Haemaphysalis

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Haemaphysalis
Temporal range: Cretaceous–present
Haemaphysalis longicornis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Ixodida
Family: Ixodidae
Subfamily: Haemaphysalinae
Genus: Haemaphysalis
Koch, 1844
Species

170 extant, see text.[1]

Haemaphysalis is a genus of hard ticks.[2] It is the second largest genus in the family Ixodidae, after Ixodes, and the largest genus of the Metastriata. Haemaphysalis ticks are found on all continents and across all major zoogeographical regions, except Antarctica, although most species are found in the Oriental and Afrotropical regions. Approximately 80% of the species are present in Asia and Africa, with significantly less species diversity in Europe and the Americas.[3] Haemaphysalis species primarily parasitise birds and mammals.[4]

Top down, L>R: Haemaphysalis longicornis, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, Haemaphysalis pentalagi, Haemaphysalis bancrofti.
Top down, L>R: Haemaphysalis longicornis, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, Haemaphysalis elliptica, Haemaphysalis sp., Haemaphysalis sp., Haemaphysalis bancrofti.

Description

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Haemaphysalis are very small, elliptical ticks. They are best distinguished by the significant lateral salience on palpal article II, which extends beyond the margin of the basis capitulum. They are eyeless, with short mouthparts.[5]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Haemaphysalis contains 170 species[6] distributed across 8 subgenera (Aboimisalis, Aborphysalis, Allophysalis, Haemaphysalis, Herpetobia, Kaiseriana, Ornithophysalis, Segalia) although the phylogeny of the genus is unresolved, with most subgenera being polyphyletic.[7][8] The former subgenera Alloceraea and Sharifiella have been recently elevated to full generic genus rank.[9][10]

  1. Haemaphysalis aborensis Warburton, 1913
  2. Haemaphysalis aciculifer Warburton, 1913
  3. Haemaphysalis aculeata Lavarra, 1904
  4. Haemaphysalis adleri Feldman-Muhsam, 1951
  5. Haemaphysalis anomala Warburton, 1913
  6. Haemaphysalis anomaloceraea Teng, 1984 [a]
  7. Haemaphysalis anoplos Hoogstraal, Uilenberg & Klein, 1967
  8. Haemaphysalis asiatica (Supino, 1897)
  9. Haemaphysalis atheruri Hoogstraal, Trapido & Kohls, 1965
  10. Haemaphysalis bancrofti Nuttall & Warburton, 1915
  11. Haemaphysalis bandicota Hoogstraal & Kohls, 1965
  12. Haemaphysalis bartelsi Schulze, 1938
  13. Haemaphysalis bequaerti Hoogstraal, 1956
  14. Haemaphysalis birmaniae Supino, 1897
  15. Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann, 1897
  16. Haemaphysalis bochkovi Apanaskevich & Tomlinson, 2019[11]
  17. Haemaphysalis borneata Hoogstraal, 1971
  18. Haemaphysalis bremneri Roberts, 1963
  19. Haemaphysalis burkinae Apanaskevich & Tomlinson, 2019[11]
  20. Haemaphysalis calcarata Neumann, 1902
  21. Haemaphysalis calva Nuttall & Warburton, 1915
  22. Haemaphysalis camicasi Tomlinson & Apanaskevich, 2019
  23. Haemaphysalis campanulata Warburton, 1908
  24. Haemaphysalis canestrinii (Supino, 1897)
  25. Haemaphysalis capricornis Hoogstraal, 1966
  26. Haemaphysalis caucasica Olenev, 1928
  27. Haemaphysalis celebensis Hoogstraal, Trapido & Kohls, 1965
  28. Haemaphysalis chordeilis (Packard, 1869)
  29. Haemaphysalis cinnabarina Koch, 1844 [b]
  30. Haemaphysalis colesbergensis Apanaskevich & Horak, 2008
  31. Haemaphysalis concinna Koch, 1844
  32. Haemaphysalis cooleyi Bedford, 1929
  33. Haemaphysalis cornigera Neumann, 1897 [c]
  34. Haemaphysalis cornupunctata Hoogstraal & Varma, 1962
  35. Haemaphysalis cuspidata Warburton, 1910
  36. Haemaphysalis dangi Phan Trong, 1977
  37. Haemaphysalis danieli Černý & Hoogstraal, 1977
  38. Haemaphysalis darjeeling Hoogstraal & Dhanda, 1970
  39. Haemaphysalis davisi Hoogstraal, Dhanda & Bhat, 1970
  40. Haemaphysalis demidovae Emel'yanova, 1978
  41. Haemaphysalis doenitzi Warburton & Nuttall, 1909
  42. Haemaphysalis elliptica (Koch, 1844)
  43. Haemaphysalis elongata Neumann, 1897
  44. Haemaphysalis erinacei Pavesi, 1884
  45. Haemaphysalis eupleres Hoogstraal, Kohls & Trapido, 1965
  46. Haemaphysalis filippovae Bolotin, 1979 [d]
  47. Haemaphysalis flava Neumann, 1897
  48. Haemaphysalis formosensis Neumann, 1913
  49. Haemaphysalis fossae Hoogstraal, 1953
  50. Haemaphysalis fujisana Kitaoka, 1970
  51. Haemaphysalis galidiae Apanaskevich & Goodman, 2020[12]
  52. Haemaphysalis garhwalensis Dhanda & Bhat, 1968
  53. Haemaphysalis mariae Apanaskevich, 2024[13]
  54. Haemaphysalis goral Hoogstraal, 1970
  55. Haemaphysalis grochovskajae Kolonin, 1992
  56. Haemaphysalis heinrichi Schulze, 1939
  57. Haemaphysalis hirsuta Hoogstraal, Trapido & Kohls, 1966
  58. Haemaphysalis hispanica Gil Collado, 1938
  59. Haemaphysalis hoodi Warburton & Nuttall, 1909
  60. Haemaphysalis hoogstraali Kohls, 1950
  61. Haemaphysalis horaki Apanaskevich & Tomlinson, 2019[11]
  62. Haemaphysalis houyi Nuttall & Warburton, 1915
  63. Haemaphysalis howletti Warburton, 1913
  64. Haemaphysalis humerosa Warburton & Nuttall, 1909
  65. Haemaphysalis hylobatis Schulze, 1933
  66. Haemaphysalis hyracophila Hoogstraal, Walker & Neitz, 1971
  67. Haemaphysalis hystricis Supino, 1897
  68. Haemaphysalis indica Warburton, 1910
  69. Haemaphysalis indoflava Dhanda & Bhat, 1968
  70. Haemaphysalis intermedia Warburton & Nuttall, 1909
  71. Haemaphysalis japonica Warburton, 1908
  72. Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, 1946
  73. Haemaphysalis kadarsani Hoogstraal & Wassef, 1977
  74. Haemaphysalis kashmirensis Hoogstraal & Varma, 1962
  75. Haemaphysalis kinneari Warburton, 1913
  76. Haemaphysalis knobigera Prakasan & Ramani, 2007 [e]
  77. Haemaphysalis koningsbergeri Warburton & Nuttall, 1909
  78. Haemaphysalis kopetdaghica Kerbabaev, 1962
  79. Haemaphysalis kumaonensis Geevarghese & Mishra, 2011
  80. Haemaphysalis kutchensis Hoogstraal & Trapido, 1963
  81. Haemaphysalis kyasanurensis Trapido, Hoogstraal & Rajagopalan, 1964
  82. Haemaphysalis lagostrophi Roberts, 1963
  83. Haemaphysalis lagrangei Larrousse, 1925
  84. Haemaphysalis laocayensis Phan Trong, 1977
  85. Haemaphysalis leachi (Audouin, 1826)
  86. Haemaphysalis lemuris Hoogstraal, 1953
  87. Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard, 1869)
  88. Haemaphysalis lobachovi Kolonin, 1995
  89. Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, 1901
  90. Haemaphysalis luzonensis Hoogstraal & Parrish, 1968
  91. Haemaphysalis madagascariensis Colas-Belcour & Millot, 1948
  92. Haemaphysalis mageshimaensis Saito & Hoogstraal, 1973
  93. Haemaphysalis megalaimae Rajagopalan, 1963
  94. Haemaphysalis megaspinosa Saito, 1969
  95. Haemaphysalis menglaensis Pang, Chen & Xiang, 1982
  96. Haemaphysalis minuta Kohls, 1950
  97. Haemaphysalis mjoebergi Warburton, 1926
  98. Haemaphysalis montgomeryi Nuttall, 1912
  99. Haemaphysalis moreli Camicas, Hoogstraal & El Kammah, 1972
  100. Haemaphysalis moschisuga Teng, 1980
  101. Haemaphysalis muhsamae Santos Dias, 1954
  102. Haemaphysalis nadchatrami Hoogstraal, Trapido & Kohls, 1965
  103. Haemaphysalis nepalensis Hoogstraal, 1962
  104. Haemaphysalis nesomys Hoogstraal, Uilenberg & Klein, 1966
  105. Haemaphysalis norvali Hoogstraal & Wassef, 1983
  106. Haemaphysalis novaeguineae Hirst, 1914
  107. Haemaphysalis obesa Larrousse, 1925
  108. Haemaphysalis obtusa Dönitz, 1910
  109. Haemaphysalis oliveri Apanaskevich & Horak, 2008
  110. Haemaphysalis orientalis Nuttall & Warburton, 1915
  111. Haemaphysalis ornithophila Hoogstraal & Kohls, 1959
  112. Haemaphysalis palawanensis Kohls, 1950
  113. Haemaphysalis papuana Thorell, 1883
  114. Haemaphysalis paraleachi Camicas, Hoogstraal & El Kammah, 1983
  115. Haemaphysalis paraturturis Hoogstraal, Trapido & Rebello, 1963
  116. Haemaphysalis parmata Neumann, 1905
  117. Haemaphysalis parva Neumann, 1897
  118. Haemaphysalis pavlovskyi Pospelova-Shtrom, 1935
  119. Haemaphysalis pedetes Hoogstraal, 1972
  120. Haemaphysalis pentalagi Pospelova-Shtrom, 1935
  121. Haemaphysalis petrogalis Roberts, 1970
  122. Haemaphysalis phasiana Saito, Hoogstraal & Wassef, 1974 [f]
  123. Haemaphysalis pospelovashtromae Hoogstraal, 1966
  124. Haemaphysalis princeps Tomlinson & Apanaskevich, 2019
  125. Haemaphysalis psalistos Hoogstraal, Kohls & Parrish, 1967
  126. Haemaphysalis punctaleachi Camicas, Hoogstraal & El Kammah, 1973
  127. Haemaphysalis punctata Canestrini & Fanzago, 1878
  128. Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis Teng, 1980
  129. Haemaphysalis quadriaculeata Kolonin, 1992
  130. Haemaphysalis ramachandrai Dhanda, Hoogstraal & Bhat, 1970
  131. Haemaphysalis ratti Kohls, 1948
  132. Haemaphysalis renschi Schulze, 1933
  133. Haemaphysalis roubaudi Toumanoff, 1940
  134. Haemaphysalis rugosa Santos Dias, 1956
  135. Haemaphysalis rusae Kohls, 1950
  136. Haemaphysalis sambar Hoogstraal, 1971
  137. Haemaphysalis sciuri Kohls, 1950
  138. Haemaphysalis semermis Neumann, 1901
  139. Haemaphysalis shimoga Trapido & Hoogstraal, 1964 [g]
  140. Haemaphysalis silacea Robinson, 1912
  141. Haemaphysalis silvafelis Hoogstraal & Trapido, 1963
  142. Haemaphysalis simplex Neumann, 1897
  143. Haemaphysalis simplicima Hoogstraal & Wassef, 1979
  144. Haemaphysalis sinensis Zhang, 1981
  145. Haemaphysalis spinigera Neumann, 1897
  146. Haemaphysalis spinulosa Neumann, 1906
  147. Haemaphysalis subelongata Hoogstraal, 1953
  148. Haemaphysalis subterra Hoogstraal, El Kammah & Camicas, 1992
  149. Haemaphysalis sulcata Canestrini & Fanzago, 1878 [h]
  150. Haemaphysalis sumatraensis Hoogstraal, El Kammah, Kadarsan & Anastos, 1971
  151. Haemaphysalis sundrai Sharif, 1928
  152. Haemaphysalis suntzovi Kolonin, 1993
  153. Haemaphysalis susphilippensis Hoogstraal, Kohls & Parrish, 1968
  154. Haemaphysalis taiwana Sugimoto, 1936
  155. Haemaphysalis tauffliebi Morel, 1965
  156. Haemaphysalis tibetensis Hoogstraal, 1965
  157. Haemaphysalis tiptoni Hoogstraal, 1953
  158. Haemaphysalis toxopei Warburton, 1927 [i]
  159. Haemaphysalis traguli Oudemans, 1928
  160. Haemaphysalis traubi Kohls, 1955
  161. Haemaphysalis turturis Nuttall & Warburton, 1915
  162. Haemaphysalis vasilisae Apanaskevich, 2025[14]
  163. Haemaphysalis verticalis Itagaki, Noda & Yamaguchi, 1944
  164. Haemaphysalis vidua Warburton & Nuttall, 1909
  165. Haemaphysalis vietnamensis Hoogstraal & Wilson, 1966
  166. Haemaphysalis walkerae Apanaskevich & Tomlinson, 2019[11]
  167. Haemaphysalis warburtoni Nuttall, 1912
  168. Haemaphysalis wellingtoni Nuttall & Warburton, 1908
  169. Haemaphysalis yeni Toumanoff, 1944
  170. Haemaphysalis zumpti Hoogstraal & El Kammah, 1974

Notes

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  1. ^ Camicas et al. (1998) list as synonym of H. shimoga, while Kolonin (2009) treats both as synonyms of H. taiwana
  2. ^ This taxon is dubious - it has been extensively confused and synonymised with Haemaphysalis chordeilis and Haemaphysalis punctata. Its hosts are unknown. Most redescriptions are unclear, mistake the species for another, or misname the species as H. cinnaberina [sic].
  3. ^ This species is known in Japanese literature as Haemaphysalis ias Nakamura & Yajima, 1937
  4. ^ Possibly abnormal form of H. concinna (Kolonin 2009)
  5. ^ Taxon is ill-defined, and only considered provisionally valid.
  6. ^ Possible synonym of H. doenitzi (Kolonin, 2009)
  7. ^ Treated as synonym of H. taiwana in Kolonin (2009)
  8. ^ This taxon seems to have highly variable morphology, making it difficult to identify. Different authors depict profound differences in morphology across redescriptions, suggesting it may in fact be a species complex.
  9. ^ Kolonin (2009) treats as a synonym of H. kinneari

References

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  1. ^ Guglielmone, Alberto A; Petney, Trevor N; Robbins, Richard G (2020-11-05). "Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): descriptions and redescriptions of all known species from 1758 to December 31, 2019". Zootaxa (Monograph). 4871 (1). Auckland: Magnolia Press: 1–322. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4871.1.1. eISSN 1175-5326. ISBN 978-1-77688-088-1. OCLC 8837433568. PMID 33311340.
  2. ^ Koch, C.L. (1844) Systematische Übersicht über die Ordnung der Zecken. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 10, 217–239. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.29560
  3. ^ Guglielmone, Alberto A.; Nava, Santiago; Robbins, Richard G. (2021). "Neotropical Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae)". SpringerLink. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-72353-8.
  4. ^ Mehlhorn, Heinz (2016), "Haemaphysalis Species", Encyclopedia of Parasitology, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 1198–1200, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_1366, ISBN 978-3-662-43978-4, retrieved 2025-10-05
  5. ^ Barker, Stephen; Barker, Dayana (2023). Ticks of Australasia: 125 species of ticks in and around Australia. Auckland, New Zealand: Zootaxa, Magnolia Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-77688-700-2.
  6. ^ Guglielmone, Alberto A; Petney, Trevor N; Robbins, Richard G (2020-11-05). "Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): descriptions and redescriptions of all known species from 1758 to December 31, 2019". Zootaxa (Monograph). 4871 (1). Auckland: Magnolia Press: 1–322. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4871.1.1. eISSN 1175-5326. ISBN 978-1-77688-088-1. OCLC 8837433568. PMID 33311340.
  7. ^ Kelava, Samuel; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Shao, Renfu; Gofton, Alexander W.; Mans, Ben J.; Teo, Ernest J. M.; Norval, Gerrut; Barker, Dayana; Nakao, Ryo; Barker, Stephen C. (June 2024). "Insights from entire mitochondrial genome sequences into the phylogeny of ticks of the genera Haemaphysalis and Archaeocroton with the elevation of the subgenus Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 back to the status of a genus". Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 38 (2): 189–204. doi:10.1111/mve.12708. ISSN 0269-283X.
  8. ^ Kelava, Samuel; Mans, Ben J.; Shao, Renfu; Barker, Dayana; Teo, Ernest J.M.; Chatanga, Elisha; Gofton, Alexander W.; Moustafa, Mohamed Abdallah Mohamed; Nakao, Ryo; Barker, Stephen C. (March 2023). "Seventy-eight entire mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rRNA genes provide insight into the phylogeny of the hard ticks, particularly the Haemaphysalis species, Africaniella transversale and Robertsicus elaphensis". Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 14 (2) 102070. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102070.
  9. ^ Kelava, Samuel; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Shao, Renfu; Gofton, Alexander W.; Mans, Ben J.; Teo, Ernest J. M.; Norval, Gerrut; Barker, Dayana; Nakao, Ryo; Barker, Stephen C. (2024). "Insights from entire mitochondrial genome sequences into the phylogeny of ticks of the genera Haemaphysalis and Archaeocroton with the elevation of the subgenus Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 back to the status of a genus". Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 38 (2): 189–204. doi:10.1111/mve.12708. ISSN 0269-283X.
  10. ^ Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Greiman, Stephen E.; Goodman, Steven M.; Apanaskevich, Maria A.; Ahmed, Rokeya; Barker, Stephen C. (2025-04-29). "Validation of Sharifiella Santos Dias, 1958 (Acari: Ixodidae) as a genus of hard ticks containing S. theilerae (Hoogstraal, 1953), a parasite of tail-less tenrec, Tenrec ecaudatus (Schreber) (Afrosoricida: Tenrecidae) on Madagascar". Zootaxa. 5627 (3): 503–525. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5627.3.5. ISSN 1175-5334.
  11. ^ a b c d Dmitry Apanaskevich and Jackson A. Tomlinson. 2019. Description of four new species of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) from the H. (Rhipistoma) spinulosa subgroup, parasites of carnivores and rodents in Africa. Systematic Parasitology, July, First Online: 22 August 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s11230-019-09875-7, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11230-019-09875-7.
  12. ^ Dmitry Apanaskevich and Steven M. Goodman. 2020. Description of a new species of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) from the H. (Rhipistoma) asiatica subgroup, parasite of an endemic Malagasy carnivoran (Carnivora: Eupleridae). Systematic Parasitology, 97: 591–599; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11230-020-09943-3, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-020-09943-3.
  13. ^ Apanaskevich, Dmitry A. (2024-07-26). "Description of a new species of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae), a parasite of hares and rabbits (Lagomorpha: Leporidae) in Texas, Oklahoma and Colorado (USA), that was misidentified as H. leporispalustris (Packard, 1869) for more than a century". Zootaxa. 5486 (3): 435–450. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.6. ISSN 1175-5334.
  14. ^ Apanaskevich, Dmitry A. (2025-09-08). "Description of a new species of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae), an ornate parasite of birds in Florida, South Carolina and Texas (USA), and redescription of all parasitic stages of H. chordeilis (Packard, 1869)". Zootaxa. 5691 (1): 45–74. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5691.1.2. ISSN 1175-5334.