008). "Sega VR". Vapourware: The tech that never was. CNET.com. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
543. "XE-1 AP". Sega Retro. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
544. Kohler, Chris (2005-09-13). "Controller's History Dynamite". 1Up.com. Archived from the original on 2012-09-29. Retrieved 2019-01-16.
545. "Sega Beginning Shipment Of New 'Heli-Shooter' & 'Sega Soccer' Games" (PDF). Cash Box. 31 December 1977. p. 146.
546. "After Burner II - Developer Interviews". Shmuplations. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
547. Buchanan, Levi (2008-09-08). "From Janitor to Superstar Gunpei Yokoi, inventor of the Game Boy, would have been 67 this week". IGN. Archived from the original on 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
548. Horowitz 2018, p. 11.
549. Reynolds, Ollie (2025-05-05). "Best Twin-Stick Shooters On Nintendo Switch". Nintendo Life. Retrieved 2025-06-03.
550. "National Television Academy Announces Emmy Winning Achievements: Honors Bestowed at 58th Annual Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards". 2007-09-20. Archived from the original on 2007-12-16. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
551. "Get a Grip!!!: Joysticks Past, Present & Future" (PDF). Next Generation. No. 17. Imagine Media. May 1996. pp. 34–42. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
552. "Sega Intros "Motopolo" Game" (PDF). Cash Box. April 13, 1968. p. 71.
553. Levi Buchanan, (September 5, 2008), Space Harrier Retrospective, IGN, Archived from the original on March 14, 2012
554. "「怒」を作った男" [The Man Who Made "Ikari"]. Continue (in Japanese). March 2001.
555. Kohler, Chris (2016-10-21). Power-Up: How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life. Courier Dover Publications. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-486-80149-0.
556. Herman, Leonard (January 2018). "The Nintendo Odyssey". Old School Gamer Magazine. Retrieved 2025-06-09.
557. Spöhrer, Markus; Ochsner, Beate (2023-12-18). Disability and Video Games: Practices of En-/Disabling Modes of Digital Gaming. Springer Nature. pp. 91–2. ISBN 978-3-031-34374-2.
558. Zhouxiang, Lu (2024-12-09). A History of Sports Video Games: Building Virtual Athletic Fields in the Digital Age. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-040-26716-5.
559. Prince, Max (September 14, 2019). "How The Creator Of Shenmue Reinvented Arcade Gaming". Motorcyclist. Retrieved 2025-06-24.
560. Grossman, Lev (2006). "Best Inventions". Time. Archived from the original on 2009-04-28. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
561. "Sega's Wonderful Simulation Games Over The Years". Arcade Heroes. 6 June 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
562. Keinert, Kevin (December 2001). "The Hunt for Sega's R360 Wing War". RePlay.
563. Wolf, Mark J. P. (April 23, 2012). Encyclopedia of Video Games: The Culture, Technology, and Art of Gaming. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313379369 – via Google Books.
564. Sea Devil at the Killer List of Videogames
565. "Indy 500 - Kasco Distributing Co. (Arcade) - EU". Museum of the Game. Retrieved 2025-06-09.
566. "Terebi Oekaki / Sega Graphic Board". SMS Power. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
567. Orland, Kyle (2024-02-02). "Fans preserve and emulate Sega's extremely rare '80s "AI computer"". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2025-06-04.
568. Sega Arcade History. Famitsu DC (in Japanese). Enterbrain. 2002. p. 34.
569. Kato, Hiloko; Bauer, René (2021-06-10), Suter, Beat; Bauer, René; Kocher, Mela (eds.), "Mukokuseki and the Narrative Mechanics in Japanese Games" (PDF), Edition Medienwissenschaft, vol. 82 (1 ed.), Bielefeld, Germany: Transcript Verlag, pp. 113–150, doi:10.14361/9783839453452-006, ISBN 978-3-8376-5345-8, retrieved 2025-06-04
570. Lendino, Jamie (2020-09-27). Attract Mode: The Rise and Fall of Coin-Op Arcade Games. Steel Gear Press. pp. 59–61.
571. "A Bowling Alley No Arcade Should Be Without / Capcom Bows "Next Final Fight" With Magic Sword". RePlay. Vol. 15, no. 12. September 1990. pp. 19–20, 68.
572. "The History of Airsoft". Abbey Supply. 2 March 2016.
573. "A Journey through the History of Airsoft". Amped Airsoft. September 11, 2023. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
574. "First Soccer Videogame". Guinness World Records. Retrieved May 1, 2025.
575. Greenbaum, Aaron (28 October 2023). "15 Most Important Arcade Games Ever". Den of Geek. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
576. "First skiing videogame". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2025-06-17.
577. Wilds, Anastasia (2021-08-16). "The 10 Best Olympic Sports Video Games". Screen Rant. Retrieved 2025-06-17.
578. Tunney, Jack (22 March 2023). "The history of rugby union video games: 1984 - 2008". RugbyPass. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
579. "Oh!FM-7 : アムノーク（アスキー/1986年）［ソフトウェア］". Oh!FM-7 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2025-05-30.
580. Arellano, Patrick (2022-06-25). "10 Video Games That Were The First Of Their Genre". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2025-06-15.
581. Yanofsky, Daniel (2023-02-09). "History of boxing video games from Mike Tyson's Punch-Out to EA Sports Fight Night". The Sporting News. Retrieved 2025-06-17.
582. McLaughlin, Rus (2008-11-12). "IGN Presents the History of Wrestling Games". IGN. Retrieved 2025-06-17.
583. "Arcade Archives Shusse Ozumo for Nintendo Switch - Nintendo Official Site". www.nintendo.com. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
584. Dixon, Chris (May 7, 2004). "DRIVING; Drifting: The Fast Art of the Controlled Slide". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
585. Super Street, Issue 4, December 1996
586. Borowy, Michael; Jin, Dal Yong; Pluda, Alessandra (15 October 2013). "Pioneering eSport: The Experience Economy and the Marketing of Early 1980s Arcade Gaming Contests". International Journal of Communication. 7: 1–21 (9). ISSN 1932-8036.
587. Daniel, Eric D.; Mee, C. Denis; Clark, Mark H. (1998-08-31). Magnetic Recording: The First 100 Years. John Wiley & Sons. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-7803-4709-0.
588. Shandor, John (2001-02-09). "Supr Bwl Replay Technlgy Draws on Carnegie Mellon and Psc". HPCwire. Retrieved 2025-07-14.
589. Clements, Jonathan (2013). Anime: A History. British Film Institute. p. 79. ISBN 978-1844573905.
590. Schodt 1983, p. 79.
591. Forster, Winnie (2008). Computer- und Video-Spielmacher (in German). Gameplan. p. 341. ISBN 978-3-00-021584-1. Sit-Down-Rennspiel Get A Way (1978) mit 16-bit-CPU. [Sit-down racing game Get A Way (1978) with 16-bit-CPU.]
592. Murnane, Kevin. "From Pong To Playstation: The 40-Year Evolution Of Gaming Processing Power". Forbes. Retrieved 2025-06-13.
593. "Overseas Readers Column: 21st AM Show Of Tokyo Held Heralding The Age Of The Video Disk" (PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 223. Amusement Press, Inc. 1 November 1983. p. 34.
594. "Plazma Line". Oh!FM. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
595. "スタークルーザー ストーリーダイジェスト（バッドエンド）". SSSG攻略日記 (in Japanese). 2022-08-21. Retrieved 2025-06-15.
596. "The Essential 50 Archives: The Most Important Games Ever Made". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on 2004-10-11. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
597. "The Disappearance of Yu Suzuki: Part 1". 1Up.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2016-03-11.
598. "A New Dimension to Arcade Games : Time Traveler Introduces 3-D Action to Lure Coins From Players' Pockets". Los Angeles Times. July 23, 1991.
599. McFerran, Damien (28 May 2015). "Throwback Thursday: Ridge Racer". Red Bull. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
600. Fahs, Travis (April 21, 2009). "IGN Presents the History of SEGA - IGN - Page 8". IGN. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
601. "Panorama Toh". Kotaku. Retrieved 2025-05-30.
602. Stenbuck, Kite (5 June 2025). "Revival Xanadu: Easy Version gets an EGG Console Switch port on June 12". RPG Site. Retrieved 2025-06-16.
603. "Falcom Classics". GameSetWatch. 12 July 2006. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
604. Bea, Robin (8 October 2024). "15 Years Later, the Most Influential RPG of the Century Still Feels Original". Inverse. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
605. "First videogame to feature animated aliens". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2025-06-22.
606. Spencer, Spanner, The Tao of Beat-'em-ups, Eurogamer, February 6, 2008, Accessed March 18, 2009
607. "人気キャラクターの原点にしてベルトスクロールアクションの始祖「熱血硬派くにおくん」" [The origin of the popular character, the founder of the belt scroll action "Kunio-kun"]. IGCC (in Japanese). Institute of Game Culture Convervation. 25 April 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
608. Sellers, John (2001). Arcade Fever: The Fan's Guide to the Golden Age of Video Games. Philadelphia, PA: Running Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-7624-0937-2. Rally-X's longest lasting emission to the video-game ether was its debut of the bonus stage, a signature of later classics like Galaga and Joust. Despite this important innovation and certain addictive gameplay elements, Rally-X paled next to the supernova releases that it had bested at its coming out party.
609. "1980". Sega Arcade History. Famitsu DC (in Japanese). Enterbrain. 2002. pp. 40–42 (40).
610. Moyse, Chris (14 February 2020). "SNK obscurity Sasuke vs. Commander returns on PS4 and Switch". Destructoid. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
611. Sterbakov, Hugh (5 March 2008). "The 47 Most Diabolical Video-Game Villains of All Time". GamePro. Archived from the original on 2008-03-09. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
612. Roberts, Mike (May 1985). "Coin-Op Connection". Computer Gamer. No. 2. United Kingdom: Argus Press. pp. 26–7.
613. "Fantasy Zone – 2014 Developer Interview". Shooting Gameside. Vol. 10. 26 September 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
614. "The Possibilities of Adventure Games with Yuji Horii of Enix and Rika Suzuki of Riverhillsoft". Beep. 1987. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
615. "Megal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain". Official Xbox Magazine. Christmas 2015. p. 109.
616. Heath, David (2023-10-08). "Metal Gear: Best Fourth Wall Breaks". Game Rant. Retrieved 2025-06-21.
617. McFerran, Damien (December 18, 2015). "How Star Wars Helped Nintendo Defeat One Of Sega's Most Ludicrous Patents". Nintendo Life. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
618. Glenday, Craig, ed. (2008). "Record Breaking Games: Platform Games". Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2008. Guinness World Records. Jim Pattison Group. pp. 108–110. ISBN 978-1-904994-21-3. Retrieved December 18, 2019 – via archive.org.
619. "The History of the PC Engine (1987/2003)". Shmuplations. 2022-01-03. Retrieved 2025-06-03.
620. Szczepaniak, John (November 2015). The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers. Vol. 2. SMG Szczepaniak. pp. 85, 97–8. ISBN 978-1518818745.
621. Wood, Sophie (2025-06-18). "Chomping through time: Celebrating 45 years of Pac-Man". National Science and Media Museum. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
622. "Cracking the Code: The Konami Code". 1up.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
623. "The Player's Guide to Climbing Games". Electronic Games. 1 (11): 54. January 1983. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
624. Szczepaniak, John (2014). "Flash Boy". The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers (DVD). Hardcore Gaming 101. Event occurs at 1:34:00.
625. "Pre-Street Fighter II Fighting Games". Hardcore Gaming 101. February 19, 2015. p. 4. Retrieved 2025-06-04.
626. Heath, David (2025-03-09). "Famous Firsts in Fighting Games". Game Rant. Retrieved 2025-06-15.
627. "北海道連鎖殺人 オホーツクに消ゆ". Enterbrain. Archived from the original on 1 August 2003. Retrieved 20 September 2011. (Translation Archived 12 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine)
628. Szczepaniak, John (February 2011). "Portopia Renzoku Satsujin Jiken". Retro Gamer. pp. 64–5.
629. Horowitz 2018, pp. 31–5.
630. "Balloon Gun". Sega Retro. Retrieved 2025-06-17.
631. Deci, T.J. "Gun Fight - Overview". AllGame. Archived from the original on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
632. Brian Ashcraft (January 20, 2010). "How Cover Shaped Gaming's Last Decade". Kotaku. Retrieved 2011-03-26.
633. Gordon, Shawn (October 11, 2009). "Greatest "Retro" Console Games of All Time". Game Informer. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
634. César A. Berardini (September 29, 2006). "Gears of War: Five Things You Didn't Know". TeamXbox. IGN Entertainment. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
635. Sellers, John (21 August 2001). "Quarter Pounder Deluxe". Arcade Fever The Fan's Guide To The Golden Age Of Video Games. Running Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7624-0937-2. Deluxe Space Invaders landed in 1979. Titled Space Invaders Part II in Japan, the game replicated the frenzy of the original but didn't bring much novelty to the arcade. Kudos, however, to Taito for one innovation: The sequel featured funny little intermission scenes between levels (a precursor to the breaks in Pac-Man), in which the last invader you shot would limp off screen.
636. Martin, Garrett (May 1, 2024). "Nintensive Care: How 1979's Sheriff Foreshadowed Nintendo's Success". Paste Magazine. Retrieved 2025-06-25.
637. Waters, Tim (2011-02-08). "Full Reactive Eyes Entertainment: Incorporating Quick Time Events into Gameplay". Game Developer. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
638. Main, Brendan (2009-12-12). "I Smash the Body Electric: An Ethic of Digital Impact". eScholarship – via California Digital Library.
639. "Speed Race". Kotaku. 2025-06-09. Retrieved 2025-06-13.
640. Smallwood, Karl (2011-06-07). "6 Glitches That Accidentally Invented Modern Gaming". Cracked.com. Retrieved 2025-06-13.
641. Lindl, Jessica (2025-04-22). The Career Game Loop: Learn to Earn in the New Economy. John Wiley & Sons. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-394-21767-0.
642. "First videogame in which players had to repel hordes of enemies". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2025-06-21.
643. "It's not a bug, it's a feature". The Mancunion. 2021-02-12. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
644. Reynolds, Ollie (2022-08-30). "Video: Masahiro Sakurai Breaks Down 'Risk And Reward' In Games". Nintendo Life. Retrieved 2025-06-21.
645. "Pre-Street Fighter II Fighting Games". Hardcore Gaming 101. p. 8. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
646. Davies, Jonti (September 2008). "The Making Of: OutRun". Retro Gamer. No. 54. Imagine Publishing. pp. 26–33. ISSN 1742-3155.
647. Gray, Kate (2023-01-01). "How Stardew Valley Grew The Farm Sim While Harvest Moon Went To Seed". Nintendo Life. Retrieved 2025-06-04.
648. "Manbiki Shoujo". Kotaku. Retrieved 2025-06-17.
649. Ashcraft 2008, p. 94.
650. Geddes, Ryan; Hatfield, Daemon (2007-12-10). "IGN's Top 10 Most Influential Games". IGN. Retrieved 2025-07-05.
651. Ragan, Jess (June 15, 2006). "Playing With Power: Great Ideas That Have Changed Gaming Forever". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on 2006-06-17. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
652. Friend, Devin (21 January 2024). "25 Years Ago, Super Smash Bros. Changed the Face of Fighting Games". Game Rant. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
653. Interceptor at the Killer List of Videogames
654. Barder, Ollie (2025-05-14). "Tomohiro Nishikado On Making 'Space Invaders' And What Makes Games Fun". Time Extension. Retrieved 2025-05-26.
655. "Amnork". LaunchBox Games Database. Retrieved 2025-06-04.
656. "Star Cruiser". Kotaku. 21 November 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2025.
657. Elijah, L. (2024-01-15). "The Making Of Nintendo's First Video Game Console – TV-Game 6". RetroBreak. Retrieved 2025-06-14.
658. "SimDrive". Kotaku. Retrieved 2025-05-31.
659. "Expanding the Dreamcast Collection: Part 2 - The Hikaru Seven". The Dreamcast Junkyard. February 2016. Retrieved 2025-05-31.
660. Phillips, Rachael (2025-02-01). "10 Best Hack And Slash Horror Games, Ranked". Game Rant. Retrieved 2025-06-04.
661. Hovermale, Chris (10 March 2019). "How Devil May Cry's arcade inspirations shaped character action games". Destructoid. Retrieved 30 April 2021.^{[permanent dead link]}
662. Shannon Symonds (2010-11-19). "The Changing Face of Winning in Video Games". International Center for the History of Electronic Games. Archived from the original on 2010-12-05. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
663. Stobbart, Dawn (1 October 2019). Videogames and Horror: From Amnesia to Zombies, Run!. University of Wales Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-78683-437-9.
664. Burke, Chris; Meikleham, Dave (2020-01-29). "From Silent Hill 2 to Resident Evil 3 Remake: A brief history of survival horror games on Xbox". GamesRadar+. Retrieved 2025-07-10.
665. Thurman, Trace (2016-03-22). "Happy 20th Anniversary to 'Resident Evil!'". Bloody Disgusting!. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
666. Levin, Josh (19 December 2007). "How did movie zombies get so fast?". Slate. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
667. Jones, Tanya Carinae Pell (15 April 2014). "From Necromancy to the Necrotrophic: Resident Evil's Influence on the Zombie Origin Shift from Supernatural to Science". In Farghaly, Nadine (ed.). Unraveling Resident Evil: Essays on the Complex Universe of the Games and Films. McFarland & Company. pp. 7–18. ISBN 978-0-7864-7291-8.
668. Hey, Anthony J. G.; Pápay, Gyuri (2015). The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-521-76645-6.
669. Saucier, Jeremy (2024-07-03). "Gunfighter Gaming: A History of the Video Game Western Part I (1971 to 1979)". The Strong National Museum of Play. Retrieved 2025-07-10.
670. "The Dragon & Princess". Kotaku. 4 June 2025. Retrieved 2025-06-20.
671. "Final Fantasy Retrospective Part XIII". GameTrailers. 2007-11-02. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
672. Paez, Danny (2020-03-30). "Critical Hit! Tracing the origins of the gaming phrase, from D&D to Pokémon". Inverse. Retrieved 2025-05-26.
673. "Dragon Knight III (Turbografx-CD) review by Sho". HonestGamers. August 3, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
674. Zhouxiang, Lu (2023-11-01). "The Birth and Development of Sports Video Games From the 1950s to the Early 1980s". Sport History Review. 54 (2): 200–224. doi:10.1123/shr.2022-0037. ISSN 1087-1659.
675. Ben, Reeves (2014-11-04). "An Ode To The Most Important Power-Up: Double Jump". Game Informer. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
676. Kalata, Kurt (July 10, 2010). "Ninja-kun: Ashura no Shou". Hardcore Gaming 101. Retrieved 2025-06-21.
677. "Overseas Readers Column: Sega's Astron Belt Will Be Shipped Soon" (PDF). Game Machine. No. 211. Amusement Press, Inc. 1 May 1983. p. 30.
678. "Remembering Dyna Blaster, the first Battle Royale game I played". Eurogamer. 20 October 2017.
679. "San Diego's Gremlin: how video games work". San Diego Reader. 1982-07-15. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
680. Jankiewicz, Joshua (17 July 2014). "Heiankyo Alien". Hardcore Gaming 101. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
681. "Sega Races With 'Fonz' Game" (PDF). Cash Box. December 4, 1976. p. 41.
682. "First videogame character merchandise". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2025-06-22.
683. Records, Guinness World (6 November 2014). Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2015 Ebook. Guinness World Records. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-908843-71-5.
684. "Glass Joe Boxes Clever". Computer + Video Games. Future Publishing. August 1984. p. 47. Retrieved 2015-01-02.
685. Sullivan, Lucas (2014-03-10). "Top 7 Games you didn't know did it first". GamesRadar+. Retrieved 2025-07-11.
686. Kalata, Kurt (July 17, 2014). "Heiankyo Alien". Hardcore Gaming 101. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
687. Derboo, Sam (November 4, 2016). "Double Dragon 3 (Arcade)". Hardcore Gaming 101. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
688. "Sega Saturn exclusive! Virtua Fighter: fighting in the third dimension" (PDF). Computer and Video Games. No. 158 (January 1995). Future plc. 15 December 1994. pp. 12–3, 15–6, 19.
689. {{cite web |title=History of Motion Capture |url=http://www.motioncapturesociety.com/resources/industry-history |access-date=2013-08-10 |website=Motion Capture Society
690. Stuart, Keith (2021-05-13). "The 15 greatest video games of the 70s – ranked!". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2025-06-04.
691. "Arcade Archives SASUKE VS COMMANDER for Nintendo Switch". Nintendo. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
692. The LINKS (Network), MSX Resource Center
693. Meffert, Christian (2021-08-15). "10 Biggest Innovations To Open-World Games". Game Rant. Retrieved 2025-07-10.
694. Rogers, Scott (2010-09-29). Level Up! The Guide to Great Video Game Design. John Wiley & Sons. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-470-97092-8.
695. "Five great (but forgotten) alternatives to Pac-Man from the early '80s". Digitally Downloaded. 8 June 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
696. Mike Whalen, Giancarlo Varanini. "The History of Castlevania – Castlevania II: Simon's Quest". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
697. "Planet Mephius". Oh! FM-7. 21 June 2007. Retrieved 21 September 2011. (Translation)
698. "Alice: An Interactive Museum". Kotaku. 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2025-06-08.
699. Crawford, Chris (2003). "Space Panic". Chris Crawford on Game Design. New Riders. pp. 19, 94. ISBN 978-0-88134-117-1.
700. "ジャンプバグ レトロゲームしま専科". Archived from the original on 2008-04-12. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
701. Kalata, Kurt (August 23, 2017). "Almana no Kiseki". Hardcore Gaming 101. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
702. Totten, Christopher; Sandoval, Adrian (January 9, 2025). "Book Excerpt: World Design for 2D Action-Adventures". Game Developer. Retrieved 2025-06-21.
703. Davison, Josh (2021-07-20). "Super Mario Bros. & 9 More Games That Are Incorrectly Credited As Starting A Genre". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2025-06-16.
704. Harkin, Chris (2023-09-26). "6 Great Platformers That Are Older Than Mario". Game Rant. Retrieved 2025-06-16.
705. "First robot peripheral for a videogame". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2025-06-19.
706. Redmill, K.A.; Martin, J.I.; Ozgliner, U. (2000). Virtual environment simulation for image processing sensor evaluation. International Conference on Intelligent Transportation. IEEE. pp. 64–70 (65). doi:10.1109/ITSC.2000.881019. ISBN 978-0-7803-5971-0. Driving simulation systems are not new. Computer games have attempted to provide an exciting simulation of a driving experience since Atari's popular 1982 "Pole Position".
707. Reilly, Luke (2015-04-03). "The Top 10 Most Influential Racing Games Ever". IGN. Retrieved 2025-06-18.
708. Kalata, Kurt (2012-08-26). "Power Drift". Hardcoregaming101.
709. Dru Hill: The Chronicle of Druaga Archived 2005-01-19 at archive.today, 1UP
710. Brown, Fraser (15 January 2013). "Like Macross without the drama". Destructoid. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
711. Geddes, Ryan; Hatfield, Daemon (2007-12-10). "IGN's Top 10 Most Influential Games". IGN. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
712. Buchanan, Levi, Space Invaders Archived 2008-12-08 at the Wayback Machine, IGN, March 31, 2003, Accessed June 14, 2008
713. Ashcraft, p. 77
714. Szczepaniak, John (2014). The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers. Vol. 1. SMG Szczepaniak. pp. 7, 544–73, 604–15. ISBN 978-0-9929260-3-8.
715. Hand, Richard J. (2004). "Proliferating Horrors: Survival Horror and the Resident Evil Franchise". Horror Film. University Press of Mississippi. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-61703-411-4.
716. Stanton, Rich (2015). A Brief History Of Video Games: From Atari to Xbox One. Little, Brown Book Group, Hachette Book Group. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-4721-1881-3. Radar Scope owed much to the popularity of Space Invaders and Galaxian, but nevertheless felt original thanks to its 3D third-person perspective.
717. "Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom". Kotaku. 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2025-06-21.
718. Dobson, Jason (12 March 2007). "Post-GDC: Cliff Bleszinski Says Iteration Won Gears of War". Game Developer. Retrieved 2 April 2009.
719. "A Brief History of Visual Novels | And So, He Said". Archived from the original on 2016-01-26. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
720. Snow, John. "T. Theodore Fujita". Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
721. Tornado Damage Scales: Fujita Scale and Enhanced Fujita Scale
722. "Fujiwhara effect describes a stormy waltz". USA Today. 5 July 2006. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
723. Lewis, John M. (2003). "Oishi's Observation: Viewed in the Context of Jet Stream Discovery". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 84 (3): 357–369. Bibcode:2003BAMS...84..357L. doi:10.1175/BAMS-84-3-357.
724. "Mitsubishi A6M Zero Fighter". National Air and Space Museum. Smithsonian Institution. 2020-05-01. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
725. Otsuka, Masanori (2007). "Contributions to the field of neurotransmitters by Japanese scientists, and reflections on my own research". Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B. 83 (2): 47–64. doi:10.2183/pjab.83.47. PMC 3756739.
726. Mary Jo Zimbro; David A. Power; Sharon M. Miller; George E. Wilson; Julie A. Johnson (eds.). Difco & BBL Manual (PDF) (2nd ed.). Becton Dickinson and Company. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-06. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
727. "The Asahi Prize". The Asahi Shimbun. Asahi Prize. Retrieved 2025-07-13.
728. Goffeau, André (December 2005). "Multiple moulds". Nature. 438 (7071): 1092–1093. Bibcode:2005Natur.438.1092G. doi:10.1038/4381092b. PMID 16371993.
729. Ishino Y, Shinagawa H, Makino K, Amemura M, Nakata A (1987). "Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product". J Bacteriol. 169 (12): 5429–33. doi:10.1128/jb.169.12.5429-5433.1987. PMC 213968. PMID 3316184.
730. Fukuzawa, Masakatsu; Gotoda, Takuji (2012-12-01). "History of endoscopic submucosal dissection and role for colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection: A Japanese perspective". Gastrointestinal Intervention. 1 (1): 30–35. doi:10.1016/j.gii.2012.09.001. ISSN 2213-1795.
731. "Legendary Japanese Pharmaceutical Scholars". The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. Retrieved 2025-07-10.
732. Fukui, Kenichi; Yonezawa, Teijiro; Shingu, Haruo (1952). "A Molecular Orbital Theory of Reactivity in Aromatic Hydrocarbons". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 20 (4): 722. Bibcode:1952JChPh..20..722F. doi:10.1063/1.1700523.
733. Mestler, GE (April 1956). "A galaxy of old Japanese medical books with miscellaneous notes on early medicine in Japan. III. Urology, syphilology and dermatology; surgery and pathology". Bull Med Libr Assoc. 44 (2): 125–59. PMC 199999. PMID 13304528.
734. Ishizaka K, Ishizaka T, Hornbrook MM (1966). "Physico-chemical properties of human reaginic antibody. IV. Presence of a unique immunoglobulin as a carrier of reaginic activity". J. Immunol. 97 (1): 75–85. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.97.1.75. PMID 4162440. S2CID 255620017.
735. Scudellari, Megan (16 June 2016). "How iPS cells changed the world". Nature. 534 (7607): 310–312. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..310S. doi:10.1038/534310a. PMID 27306170.
736. "KS steel". Riken. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
737. "Tokushichi Mishima MK Magnetic Steel". Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
738. Nagai N. (1893). "Kanyaku maou seibun kenkyuu seiseki (zoku)". Yakugaku Zasshi. 13: 901.
739. "Historical overview of methamphetamine". Vermont Department of Health. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
740. Moitra, Karobi. A Journey Through Genetics, Part I. Biota Publishing. p. 49. ISBN 1615046410.
741. Okazaki R, Okazaki T, Sakabe K, Sugimoto K (June 1967). "Mechanism of DNA replication possible discontinuity of DNA chain growth". Japanese Journal of Medical Science & Biology. 20 (3): 255–60. PMID 4861623.
742. "Discovery and applications of photocatalysis — Creating a comfortable future by making use of light energy". Japan Nanonet Bulletin Issue 44, 12 May 2005.
743. Severinghaus JW, Honda Y (April 1987). "History of blood gas analysis. VII. Pulse oximetry". Journal of Clinical Monitoring. 3 (2): 135–8. doi:10.1007/bf00858362. PMID 3295125. S2CID 6463021.
744. Takemi Program in International Health Dr. Taro Takemi [1] Archived 2011-11-21 at the Wayback Machine
745. Endo, Akira (11 May 2010). BEPPU, Teruhiko (ed.). "A historical perspective on the discovery of statins". Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B. 86 (5): 484–493. Bibcode:2010PJAB...86..484E. doi:10.2183/pjab.86.484. PMC 3108295. PMID 20467214.
746. Pulvers, Roger, "Jokichi Takamine: a man with fire in his belly whatever the odds", Japan Times, June 28, 2009, p. 8.
747. Raichurkar, Pratik; Kaushal, Devesh; Wilson, Robert Beaumont (June 2024). "Adopters of Innovation in a Crisis: The History of Vera Gedroits, Kanehiro Takaki and the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905". Annals of Surgery Open. 5 (2): e422. doi:10.1097/AS9.0000000000000422. ISSN 2691-3593. PMC 11191903.
748. Miki, Makoto; Shiozawa, Hiroaki; Matsumoto, Tetsuo; Aizawa, Taku (November 2003). "Transurethral resection in saline (TURis): a newly developed TUR system preventing obturator nerve reflex". Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi. The Japanese Journal of Urology. 94 (7): 671–677. doi:10.5980/jpnjurol1989.94.671. ISSN 0021-5287. PMID 14671997.
749. Boyd, Jane E.; Rucker, Joseph (Summer 2013). "No Ill Nature: The Surprising History and Science of Poison Ivy and Its Relatives". Chemical Heritage Magazine. 31 (2). Chemical Heritage Foundation: 20–25. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
750. "Milestones". JEOL. Retrieved 2025-07-17.
751. "About Us". Hirox. Archived from the original on 2015-02-28.
752. "History". Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
753. "Appendix" (PDF). Olympus Corporation. 2021. pp. 38–44. Retrieved 2025-06-26.
754. "Basic Facts About Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal" (PDF). Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal. 2015. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
755. "In the beginning was the gastrocamera". Olympus Corporation. Retrieved 2025-06-26.
756. Ikeda S, Tobayashi K, Sunakura M, Hatakeyama T, Ono R (August 1969). "[Diagnosis using a fiberscope--the respiratory organs]". Naika (in Japanese). 24 (2): 284–91. PMID 5352887.
757. Kobayashi T, Koshiishi H, Kawate N, A dela Cruz CM, Kato H (1994). "The Performance of Prototype Videobronchoscopes: The Pentax Eb-Tm1830 and Eb-Tm1530". Journal of Bronchology & Interventional Pulmonology. 1 (2): 160–167.
758. Sep 25; 2011 2:53pm (2011-09-25). "PENTAX launches first HD video bronchoscope". Fierce Biotech. Retrieved 2025-06-26.
759. Takebayashi, Hiroshi; Ishigaki, Hajime; Ihara, Tomoaki; Sato, Akihito (2003-10-27). "New Frictional Testing Method for Stamping Formability: Development of Dr. STAMP (Direct & Rapid, Surface Tribology Analyzing Method for Press) Method". SAE Technical Paper. SAE Technical Paper Series. 1 (2003–01–2812) 2003-01-2812. SAE International. doi:10.4271/2003-01-2812.
760. Ichikawa, Katsuhiro; Hasegawa, Mikio; Kimura, Naohiro; Kawashima, Hiroko; Kodera, Yoshie (December 2008). "A New Resolution Enhancement Technology Using the Independent Sub-Pixel Driving for the Medical Liquid Crystal Displays". Journal of Display Technology. 4 (4): 377–382. doi:10.1109/JDT.2008.922414. ISSN 1558-9323.
761. "The Evolution of Medical Imaging Displays". Imaging Technology News. 2013-07-08. Retrieved 2025-07-24.
762. "Learn about the history of Konica Minolta". Konica Minolta. Konica. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
763. "Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?". The Economist. 2 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2020-11-22. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
764. Gregory M., Morris (2006). Candlestick Charting Explained: Timeless Techniques for Trading Stocks and Futures. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780071461542.
765. Schaede, Ulrike (September 1989). "Forwards and futures in tokugawa-period Japan: A new perspective on the Dōjima rice market". Journal of Banking & Finance. 13 (4–5): 487–513. doi:10.1016/0378-4266(89)90028-9.
766. "Japanese Drive Mobile Payment Market". Ericsson. 12 November 2010. Archived from the original on 15 March 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
767. "Japanese get first mobile wallets". BBC News. 2004-08-10. Retrieved 2025-06-03.
768. Chen, Zhiqun (2000). Java Card Technology for Smart Cards: Architecture and Programmer's Guide. Addison-Wesley Professional. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9780201703290.
769. Amari, Shun-ichi; Cichocki, Andrzej; Yang, Howard (1995). "A New Learning Algorithm for Blind Signal Separation" (PDF). Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 8. MIT Press.
770. Selin, Helaine. (1997), An Introduction to the History of Mathematics. Saunders College Publishing. p. 891, ISBN 0-03-029558-0
771. Smith, pp. 91–127., p. 91, at Google Books
772. Howard Eves: "An Introduction to the History of Mathematics", page 405, Saunders College Publishing, 1990. (ISBN 0-03-029558-0)
773. Hironaka, Heisuke (1962). "An example of a non-Kählerian complex-analytic deformation of Kählerian complex structures". Ann. of Math. 2. 75 (1): 190–208. doi:10.2307/1970426. JSTOR 1970426.
774. Amari, Shun'ichi (1983). "A foundation of information geometry". Electronics and Communications in Japan. 66 (6): 1–10. doi:10.1002/ecja.4400660602.
775. "Kiyosi Itô receives Kyoto Prize" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 45 (8). American Mathematical Society: 981–982. 1998.
776. Itô, Kiyoshi (1951). "On a formula concerning stochastic differentials". Nagoya Math. J. 3: 55–65. doi:10.1017/S0027763000012216.
777. Iwasawa, Kenkichi (1959), "On Γ-extensions of algebraic number fields", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 65 (4): 183–226, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1959-10317-7, ISSN 0002-9904, MR 0124316, Zbl 0089.02402
778. Bogomolny, Alexander (2018). "Incenters in cyclic quadrilaterals". Cut-the-Knot.
779. Vanli, Aysel Turgut; Sari, Ramazan (2014-06-04), Generalized Kenmotsu Manifolds, arXiv:1406.1032
780. Osada, Naoki (Aug 26, 2011). "収束の加速法の歴史 : 17世紀ヨーロッパと日本の加速法 (数学史の研究)" (PDF). Study of the History of Mathematics RIMS Kôkyûroku (in Japanese). 1787: 100–102 – via Kyoto University.
781. Association of American Geographers (1911). Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. I, p. 35
782. Rothman, T (1998). "Japanese Temple Geometry". Scientific American. 278 (5): 85–91. Bibcode:1998SciAm.278e..84R. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0598-84.
783. "Teiji Takagi". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
784. Oberlin, A; Endo, M; Koyama, T (1976). "Filamentous growth of carbon through benzene decomposition". Journal of Crystal Growth. 32 (3): 335–49. Bibcode:1976JCrGr..32..335O. doi:10.1016/0022-0248(76)90115-9.
785. Eklund PC (2007). WTEC Panel Report on 'International Assessment of Research and Development of Carbon Nanotube Manufacturing and Applications' Final Report (PDF) (Report). World Technology Evaluation Center (WTEC). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
786. Iijima S (7 November 1991). "Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon". Nature. 354 (6348): 56–58. Bibcode:1991Natur.354...56I. doi:10.1038/354056a0. S2CID 4302490.
787. Kawaura, Hisao; Sakamoto, Toshitsugu; Baba, Toshio; Ochiai, Yukinori; Fujita, Jun'ichi; Matsui, Shinji; Sone, Jun'ichi (1997). "Proposal of Pseudo Source and Drain MOSFETs for Evaluating 10-nm Gate MOSFETs". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 36 (3S): 1569. Bibcode:1997JaJAP..36.1569K. doi:10.1143/JJAP.36.1569. ISSN 1347-4065. S2CID 250846435.
788. Saito, Yahachi; Uemura, Sashiro; Hamaguchi, Koji (1998-03-01). "Cathode Ray Tube Lighting Elements with Carbon Nanotube Field Emitters". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 37 (3B): L346. doi:10.1143/JJAP.37.L346. ISSN 0021-4922.
789. "Hiroo Kinoshita: Lighting the way for extreme ultraviolet lithography". SPIE. 1 May 2023. Retrieved 2025-07-17.
790. "The Story Behind Nanoimprint Lithography". Canon Inc. 2018-06-07. Retrieved 2025-07-17.
791. Bassett, Deborah R. (2010). "Taniguchi, Norio". In Guston, David H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of nanoscience and society. London: SAGE. p. 747. ISBN 9781452266176. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
792. "Popular information: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014". NobelPrize.org. 2014. Retrieved 2025-07-10.
793. "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008" (Press release). The Nobel Foundation. 7 October 2008. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
794. "Milestones: Development of Ferrite Materials and Their Applications, 1930-1945". ETHW. IEEE Milestones. 2009-10-13. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
795. "Neodymium magnets". Borates. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
796. Miethe, A. (1924). "Der Zerfall des Quecksilberatoms". Die Naturwissenschaften. 12 (29): 597–598. Bibcode:1924NW.....12..597M. doi:10.1007/BF01505547. S2CID 35613814.
797. Kamihara, Yoichi; Hiramatsu, Hidenori; Hirano, Masahiro; Kawamura, Ryuto; Yanagi, Hiroshi; Kamiya, Toshio; Hosono, Hideo (2006-08-01). "Iron-Based Layered Superconductor: LaOFeP". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 128 (31): 10012–10013. doi:10.1021/ja063355c. ISSN 0002-7863.
798. "Nobel Prize in Physics 1949". Presentation Speech. The Noble Foundation. 1949.
799. Coughlan, G. D.; Dodd, J. E. (1991-11-07). The Ideas of Particle Physics: An Introduction for Scientists. Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-0-521-38677-7.
800. Fukui, Shuji (1991). "Shell-Like Structure of Nuclei Introduced by Tadayoshi Hikosaka in 1934" (PDF). Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement. 105. Oxford University Press: 136–146. doi:10.1143/PTPS.105.136. ISSN 0375-9687.
801. "World War II: Japanese Nuclear Weapons/Genshi Bakudan Program".
802. El Naschie, M. S. (September 2000) [23 August 1999]. "On Nishina's estimate of the critical mass for fission and early nuclear research in Japan". Chaos, Solitons & Fractals. 11 (11): 1809–1818. doi:10.1016/S0960-0779(99)00172-1. ISSN 0960-0779.
803. "How Plasma Converters Work" from the Howstuffworks website
804. "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965". Nobel Prize. Retrieved 2025-07-21.
805. Esaki, Leo (1974-03-22). "Long Journey into Tunneling". Science. 183 (4130): 1149–1155. Bibcode:1974Sci...183.1149E. doi:10.1126/science.183.4130.1149. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17789212. S2CID 44642243.
806. Tsuneya Ando; Yukio Matsumoto; Yasutada Uemura (1975). "Theory of Hall effect in a two-dimensional electron system". J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 39 (2): 279–288. Bibcode:1975JPSJ...39..279A. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.39.279.
807. "Captain Kirk's clone and the eavesdropper" (Press release). England: University of York. February 16, 2006. Archived from the original on February 7, 2007. Retrieved December 29, 2007.
808. B. Bryson (2003). A Short History of Nearly Everything. Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-0817-7.
809. Okun, L.B. (2007). "The impact of the Sakata model". Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement. 167: 163–174. arXiv:hep-ph/0611298. Bibcode:2007PThPS.167..163O. doi:10.1143/PTPS.167.163.
810. US 3278811  Hiroshi Mori / Hayakawa Denki Kogyo KK: "Radiation energy transducing device" (filing date 3 October 1961)
811. Trapani, Kim; Redón Santafé, Miguel (2015). "A review of floating photovoltaic installations: 2007-2013". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications. 23 (4): 524–532. doi:10.1002/pip.2466. hdl:10251/80704.
812. Kojima, Akihiro; Teshima, Kenjiro; Shirai, Yasuo; Miyasaka, Tsutomu (May 6, 2009). "Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131 (17): 6050–6051. Bibcode:2009JAChS.131.6050K. doi:10.1021/ja809598r. PMID 19366264.
813. Howell, Elizabeth (7 May 2014). "Ikaros: First Successful Solar Sail". Space.com. Retrieved 13 January 2025.
814. Tarantola, Andrew (12 March 2015). "Scientists make strides in beaming solar power from space" (PDF). Engadget. Vol. 162, no. 3856. pp. 857–861.
815. "J. NIshizawa". IEEE Xplore. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Retrieved 2025-07-10.
816. "Development of JBX-A9, Electron Beam Lithography System". JEOL. January 2024. Retrieved 2025-07-17.
817. "Canon celebrates the 50th anniversary of the PPC-1, Japan's first semiconductor lithography system". Canon Inc. January 15, 2020. Retrieved 2025-07-17.
818. Jun-ichi Nishizawa: Engineer, Sophia University Special Professor Archived 2018-07-21 at the Wayback Machine (interview), Japan Quality Review, 2011
819. "Shuji Nakamura". University of California, Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on 2010-07-15. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
820. Schubert, E. Fred (2018-02-03). "3 - History of white light-emitting diodes". Light-Emitting Diodes (3rd Edition, 2018). E. Fred Schubert. ISBN 978-0-9863826-6-6.
821. "A 21st century lighting standard". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2025-04-11.
822. Fossum, Eric R.; Hondongwa, D. B. (2014). "A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors". IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society. 2 (3): 33–43. doi:10.1109/JEDS.2014.2306412.
823. Johnstone, Bob (2000). We were burning: Japanese entrepreneurs and the forging of the electronic age. New York: BasicBooks. p. 252. ISBN 9780465091188.
824. Soda, Haruhisa; et al. (1979). "GaInAsP/InP Surface Emitting Injection Lasers". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 18 (12): 2329–2330. Bibcode:1979JaJAP..18.2329S. doi:10.1143/JJAP.18.2329. S2CID 122958383.
825. Bobbert, Peter; Coehoorn, Reinder (September 2013). "A look inside white OLEDs". Europhysics News. 44 (5): 21–25. Bibcode:2013ENews..44e..21B. doi:10.1051/epn/2013504. ISSN 0531-7479.
826. "1972 to 1973: CMOS LSI circuits for calculators (Sharp and Toshiba)" (PDF). Semiconductor History Museum of Japan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-06. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
827. Kawamura, S.; Sasaki, Nobuo; Iwai, T.; Nakano, M.; Takagi, M. (October 1983). "Three-dimensional CMOS IC's Fabricated by using beam recrystallization". IEEE Electron Device Letters. 4 (10): 366–368. Bibcode:1983IEDL....4..366K. doi:10.1109/EDL.1983.25766. ISSN 0741-3106. S2CID 35184408.
828. Kada, Morihiro (2015). "Research and Development History of Three-Dimensional Integration Technology". Three-Dimensional Integration of Semiconductors: Processing, Materials, and Applications. Springer. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-3-319-18675-7.
829. Garrou, Philip (6 August 2008). "Introduction to 3D Integration" (PDF). Handbook of 3D Integration: Technology and Applications of 3D Integrated Circuits. Wiley-VCH. p. 4. doi:10.1002/9783527623051.ch1. ISBN 978-3-527-62305-1.
830. Nishizawa, Jun-ichi (1982). "Junction Field-Effect Devices". In Sittig, Roland; Roggwiller, P. (eds.). Semiconductor Devices for Power Conditioning. Springer. pp. 241–272. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-7263-9_11. ISBN 978-1-4684-7265-3.
831. "1978: Double-well fast CMOS SRAM (Hitachi)" (PDF). Semiconductor History Museum of Japan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
832. Majumdar, Gourab; Takata, Ikunori (2018). Power Devices for Efficient Energy Conversion. CRC Press. pp. 144, 284, 318. ISBN 9781351262316.
833. Nakagawa, Akio; Ohashi, Hiromichi; Kurata, Mamoru; Yamaguchi, Hoshihiro; Watanabe, Kiminori (1984). "Non-latch-up 1200V 75A bipolar-mode MOSFET with large ASO". 1984 International Electron Devices Meeting. pp. 860–861. doi:10.1109/IEDM.1984.190866. S2CID 12136665.
834. Gealow, Jeffrey Carl (10 August 1990). "Impact of Processing Technology on DRAM Sense Amplifier Design" (PDF). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp. 149–166. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via CORE.
835. Koike, Hanpei; Nakagawa, Tadashi; Sekigawa, Toshiro; Suzuki, E.; Tsutsumi, Toshiyuki (23 February 2003). "Primary Consideration on Compact Modeling of DG MOSFETs with Four-terminal Operation Mode". TechConnect Briefs. 2 (2003): 330–333. S2CID 189033174.
836. Colinge, J. P. (2008). FinFETs and Other Multi-Gate Transistors. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 11 & 39. ISBN 9780387717517.
837. Duan, Haoyuan (2024-03-25). "From MOSFET to FinFET to GAAFET: The evolution, challenges, and future prospects". Applied and Computational Engineering. 50 (1): 113–120. doi:10.54254/2755-2721/50/20241285. ISSN 2755-2721.
838. Hosono, Hideo (July 2018). "How we made the IGZO transistor". Nature Electronics. 1 (7): 428. doi:10.1038/s41928-018-0106-0. ISSN 2520-1131.
839. Oxner, E. S. (1988). Fet Technology and Application. CRC Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780824780500.
840. Tarui, Y.; Hayashi, Y.; Sekigawa, Toshihiro (September 1969). "Diffusion Selfaligned MOST; A New Approach for High Speed Device". Extended Abstracts of the 1969 Conference on Solid State Devices. doi:10.7567/SSDM.1969.4-1. S2CID 184290914.
841. Duncan, Ben (1996). High Performance Audio Power Amplifiers. Elsevier. pp. 177–8, 406. ISBN 9780080508047.
842. "Advances in Discrete Semiconductors March On". Power Electronics Technology. Informa: 52–6. September 2005. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
843. PhoneTel Patent Services: Dr. Kazuo Hashimoto’s legacy. Archived 2007-07-01 at the Wayback Machine
844. "Patent US4616110 – Automatic digital telephone answering apparatus". google.com.
845. Booth, Stephen A. (February 1988). "Electronics: Telephony With Pictures". Popular Mechanics. p. 50.
846. Lehpamer, Harvey (2016-04-30). Introduction to Power Utility Communications. Artech House. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-63081-007-8.
847. The Third Industrial Revolution Occurred in Sendai, Soh-VEHE International Patent Office, Japan Patent Attorneys Association
848. Hecht, Jeff (2013-12-26). "An idea three decades ahead of its time". Laser Focus World. Retrieved 2025-06-26.
849. "Milestones: Fiber Optic Connectors, 1986". ETHW. IEEE. 2021-03-05. Retrieved 2025-07-04.
850. Kimura, Takashi (December 1979). "Single-mode systems and components for longer wavelengths". IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems. 26 (12): 987–1010. doi:10.1109/TCS.1979.1084595. ISSN 1558-1276.
851. Onaka, H.; Miyata, H.; Ishikawa, G.; Otsuka, K.; Ooi, H.; Kai, Y.; Kinoshita, S.; Seino, M.; Nishimoto, H.; Chikama, T. (1996-02-25). "1.1 Tb/s WDM Transmission over a 150 km 1.3 μm Zero-Dispersion Single-Mode Fiber". Optical Fiber Communication Conference (1996), Paper PD19. Optica Publishing Group: PD19.
852. "NTT's ISDN Response" (PDF). Japan's ISDN Revolution. Columbia Institute for Tele-Information. 1992. pp. 19–29. ISBN 978-0-917845-18-5.
853. Davie, Bruce S.; Doolan, Paul; Rekhter, Yakov (1998). "Chapter 3: The Cell Switching Router (CSR)". Switching in IP Networks: IP Switching, Tag Switching, & Related Technologies. The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking. San Francisco, California: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55860-505-3.
854. "The Internet Timeline". JPNIC. Japan Network Information Center. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
855. "What is IOWN? A Breakthrough Approach for a Smart and Natural Future". Nippon Telegraph and Telephone. Retrieved 2025-07-05.
856. Shii (2006). "Shiichan Anonymous BBS". Retrieved 2011-10-18.
857. "すーぱーそに子 ワンダーフェスティバル2010[冬]". Nitroplus. February 12, 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
858. "Panasonic Japan cell phone shipments hit 100 million units". Network World. 3 April 2008. Retrieved 2025-06-10.
859. "NEC Has the Cellular Phone to Fit Your Pocket if There's UKP1,500 in There". Computer Business Review. United Kingdom. February 14, 1990.
860. "Learn about NEC's history". NEC. Retrieved 2025-07-03.
861. "Camera phones: A look back and forward". Computerworld. 11 May 2012. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
862. Mamiko Nakano. "Why and How I Created Emoji: Interview with Shigetaka Kurita". Ignition. Translated by Mitsuyo Inaba Lee. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
863. Moschini, Ilaria (29 August 2016). "The "Face with Tears of Joy" Emoji: A Socio-Semiotic and Multimodal Insight into a Japan-America Mash-Up". HERMES: Journal of Language and Communication in Business (55): 11–25. doi:10.7146/hjlcb.v0i55.24286.
864. Park, Yongwan; Adachi, Fumiyuki (2007-05-01). Enhanced Radio Access Technologies for Next Generation Mobile Communication. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-1-4020-5532-4.
865. "First mobile videophone introduced". CNN. May 18, 1999. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
866. Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D.; Campbell-Kelly, Martin (2022). Cellular: An Economic and Business History of the International Mobile-Phone Industry. History of Computing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-54392-7 – via Library of Congress.
867. "A Brand New Mobile Millennium Ericsson/CATT/DoCoMo jointly demonstrate pioneering W-CDMA technology at PT/Wireless" (Press release). NTT DoCoMo. 9 November 1999. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
868. Alabaster, Jay (20 August 2012). "Japan's NTT DoCoMo signs up 1 million LTE users in a month, hits 5 million total". Network World. IDG. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
869. "DoCoMo Achieves 5 Gbit/s Data Speed". NTT DoCoMo Press. February 9, 2007. Archived from the original on September 25, 2008. Retrieved July 1, 2007.
870. Kishiyama, Yoshihisa; Suyama, Satoshi (December 2020). "History of 5G Initiatives". NTT Technical Review. 18 (12): 71–77. doi:10.53829/ntr202012fa11. ISSN 2436-5327.
871. ケータイ着メロ ドレミBOOK [Mobile Ringtones Do-Re-Mi Book] (in Japanese). July 1998.
872. Gopinath, Sumanth (2013). The Ringtone Dialectic: Economy and Cultural Form. MIT Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0262019156.
873. Miniaturization Technologies (OTA-TCT514) (PDF). Office of Technology Assessment (United States Congress), United States Government Publishing Office. November 1991. p. 5.
874. Anwar, Sayid Tariq. "NTT DoCoMo and M-Commerce: A Case Study in Market Expansion and Global Strategy" (PDF). The American Graduate School of International Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-23. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
875. "ZTE's dual-screen Axon M is fascinating and flawed". Engadget. 30 November 2017.
876. "NTT DoCoMo: Press Releases - Latest i-shot Model Offers World's First 3D Mobile Phone Screen". 2007-01-02. Archived from the original on 2007-01-02. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
877. "Hitachi H001 with 3D display leads up KDDI au's Spring 2009 lineup". Engadget. 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2025-07-07.
878. "Milestones: First Direct Broadcast Satellite Service, 1984". ETHW. IEEE Milestones. 2011-11-18. Retrieved 2025-07-08.
879. Hantaro Nagaoka (1929). "Possibility of the radio transmission being disturbed by meteoric showers". Proceedings of the Imperial Academy. 5 (6): 233–236. doi:10.2183/pjab1912.5.233. Cited in Wilhelm Nupen (1961). Bibliography on meteoric radio wave propagation. Washington: U.S. National Bureau of Standards. p. 76. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
880. "Philips and Sony announce strategic cooperation to define next generation near field radio-frequency communications". Sony Global. Sony. 5 September 2002. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
881. "Pro Radio Guide - RC Car Action". Archived from the original on 2015-04-23. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
882. "Modellbilens historie".
883. "Masasuke Morita". ETHW. 2019-02-08. Retrieved 2025-07-05.
884. Nagatsuma, Tadao (August 2015). "Terahertz communications: Past, present and future" (PDF). 2015 40th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THZ). pp. 1–2. doi:10.1109/IRMMW-THz.2015.7327418. ISBN 978-1-4799-8272-1.
885. Luca, Simon (2015-09-03). "IFA 2015: Onkyo launches world's first truly wireless in-ear headphones". What Hi-Fi?. Retrieved 2025-06-24.
886. Picard, Martin (December 2013). "The Foundation of Geemu: A Brief History of Early Japanese video games". Game Studies. 13 (2). ISSN 1604-7982.
887. Thorpe, James (2019-05-29). "OPTEX celebrates 40 years of sensor innovation and development in 2019". International Security Journal. Retrieved 2025-06-08.
888. "Yagi-Uda Antenna". Antenna-Theory.com. Retrieved 2010-04-16.
889. Miki, Shigeo (March 2014). "Breakthrough in Japanese Railways 12: Automation of Ticket Issuing and Checking in Japan" (PDF). Japan Railway & Transport Review (63). East Japan Railway Culture Foundation: 54–60.
890. "Demonstration Experiment of the "Power-Generating Floor" at Tokyo Station" (PDF). East Japan Railway Company. January 11, 2008. Retrieved 2025-06-18.
891. Shinkansen Chronology Archived 2009-02-15 at the Wayback Machine, byun byun Shinkansen.
892. Francks, Penelope. 'Mechanizing Small-Scale Rice Cultivation in an Industrializing Economy: The Development of the Power-Tiller in Prewar Japan.' World Development, 1996. 24(4): 781–796 (789)
893. "Power Products Part 3-2: Innovations in Tillers". Honda. Retrieved 2025-06-07.
894. "Highlight: Hino Motors' Environmental Technologies" (PDF). Hino Motors. 2011. Retrieved 2025-06-04.
895. Taryn Siegel (22 May 2020). "10 things you didn't know were invented in Japan". Retrieved May 22, 2020.
896. James Francis Warren (2003). Rickshaw Coolie: A People's History of Singapore, 1880-1940. NUS Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-9971692667.
897. "Elevators & Escalators – MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC". mitsubishielectric.com. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
898. "Our History". Nissan Motor Corporation. Retrieved 2025-06-06.
899. Lindell, Hannu (1985-03-19). "Nelosten vuosi" [Year of the Four]. Tekniikan Maailma (in Finnish). Vol. 41, no. 5/85. Helsinki: TM-Julkaisu. p. Automaailma 3. ISSN 0355-4287.
900. "History of Mazda". Mazda. Retrieved 2025-07-17.
901. "NAVI-5 (electronically controlled automatic 5-speed transmission)". 240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan (JSAE). Archived from the original on 2011-12-04.
902. Wright, Ian (2022-01-25). "9 Automotive Firsts We Take For Granted". CarBuzz. Retrieved 2025-06-06.
903. Rozentals, John (20 July 2020). "The quirky side of service in Japan". PS News. Retrieved 2025-06-19.
904. V, Pamela (2019-06-11). "Ten Years of i-MiEV Developments". University Mitsubishi. Mitsubishi Motors. Retrieved 2025-06-05.
905. "The VTEC Engine". Honda. Archived from the original on 2005-11-28. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
906. "Geneva 2010: Mitsubishi ASX (Outlander Sport) Debuts in Geneva", autoguide.com
907. "240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology - Common rail ECD-U2". Jsae.or.jp. Archived from the original on 2009-09-08. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
908. Harwood, Allyson (January 2008). "2008 Subaru Turbodiesel Boxer - First Drive". Motor Trend. Source Interlink Media. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2013-12-20.
909. "First double-clutch transmission in a truck". www.daimler.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011.
910. "Technical Development". Toyota. 2012. Retrieved 2025-06-04.
911. Callahan, Ryan (2024-03-09). "History And Mystery Of Toyota's First EV". TopSpeed. Retrieved 2025-06-05.
912. Mizutani, Shuji (1992). Car Electronics. Sankaido Company, Society of Automotive Engineers. p. 21. ISBN 4381100433.
913. "History of Mitsubishi Motors". Mitsubishi Motors. Retrieved 2025-06-05.
914. "Improving the Environmental Performance of Internal Combustion Engines — Engine". Toyota. 1999-02-22. Archived from the original on 9 September 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-21.
915. "World-first 1.8-l GDI Turbo". Mitsubishi Motors. 3 July 2000. Archived from the original on 2016-07-31. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
916. Matt Lake (2001-11-08). "How it works; A Tale of 2 Engines: How Hybrid Cars Tame Emissions". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
917. Clifford, Joe (2015-01-14). "Why does Toyota use Atkinson cycle engines?". Toyota UK Magazine. Toyota. Archived from the original on 2021-04-23. Retrieved 2025-06-05.
918. "Press Kit: 25 YEARS OF HONDA HYBRIDS". Honda. 8 July 2024. Retrieved 2025-06-05.
919. "Toyota's "Mild Hybrid" System Boosts Fuel Efficiency 15%" (Press release). Japan: Toyota. 2001-06-12. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
920. Voelcker, John. "Decades Of Promises: 'Dude, Where's My Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Car?'", Yahoo.com, March 31, 2015
921. "Minicars: Cheap and Cheerful" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, Peter Nunn, JAMA, January–February 2005
922. "Hondamatic Transmission / 1968". Honda Global. Retrieved 2025-06-05.
923. "Mitsubishi Minica Dangan ZZ". Lane Motor Museum. Retrieved 2025-06-24.
924. Clifford, Joe (2019-06-06). "How does Lexus BladeScan headlight technology work?". Lexus UK Magazine. Lexus. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
925. "Air Resources Board approves first of new generation of clean cars" (Press release). United States: California Air Resources Board. 2012-12-26. Retrieved 2019-02-16.
926. "Mitsubishi Motors History: Engine Technology". Mitsubishi Motors. Archived from the original on 2004-11-23. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
927. "Materials". Toyota. Retrieved 2025-06-05.
928. "A decade of innovation – the LEAF's incredible journey". A decade of innovation – the LEAF's incredible journey. 2020-12-04. Retrieved 2023-09-19.
929. Abuelsamid, Sam (30 September 2008). "Toyota develops rear curtain airbag for tiny iQ". autobloggreen.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
930. Steam: Its Generation and Uses. Babcock & Wilcox.
931. Vanderbilt, Tom (6 February 2012). "Autonomous Cars Through The Ages". Wired. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
932. "Self-parking car hits the shops". BBC News. 2003-09-01. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
933. "Light-Artikel: Leichtbau-Material Aluminium". Auto, Motor und Sport (in German) (24): 100–103. November 15, 1991.
934. "Torque Vectoring and Active Differential". Torque-vectoring.belisso.com. 2009-11-22. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
935. "AE: Honda revives turbo". Dwolsten.tripod.com. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
936. "2005 Acura RL - Interior Part 1". Honda Newsroom. Honda. 2004-08-31. Retrieved 2025-06-06.
937. "What Is Adaptive Cruise Control?". Car and Driver. Hearst Communications. Retrieved 2025-07-07.
938. "Subaru Legacy Lancaster ADA specification" (Press release). Retrieved 6 May 2022.
939. "Mitsubishi Motors Develops New Driver Support System" (Press release). Mitsubishi Motors. December 15, 1998. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
940. Wördenweber, Burkard; Wallaschek, Jörg; Boyce, Peter; Hoffman, Donald D. (2007-03-13). Automotive Lighting and Human Vision. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 154. ISBN 978-3-540-36697-3.
941. "Toyota's Prestigious "Century" Models Restyled, Improved". Toyota Motor Corporation. October 8, 1982. Retrieved 2025-06-06.
942. Shoji, Yoshimi; Horibe, Tetsuya; Kondo, Nobuo (1987). "Toyota Electro Multivision". In Jurgen, Ronald K. (ed.). Electronic Instrument Panel Displays. SAE International (published June 1998). pp. 143–8. ISBN 978-0-7680-0227-0.
943. "Automation History – The First Embedded Car PC was introduced on Dec. 4, 1998". Indusoft. Archived from the original on December 10, 2015.
944. Hutton, Ray (1985). "8: The third generation". The Z-series Datsuns: a collector's guide (Second ed.). Motor Racing Publications Ltd. pp. 83–93 (92–3). ISBN 0-947981-02-0.
945. Garvey, Meaghan (February 10, 2015). "The Evolution of Playing Music in Your Car 1980s–1990s: The Rise of the CD". Complex CA. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
946. "2001 Mazda Protege Program #2040". MotorWeek. 2001-11-30. Retrieved 2025-06-06.
947. "2004 Acura TL Press Kit". Acura Newsroom. Honda. 2003-09-03. Retrieved 2025-06-06.
948. Bhatia, Pratyush (2003). "Vehicle Technologies to Improve Performance and Safety" (PDF). University of California Transportation Center. University of California. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2003-06-26. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
949. "Toyota Enhances Pre-crash Safety System With Driver-monitoring Function". JCN Newswires. 2005.
950. "Toyota Enhances Pre-crash Safety System with Eye Monitor" (Press release). Toyota. 2008-01-22. Retrieved 2025-07-23.
951. "Toyota Introduces Electro Multivision". Toyota Motor Corporation. January 7, 1985. Retrieved 2025-06-06.
952. "Trends in the Semiconductor Industry: 1970s". Semiconductor History Museum of Japan. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
953. Kawai, Mitsuo; Miyagi, Hideo; Nakano, Jiro; Kondo, Yoshihiko (1985). "Toyota's New Microprocessor-Based Diesel Engine Control System for Passenger Cars". IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. IE-32 (4): 289–293. doi:10.1109/TIE.1985.350099. ISSN 0278-0046.
954. "Totally new Skyline introduced". Nissan News. Nissan. 1981-08-17. Retrieved 2025-06-06.
955. JPS60203518A, Toshimitsu, Yoshihiko; Aoyama, Toshihiko & Ishida, Takashi, "Damping variable damper device for vehicles provided with power steering", issued 1985-10-15 
956. Mizuguchi, Masaaki; Suda, Takayoshi; Chikamori, Sunao; Kobayashi, Kazuyoshi. Chassis Electronic Control Systems for the Mitsubishi 1984 Galant. SAE Mobilus (Technical report). SAE International. doi:10.4271/840258. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
957. "Honda Worldwide – World News – News Releases". honda.com (Press release). 20 May 2003. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
958. Soga, M.; Shimada, M.; Sakamoto, J.; Otomo, A. (2002). "Development of vehicle dynamics management system for hybrid vehicles: ECB system for improved environmental and vehicle dynamic performance". JSAE Review. 23 (4): 459–464. doi:10.1016/S0389-4304(02)00226-6.
959. Poulton, M.L. (1997). Fuel Efficient Car Technology. Computational Mechanics Publications. p. 69. ISBN 978-1853124471.
960. "Tech & Trends: Nissan Producing Amazing New CVT". Ward's. 1 December 1999. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
961. "Response to Environmental and Safety Issues: Approach to Vehicle Safety". Toyota. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
962. Ise, Kiyotaka; Fujita, K.; Inoue, Y.; Masutomi, S. (1990-02-01). "The "Lexus" Traction Control (TRAC) System". SAE Technical Paper. SAE Technical Paper Series. 1 (900212) 900212. SAE International. doi:10.4271/900212.
963. "The Evolution of Car Keys Is More Interesting Than You Think". Car and Driver. December 25, 2017. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
964. US4741603A, Miyagi, Harutoshi; Ishikawa, Masazumi & Murofushi, Yasuyuki, "Electrochromic nonglaring mirror", issued 1988-05-03 
965. "TOYOTA CORONA UNDERGOES FULL MODEL CHANGE | Toyota Motor Corporation Official Global Website".
966. "Honda Develops World's First Intelligent Night Vision System Able to Detect Pedestrians and Provide Driver Cautions" (Press release). Honda Worldwide. 2004-08-24. Archived from the original on 2009-09-28. Retrieved 2009-12-08.
967. "Toyota Develops New Pedestrian Safety Technology". Toyota Motor Corporation Official Global Website. Toyota Motor Corporation. October 11, 2013. Retrieved 2025-06-06.
968. "Nissan releases new Fairlady Z". Global Nissan Newsroom. Nissan. 2008-11-30. Retrieved 2025-06-06.
969. Polak, Christian (2005). Sabre et Pinceau: Par d'autres Français au Japon. 1872–1960 (in French and Japanese). Hiroshi Ueki (植木 浩), Philippe Pons, foreword; 筆と刀・日本の中のもうひとつのフランス (1872–1960). éd. L'Harmattan. p. 92.
970. Military innovation in the interwar period. Murray, Williamson., Millet, Alan R. (1st paperback ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-107-26688-9. OCLC 852896224.
971. Posey, Brianne M. (2023-05-01). "The final destination: Incorporating 'Death by GPS' into forensic and legal sciences". Science & Justice. 63 (3): 421–426. doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2023.04.005. ISSN 1355-0306. PMID 37169468.
972. "Motorcycle Airbag System". Honda. Retrieved 2025-06-07.
973. "History: Trajectory of Challenges". Honda. Retrieved 2025-06-07.
974. "1969 Honda CB750: The world's first superbike". Motor Cycle News. 30 June 2021. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
975. "Honda's Advanced Brake Systems Q&A". Honda. Retrieved 2025-06-07.
976. "Combined Braking System (CBS)". Honda Powersports. Honda. 9 December 2013. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
977. Atlas, Steve (8 October 2009). "2010 Honda VFR1200F First Look". Motorcycle USA. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
978. "The Oval Piston Engine / 1979". Honda. Retrieved 2025-06-07.
979. Frank, Aaron (2003), Honda Motorcycles, MotorBooks International (MBI Publishing Company), p. 92, ISBN 0-7603-1077-7
980. Cartographies of Travel and Navigation, James R. Akerman, p.279
981. Ars Staff (2020-06-24). "The long, winding, technological road to GPS in every car". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2025-06-06.
982. Heilig, John (2001). "Infiniti Q45 (2002)". The Auto Channel. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
983. "Nissan to introduce world's first around view monitor" (Press release). Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. October 11, 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
984. "Mitsubishi Motors launches new Delica D:5" (Press release). Mitsubishi Motors Corporation. January 31, 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
985. "Markets that have been changed by blue LEDs (Traffic Signal/Display/Scanner)". Nichia. 31 August 2023. Retrieved 2025-06-08.
986. R Sakaguchi, S Takasu, T Akiyama. (2000). "Study concerning the colors of tactile blocks for the visually handicapped – Visibility for the visually handicapped and scenic congruence for those with ordinary sight and vision.". SEPT.
987. "Ukichiro Nakaya". Famous Scientists. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
988. "Trial Production of the World's First Double-Coil Bulb". Toshiba Science Museum. Toshiba. Archived from the original on 2015-04-19. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
989. "Milestones: Birth and Growth of Primary and Secondary Battery Industries in Japan". ETHW. IEEE Milestones. 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2025-07-19.
990. "Keywords to understanding Sony Energy Devices". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
991. Dixit, Uday Shanker; Hazarika, Manjuri; Davim, J. Paulo (2016-08-13). A Brief History of Mechanical Engineering. Springer. p. 44. ISBN 978-3-319-42916-8.
992. "QR Code features". Denso-Wave. Archived from the original on 2013-01-29. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
993. "History of Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)". Fuji Electric. Retrieved 2025-06-09.
994. "第1章 折り紙の姿" (PDF). Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun (in Japanese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-06-29. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
995. "Dyson fan: was it invented 30 years ago?". Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
996. Toshiba Firsts of Their Kind: Automatic Electric Rice Cooker Archived 2009-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
997. "United States Patent 7157675". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from the original on April 3, 2017. Retrieved 2007-01-03.
998. "History of Toshiba Air Conditioning". Toshiba Air Conditioning. Toshiba. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
999. "History of Daikin Innovation". Daikin. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
1000. "【歴史】手洗付隅付ロータンク". Japan Toilet Association.
1001. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING HERITAGE NO.55 WASHLET G (Toilet Seat with Shower Unit)
1002. "How it works". 4 May 2022.
1003. "The Circuit". CIO. Vol. 2 (No. 9). June 1989. p. 72.
1004. "An Ideal for Freezing Food: CAS Technology Revolutionizes Preservation" (PDF). Government of Japan. Retrieved 2025-06-23.
1005. "All You Need to Know About The Japanese All-purpose Knife: Santoku Knife". thejapanstore.jp. January 25, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
1006. "1999: Creating Demand for LCD TVs". Sharp Corporation. Retrieved 2025-06-09.
1007. Hideo Kodama, "Background of my invention of 3D printer and its spread", Patent Magazine of Japan Patent Attorneys Association, vo.67, no.13, pp.109-118, November 2014.
1008. "About". Noritsu. 2019-03-11. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
1009. "About Epson". Epson. Archived from the original on 2011-09-24. Retrieved 2025-07-14.
1010. "What is Water Transfer Printing – Hydrographics". watertransferprinting.com.au. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
1011. "Ichiro Endo". The Optical Society. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
1012. "Timeline". Association for the Preservation of Ise Katagami. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
1013. Kuo; Wilson; Michie, Susanna Campbell; Richard C.; Thomas S. (1998). Carved Paper: The Art of the Japanese Stencil. Weatherhill. pp. 3, 4. ISBN 9780834804098.
1014. Collins, Keith (July 20, 2022). "Computer printers have been quietly embedding tracking codes in documents for decades". Quartz. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
1015. "Harvard Asia Quarterly". Harvard Asia Quarterly. 7 (1–3). Harvard University: 32. 2003. Purikura, clipped from purinto kurabu, was invented by Atlus, a Tokyo-based game software company. A female employee named Sasaki Miho had noticed the popularity of stickers among schoolgirls, a craze that also generated huge sales. In 1994, Sasaki came up with the idea of combining stickers with photos and proposed it to her Atlus employers, but her male bosses did not think it worth pursuing until 1995, when they finally gave her concept a chance.
1016. "Information Processing Technology Heritage - Wiredot printer". IPSJ Computer Museum. Information Processing Society of Japan. 2012. Retrieved 2025-07-23.
1017. Robots: From Science Fiction to Technological Revolution, page 130
1018. "Humanoid History -WABOT-".
1019. Christensen, Bill (2005-06-28). "New robot looks strikingly human". Live Science. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
1020. Tian, Zhongyuan; Zhao, Mingguo (November 2018). "Biped Robot Gait Control Based on Enhanced Capture Point". 2018 IEEE-RAS 18th International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. pp. 1107–1112. doi:10.1109/HUMANOIDS.2018.8625053. ISBN 978-1-5386-7283-9.
1021. "Shigeo Hirose - Relentless passion for the creation of robots". Tokyo Institute of Technology. March 2013. Retrieved 2025-06-19.
1022. "Magnetic Crawler Type Wall Running Robot". The Japan Industrial & Technological Bulletin. Vol. 14. Japan External Trade Organization (Machinery and Technology Department). 1986. p. 15. Hitachi, Ltd., has developed a magnetic crawler type wall running robot that is equipped with a crawler made up of an assembly of small magnets.
1023. "Super-Robot With Twin Guns Is Unveiled". Sky News. 30 July 2012. Retrieved 2025-06-10.
1024. Czyzewski, Andrew (2011-08-02). "'Robot nurse' can lift patients from ward bed to a wheelchair". The Engineer. Retrieved 2025-06-19.
1025. "Japan: Robot moves by micrometers" (PDF). Electronics. 1981-04-07. pp. 84, 86.
1026. Jane Marie Law, Puppets of Nostalgia – The Life, Death and Rebirth of the Japanese Awaji Ningyo Tradition, 1997, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-02894-1
1027. "Cyberdyne power suit". YouTube. 31 July 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
1028. "'Swumanoid': a robot that mimics human swimmers". Tokyo Institute of Technology. June 12, 2012. Retrieved 2025-06-19.
1029. "Oral-History: Shigeo Hirose". Engineering and Technology History Wiki. 2024-12-02. Retrieved 2025-06-19.
1030. Hirose, Shigeo; Umetani, Yoji (1978-01-01). "The development of soft gripper for the versatile robot hand". Mechanism and Machine Theory. 13 (3): 351–359. doi:10.1016/0094-114X(78)90059-9. ISSN 0094-114X.
1031. "How a 1980s toy robot arm inspired modern robotics". MIT Technology Review. 2025-04-17. Archived from the original on 2025-04-17. Retrieved 2025-06-16.
1032. Bhattacharya, Ananya (2015-07-28). "This is how far robots have come since the 1930s". CNN. Retrieved 2025-06-16.
1033. "Non-Stop Shuttle Change Toyoda Automatic Loom, Type G" (in Japanese). The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. Archived from the original on 2008-01-08. Retrieved 2012-04-23.
1034. James E. Hoare. Historical Dictionary of Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Scarecrow Press, 2012
1035. Webber, Bert (1975). Retaliation: Japanese attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II. Oregon State University. pp. 99–108. ISBN 978-0-87071-076-6.
1036. Nagayama, Kokan (1997). The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords. trans. Kenji Mishina. Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha International Ltd. p. 28. ISBN 978-4-7700-2071-0.
1037. Mangi, Jim (2022-02-24). "Chapter 4: How to Use the New Weapon". Dropping the Atomic Bomb on Hirohito & Hitler: What Might Have Happened if the A-Bomb Had Been Ready Early. Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-3990-9316-3.
1038. Feigenbaum, Anna (2017-11-07). "Pepper Spray". Tear Gas: From the Battlefields of World War I to the Streets of Today. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-78478-027-2.
1039. "Kunai, Shuriken and Ninja Stars". Swords of Might. Archived from the original on 2016-01-26. Retrieved 18 Jan 2016.
1040. "元祖修正テープはこうして世界に誕生した！".
1041. "Gelly Roll". Retrieved 15 November 2018.
1042. Japan Patent Office Archived 2011-03-05 at the Wayback Machine, Kyota Sugimoto (Japanese Typewriter) Archived 2011-03-22 at the Wayback Machine, 28 January 2009.
1043. "Ceramic Ball (OHTO Japan English Website)". ohto.co.jp. 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 4 May 2012.

Bibliography

• Bordwell, David (1988). Ozu and the Poetics of Cinema. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-85170-158-2.
• Ashcraft, Brian (2008). Arcade Mania! The Turbo-Charged World of Japan's Game Centers. Kodansha. ISBN 978-4-7700-3078-8.
• Brau, Lorie (2010). Johnson-Woods, Toni (ed.). "Oishinbo's Adventures in Eating: Food, Communication, and Culture in Japanese Comics". Manga: An Anthology of Global and Cultural Perspectives. Continuum: 109–127.
• Galbraith, Patrick W. (2019). Otaku and the Struggle for Imagination in Japan. Durham: Duke University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1220mhm. ISBN 978-1-4780-0509-4. JSTOR j.ctv1220mhm. OCLC 1148100778.
• Horowitz, Ken (2018-07-06). The Sega Arcade Revolution: A History in 62 Games. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-1-4766-7225-0.
• Schilling, Mark (2003). The Yakuza Movie Book : A Guide to Japanese Gangster Films. Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 1-880656-76-0. Archived from the original on 2007-10-17.
• Schodt, Frederik L. (1983). Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics. Kodansha USA. ISBN 978-1568364766.
• Shamoon, Deborah (2012). Passionate Friendship: The Aesthetics of Girl's Culture in Japan. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-82483-542-2.
• Smith, Alexander (19 November 2019). They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971–1982. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-429-75261-2.
• Williams, Andrew (16 March 2017). History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-317-50381-1.