Ignatius Aphrem II
Ignatius Aphrem II ܡܪܝ ܐܝܓܢܛܝܘܣ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܬܪܝܢܐ إغناطيوس أفرام الثاني | |
|---|---|
| 123rd Patriarch of the Universal Syriac Orthodox Church | |
 Ignatius Aphrem II in 2014 | |
| Native name | Syriac: ܐܝܓܢܛܝܘܣ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܬܪܝܢܐ Arabic: إغناطيوس أفرام الثاني |
| Church | Syriac Orthodox Church |
| Diocese | Antioch |
| See | Holy See of Antioch |
| Elected | 31 March 2014 |
| Installed | 29 May 2014 |
| Predecessor | Moran Mor Ignatius Zakka I Iwas |
| Previous post(s) | Metropolitan and Patriarchal Vicar of the Archdiocese of the Eastern United States Teacher at St Ephrem’s Theological Seminary, Damascus |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1985 |
| Consecration | 28 January 1996 |
| Rank | Patriarch |
| Personal details | |
| Born | May 3, 1965 |
| Nationality | Syrian; American |
| Denomination | Syriac Orthodox |
| Parents | Issa and Khanema Karim |
| Education | B.A Divinity from Coptic Theological Seminary STL from St Patrick's College, Maynooth |
| Alma mater | St Patrick's College, Maynooth, Coptic Theological Seminary, Fordham University |
Mor Ignatius Aphrem II[a] (born 3 May 1965 as Sa'id Karim; Arabic: سعيد كريم, romanized: Saʽīd Kārīm) is a Syrian-American Christian prelate who is serving as the Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church since 29 May 2014.
Born and raised in Qamishili, Syria, Karim took the vows of a monk in 1985 and was later ordained as a deacon and then as a priest. He received a Bachelor of Arts in Divinity from the Coptic Theological Seminary in Cairo in 1988. In 1992, he received a Licentiate of Sacred Theology and in 1994, a Doctor of Divinity from St Patrick's College, Ireland.
In 1996, Aphrem Karim was consecrated as the Patriarchal Vicar and Metropolitan Archbishop of the Archdiocese for the Eastern United States by Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I Iwas. As an archbishop, he established 11 new parishes bringing the number of parishes in the archdiocese to 20. He also created Syriac Orthodox Archdiocesan Youth Organization, an initiative to coordinate youth activities across parishes in the archdiocese.
Upon his accession to the throne of Patriarch, Aphrem II took the patriarchal name Ignatius, and also became the second patriarch to bear the monastic name Aphrem after Patriarch Ignatius Aphrem Barsoum. Unlike his immediate predecessors, Aphrem II chose not to use Karim, his family name in his official title.
Early life and education
[edit]
Saʿid Karim was born on May 3, 1965, in Qamishli, located in northeastern Syria. He was the youngest son of Issa and Khanema Karim.[2] His family belonged to the Syriac Orthodox Christian community who originally hailed from the village Ëḥwo (Turkish: Güzelsu) in the Tur Abdin region of Mardin Province, Turkey.[3] Karim's father died early in his life, so he was primarily raised by his mother.[4]
Karim completed his primary education in Qamishli in 1977. He then pursued religious secondary studies at St. Ephrem's Theological Seminary in Atchaneh, Lebanon.[3] After graduating in 1982, he served as an assistant to Archbishop Mor Gregorios Yuhanna Ibrahim in Aleppo, Syria.[5] Between 1984 and 1988, he attended the Coptic Theological Seminary in Cairo, Egypt and received a Bachelor of Arts in Divinity.[6]
In 1985, Saʿid Karim became a monk, and received the name 'Aphrem' in honor of the 4th-century Syriac poet-theologian Ephrem the Syrian and former patriarch Aphrem I Barsoum. He was ordained a deacon in Egypt and then elevated to priesthood later that year. From 1988 to 1989, he served as both the secretary to then patriarch, Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, and as a teacher at St Ephrem's Theological Seminary in Damascus, Syria.[6]
In 1991, he entered St Patrick's College in Maynooth, Ireland and received a Licentiate of Sacred Theology (1992) and a Doctor of Divinity (1994). His doctoral thesis was titled The Symbolism of the Cross in early Syriac Christianity.[2]
Metropolitan Archbishop of the Eastern United States
[edit]In 1995, following the death of Archbishop Mor Athanasius Yeshue Samuel, who had established the Archdiocese of the United States and Canada, it was decided to divide the existing archdiocese into three separate archdioceses: the Eastern United States, Los Angeles and Environs, and Canada.[7]
On 28 January 1996, Aphrem Karim was consecrated as Patriarchal Vicar and Metropolitan Archbishop of the Archdiocese for the Eastern United States by Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I Iwas at St. Virgin Mary's Syriac Orthodox Church in his home town of Qamishli.[8] Taking the episcopal name Cyril, he arrived in the United States on 2 March 1996, and was officially installed at St. Mark's Syriac Orthodox Cathedral in Teaneck, New Jersey, as Mor Cyril Aphrem Karim.[6]
During his time as Metropolitan Archbishop, Cyril Aphrem Karim oversaw the creation of 11 new parishes, bringing the total parishes in the archdiocese to 20. He created an advisory council to aid in oversight and administration of the archdiocese. He created the Syriac Orthodox Archdiocesan Youth Organization to coordinate youth activities across the archdiocese's parishes, and oversaw a number of youth conferences as he sought to grow the church. He organized a special youth liturgy in the New York and New Jersey area and created a choral society.[6][9]
Cyril Aphrem Karim oversaw the creation of the Archdiocesan Sunday School Committee to unite lesson plans across the archdiocese. He created a pre-marriage counseling program which afforded couples-to-be the chance to meet with him personally. He also established an annual liturgy service to recognize and appreciate the elderly members of the community. He worked for inter-church unity, serving on the World Council of Churches. Cyril Aphrem Karim played a significant role in founding Christian Churches Together.[6][9][10]
Accession to Patriarch of Antioch
[edit]On 21 March 2014, Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I Iwas died after a long illness. Following his death, the Holy Synod of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch was convened to elect a successor. The synod was held at St. Jacob Baradeus Monastery in Aatchane, Lebanon, presided over by Mor Baselios Thomas I, the then Catholicos of India and Mor Severius Jamil Hawa Archbishop of Baghdad and Basra, the Patriarchal Locum Tenens. The synod elected Cyril Aphrem Karim to be the 123rd successor of St. Peter in the Apostolic See of Antioch on 31 March 2014. Cyril Aphrem Karim was enthroned on 29 May 2014, at St Ephrem's Monastery, Maarat Saidnaya, near Damascus, Syria.[11] Baselios Thomas I oversaw the ceremony of consecration.[12]
Aphrem took the patriarchal name Ignatius, replacing his episcopal name Cyril, and, being the second patriarch to bear the monastic name Aphrem (the first being Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum), his name became Ignatius Aphrem II. Aphrem II chose not to use his family name, Karim, in his official title, unlike his immediate predecessors who did.[13]
Reactions
[edit]General Secretary Rev. Dr. Olav Fykse Tveit of the World Council of Churches congratulated Patriarch Aphrem II highlighting his longstanding commitment to ecumenism.[14] Pope Francis of the Roman Catholic Church extended congratulations and prayed that the Patriarch would be "a spiritual father for your people and an untiring builder of peace and justice".[15] He was also congratulated by Karekin II of the Armenian Apostolic Church.[16]
Career as Patriarch
[edit]Travels abroad
[edit]Shortly after his election, Ignatius Aphrem II paid an official visit to the Holy See of Cilicia in Antelias, Lebanon to participate in a meeting to discuss higher levels of collaboration between the Syriac Orthodox and Armenian Apostolic Churches, as well as other Oriental Orthodox churches.[17] In May 2015, Aphrem II was received by Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden as he visited the country's Syriac Orthodox parishes.[18][19]
Since his enthronement, he has made apostolic visits to Iraq and Syria to assist Christians displaced by the advance of ISIS and the general turmoil caused by the Syrian Civil War.[20][21] The Patriarch also visited displaced Christians and refugees camps in Shaqlawa, where Patriarchal Liturgy was served along with special prayers.[22]
In 2022, Patriarch Aphrem II was received by the Vatican during a meeting with the International Catholic Legislators Network.[10]
In 2024, Aphrem II received Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East Mar Awa III in Erbil during a meeting in September, which was also attended by Bashar Warda of the Chaldean Catholic Church.[23] Around the fall of the Assad regime, Aphrem II was in Kerala, India for a 10-day visit, but it was cut short due to the military situation and political crises.[24]
Aphrem II has also made several apostolic visits abroad since his enthronement as the Patriarch including in India, Switzerland,[25] Austria,[26] Netherlands,[27] Germany.[28]
Suicide attack
[edit]On Sunday 19 June 2016, an ISIS affiliated suicide bomber tried to assassinate Aphrem II during a special ceremony commemorating the 101st anniversary of the Sayfo. The attacker was disguised as a priest and had detonated a bomb shortly after being stopped by security guards.[29][30] Three security officers were killed and five people injured, including members of the Assyrian Sutoro, however Aphrem II himself was unharmed.[31]
Support for Syria
[edit]Speaking for a public television interview in New Jersey in 2013, Metropolitan Cyril Aphrem Karim opposed the possibility of United States airstrikes against Syria, citing his religious morals as well as the previous suffering of Syrians due to the events of the Syrian civil war.[32]
In 2016, Aphrem II claimed "Russia has given hope to the people of Syria," in support of the Russian military intervention in Syria during the Syrian Civil War.[33]
In April 2018, Ignatius Aphrem II, together with Greek Orthodox Patriarch John X of Antioch and Youssef Absi of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church issued a strong condemnation of the 2018 missile strikes against Syria. In their statement, they wrote that the bombings "were clear violations of the international laws and the UN Charter", and that the "unjust aggression encourages the terrorist organizations and gives them momentum to continue in their terrorism."[34] The churches called on the United Nations Security Council and other churches in Syria to condemn the aggression, and saluted the Syrian Arab Armed Forces for protecting the country.
Aphrem II has previously been vocal about lifting the international sanctions against Syria, including a New Year's address around 2022 in Austria.[35]
In the wake of the 2025 massacres of Syrian Alawites, Aphrem II issued a statement alongside John X of Antioch and Youssef Absi condemning the violence.[36] In the statement, they wrote of the “dangerous escalation of violence, brutality, and killings, resulting in attacks on innocent civilians, including women and children." and called for a relaxation of conditions to further the stable transition of the country.[37]
Styles
[edit]The titulary of patriarchs is somewhat complex and changeable. He is often called "His Holiness", a special distinction given to the leaders of some churches (Syriac: ܩܕܝܫܘܬܗ Qaddišuṯeh, Arabic: قداسة Qadāsa). This is often then followed by the unique Syriac title Mor (ܡܪܝ), often doubled to Moran Mor (ܡܪܢ ܡܪܝ). The title, in its singular form, literally means "my lord", and is given to all male saints and bishops. The term Moran means "our lord", and when used alone refers only to Jesus Christ, but is combined with Mor in the titles of patriarchs. Patriarchs are addressed as either Mor or Moran Mor.[38]
Patriarchs take the patriarchal name Ignatius in honor of the martyr Ignatius of Antioch, starting with the accession of Ignatius Behnam of Hadl in 1445.[39] This is followed by the patriarch's personal monastic name Aphrem, and the regnal number "II" to distinguish him from Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum.[40]
The patriarch is officially known as the Patriarch of Antioch, to which is added "and All the East" as that see governs the church in the east. He is also termed as the Supreme Head of the Church, a similar title to those used by other denominational leaders.[39][41]
An ancient title of Syriac patriarchs still sometimes used is "Thrice Blessed" (Syriac: ܬܠܝܬܝ̈ ܛܘܒܐ̈ Tlithoy Ṭuḇe), usually placed instead of "His Holiness".[41]
| English | His Holiness Moran Mor Ignatius Aphrem II, Patriarch of Antioch and All the East and Supreme Head of the Universal Syriac Orthodox Church |
|---|---|
| Syriac | ܩܕܝܫܘܬܗ ܕܡܪܢ ܡܪܝ ܐܝܓܢܛܝܘܣ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܬܪܝܢܐ ܦܛܪܝܪܟܐ ܕܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ ܘܕܟܠܗ̇ ܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܪܝܫܐ ܓܘܢܝܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܬܪܝܨܬ ܫܘܒܚܐ ܒܟܠܗ̇ ܬܐܒܠ |
| Qaddišuṯeh ḏ-Moran Mor[y] Iḡnaṭius Afrem Trayono Paṭriarḵo ḏ-Anṭiuḵia waḏ-Kuloh Maḏĕnḥo w-Rišo Gawonoyo ḏ-ʿItto Suryoyto Triṣaṯ Šuḇḥo ḇ-Kuloh Tiḇel | |
| Arabic | قداسة مار إغناطيوس أفرام الثاني بطريرك لأنطاكية وسائر المشرق ورئيس أعلى للكنيسة السريانية الأرثوذكسية في العالم |
| Qadāsa Mār ʾIġnāṭīūs ʾAfrām al-Ṯānī Baṭriyark li-ʾAnṭākya wa-Sāʾir al-Mašriq wa-Raʾīs ʾAʿlā lil-Kanīsa al-Suryāniyya al-ʾUrṯūḏaksiyya fī al-ʿĀlam |
Personal names
[edit]At various points in his life, Ignatius Aphrem II was known as
- Saʿid Karim (1965–1985)
- The Reverend Monk Aphrem Karim (1985–1996)
- His Eminence Mor Cyril Aphrem Karim (1996–2014)
- His Holiness Moran Mor Ignatius Aphrem II (2014–present)
Personal life
[edit]
Ignatius Aphrem II speaks Classical Syriac (Kthobonoyo), Turoyo (a colloquial Neo-Aramaic spoken in his ancestral Tur Abdin), Arabic, French and English.[6]
In 2018, Ignatius received an honorary degree from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens in Zografou, Greece. The ceremony was attended by Ieronymos II of Athens and several Syriac Orthodox clergy, with Ignatius delivering a speech about the status of Christianity in the Middle East.[42]
Identity
[edit]Being the Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church, Ignatius has previously spoken of the Aramaic roots and identity of the church, as well as his home country of Syria. However, in an interview with Assyria TV, he affirmed that the church's adherents should unite under one label ("Suryoye") outside of the Assyrian and Aramean designations that are used outside of the church's space, taking a more neutral stance on the Assyrian naming dispute. He also explained that he would not allow any political organization to represent the church by default.[43]
Ignatius Aphrem II's stance on the dispute provoked discord from organizations that espoused an Aramean identity, namely the World Council of Arameans. In May 2015, a program on the WCA-run Suryoyo Sat questioned his call for unity and featured anti-Assyrian sentiment, with the same participants boycotting meetings with the patriarch.[44] In 2017, Sabri Atman of the Seyfo Center criticized a letter sent by the WCA to Ignatius to add the Aramean label to the name of the Syriac Orthodox Church, which was rejected by the patriarchate.[45]
Publications
[edit]In 2003, Cyril Aphrem Karim published the Book of the Order for the Burial of the Clergy. He also saw to the reprinting of works including the Shorter Catechism of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch (1999) by former Patriarch Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum, and the Book of Scripture Readings for Sundays and Feasts Days (2000), originally published by Mor Philoxenus Yuhanon Dolabani of Mardin. Cyril Aphrem Karim encouraged the American Foundation for Syriac Studies to publish a quarterly entitled Syriac Studies and helped co-sponsor a series of public lectures by scholars and intellectuals on Syriac culture, history, literature and theology. In 2004, Cyril Aphrem Karim wrote Symbols of the Cross in the Writings of the Early Syriac Fathers. He has also published two children's books: In The Tree House and Animals from the Bible.[6]
Bibliography
[edit]- Barsom, Murad Saliba (2000). Samuel, Mor Athanasius Yeshue (ed.). Book of the Order for the Burial of the Clergy (liturgical book). Foreword by Mor Cyril Aphrem Karim; biographical sketch by Chorepiscopus John P. Meno. New Jersey: Archdiocese of the Syriac Orthodox Church for the Eastern USA. ISBN 0-9744442-0-0.
- Barsoum, Patriarch Ephrem I (1999). Karim, Cyril Aphrem (ed.). The Shorter Catechism of the Syrian Orthodox Church of Antioch. Translated into English by the Very Rev. Fr. Elias Sugar. New Jersey: Archdiocese of the Syriac Orthodox Church for the Eastern USA.
- Dolabani, Philoxenos Yuhanon (2000). Karim, Cyril Aphrem (ed.). Scripture Readings for Sundays & Feast Days: According to the Tradition of the Syrian Orthodox Church of Antioch. New Jersey: Archdiocese of the Syriac Orthodox Church for the Eastern USA. ISBN 1-59333-146-0.
- Karim, Cyril Aphrem (2004). Symbols of the Cross in the Writings of the Early Syriac Fathers. New Jersey: Gorgias Press. ISBN 1-59333-230-0.
- — (2004). "The Liturgy in the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch". In Best, Thomas F.; Heller, Dagmar (eds.). Worship Today: understanding, practice, ecumenical implications. Geneva: WCC.
- — (2011). In The Tree House (children's book). New Jersey: Parables & Books. ISBN 978-0983318804.
- — (2013). Animals from the Bible (children's book). New Jersey: Parables & Books. ISBN 978-1939682055.
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Patriarch". Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch. 13 December 2015.
- ^ a b "Mor Cyril Aphrem Karim". Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch: Archdiocese for the Eastern United States. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
- ^ a b "BIOGRAPHY of Patriarch H.H.Ignatius Aphrem-II". www.syriacchristianity.in. Retrieved 16 May 2025.
- ^ "His Holiness Moran Mor Ignatius Aphrem II". www.malankara.com. 11 December 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2025.
- ^ "Assyrian Orthodox Church of the Virgin Mary, Important Updates". Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Mor Cyril Aphrem Karim". Syrian Orthodox Church. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
- ^ "About". Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch: Archdiocese for the Eastern United States. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
- ^ "Metropolitan Mor Cyril Aphrem Karim Elected as the 123rd Patriarch of Antioch and All East". Orthodoxy Cognate PAGE – Media Network. 31 March 2014. Archived from the original on 10 May 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
- ^ a b "St. Mary's Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church - Hierarchy". www.stmarysatlanta.com. Retrieved 16 May 2025.
- ^ a b "A need for leaders inspired by fraternal love - L'Osservatore Romano". www.osservatoreromano.va.
- ^ "The official announcement about the newly elected Patriarch Mor Ignatius Aphrem bin karim II". Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch: Archdiocese for the Eastern United States. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
- ^ "Aphrem II enthroned as Patriarch of Antioch". Times of India. 30 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
- ^ Chrysostom, Society of Saint John (30 May 2014). "Syriac Orthodox Patriarch Ignatius Aphrem II enthroned in Damascus, welcomed by Greek-Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch John". Society of Saint John Chrysostom. Retrieved 17 May 2025.
- ^ "WCC congratulates newly elected Syrian patriarch | World Council of Churches". oikoumene.org. Retrieved 17 May 2025.
- ^ "Message to the new Syrian-Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and all the East, Ignatius Aphrem II (2 April 2014) | Francis". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 17 May 2025.
- ^ "Ամենայն Հայոց Կաթողիկոսը շնորհավորել է Ասորի Ուղղափառ Եկեղեցու նորընտիր Պատրիարքին". 168.am. 1 April 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
- ^ "ԱՍՈՐԻ ԵԿԵՂԵՑՒՈՅ ՊԱՏՐԻԱՐՔ ԱՖՐԱՄ Բ. ԱՆԹԻԼԻԱՍԻ ՄԱՅՐԱՎԱՆՔԻՆ ՄԷՋ". Armenian Church Catholicosate of Cilicia (in Armenian). 28 June 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
- ^ "Kungaparet tog emot Syrisk-ortodoxa kyrkans patriark - Sveriges Kungahus". web.archive.org. 2 August 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
- ^ "Syrisk-ortodox patriark på historiskt Sverigebesök". Dagen (in Swedish). 8 May 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
- ^ "Catholic, Orthodox Patriarchs Visit Erbil to Support Displaced Iraqis". CNEWA. 20 August 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
- ^ Maksan, Oliver (15 April 2016). "Patriarch Takes 'Painful' Stock of ISIS-ravaged Syrian Town". ZENIT - English (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 May 2025. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
- ^ "Patriarch Ignatius Aphrem II visits Displaced Christians & Refugee Camps in Iraq". 23 August 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ "Syriac Orthodox Patriarch Mor Ignatius Aphrem II receives Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East Mar Awa III Royel". Syriac Press. 21 September 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
- ^ "Syria crisis may end Patriarch Ignatius Aphrem II's Kerala visit sooner than planned: Sources". mathrubhumi.com. 9 December 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
- ^ "Special Meeting in Switzerland". Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch. 13 July 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
- ^ "Visit to the Holy Cross Monastery – Austria". Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch. 11 December 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
- ^ "Leadership Program – SYGG16 in Pagedal – Netherlands". Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
- ^ "His Holiness Patriarch Mor Ignatius Aphrem II meets the newly elected presidents and members of Archdiocesan Council of the Patriarchal Vicariate of Germany". The Middle East Council of Churches. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
- ^ Meining, Stefan (20 June 2016). "Kirchenoberhaupt entgeht Selbstmordanschlag". BR (in German). Retrieved 31 March 2025.
- ^ "WCC strongly condemns terror attack targeting Patriarch Ignatius Aphrem II | World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
- ^ "Patriarch Ignatius, head of Syrian Orthodox church, escapes suicide bomb attack". Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ Mike Schneider interview of Mor Cyril Aphrem Karim. New Jersey Today with Mike Schneider (television production). NJTV News.
- ^ ERASMUS (18 December 2016). "Aleppo presents a moral dilemma for Christian leaders". The Economist. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
- ^ A Statement Issued by the Patriarchates of Antioch and all the East for the Greek Orthodox, Syrian Orthodox, and Greek-Melkite Catholic Damascus, 14 April 2018
- ^ "Syrien: Patriarchen-Appell an Diplomaten für Ende der Sanktionen". web.archive.org. 2 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
- ^ Clarke, Kevin (13 March 2025). "Worst violence in years in Syria revives fears among minority Alawite and Christian communities". America Magazine. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
- ^ "Más de mil muertos en una oleada de violencia en Siria · Puertas Abiertas". www.puertasabiertas.org (in European Spanish). Retrieved 31 March 2025.
- ^ Sebastian P. Brock (2006). An Introduction to Syriac Studies. Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-59333-349-2.
- ^ a b Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I Iwas (1983). "The Syrian Orthodox Church of Antioch At A Glance". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
- ^ Chrysostom, Society of Saint John (30 May 2014). "Syriac Orthodox Patriarch Ignatius Aphrem II enthroned in Damascus, welcomed by Greek-Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch John". Society of Saint John Chrysostom. Retrieved 22 May 2025.
- ^ a b "The Departure of His Holiness Mor Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, of Thrice Blessed Memory". Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
- ^ "Bestowing an Honorary Doctorate to His Holiness – University of Athens". Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
- ^ "Press Conference - The patriarch insists on unity". Assyria TV (in Swedish). 19 May 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
- ^ Haninke, Augin Kurt. "A desperate anti-Assyrian movement | Assyrians [Syriacs]". assyrians.n.nu. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
- ^ Atman, Sabri (16 August 2017). "The Attack of The Arameans on The Patriarch Mor Ignatius Aphrem II". SEYFO CENTER. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
External links
[edit]
- "His Holiness Patriarch Ignatius Aphrem II - Biography". Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch. 13 December 2015.
- Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch - Our Patriarch
- Facebook for Indian Apostolic Visits
