Jafar Mujiri

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Jafar Mujiri
Born1917 (1917)
Tabriz,Tabriz County,Iran
Died2001 (aged 83–84)
Budapest,Hungary
Buried
Fiume Road Graveyard
Branchan officer, politician, carpet design master, and art historian
RankCaptain (armed forces)

Jafar Mujiri or Jafar Mocir al-Mamalik (1917, Tabriz – 2001, Budapest) was an officer, politician, carpet design master, and art historian. He participated in the "21 Azer" movement and served as an officer in both the Iranian army and the Qizilbash People's Army.

He was a member of the Union of Azerbaijani Writers and the Union of Artists of Azerbaijan. Mujiri authored books on political, historical, and carpet-related topics. Several of his carpets, created on various subjects, are preserved in the Azerbaijan Carpet Museum, the Berlin State Art Museum, and the Budapest Museum of Applied Arts.

Life

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Early years

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Jafar Mohammad-Hossein oghlu Mocir al-Mamalik was born on February 4, 1917, in Tabriz.[1] From a young age, he learned the art of carpet weaving.[2] After completing his secondary education, he first enrolled in the Tabriz Military School and later in the Higher Officer School in Tehran.[2] Following the 1935 surname law in Iran, his family adopted the surname "Mujiri." After completing his military education in 1941, he began service in the Iranian army as an artillery officer.[1] Until 1944, he served in various military units across the country and attained the rank of captain.[2] During his service, he joined a clandestine organization called the "Azadikhah Officers" (“Officers Seeking Freedom”).[2] In 1944, he and several fellow officers were arrested and taken to Kerman.[1][3]

Jafar Mujiri (third from right) with other fellow officers, Maragha, 1945.

On December 12, 1945, the Azerbaijan People's Government was established.[4]Following this, Jafar Mujiri, along with 19 other officers imprisoned in Kerman, escaped and returned to Tabriz.[2][5] He joined the Azerbaijani Democratic Party and began serving as a captain in the Qizilbash People's Army.[6] He was later appointed military prosecutor of the city of Maragheh.[2][1]

On December 5, 1946, Shah's troops advancing towards Mianeh were stopped by feda’i forces led by Ghulam Yahya.[7][8]Residents from various regions of Azerbaijan appealed to the People's Government for permission to arm themselves against the Shah's army.[9] In response, a Committee of Defense was established under the leadership of Mir Jafar Pishevari.[10][11] The committee's first actions were to declare martial law in Tabriz and to organize volunteer units known as “Babak.”[9][12][13] Initially, these units consisted of 600 members.[11][14] Subsequently, Pishevari again requested military assistance from the Soviet Union,[9][15] but this request remained unanswered.[16]

On December 11, 1946, the Azerbaijan Provincial Assembly, in an effort to prevent bloodshed, ordered the Qizilbash People's Army and feda’i forces not to resist the Shah's troops and to withdraw from the battlefields.[17][18][19] From that day, before the Iranian army entered major cities, landlord-led bands and gendarmes in civilian clothing began committing massacres.[20][21]Tehran Radio referred to these groups as “Iranian patriots.”[21]Their main objective was the elimination of democrats and the facilitation of the Shah's army's entry into the cities.[20][21] Tabriz and other cities in Azerbaijan were subjected to looting and massacres.[20][22] On December 14, 1946, the Iranian army, supported by the United States and the United Kingdom, entered Tabriz.[23][24] The Azerbaijan People's Government collapsed.[25][26] Massacres and looting continued thereafter.[22][23] Thousands of people were arrested and exiled.[27] During these events, members of the Azerbaijani Democratic Party, feda’is, as well as prominent poets including Ali Fitrat, Sadi Yuzbendi, Jafar Kashif, and Mohammadbaghir Niknam were killed.[28][29][30]

After the collapse of the Azerbaijan People's Government

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After the collapse of the Azerbaijan People's Government, Jafar Mujiri emigrated to Northern Azerbaijan. He spent several months training in feda’i camps. Following the death of Mir Jafar Pishevari, the training camps were disbanded. After the dissolution of the People's Government, the "Society of Poets and Writers,"[31] which had been active in Tabriz, resumed its activities in Baku in 1947 under the name "Union of Azerbaijani Writers," of which Mujiri became a member.[31] Between 1947 and 1951, Mujiri studied at the Higher Party School in Baku and graduated from the Faculty of History at Azerbaijan State University.[2][32] He worked as a journalist for Azerbaijan, the press organ of the Azerbaijani Democratic Party,[33] and actively participated in the party's activities. At various times, he served as head of the Propaganda Department of the ADP Central Committee, chairman of the Inspection Commission, and a member of the executive committee.[2][33] Mujiri was proficient in Persian, Arabic, and French. He authored several books on Azerbaijani history and art. He is also the author of the three-volume work Fighters of the Path to Freedom, dedicated to the Azerbaijani feda’is,[34] and the monograph The Khorasan Movement and Mohammad Taqi Khan Pusyan — Sutanzade, which examines the Khorasan movement of 1920–1922.[33]

Jafar Mujiri worked at the "Art" factory of the Azerbaijan Carpet Weaving Administration, initially as a weaver, then as a master craftsman, and later as head of the experimental laboratory.[34] He authored several books on carpet art, including Hafiz and Art (1971), Technological Methods of Azerbaijani Carpet Weaving (1977), and Azerbaijani Carpets (1981).[34][35][36] In 1965, he defended his dissertation titled Artistic Features in the Carpet Weaving of Iranian Azerbaijan in the 19th–20th Centuries and received the degree of Candidate of Art History.[2][3][37] Mujiri primarily focused on ornamental and partially narrative carpets. He created carpets such as Saib Tabrizi, Fuzuli, Two Fates,[38] Güldanlı, Sütunlu, Heydar Amioğlu, Buta, Leyli and Majnun, Towards the Stars, Lechek Turunc, and Cosmonautics.[38] [39] He wove the Saib Tabrizi carpet over ten years,[40] using undyed wool threads, and it was presented to the public in 1980.[40][41] This carpet is preserved in the collection of the Azerbaijan Carpet Museum.[40][42] His carpets have been exhibited multiple times in the United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, and France.[34] In addition to Azerbaijan, his works are preserved in the Berlin State Art Museum, the Budapest Museum of Applied Arts, and other institutions abroad. Mujiri was also a member of the Union of Artists of Azerbaijan.[2] In 1996, he moved to Hungary.[43] In his later years, he suffered from paralysis. He died in Budapest in 2001 and was buried in the Fiume Road Graveyard.[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Aranelli, Dəmir (2024-08-02). "Budapeştdə açılan Təbriz səhəri". 525-ci qəzet. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 2025-02-28.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j İsmayılov, Güləddin (2024-02-28). "Cəfər Müciri". Azərbaycan Demokrat Firqəsi. Retrieved 2025-02-27.[dead link]
  3. ^ a b Hüseynov, Rafael (2024-08-21). "Mücirinin mücrülərindəki son öyüd". 525-ci qəzet. Retrieved 2025-03-04.
  4. ^ İbrahimov 1948, p. 32.
  5. ^ Miyanalı, Əlirza; Fələki, Lütfəli. Fədailər Azərbaycan xalqının 21 Azər hərəkatında (PDF) (in Azerbaijani). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-28. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
  6. ^ Bayramzadə 2015, p. 85.
  7. ^ Rəhmanifər, Məhəmməd (2015-01-04). "Güney Azərbaycanda Milli Hökumətin süqutundan sonra nələr yaşandı?". Apa.az (in Azerbaijani). Archived from the original on 2025-01-04. Retrieved 2025-02-06.
  8. ^ Həsənli 2006, p. 437.
  9. ^ a b c Həsənli 2006, p. 438.
  10. ^ Rəhimli, Əkrəm (2010). Güney Azərbaycan: tarixi, siyasi və kulturoloji müstəvidə. / S.C.Pişəvəri gənclik illərində (PDF) (in Azerbaijani). Baku: Azərnəşr. p. 83. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-07-08. Retrieved 2025-02-06.
  11. ^ a b Hasanli 2006, p. 366.
  12. ^ Atabaki 2000, p. 172.
  13. ^ Sultanlı 2010, p. 83.
  14. ^ Rəhimli 2003, p. 143.
  15. ^ Rəhimli, Əkrəm (2016). Pişəvəri S.C. Məqalə və çıxışlarından seçmələr (Təbriz 1945-1946-cı illər) (in Azerbaijani). Baku: Nurlar nəşriyyatı. p. 415.
  16. ^ Həsənli 2006, p. 441.
  17. ^ Rossow 1956, p. 30.
  18. ^ Rəhimli 2003, p. 149.
  19. ^ Hasanli 2006, p. 370.
  20. ^ a b c Hasanli 2006, p. 373.
  21. ^ a b c Balayev 2018, p. 36.
  22. ^ a b Duqlas, Vilyam (1951). Strange lands and friendly people. Nyu-York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. p. 45.
  23. ^ a b Həsənli 2006, p. 448.
  24. ^ McEvoy, Joanne; O'Leary, Brendan (2013). Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Places. Filadelfiya: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 191. ISBN 9780812245011.
  25. ^ Lenczowski, George (1972). "United States' Support for Iran's Independence and Integrity, 1945–1959". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 401: 49. doi:10.1177/000271627240100106. ISSN 0002-7162.
  26. ^ Həsənli 2006, p. 445.
  27. ^ Hasanli 2006, p. 375.
  28. ^ Balayev 2018, p. 137.
  29. ^ Əmirov 2000, p. 51.
  30. ^ Əliqızı 2001, p. 24.
  31. ^ a b Balayev 2018, p. 139.
  32. ^ Асадова 2024, p. 50.
  33. ^ a b c Aranelli, Dəmir (2024-08-14). "Cəfər Mücirinin güzəştsiz sevgilisi". 525-ci qəzet. Retrieved 2025-03-04.
  34. ^ a b c d Quliyev, Əsəd (1970-01-01). "Xalçaçı rəssam". Azərbaycan qəzeti (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 2025-02-28.
  35. ^ Асадова 2024, p. 57.
  36. ^ Tahirov, Kərim (2012). Azərbaycan xalçası (PDF) (in Azerbaijani). Baku. p. 203. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2025-03-04.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  37. ^ Асадова 2024, p. 51.
  38. ^ a b Асадова 2024, p. 56.
  39. ^ Hüseynov, Rafael (2024-08-19). "Sığınacaq yeri". 525-ci qəzet. Retrieved 2025-03-04.
  40. ^ a b c Баннаева, Наиля (2020-11-28). "В Баку прошла презентация проекта по изготовлению ковров из некрашеной шерсти". Kaspi qəzeti. p. 12. Retrieved 2025-03-04.
  41. ^ Əliyev, Ziyadxan (2019-04-26). "Nadir xalça". Mədəniyyət qəzeti. p. 7. Retrieved 2025-03-04.
  42. ^ "Azərbaycanın ənənəvi xalçaçılıq sənətinin YUNESKO-nun Qeyri-Maddi Mədəni İrs üzrə Reprezentativ Siyahısına daxil edilməsinin 10 illiyi münasibətilə tədbir keçirildi". azcarpetmuseum.az. Retrieved 2025-03-04.
  43. ^ Баннаева, Наиля (2018-04-07). "Среди даров Азербайджанскому музею ковра есть ценные экспонаты". Kaspi qəzeti (in Russian). pp. 12–13. Archived from the original on 2018-09-17. Retrieved 2025-03-04.

Bibliography

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