Huajiying Formation

Huajiying Formation
Huajiying Formation
Stratigraphic range: Valanginian-Aptian
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Jehol Group
Sub-units	Guohedao Member,; Nianzigou Member,; Qiaotou Member,; Sichakou Member
Underlies	Quingshila Formation
Overlies	Dabeigou Formation
Location
Region	Hebei
Country	China

The Huajiying Formation is a geological formation in Hebei, People's Republic of China. Known for its fossils including feathered dinosaurs, the age of the formation is uncertain. It may represent an early portion of the Jehol Biota, dating to somewhere in the early Cretaceous or late Jurassic periods. It may correlate with the early Cretaceous Dadianzi Formation and parts of the Yixian Formation, with an age range between 140 and 122 Ma ago.^[1] It contains the Qiaotou Member, sometimes treated as a distinct formation.

Age and stratigraphy

The Huajiying Formation contains the following members, in order from youngest to oldest:

5th Volcanic Member
Guohedao Sedimentary Member
4th Volcanic Member
Nianzigou Sedimentary Member
3rd Volcanic Member
Qiaotou Sedimentary Member
2nd Volcanic Member
Sichakou Sedimentary Member
1st Volcanic Member

The age of the formation is uncertain. Ji and colleagues suggested in 2008 that the Qiaotou Member correlates with the Dawangzhangzi bed of the Yixian Formation, dated to ~122 Ma ago by Zhou in 2006.^[2] Ji et al. also suggested that the lower Sichakou Member correlates with the Dadianzi Formation, dated to 140 Ma ago by Tian and colleagues in 2003.^[3]

Paleobiota

The faunal lists below are based on a survey of the Huajiying Formation by Jin Fan and colleagues in 2008, unless otherwise noted.^[4]

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Theropods

Genus	Species	County	Member	Notes	Images
Archaeornithura	A. meemannae	Fengning	Sichakou Member	A hongshanornithid ornithuromorph; the only known ornithuromorph from the Huajiying Formation. Lifestyle possibly similar to that of modern wading birds (such as plovers).	Archaeornithura holotype
Cruralispennia	C. multidonta		Sichakou Member	An enantiornithine. Convergently evolved many ornithuromorph features.	Restoration of Cruralispennia depicting the colors it likely had in life
Eoconfuciusornis	E. zhengi		Sichakou Member	A confuciusornithid pygostalian avialan. Known from two specimens. Second specimen (referred in 2017) preserves soft tissues. Previously reported from the Dabeigou Formation.
Eopengornis	E. martini		Sichakou Member	A pengornithid enantiornithine. Preserves many similarities with Pengornis, for which it is named. The oldest pengornithid.
"Hebeiornis"	"H. fengningensis"		Qiaotou Member	Nomen nudum/objective junior synonym of Vescornis. Some authors consider Vescornis as the synonym to this taxon, as 'Hebeiornis' was established first (1999; Vescornis named in 2004).
Jibeinia	J. luanhera		Qiaotou Member	An enantiornithine. Similar to Vescornis, potentially synonymous. Only known specimen missing. Previously reported from the Yixian Formation.	Sketch_of_the_Jibeinia_holotype
Jinfengopteryx	J. elegans		Qiaotou Member	A troodontid. The genus namesake of the troodontid subfamily Jinfengopteryginae. Previously reported from the Yixian Formation.	Jinfengopteryx
Orienantius	O. ritteri		Sichakou Member	A basal enantiornithine. Known from two specimens. Preservation of soft tissues best visualized under ultraviolet light.
Paraprotopteryx	P. gracilis		Qiaotou Member	A basal enantiornithine; presumably related and similar to Protopteryx. Preserves 4 long rectrices; 2 of which may be the result of artifice. Previously reported from the Yixian Formation.
Protopteryx	P. fengningensis		Sichakou Member	A basal enantiornithine. Known from five specimens. Previously reported from the Yixian Formation.	Protopteryx_fengningensis_(BMNHC_Ph1060A)_NMNS
Shenqiornis^[1]	S. mengi		Qiaotou Member	A bohaiornithid enantiornithine. First described member of the family.
Vescornis	V. hebeiensis		Qiaotou Member	A gobipterygid enantiornithine. Similar to Jibeinia, potentially synonymous. Known specimen preserves mainly impressions of bone. Named from same specimen as 'Hebeiornis'; potentially synonymous. Previously reported from the Yixian Formation.	Vescornis holotype
Xunmenglong	X. yinlianglis		Sichakou Member	A compsognathid. The smallest known member of the family; about the same size as the Scipionyx samniticus holotype. Had disproportionately long lower legs.

Pterosaurs

Genus	Species	County	Member	Abundance	Notes	Images
Cratonopterus^[5]	C. huabei	Fengning			A ctenochasmatid
Ornithocheiroidea^[6]	Indeterminate	Fengning			Partial skeleton of an indeterminate ornithocheiroid

Fishes

Genus	Species	Abundance	Notes	Images
Lycoptera	L. davidi	Also present in the Jiufotang Formation & Yixian Formation	An osteoglossomorph	Lycoptera davidi Yanosteus longidorsalis
Lycoptera	L. tokunagai		An osteoglossomorph
Peipiaosteus	P. fengningensis		A fish related to sturgeons
Protopsephurus	P. liui	Also present in the Jiufotang & Yixian Formations	A paddlefish
Yanosteus	Y. longidorsalis	Also present in the Yixian Formation	A peipiaosteid

Invertebrates

Genus	Species	County	Member	Abundance	Notes	Images
Yanjiestheria	Y. huajiyingensis			Well-preserved remains and eggs.^[7]	A spinicaudatan

References

^ ^a ^b Wang, X., O'Connor, J.K., Zhao, B., Chiappe, L.M., Gao, C. and Cheng, X. (2010). "New species of Enantiornithes (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the Qiaotou Formation in Northern Hebei, China." Acta Geologica Sinica, 84(2): 247-256.
^ Zhou, Z. (2006). "Evolutionary radiation of the Jehol Biota: chronological and ecological perspectives." Geological Journal, 41: 377–393.
^ Tian, S.G., Liu, Y.Q., Li, P.X., Pang, Q. and Niu, S. (2003). "Sequence stratigraphy of Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary strata in Luanping, Northern Hebei, China." Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 47(7): 607―617.
^ Jin, F., Zhang, F.C., Li, Z.H., Zhang, J.Y., Li, C. and Zhou, Z.H. (2008). "On the horizon of Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota." Chinese Science Bulletin, 53(18): 2820-2827.
^ Jiang, Shunxing; Song, Junyi; Zhang, Xinjun; Cheng, Xin; Wang, Xiaolin (2023-11-15). "A new pterosaur from the early stage of the Jehol biota in China, with a study on the relative thickness of bone walls". Heliyon. 9 (12). E22370. Bibcode:2023Heliy...922370J. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22370. PMC 10709016. PMID 38076164.
^ Zhou, Chang-Fu; Zhu, Ziheng; Chen, Jianye (2022-05-22). "First pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous Huajiying Formation of the Jehol Biota, northern Hebei Province, China: insights on the pedal diversity of Pterodactyloidea". Historical Biology. 35 (7): 1129–1135. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2079085. ISSN 0891-2963.
^ Li, Gang (2022-11-25). "New spinicaudatan species (Crustacea) of the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Hauterivian) Jehol Biota from northern Hebei, China". Cretaceous Research. 143 105425. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105425. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 253998860.

[wangetal2010-1] Wang, X., O'Connor, J.K., Zhao, B., Chiappe, L.M., Gao, C. and Cheng, X. (2010). "New species of Enantiornithes (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the Qiaotou Formation in Northern Hebei, China." Acta Geologica Sinica, 84(2): 247-256.

[zhou2006-2] Zhou, Z. (2006). "Evolutionary radiation of the Jehol Biota: chronological and ecological perspectives." Geological Journal, 41: 377–393.

[tianetal2003-3] Tian, S.G., Liu, Y.Q., Li, P.X., Pang, Q. and Niu, S. (2003). "Sequence stratigraphy of Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary strata in Luanping, Northern Hebei, China." Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 47(7): 607―617.

[jinetal2008-4] Jin, F., Zhang, F.C., Li, Z.H., Zhang, J.Y., Li, C. and Zhou, Z.H. (2008). "On the horizon of Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota." Chinese Science Bulletin, 53(18): 2820-2827.

[Cratonopterus-5] Jiang, Shunxing; Song, Junyi; Zhang, Xinjun; Cheng, Xin; Wang, Xiaolin (2023-11-15). "A new pterosaur from the early stage of the Jehol biota in China, with a study on the relative thickness of bone walls". Heliyon. 9 (12). E22370. Bibcode:2023Heliy...922370J. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22370. PMC 10709016. PMID 38076164.

[Zhou2022-6] Zhou, Chang-Fu; Zhu, Ziheng; Chen, Jianye (2022-05-22). "First pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous Huajiying Formation of the Jehol Biota, northern Hebei Province, China: insights on the pedal diversity of Pterodactyloidea". Historical Biology. 35 (7): 1129–1135. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2079085. ISSN 0891-2963.

[7] Li, Gang (2022-11-25). "New spinicaudatan species (Crustacea) of the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Hauterivian) Jehol Biota from northern Hebei, China". Cretaceous Research. 143 105425. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105425. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 253998860.

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