Kidnapping of Sally Horner

Sally Horner
Photograph of Sally Horner taken in 1948, by her captor, Frank La Salle[1]
Born	Florence Horner (1937-04-18)April 18, 1937 Camden, New Jersey, U.S.
Died	August 18, 1952(1952-08-18) (aged 15) Woodbine, New Jersey, U.S.
Known for	Kidnapping victim

Florence "Sally" Horner^[2] (April 18, 1937 – August 18, 1952) was an American girl who, at the age of 11, was abducted by serial child molester Frank La Salle in June 1948 and held captive for twenty-one months. Posthumous research has shown that Vladimir Nabokov drew on the details of her case in writing his novel Lolita, although Nabokov consistently denied this during his life.^[3][4]

Background

Florence Horner was born on April 18, 1937, in Camden, New Jersey, to Russell Horner (1901–1943) and Ella Horner (née Goff, 1906–1998). Russell died by suicide when Florence was five years old, leaving Ella to raise her daughter as a single parent, helped by Florence's older half-sister, Susan Panaro (née Swain, 1926–2012), who was seven months pregnant at the time of her sister's kidnapping. Florence was a 5th grade student at Northeast Elementary School, where she was noted as an honors student.^[5][6]

Frank La Salle

Frank La Salle was a 51-year-old^[a] mechanic and convicted sex offender, also known by several aliases, including Frank Warner, Frank Patterson, Frank Johnson, Frank LaPlante, Frank Robinson, Frank O'Keefe, Frank Fogg, Harry Patterson and Jack O'Keefe.^[7][8] La Salle made varying claims about his life. In his Social Security applications, draft card, and prison intake forms, depending on his current identity, he gave differing information on his parents' names, hometown, and birth date: the most common respectively were first names Frank and Nora; Chicago or Indianapolis; and the date May 27, with a birth year between 1890 and 1901. He claimed to have served a sentence between 1924 and 1928 for bootlegging in Leavenworth Penitentiary under a false name.^[8]

The earliest confirmed record of La Salle dates back to July 14, 1937, when he was recorded living in a trailer park in Maple Shade, New Jersey, under the name Frank Fogg with a wife and nine-year-old son. La Salle claimed that his wife left him, taking their child with her, with him subsequently eloping with 17-year-old Dorothy May Dare. La Salle, 41 years old at the time, falsely presented his age as 36. Her father, David Dare, found out about his daughter's relationship with La Salle and tried to have him arrested when he discovered La Salle's false identity and the fact that he was still legally married. On July 22, 1937, police filed a multi-state warrant for La Salle's arrest on statutory rape and kidnapping charges, after David Dare falsely claimed that his daughter was fifteen, though without informing them of La Salle's existing marriage. The ten-day manhunt ended on August 1, 1937, when La Salle was arrested in Philadelphia's Roxborough neighborhood.^[8]

Following a trial at a Delaware County court for enticing a minor, La Salle was found not guilty, after he provided a marriage certificate, dated July 31, 1937, in Elkton, Maryland, that gave Dorothy Dare's age as 18 years old. David Dare was let off with a warning for his false accusation, as well as for assaulting La Salle in court with a punch to the jaw. On August 11, 1937, however, La Salle was convicted of a hit and run committed during the manhunt near Marlton, New Jersey, for which he received a sentence of fifteen days in jail and a $50 fine. Because he gave false information in this case, he was given an additional sentence of 30 days and also fined $200.^[8] In June 1938, La Salle was suspected of kidnapping and sex trafficking in St. Louis, Missouri. By 1939, La Salle had moved to Atlantic City with Dorothy Dare, who gave birth to his daughter the same year. In 1940, La Salle was charged with bigamy after the U.S. Census Bureau noticed an additional, concurrent marriage listing La Salle, but he was acquitted in the case.^[8]

On March 10, 1942, Camden County Police took the testimony of five underaged girls, who accused La Salle of rape. The victims, aged twelve to fifteen, stated that La Salle had raped the youngest girl first and that La Salle forced her to introduce the other girls to him. They provided a description of La Salle and a card with a phone number and address, belonging to La Salle's workplace. La Salle was located at a new address in Camden, which was put under observation. He was supposed to be apprehended in a raid on March 15, but La Salle evaded arrested by paying a man to drive La Salle's car in front of the home while he fled through the back. La Salle remained on the run for a year, with La Salle being indicted for statutory rape during this time on September 4, 1942, on order of district judge Mitchell Cohen.^[8] La Salle was arrested in Philadelphia on February 2, 1943 and initially pleaded not guilty to five counts of rape, but changed his plea to non vult in March 1943. He was found guilty of all charges the same month and sentenced to two-and-a-half years imprisonment for each conviction, to be served concurrently at Trenton State Prison.^[3][8][9] Dorothy Dare filed for divorce in January 1944, citing adultery.^[8]

In June 1944, fourteen months into his sentence, La Salle was released on parole, but required to register as a convict in Camden. La Salle's ex-wife sued him for desertion and failure to pay child support during this time. He was acquitted of indecent assault in October 1944, but convicted of fraud in August 1945, after attempting to cash in a forged $110 check. In March 1946, La Salle returned to Trenton Prison to serve a sentence of 18 months to five years, ultimately serving 23 months. La Salle was released on parole on January 15, 1948, finding work as a gas station mechanic in Camden County by the time he met Sally Horner.^[8][10]

Abduction and captivity

In March 1948, 10-year-old Horner attempted to steal a five-cent notebook from a local Woolworths as part of a dare by schoolmates^[11] and was caught in the act by Frank La Salle.^[12] La Salle approached Horner and told her that he was an FBI agent, threatening to have her sent to a reform school unless she reported to him periodically.

On June 15, 1948, he abducted Horner.^[13] La Salle instructed her to tell her mother he was "Frank Warner", the father of two of her school friends, and that she had been invited on their week-long family vacation to Atlantic City to see the Jersey Shore. Initially, Horner was made to send letters to her mother in which she was informed that the "vacation" would last longer than expected, until July 31, 1948, when the last letter was received by Ella Horner. At this point, Ella contacted the police, who investigated the sender address in Atlantic City on August 4, but found the home empty, except for two packed suitcases and a studio photo of Horner sitting on a swing.^[3] According to Horner, they were first accompanied by "Ms. Robinson", whom La Salle referred to as his 25-year-old secretary and paid her a weekly salary of $90, but left after they arrived in Atlantic City.^[14]

Over the course of 21 months, La Salle traveled through several U.S. states with Horner under various aliases, claiming to be the girl's father. According to charges later brought against La Salle, during this period that he raped her repeatedly. They first stayed in Baltimore, Maryland, where Horner was enrolled at a Catholic grammar school under the name "Madeleine La Plante".^[15] During this time, La Salle would carry a handgun on his person to dissuade Horner from attempting escape.^[14]

In April 1949, La Salle relocated them to a trailer park in Dallas, Texas, having Horner attend a school as "Florence Planette", where she confided her secret to a friend.^[14] Eventually, Horner began to open up to a neighbor, Ruth Janisch, who had become suspicious of La Salle's demeanor and possessive tendencies towards his supposed daughter, but she would not fully admit to the true circumstances. Unknown to Janisch, La Salle also regularly molested her five-year old daughter while Horner was at school, which only came to light following his death.^[8] In early March 1950, Janisch and her husband moved to San Jose, California, in search of work, with her asking La Salle to do the same, incentivizing him with a place in the motor home they were moving to, in hopes that she could keep in contact with Horner.

After several more weeks, Janisch was able to convince Horner to tell her the truth and then allowed her to phone her family from her residence. She first attempted to call her mother, but the line had been disconnected, as Ella Horner was unable to pay her phone bill, having lost her job as a seamstress a month earlier. Horner then placed a collect call to her sister Susan, giving her location and asking her to send the FBI.^[8] Horner stated that she believed La Salle to be a FBI agent until her rescue, with La Salle excusing the moves as "reassignments".^[8]

La Salle was arrested on March 22, 1950, by the Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office. He continued to insist that he was Horner's father. However, authorities in New Jersey confirmed that Horner's real father had died seven years previously. Horner was reunited with her mother on April 1 at Philadelphia International Airport.^[2][16] La Salle was extradited to New Jersey, where he was tried, convicted, and sentenced to 30 to 35 years in Trenton State Prison under the Mann Act on April 3 for kidnapping and rape.^[17][18] La Salle had reportedly told the judge before sentencing that he would have imposed "at least 35 years" for kidnapping and dismissed the rape charges.^[8] Between 1952 and 1955, La Salle filed numerous appeals, in which he again claimed that he was the biological father of Horner and on this basis, sought to overturn his sentence as he believed that "a father cannot be convicted of kidnaping [sic] his own child". In the appeals, he referred to Sally Horner as "Natural Daughter Florence Horner La Salle".^[19]

After turning thirteen, Horner entered into Woodrow Wilson High School, where she was bullied by schoolmates as a "slut". She eventually befriended a classmate, Carol Taylor, who took Horner out to day trips in Wildwood and Cape May. By age fifteen, she had taken a summer job at a café in Haddonfield and entered a relationship with 20-year-old Edward John Baker. Baker was unaware of her highly-publicized kidnapping, with Horner telling him that she was seventeen years old.^[8]

Death

Horner died in a car accident near Woodbine, New Jersey, on August 18, 1952.^[20] Her cause of death was determined to have been from a broken neck.^[21] As the Associated Press reported on August 20, 1952: "Florence Sally Horner, a 15-year-old Camden, N.J., girl who spent 21 months as the captive of a middle-aged morals offender a few years ago, was killed in a highway accident when the car in which she was riding plowed into the rear of a parked truck."^[22] Horner's boyfriend was charged with operating a car with illegal equipment, but the charges were dismissed in 1954 after he was found to have not been criminally responsible.^[8]

La Salle sent a bouquet of flowers to the funeral from prison, which was not displayed at the wishes of Susan and Al Panaro. La Salle died from arteriosclerosis at the age of 69 on March 22, 1966, exactly 16 years after his arrest.^[8] He is buried in Calvary Cemetery in Cherry Hill, New Jersey.

Cultural references

Critic Alexander Dolinin proposed in 2005 that Frank La Salle and Florence Sally Horner were the real-life inspirations for Humbert Humbert and Dolores "Lolita" Haze from Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov.^[23]

Although Nabokov had already used the same basic idea—that of a child molester and his victim booking into a hotel as father and daughter—in his then unpublished 1939 work Volshebnik (Волшебник),^[24] it is still possible that he drew on the details of the Horner case in writing Lolita. An English translation of Volshebnik was published in 1985 as The Enchanter.^[25] Nabokov explicitly mentions the Horner case in Chapter 33, Part II of Lolita: "Had I done to Dolly, perhaps, what Frank Lasalle, a fifty-year-old mechanic, had done to eleven-year-old Sally Horner in 1948?"

Sarah Weinman's 2018 book The Real Lolita deals with the Horner case and also alleges that Horner's ordeal inspired Lolita.^[26][27]

See also

• Kidnapping of Jaycee Dugard
• Kidnapping of Elizabeth Smart
• List of kidnappings: 1900–1949
• List of long-term false imprisonment cases
• List of solved missing person cases: pre-1950
• Natascha Kampusch
• Suzanne Sevakis

Further reading

• Weinman, Sarah (11 September 2018). Murray, Brian; Restivo-Alessi, Chantal; Nevins, Larry; Bunrham, Jonathan (eds.). The Real Lolita: The Kidnapping of Sally Horner and the Novel That Scandalized the World. New York City, New York, United States of America: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780062661920. OCLC 1129542049. Retrieved 5 August 2021 – via Google Books.

Notes

1. La Salle's age at the time of the kidnapping has been alternatively given as 50, 52, 53 or 54 by various local newspapers at the time. United Press incorrectly reported his age as 56 in 1950, while Associated Press reported it as 52. His death certificate lists his date of birth as May 27, 1896. The same document gives his full name as "Frank La Salle III", though his name is engraved without the suffix on his headstone.

References

1. "The Real Lolita". njmonthly.
2. "Sally And Mother Are United Again After 21 Months". Courier-Post. April 1, 1950. pp. 1–2.
3. Linge, Mary Kay (2018-08-04). "The girl whose tragic story inspired 'Lolita'". New York Post. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
4. Hand, Elizabeth (September 7, 2011). "The case that partly inspired 'Lolita' — despite what Nabokov said". The Los Angeles Times.
5. "The Real-Life Lolita and Nabokov's Novel". NJ Spotlight News. August 27, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
6. "The Salacious Non-Mystery of "The Real Lolita"". The New Yorker. 2018-09-17. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
7. "Camden Girl Flees Kidnapper In Calif. After 21 Months". Post-Courier. March 22, 1950. p. 2.
8. Weinman, Sarah (2018). The Real Lolita. Ecco. ISBN 978-0062661920.
9. "The forgotten real-life story behind Lolita". CBC News.
10. "Camden Girl Saved From Kidnaper in Calif". Courier-Post. March 22, 1950. p. 1.
11. Vittek, Shelby (2018-09-06). "The Untold Story of The Real Lolita". New Jersey Monthly. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
12. "Camden People - Florence "Sally" Horner". www.dvrbs.com. Archived from the original on 2022-12-31. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
13. Dolinin, Alexander (9 September 2005). Stothard, Peter (ed.). "What Happened to Sally Horner?: A Real-Life Source of Nabokov's Lolita". The Times Literary Supplement. 103 (5377). London, United Kingdom of Great Britain: The Times Literary Supplement Limited (News UK/News Corp): 11–12. ISSN 0307-661X.
14. "Lived In Terror, Sally Says". Courier-Post. March 22, 1950. p. 1.
15. "The story of the girl who is said to have inspired Lolita". gulfnews.com. 15 June 2021. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
16. "Sally Horner returns to mother". The Decatur Daily. April 2, 1950. p. 1.
17. Machen, Ernest (27 November 1998). Mount, Ferdinand (ed.). "Sources of inspiration for 'Lolita'". The Times Literary Supplement. 96 (4991). London, United Kingdom of Great Britain: The Times Literary Supplement Limited (News UK/News Corp): 17. ISSN 0307-661X.
18. "LaSalle Given 30 Years". Courier-Post. April 3, 1950. pp. 1–2.
19. "The case that partly inspired 'Lolita' — despite what Nabokov said". Los Angeles Times. 2018-09-07.
20. Weinman, Sarah (September 6, 2018). Haskell, David (ed.). "The Last Days of the Real Lolita: What happened after Sally Horner, whose story helped inspire the novel, returned home". The Cut. New York City, New York, United States of America: Vox Media Network (Vox Media, LLC.). Archived from the original on 6 September 2018.
21. "Crash At Shore Kills Girl Kidnap Victim". Courier-Post. August 18, 1952. p. 1.
22. Dolinin, Alexander (9 September 2005). Edmunds, Jeff H.; Brockman, William S.; Hamilton, John (eds.). "What Happened to Sally Horner?: A Real-Life Source of Nabokov's Lolita (expanded article with newspaper articles from TLS)". Zembla. Penn State University Park: University Libraries of the Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original on 24 December 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
23. Dowell, Ben (11 September 2005). "1940s sex kidnap inspired Lolita". The Sunday Times. London: Times Newspapers Ltd. ISSN 0956-1382. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2021 – via The Nabokovian (International Vladimir Nabokov Society).
24. Nabokov, Vladimir (1991). Nabokov, Dmitri (ed.). Volshebnik Волшебник [The Enchanter] (in Russian). Translated by Dmitri Nabokov (1st ed.). Moscow.
25. Nabokov, Vladimir (1 July 1991). Nabokov, Dmitri (ed.). The Enchanter. Translated by Dmitri Nabokov (1st ed.). New York City: Vintage Books. ISBN 9780679728863. OCLC 22957141.
26. McAlpin, Heller (11 September 2018). Lansing, John (ed.). "'The Real Lolita' Investigates The True Crime Story Of Sally Horner". NPR. Washington, D.C., United States of America: National Public Radio Inc. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018.
27. Waldman, Katy (17 September 2018). Haskell, David (ed.). "The Salacious Non-Mystery of "The Real Lolita"". The New Yorker. New York City, New York, United States of America: Vox Media Network (Vox Media, LLC.). ISSN 0028-792X. OCLC 320541675. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018.