Hersi Boqor
Hersi Boqor Osman Somali: Xirsi Boqor Osman. Was the son of Boqor Osman of the Majeerteen Sultanate, in what is now Puntland, Somalia, and grandfather of future Puntland president Cadde Muse Xirsi. He is remembered in Somali society for leading a large scale rebellion against Italian colonial expansion into the Majeerteen Sultanate between early 1925, to late 1927 known as the Campaign of the Sultanates.[1][2]
| Hersi Boqor | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boqor, Sultan | |||||
 Italian depiction of Hersi Boqor | |||||
| Leader of the Majeerteen rebellion against Italy | |||||
| Reign | 1925-1927 | ||||
| Predecessor | Osman Mohamoud (king) | ||||
| Born | Hafun, Majeerteen Sultanate | ||||
| Died | Imi, Ogaden | ||||
| |||||
| House | Majeerteen Sultanate | ||||
| Father | Osman Mohamoud (king) | ||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||
| Occupation | Commander | ||||
| Military career | |||||
| Battles / wars | |||||
Campaign of the Sultanates
[edit]Prelude to the campaign
[edit]With the arrival of Governor Cesare Maria De Vecchi on 15 December 1923, things began to change in Somalia, Italy had access to these areas under the successive protection treaties, but not direct rule. The Fascist government had direct rule only over the majority of Benadir territory. On 1925, Mussolini gave the green light to De Vecchi to start the takeover of the northern sultanates. Everything was to be changed and the treaties abrogated.[3]
To make the enforcement of his plan more viable, he began to reconstitute the old Somali police corps, the Corpo Zaptié, and the new Dubats as a colonial force. Who were mostly led by Capo Hersi Gurey, a major ally of Italy in this conflict.
In preparation for the plan of invasion of the sultanates, the Alula Commissioner, E. Coronaro received orders in April 1924 to carry out a reconnaissance on the territories targeted for invasion. In spite of the forty year Italian relationship with the sultanates, Italy did not have adequate knowledge of the geography. During this time, the Stefanini-Puccioni geological survey was scheduled to take place.Such, concluded that the Majeerteen Sultanate depended on sea traffic, therefore, if this were blocked any resistance could be “mounted” As the first stage of the invasion plan, Governor De Vecchi ordered the two Sultanates to disarm. The reaction of both sultanates was to object, as they felt the policy was against the protectorate agreements. The pressure engendered by the new development forced the two northern sultanates, Hobyo and Majeerteenia, to settle their differences, and form a united front against their common enemy.
Early conflict
[edit]The new Alula commissioner, presented Boqor Osman with an ultimatum to disarm and surrender, which he refused. Meanwhile, Italian troops began to pour into the sultanate in anticipation of this operation. While landing at Haafuun and Alula, the sultanate's troops, under Boqor Osmans order opened fire on them, not allowing the Italians to easily occupy the region. Fierce fighting ensued and to avoid escalating the conflict and to press the fascist government to revoke their policy, Boqor Osman tried to open a dialogue. However, he failed, and again fighting broke out between the two parties. Following this disturbance, on 7 October De Vecchi instructed Coronaro to order the Sultan to surrender; to intimidate the people he ordered the seizure of all merchant boats in the Alula area. At Hafun, Arimondi bombarded and destroyed all the boats in the area.[4]
Bombing of Bargaal and continued resistance
[edit]On 13 October Coronaro was to meet Boqor Osman at Baargaal to press for his surrender. Under siege already, Boqor Osman was playing for time. However, on 23 October, Boqor Osman sent an angry response to the Governor defying his order. Following this a full-scale naval attack was ordered in November. Baargaal is bombed by the Italian cruiser 'Campania' for 22 hours after initial Italian efforts to take the town are pushed back by the Somalis and several Italian officers are killed.
The attempt of the colonizers to suppress the region erupted into an explosive confrontation. The Italians were meeting fierce resistance on many fronts. In December 1925, led by the charismatic leader Hersi Boqor, son of Boqor Osman, the sultanate forces drove the Italians out of Hurdia and Haafuun, two strategic coastal towns, and continued his fierce resistance.
Another contingent attacked and destroyed an Italian communications centre at Cape Guardafui, at the tip of the Horn. In retaliation, the Bernica and other warships were called on to bombard all main coastal towns of the Majeerteen. After a violent confrontation Italian forces inevitably captured Eyl, which until then had remained in the hands of Hersi Boqor. In response to the unyielding situation, Italy called for reinforcements from their other colonies, notably Eritrea. With their arrival at the closing of 1926, the Italians began to move into the interior where they had not been able to venture since their first seizure of the coastal towns. Their attempt to capture Dharoor Valley was resisted by Hersi Boqor, and ended in failure for the Italians.[4]
Aftermath
[edit]Due to the immense retaliation of the Majeerteen, Italians were not able to entirely capture Majeerteenia until late 1927, when after the conflict at Iskushkuban Hersi Boqor and his top staff were forced to retreat to Somali Galbeed in order to rebuild the forces. However, they had an epidemic of cholera which frustrated all attempts to recover his force.[5]
The nearly 3-year war ended with the complete bombardment of many coastal North Eastern towns in which is now a part of Puntland, and the deaths of around 550 Italians, and 456 Dubats/Eritrean Askaris.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Tripodi, Paolo (1999), "Mogadishu versus the World", The Colonial Legacy in Somalia, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 138–165, ISBN 978-1-349-41457-4, retrieved 2025-08-07
- ^ Issa-Salwe, Abdisalam M; Osman, Abdullahi Salah (2024-05-03). "Keynan Somali Equation Theory: An Empirical Attempt to Explain What Led to the Collapse of the Somali State". Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal. 11 (4): 226–235. doi:10.14738/assrj.114.16879. ISSN 2055-0286.
- ^ "27 febbraio 1927: In Somalia si concludono le operazioni per la pacificazione dei sultanati". Italia Coloniale (in Italian). 27 February 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2025.
- ^ a b Tripodi, Paolo (1999). The Colonial Legacy in Somalia: Rome and Mogadishu. Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved 2 August 2025.
- ^ Issa-Salwe, Abdisalam (1996). The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy. London: Haan Associates.