Graham Farmer Freeway

  1. Home
  2. Wiki

Graham Farmer Freeway

Western Australia
A dual carriageway road entering a tunnel
Eastern tunnel entrance viewed from the Claisebrook footbridge
Map
General information
TypeFreeway
Length6.5 km (4.0 mi)
Opened24 April 2000
Route number(s) State Route 8
Major junctions
West end
 
East end
Location(s)
Major suburbs / townsWest Perth, Northbridge, East Perth, Burswood
Highway system

The Graham Farmer Freeway is a 6.5-kilometre (4.0 mi) inner-city freeway in Perth, Western Australia. It links the Mitchell Freeway in West Perth to Great Eastern Highway and Orrong Road in Burswood, providing an east–west bypass of the city's central business district. Named after Australian rules footballer Polly Farmer, the Graham Farmer Freeway has a 1.6-kilometre (1.0 mi) cut-and-cover tunnel through Northbridge known as the Northbridge Tunnel.

After decades of proposals, the Western Australian state government committed in 1993 to building the City Northern Bypass, as it was known at the time. After trenched and partially tunnelled options were assessed, it was chosen that the bypass would be fully tunnelled through Northbridge. The construction was split into two main contracts. The section from the Mitchell Freeway to East Parade, including the Northbridge Tunnel, was constructed by the Baulderstone–Clough Joint Venture. The section from East Parade to Great Eastern Highway, including the Windan Bridge across the Swan River, was constructed by the Transfield Thiess Joint Venture.

The Northbridge Tunnel was constructed top-down, by constructing the ceiling and walls first, then excavating the inside, causing large disruption to Northbridge. Construction on the tunnel started in March 1997 from the western end; breakthrough at the eastern end was achieved in January 1999. The Windan Bridge was constructed between December 1997 and September 1999 using the incremental launch method. The Graham Farmer Freeway opened to traffic on 24 April 2000, resulting in a decrease in traffic on The Causeway and Riverside Drive. In 2013, a third lane was added to the tunnel in each direction by subsuming the emergency stopping lane.

Route description

[edit]
Freeway tunnel entrance
Western entrance to the Northbridge Tunnel

The Graham Farmer Freeway is 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) long, and links the Mitchell Freeway in West Perth to Great Eastern Highway and Orrong Road in Burswood, providing an east–west bypass of the Perth central business district (CBD).[1][2] It is part of State Route 8, along with Orrong Road and Welshpool Road East.[3] The speed limit for the whole freeway is 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph).[4][5]

The Graham Farmer Freeway commences at the Mitchell Freeway's Hamilton Interchange, which was designed at the time of the Mitchell Freeway's construction to allow for the Graham Farmer Freeway's connection. There is full freeway access to all directions at the interchange, plus on- and off-ramps from the Graham Farmer Freeway to Loftus Street[6][7] and an off-ramp to James Street.[7][8] At Fitzgerald Street, the freeway enters the 1.6-kilometre (1.0 mi) Northbridge Tunnel, which travels parallel between Newcastle Street and Aberdeen Street, before s-bending north at Beaufort Street to travel parallel between Newcastle Street and Parry Street. At Lord Street, the Graham Farmer Freeway exits the tunnel.[7]

Three lane freeway viewed from a bridge
The Graham Farmer Freeway viewed from the Belmont Park footbridge

East of Lord Street, the Graham Farmer Freeway travels parallel to and on the northern side of the railway line, connecting to East Parade at a diamond interchange, through which access is provided to Lord Street as well via collector-distributor lanes. East of East Parade, the freeway crosses the Swan River via the Windan Bridge, which is parallel to the railway's Goongoongup Bridge. In Burswood, the freeway bends towards the south-west, connecting to Victoria Park Drive via a diamond interchange, before diverging from the railway and passing under the Riversdale Road bridge. The freeway terminates at Great Eastern Highway via a modified diamond interchange with an additional loop ramp from the highway westbound to the freeway northbound. South of Great Eastern Highway, the freeway turns into Orrong Road.[7]

History

[edit]

Planning

[edit]

The first proposal for a northern bypass was made by the Metropolitan Town Planning Commission in 1930. It would have cut across from The Causeway to Newcastle Street.[9] In 1955, the Plan for the Metropolitan Region, Perth and Fremantle, also known as the Stephenson–Hepburn Report, was released. It said that a "Burswood Highway" should be built, which would follow Roe Street and Wittenoom Street, before crossing the Swan River and terminating at Great Eastern Highway.[10] The route of the highway was changed and upgraded to a freeway when the Metropolitan Region Scheme was adopted in 1963 though, with it now running between Newcastle and Aberdeen Streets and forming a ring road with Riverside Drive.[9][11] The state government commenced acquiring the land for this in the 1960s, with some of the land leased back to private tenants.[9] The cost and political difficulty of building such a road through Northbridge meant that construction did not occur until decades later.[12] Due to a lack of investment in the land, it fell into disrepair.[9]

In the early 1990s, the Department of Planning and Urban Development commissioned the Burswood Bridge and Road Study, to assess the need for the city northern bypass, and determine it's alignment and design. At the time, Riverside Drive and The Causeway were heavily congested, with much of the traffic using those roads heading through the CBD rather than to or from.[13] The study, released in September 1993, recommended the construction of the northern bypass road and a third major river crossing in the East Perth area. The report recommended two options: one as a trench through Northbridge with two short tunnels for A$235 million, and another as a trench through Northbridge with no tunnels for $155 million. The first option would have had tunnels from Stirling Street to west of Beaufort Street, and from Lake Street to Fitzgerald Street.[14] A public comments period began thereafter.[15] Public hearings were held in the first half of 1994.[16] The Metropolitan Planning Council (MPC) recommended in mid-1994 that the road's alignment through East Perth be moved south towards the railway line and lowered, saving 48 properties and impacting 13 new properties. The MPC also recommended that the route be fully tunnelled instead of partially, in response to public submissions.[17] The other options divided Northbridge too much and produce too much noise and air pollution. It was ruled the full tunnel's aesthetic, environmental and social benefits would outweigh the increased cost of $300 million. Land acquisition began in October 1994.[18] In April 1995, it was announced that the City Northern Bypass would be constructed for $335 million, funded by a four cents per litre increase in the fuel levy and from the consolidated revenue fund.[19]

Construction

[edit]

The construction of the City Northern Bypass, as it was known at the time, was divided into two contracts. The first contract involved the construction of the Northbridge Tunnel, the interchanges with the Mitchell Freeway and Lord Street, and a 250-metre (820 ft) rail tunnel for the Midland line to pass under the freeway. Five consortia expressed interest in this contract;[20] three of them were shortlisted in August 1995: Baulderstone Hornibrook and Clough; the Citypass Consortium, consisting of John Holland, McConnell Dowell and Obayashi Corporation; and Transfield and Thiess.[21] The Baulderstone–Clough Joint Venture was announced as the preferred tenderer in February 1996;[22] the contract was signed three months later for $203.8 million.[23][24] Construction on the tunnel began in September 1996.[25] The second contract involved the construction of the bridge across the Swan River, now known as the Windan Bridge, and the freeway between East Parade and Great Eastern Highway / Orrong Road. Four consortia submitted expressions of interest: Baulderstone–Clough Joint Venture; Leighton Contractors; Transfield Thiess Joint Venture; and John Holland. The first three were shortlisted in July 1996.[26] The Transfield Thiess Joint Venture was chosen as the preferred proponent in November 1996;[27] the contract was signed in March 1997 for $59.4 million.[28][29]

Nondescript building
Ventilation building near the western tunnel portal

The City Northern Bypass, particularly the section through Northbridge, was controversial due to its impacts on Northbridge and on encouraging car use.[30] Prominent critics included federal member for Perth Stephen Smith, state member for Perth Diana Warnock, shadow state transport minister Alannah MacTiernan[31] and Gordon Stephenson, the co-author of the Plan for the Metropolitan Region, Perth and Fremantle. Stephenson said that the road would be predominantly used by traffic accessing the CBD, not bypassing it, and it would encourage driving rather than catching public transport, walking or cycling to the CBD. The Cities for People campaign was formed [32] By February 1996, Western Australia's Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) ruled out a formal environmental impact assessment for the City Northern Bypass, and that an informal assessment would take place, which came without the requirement for public submissions.[33] The decision intensified opposition to the project on environmental grounds. Stephen Smith and shadow state environment minister Judy Edwards appealed the decision, citing groundwater flow, noise, and dust.[34] Clough Group's chairman Harold Clough said in February 1996 that a tougher environmental assessment would have helped "silence critics".[34][33] A freedom of information request by the Cities for People campaign revealed that the EPA spent just three and a half hours assessing the project.[35][36] However, acting environment minister Kevin Prince stated in April 1996 that the normal development processes would be sufficient to manage environmental issues, and rejected claims that the EPA's decision was rushed.[37]

The tunnel was constructed using a top-down method. The roof and walls were poured first, and then the tunnel was excavated. The route predominantly went through backyards, minimising the buildings that had to be demolished.[30] Fifty-eight buildings had to be demolished, twenty-two of which had local heritage significance.[38][39] The first section of roof to be poured was the western section, at Fitzgerald Street in March 1997.[40] By August 1997, the tunnel construction site had reached 600 metres (2,000 ft) long, with 400 metres (1,300 ft) of walls and 200 metres (660 ft) of roof in place, and less than 100 metres (330 ft) of tunnel excavated. Due to the area's high water table, dewatering was required.[41] During construction, a series of public open days for the Northbridge Tunnel were held, the first of which were in March 1998.[42][25][43] As the tunnel passed through Weld Square, two century-old Moreton Bay figs and a kurrajong tree were cut down. Six more century-old trees were relocated.[44] The location of the tunnel in the vicinity of the intersection of Newcastle Street and Beaufort Street was changed close to when construction began in that area, locating the tunnel further south, giving local businesses little notice before disruptions began.[45] As it the most intricate part of the construction process, the intersection was closed in June 1998 and reopened in November 1998.[46] Breakthrough to the eastern end of the tunnel occurred in January 1999.[47][48]

Long concrete bridge crossing a river
The Windan Bridge viewed from Perth Stadium

Earthworks for the bridge across the Swan River began in December 1997 and piling began in March 1998. The 403-metre (1,322 ft) bridge was constructed using the incremental launch method. The first of nineteen launches occurred in September 1998; the last launch took place in September 1999, by which point construction on the freeway was two months ahead of schedule.[49] In April 2000, the bridge was named the Windan Bridge, after the wife of Yellagonga, the chief of the Mooro tribe of the Whadjuk Noongar people in the 1830s. The bridge is located roughly on the site where Windan was buried.[50]

In October 1997, Transport Minister Eric Charlton announced that the City Northern Bypass would be named after Australian rules footballer Graham "Polly" Farmer, breaking the convention of freeways and highways in Western Australia being named after political figures. Farmer had played for East Perth and West Perth in the West Australian Football League, akin to how the Northbridge Tunnel links West Perth and East Perth. He had also played for Geelong in the Victorian Football League.[51][52] A $72 million budget blowout was revealed in May 1998, taking the budget to $407 million. This was blamed on material cost escalation, Main Roads overhead that was not accounted for in the original budget, and scope increases such as the interchange at Great Eastern Highway and a video traffic monitoring system.[53] Charlton claimed that there was no cost blowout and that "everything is within expectations".[54] The Graham Farmer Freeway was officially opened on 22 April 2000 by Premier Richard Court and Polly Farmer. As part of the opening celebrations, the public were allowed to walk through the Northbridge Tunnel.[1][2] The freeway opened to traffic at 2:30 am on 24 April 2000.[55][56] The final cost was $374 million, after Main Roads overhead is removed.[2][57]

Post-opening

[edit]

By October 2000, an average of 65,000 vehicles per day were using the Graham Farmer Freeway,[58] with a peak of 106,000 vehicles on 28 April.[59] Traffic on Riverside Drive had dropped from 50,000 vehicles per day before the freeway opened to 27,000 per day, and traffic on The Causeway had dropped from 107,000 vehicles per day to 70,000 per day. Traffic had reduced on Adelaide Terrace, Shepperton Road and the Mitchell Freeway off-ramps to James Street and Charles Street as well.[58][60] On the other hand, traffic along Whatley Crescent in Maylands had increased by 6,000 vehicles per day.[61] In May 2000, work commenced at The Causeway on converting one lane in each direction to a bus lane.[62]

In February 2011, Main Roads Western Australia confirmed that it was investigating adding a third lane in each direction through the Northbridge Tunnel by subsuming the emergency stopping lane.[63] A project to add a third lane was officially confirmed in March 2012. Also included in the project was an additional lane along the Mitchell Freeway for 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to Hutton Street, the widening of several bridges across the Mitchell Freeway, and the construction of an additional on-ramp from the Loftus Street exit from the tunnel. The project was deemed necessary in part due to the increase in traffic caused by the closure of Riverside Drive for the construction of Elizabeth Quay. The total cost was $57 million.[64][65]

The lane addition was controversial due to the reduction in safety; in the weeks leading up to construction, the Victorian coroner, Jennifer Coate, released her report into the 2007 Burnley Tunnel crash in Melbourne, which recommended that new tunnels have emergency lanes. Premier Colin Barnett said that the tunnel was always built to have three lanes.[66][67] The third lane in the eastbound tunnel opened on 16 April 2013,[68] and in the westbound tunnel on 29 April 2013. A reduced speed limit was put in place for about a month to allow drivers to get used to the change.[69][70] By 2014, the rate of crashes in the tunnel was roughly the same as before the extra lanes were added, despite the extra traffic.[71] As of 2025, there are 120,310 vehicles per day through the Northbridge Tunnel, and 107,120 vehicles per day across the Windan Bridge.[72]

Interchanges

[edit]
LGA[7]Location[7]kmmiDestinations[7]Notes[7]
Perth, VincentWest Perth0–
1.0		0.0–
0.62		 Mitchell Freeway (State Route 2) – Joondalup, Perth CBDFull Y-Interchange
0.70.43 Loftus Street (State Route 61) – West PerthEastbound entrance and westbound exit only.
Northbridge1.00.62James Street – NorthbridgeWestbound exit only
Northbridge, Perth1.0–
2.6		0.62–
1.6		Northbridge Tunnel
Perth2.61.6 Lord Street (State Route 51) – Perth CBD, Mount LawleyEastbound entrance and westbound exit only, via East Parade ramps.
East Perth3.32.1 East Parade (State Route 66) – East Perth, Maylands
Perth, Vincent, Victoria ParkEast Perth, Burswood3.7–
4.2		2.3–
2.6		Windan Bridge
Victoria ParkBurswood4.5–
5.0		2.8–
3.1		Victoria Park Drive westbound / Seabiscuit Drive eastbound  – Burswood
Victoria Park, BelmontBurswood, Lathlain, Rivervale6.44.0 Great Eastern Highway (National Highway 94 / National Route 1) – Midland, Fremantle, Perth AirportContinues south-east as Orrong Road (State Route 8); Modified diamond interchange: additional north-westbound looped entrance ramp
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Robb, Trevor (22 April 2000). "Freewheeling On The Freeway". The West Australian. p. 4.
  2. ^ a b c Criddle, Murray; Court, Richard (22 April 2000). "Premier opens new freeway project - ahead of schedule, on-budget, toll-free [visual]" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  3. ^ "Western Australian State Routes 2024" (PDF). Main Roads Western Australia. September 2024. p. 10. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
  4. ^ "Road Information Mapping System". Main Roads Western Australia. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
  5. ^ Burne, Cristy (May 2025). "Navigating Perth and beyond: A guide to the freeways and highways". RAC WA. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
  6. ^ Burswood Bridge and Road Committee 1993, pp. 69–78.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h UBD street directory Gregory's 2016 Perth & surrounds. Universal Publishers. 2015. ISBN 0-7319-3006-1.
  8. ^ Charlton, Eric (16 December 1995). "Approval for James St to become Northbridge Tunnel off-ramp" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
  9. ^ a b c d Committee for Perth 2016, p. 7.
  10. ^ Stephenson, Gordon; Hepburn, Alistair (1955). "Plan for the Metropolitan Region, Perth and Fremantle". Government Printing Office. pp. 122–123. nla.obj-745050840. Retrieved 15 July 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
  11. ^ "Metropolitan Region Scheme Map 13" (PDF). Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage. 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2020.
  12. ^ Edmonds 2008, p. 34.
  13. ^ Committee for Perth 2016, p. 12.
  14. ^ Lewis, Richard (22 September 1993). "Burswood bridge and road study released" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  15. ^ Lewis, Richard (3 October 1993). "Overwhelming response to plans for by-pass road" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  16. ^ Lewis, Richard (23 February 1994). "Further comment to be sought on northern city bypass road" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  17. ^ Lewis, Richard (16 June 1994). "Advertisement of changes to planned northern city bypass road" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  18. ^ Lewis, Richard (24 October 1994). "Moves to secure land for future northern bypass" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  19. ^ Court, Richard (20 April 1995). "Unveiling of 10-year road expansion and improvement program". Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
  20. ^ Charlton, Eric (18 July 1995). "Expressions of interest lodged for City Northern Bypass" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  21. ^ Charlton, Eric; Lewis, Richard (19 August 1995). "Consortia chosen to submit detailed plans for City Northern Bypass". Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  22. ^ Charlton, Eric (15 February 1996). "Baulderstone Clough Joint Venture to build N Bypass tunnel stage" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  23. ^ Charlton, Eric; Lewis, Richard (13 May 1996). "Contract to design and construct Northbridge tunnel and roadworks" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  24. ^ Kitney, Damon (14 May 1996). "WA joint venture signs $203m Perth tunnel contract". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
  25. ^ a b Court, Richard (1 March 1998). "Progress on Northbridge Tunnel inspected on first public open day" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  26. ^ Charlton, Eric; Lewis, Richard (4 July 1996). "Three consortia to prepare detailed plans for section of City N Bypass" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  27. ^ Charlton, Eric (13 November 1996). "Transfield Thiess joint venture of the City Northern Bypass" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  28. ^ Charlton, Eric (5 March 1997). "City Northern Bypass now fully under way" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  29. ^ Mendez, Torrance; Betty, Leeroy (10 March 1997). "City Bypass By 2000". The West Australian. p. 6.
  30. ^ a b Edmonds 2008, p. 35.
  31. ^ Edmonds 2008, p. 36.
  32. ^ Committee for Perth 2016, p. 17.
  33. ^ a b Betti, Leeroy (19 February 1996). "Tunnel study 'fell short'". The West Australian. p. 6.
  34. ^ a b Committee for Perth 2016, p. 21.
  35. ^ Betti, Leeroy (28 March 1996). "DEP tunnel checklist under fire". The West Australian. p. 4.
  36. ^ Betti, Leeroy (29 March 1996). "Tunnel approval required less than 3½ hours". The West Australian. p. 6.
  37. ^ Prince, Kevin (10 April 1996). "No need for formal assessment of Northbridge tunnel (A/Min)" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  38. ^ Committee for Perth 2016, p. 19.
  39. ^ Betti, Leeroy (20 February 1996). "History falls to the march of time". The West Australian. p. 6.
  40. ^ Mendez, Torrance (29 March 1997). "First Roof Section For Northbridge Tunnel". The West Australian. p. 44.
  41. ^ Townsend, John (12 August 1997). "Northbridge Link Burrows Under City Streets, Tunnellers Dig Towards 2000". The West Australian. p. 9.
  42. ^ Court, Richard (17 February 1998). "Public underground tours of Northbridge tunnel to be available next month" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  43. ^ Hodge, Francesca (2 March 1998). "Tunnel View Big Public Drawcard". The West Australian. p. 5.
  44. ^ Wilson, Charlene (7 January 1998). "Anger As Old Trees Felled For Tunnel". The West Australian. p. 28.
  45. ^ Mendez, Torrance (27 May 1998). "Traders Fear Big Losses Over Tunnel Route Change". The West Australian. p. 10.
  46. ^ Criddle, Murray (28 November 1998). "Reopening of Newcastle and Beaufort Sts this Sunday". Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  47. ^ Flint, John (14 January 1999). "Tunnel Halves Make A Hole". The West Australian. p. 3.
  48. ^ Malpeli, Gareth; Flint, John (15 January 1999). "It's Finally, Officially A Completed Tunnel". The West Australian. p. 10.
  49. ^ Criddle, Murray (23 September 1999). "Graham Farmer Freeway expected to open to traffic next April or May" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  50. ^ Criddle, Murray (9 April 2000). "Minister names new bridge over Swan River" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  51. ^ Charlton, Eric (6 October 1997). "N.Bypass to be officially named the Graham Farmer Freeway" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  52. ^ Mendez, Torrance (7 October 1997). "Tunnel's A Winner For Polly Farmer". The West Australian. p. 3.
  53. ^ Mendez, Torrance (25 May 1998). "Tunnel Costs Blowout Hits $72m". The West Australian. p. 30.
  54. ^ Mendez, Torrance (26 May 1998). "Charlton Rejects Tunnel Blowout". The West Australian. p. 29.
  55. ^ Miller, Nick (25 April 2000). "Thousands Try Out Their Tunnel Vision". The West Australian. p. 3.
  56. ^ Martin, Roger (25 April 2000). "Motorists flock to try out new freeway". The Australian. p. 5.
  57. ^ Robb, Trevor (10 April 2000). "Tunnel Cost Rises $39m". The West Australian. p. 4.
  58. ^ a b Court, Richard (15 October 2000). "Graham Farmer Freeway makes city travel easier" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
  59. ^ Criddle, Murray (17 May 2000). "Graham Farmer Freeway a spectacular success: Minister" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
  60. ^ Robb, Trevor (16 October 2000). "New Freeway Takes The Pressure Off City Roads". The West Australian. p. 26.
  61. ^ MacTiernan, Alannah (12 June 2001). "Government Action on Increased Traffic Impacts in Maylands". Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 12 November 2025.
  62. ^ Criddle, Murray (14 May 2000). "Causeway bus lanes project a major boost for commuters" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
  63. ^ Massey, Alex (16 February 2011). "'More lanes' for freeway tunnel". The West Australian. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  64. ^ "Extra freeway lane to ease congestion". ABC News. 4 March 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  65. ^ Buswell, Troy; Porter, Christian (4 March 2012). "Northbridge tunnel and Mitchell Fwy get wider" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  66. ^ "Barnett defies coroner's tunnel call". WAtoday. Australian Associated Press. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  67. ^ Acott, Kent (1 February 2013). "Fears for tunnel lane changes". The West Australian. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  68. ^ "Third lane opens in Northbridge Tunnel eastbound". ABC News. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  69. ^ "Westbound section of Northbridge tunnel opens". ABC News. 29 April 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  70. ^ Buswell, Troy (29 April 2013). "New traffic lane open in Northbridge Tunnel" (Press release). Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  71. ^ Hickey, Phil (13 July 2014). "Graham Farmer Tunnel extra lanes hailed a success after just three extra crashes recorded". PerthNow. Retrieved 15 June 2025.
  72. ^ "Statewide Traffic Digest 2020/21 – 2025/26" (PDF). Main Roads Western Australia. p. 23. Retrieved 12 November 2025.

Sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]