Geng Yan

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In this Chinese name, the family name is Geng.
Geng Yan
耿弇 (Gěng Yǎn)
Born3 AD
Maoling, Fufeng Commandery
Died58 AD
Burial placeSoutheast corner of Wanghucheng, Gucheng Township, Shouguang County
NationalityChina
Other namesBo Zhao
Occupation(s)General, military strategist
Years activeWestern Han → Xin dynasty → Eastern Han
OfficeGatekeeper Attendant → Lieutenant General → General → Grand General of Jianwei
Marquess of Haozhi
Posthumorous title: Marquess Min
ChildrenGeng Zhong, Marquess of Haozhi
FatherGeng Kuang, Marquess Lie of Yumi
RelativesSiblings: Geng Shu, Marquess of Muping
Geng Guo
Geng Guang
Geng Ju
Geng Ba, Marquess of Yumi

Geng Yan (Chinese: 耿弇; pinyin: Gěng Yǎn; Wade–Giles: Keng Yen; 3–58 AD) was a Chinese general of the Eastern Han dynasty. Courtesy name Bo Zhao, he was a native of Maoling, Fufeng Commandery He was the son of Geng Kuang [zh] (耿況), who was the governor of Shanggu Commandery (上谷, roughly modern Zhangjiakou, Hebei). He initially served Emperor Guangwu of Han as clerk; later, he was a renowned general and military strategist of the Eastern Han dynasty.

Geng Yan persuaded his father, Geng Kuang, to support Liu Xiu, assisting him in securing elite cavalry from Shanggu and Yuyang. Fighting across various regions, he was appointed as a Grand General by Emperor Guangwu at the age of 22. Later, he was tasked with leading an eastern campaign, employing strategies such as besieging cities, feigning attacks, and conserving strength to defeat Zhang Bu, ultimately pacifying the Qi region. Geng Yan "conquered 46 commanderies and razed 300 cities, never suffering a defeat". Emperor Ming honored Throughout his career, Geng among those who had served his father well by painting their portraits on a palace tower (雲台二十八將, 28 Generals of Yuntai); Geng's portrait was placed in the fourth position.[1]

Biography

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Geng Yan, studious from a young age, mastered the Confucian classics under his father, Geng Kuang [zh], the Commandant of Shuodiao (equivalent to the Governor of Shanggu Commandery under the Xin dynasty).[Note 1] Observing the commandery’s military examinations, which involved setting up flags and practicing horseback archery, he developed a passion for military affairs.

In the first year of the Gengshi Emperor (23 AD), after the emperor ascended the throne and Wang Mang was killed, Geng Kuang, uneasy as a Wang Mang-appointed official, sent Geng Yan as an envoy with tribute from Shanggu to Chang'an to pay homage to the Gengshi Emperor, seeking to secure his position. In December, while traveling through Songzi, the warlock Wang Lang proclaimed himself Liu Ziyu, the lost heir of Emperor Cheng of Han, and raised an army in Handan. Geng Yan’s attendants, Sun Cang and Wei Bao, believed Wang Lang was legitimate and urged him to join. Geng Yan, gripping his sword, declared: “Once I reach Chang’an, I will explain the utility of Shanggu and Yuyang’s cavalry. Returning via Taiyuan and Dai Commandery will take mere tens of days. With elite cavalry, we’ll crush this rabble like dry leaves. Your lack of judgment will lead to your clans’ destruction.” Sun Cang and Wei Bao ignored him and defected to Wang Lang.[2]

Recruiting Troops in Yan

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Hearing that the Gengshi Emperor’s Acting Grand Marshal Liu Xiu was in Lunu, Geng Yan rode north to meet him. Liu Xiu appointed him as a Gatekeeper Attendant. Geng Yan seized the opportunity to persuade the Military Protector Zhu Hu [zh] to let him recruit troops to attack Handan. Liu Xiu, amused, said: “This young man has grand ambitions!” and frequently met with him, offering encouragement. Geng Yan wrote to his father, praising Liu Xiu’s vision and strategy, urging him to meet Liu Xiu soon.[3] Geng Kuang traveled to Changping and sent his youngest son, Geng Shu [zh], to present horses to Liu Xiu.[4]

In January of the second year of Gengshi (24 AD), Geng Yan followed Liu Xiu north to Ji. Hearing that Wang Lang’s forces were approaching, Liu Xiu planned to retreat south and consulted his officers. Geng Yan said: “With the enemy approaching from the south, we cannot go that way. Peng Chong [zh], the Governor of Yuyang, is your townsman; my father is the Governor of Shanggu. By mustering ten thousand cavalry from these two commanderies, Handan’s forces are no concern.” Liu Xiu’s officers retorted: “The dead are buried facing south; why head north into a trap?” Liu Xiu, pointing at Geng Yan, said: “This is the master of my northern path.”

When Liu Jie, son of Prince Guangyang [zh], rebelled in Ji, causing chaos, Liu Xiu fled south, while Geng Yan escaped north to Changping to join his father. Geng Yan and Geng Kuang issued a proclamation and combined forces. Convincing his father, Geng Yan sent the Merit Officer Kou Xun [zh] to ally with Peng Chong [zh], the Governor of Yuyang. Each commandery dispatched 2,000 cavalry and 1,000 infantry. Geng Yan, alongside Shanggu’s Chief Clerk Jing Dan [zh], Merit Officer Kou Xun, and Wu Han leading Yuyang’s forces, attacked Wang Lang’s generals, Nine Ministers, and colonels, killing over 400 and pacifying 22 counties, including Zhuo, Zhongshan, Julu, Qinghe, and Hejian. When their forces reached Guang’a, rumors of Wang Lang’s army caused alarm. Liu Xiu personally led troops to the city walls, sending scouts to investigate. Wu Han clarified: “We are Shanggu’s troops joining Liu.” Liu Xiu’s forces rejoiced.[5] Liu Xiu asked: “Has Geng Yan found his allegiance?” Geng Yan bowed beneath the walls, detailing the troop deployment. Liu Xiu summoned them, laughing: “Handan’s generals boasted of mustering Yuyang and Shanggu troops. I casually responded, ‘I’ll muster them too.’ Who knew these commanderies would truly come for me! Together, we’ll achieve fame.”[6] Geng Yan was appointed Lieutenant General, retaining command of his troops, and followed Liu Xiu to conquer Handan.

Seeing Liu Xiu’s growing prestige, the Gengshi Emperor appointed him King of Xiao, ordering him to disband his army and return to Chang’an with his generals. The emperor sent Miao Zeng [zh] as Governor of Youzhou, Wei Shun as Governor of Shanggu, and Cai Chong as Governor of Yuyang. Residing in Handan’s palace, Liu Xiu rested in the Wenming Hall by day. Geng Yan entered, approaching his bedside, and advised: “The Gengshi Emperor’s rule is faltering, with generals seizing power in the capital’s outskirts and nobles acting recklessly. Imperial orders don’t leave the city gates, and governors are arbitrarily replaced. The people cannot adapt, and scholars fear for their safety. Bandits rob wealth and women; those carrying treasures cannot return home alive. The people lament, yearning for Wang Mang’s Xin dynasty. Bands like Tongma and Chimei, numbering tens to hundreds of thousands, roam freely. The Gengshi Emperor cannot subdue them and will soon fail. You rose in Nanyang, defeating a million enemies; now, securing Hebei, you hold this land of abundance. With righteousness, conquer the four directions and issue commands—the realm can be pacified by proclamation. This critical opportunity must not fall to others. The emperor’s envoy urges you to disband; this must not be heeded. Our troops have suffered losses and desertions. I request to return to Youzhou to muster elite troops for your grand plan.” Liu Xiu, delighted, appointed Geng Yan as Grand General, sending him north with Wu Han to recruit Youzhou’s ten commandery troops. Geng Yan returned to Shanggu, arrested and executed Wei Shun and Cai Chong, while Wu Han killed Miao Zeng, enabling them to muster Youzhou’s forces and march south.

Strategic and Martial Prowess

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In autumn and winter, Geng Yan followed Liu Xiu to defeat the Tongma, Gaohu, Chimei, and Qingdu armies. In spring of the first year of Jianwu (25 AD), he pursued Youlai, Daqiang, and Wufan to Yuanshi. In repeated battles, Geng Yan often led elite cavalry as the vanguard, consistently breaking and routing enemies. Liu Xiu fought at Shunshui’s northern bank, but as the enemy fought desperately, his exhausted troops suffered a major defeat. They held Fanyang, regrouping after days, and the enemy retreated. Geng Yan followed Liu Xiu, chasing the enemy to Rongcheng, Xiao Guangyang, and Anci, defeating them in successive battles. Returning to Ji, Geng Yan, alongside Chen Jun [zh], Ma Wu, Jing Dan [zh], Gai Yan [zh], Zhu Hu [zh], Pi Tong [zh], Geng Chun [zh], Liu Zhi [zh], Cen Peng [zh], Zhai Zun, Jian Tan [zh], and Wang Ba, followed Wu Han to pursue rebels to Luodong and Pinggu, engaging and beheading over 13,000, chasing them to Wuzhong and Tuyin in Right Beiping, then to Junmi before returning. The rebels scattered to Liaoxi and Liaodong, where they were nearly annihilated by the Wuhuan and Mo people.

On June 22, 25 AD, Liu Xiu ascended as emperor. Geng Yan was appointed Grand General of Jianwei. At the time, the imperial clan member Liu Mao [zh] gathered forces between Jing and Mi, proclaiming himself General厌新, conquering Yingchuan and Runan with over 100,000 men. Geng Yan, with Cavalry General Jing Dan [zh] and Crossbow General Chen Jun [zh], attacked them at Aocang, defeating and subduing them. Liu Mao surrendered and was made King of Zhongshan.[7] On July 22, 25 AD,[Note 2] Emperor Guangwu reached Huai, sending Geng Yan and Crossbow General Chen Jun to garrison Wushejin, securing defenses east of Xingyang, while Wu Han led eleven generals to besiege Zhu Wei [zh] in Luoyang.[8] On February 22, 26 AD, Emperor Guangwu ennobled his meritorious vassals as marquesses, elevating Geng Yan to Marquess of Haozhi.[Note 3]

In February of the third year of Jianwu (27 AD), under Grand Marshal Wu Han, Geng Yan and Tiger Fang General Gai Yan [zh] defeated the Qingdu rebels at Zhixi.[9] In April, Emperor Guangwu personally campaigned, and Deng Feng [zh] surrendered. Though the emperor wished to pardon him, Geng Yan and Cen Peng [zh] remonstrated, and Deng Feng was executed.[10] In June, Yan Cen [zh] attacked Nanyang from Wuguan, capturing several cities, with Du Hong of Rang leading a following. Geng Yan fought Yan Cen’s forces at Rang, defeating them, beheading over 3,000, capturing over 5,000 soldiers, and seizing 300 seals. Du Hong surrendered, and Yan Cen fled to Dongyang with a few cavalry.

Suppressing Rebellions in Hebei

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On October 25, Geng Yan accompanied Emperor Guangwu to Chunling, offering a plan to recruit Shanggu troops to attack the rebellious Peng Chong [zh] in Yuyang and Zhang Feng [zh] in Zhuo Commandery, subdue the Fuping and Huosuo rebels, and then march east to defeat Zhang Bu to pacify Qi. The emperor, impressed by his ambition, approved.[11]

In 28 AD, Geng Yan, with General of Subjugation Ji Zun, General of Righteousness Zhu Hu, and Cavalry General Liu Xi, was ordered to attack Zhang Feng in Zhuo Commandery. Ji Zun arrived first, defeating Zhang Feng.[12] Ordered to attack Yuyang, Geng Yan, noting Peng Chong’s comparable merits to his father and lacking siblings in Luoyang, hesitated to advance alone and requested an audience in Luoyang. Emperor Guangwu decreed: “As a general, your family serves the state loyally, defeating enemies wherever you go, with immense merit. What suspicion requires an audience? For now, garrison Zhuo Commandery with Wang Chang [zh], and devise strategies to advance.” Hearing of Geng Yan’s request, Geng Kuang, uneasy, sent Geng Yan’s brother Geng Guo [zh] to Luoyang. The emperor treated Geng Guo kindly, appointing him Gentleman of the Yellow Gate and ennobling Geng Kuang as Marquess of Yumi. Geng Shu [zh] was also made Marquess of Muping.

In 29 AD, Peng Chong was defeated. Emperor Guangwu sent Grand Master of Splendid Happiness Fan Hong to Shanggu to escort Geng Kuang to the capital, granting him prime lodging and court attendance. Geng Yan and Wang Chang, following Wu Han, defeated the Fuping and Huosuo rebels at Pingyuan, with over 40,000 surrendering, and pursued remnants to Bohai, where over 10,000 surrendered.[13] The emperor then ordered Geng Yan to advance against Zhang Bu.

Conquering All of Qi

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Geng Yan led his army east against Zhang Bu, appointed King of Qi by Liu Yong. Geng Yan organized surrendered troops, appointed officers, and led Taishan Governor Chen Jun [zh] and Cavalry Commandant Liu Xin [zh] across the Ji River via a Chaoyang bridge. Hearing this, Zhang Bu appointed General Fei Yi as King of Jinan, stationed at Lixia, with troops at Zhua and dozens of camps at Taishan’s Zhongcheng to await Geng Yan.[14]

Geng Yan first attacked Zhua, failing to capture it by noon. He deliberately left a gap in the siege, allowing defenders to flee to Zhongcheng. Zhongcheng’s troops, hearing of Zhua’s defeat, abandoned their camps. Fei Yi sent his brother Fei Gan to hold Juli. Geng Yan threatened Juli, ordering mass tree-felling to feign filling moats. Surrendered soldiers informed him that Fei Yi, hearing of the planned attack, was preparing a rescue. Geng Yan ordered his troops to prepare siege equipment, publicly announcing an attack on Juli in three days, while secretly loosening prisoner oversight to let them escape. The escapees informed Fei Yi, who led 30,000 elite troops to rescue Juli that day. Geng Yan, delighted, told his generals: “I prepared siege equipment to lure Fei Yi. Now he’s here, as I wished.” He stationed 3,000 to hold Juli, leading elite troops uphill to attack Fei Yi from above, killing him in battle and routing his army. Displaying Fei Yi’s head in Juli caused panic, and Fei Gan fled with his forces to Zhang Bu. Geng Yan entered Juli, seized supplies, and attacked unsubdued cities, pacifying over 40 camps and conquering Jinan.

Zhang Bu, based in Ju County, sent his brother Zhang Lan to hold Xi’an, with commandery governors and over 10,000 troops at Linzi, 40 li apart. Geng Yan advanced to Huazhong, between the cities. Noting Xi’an’s small but sturdy defenses and Zhang Lan’s elite troops, contrasted with Linzi’s weaker defenses despite its fame, Geng Yan feigned an attack on Xi’an, ordering a muster in five days. At midnight on the appointed day, he had his generals eat heartily and marched to Linzi by dawn. Protector Xun Liang urged attacking Xi’an first, but Geng Yan argued: “Xi’an, expecting our attack, is on guard day and night. Striking Linzi unexpectedly will cause panic, and we’ll take it in a day. With Linzi fallen, Xi’an is isolated, and Zhang Lan, cut off from Zhang Bu, will flee. Attacking one gains both. Assaulting Xi’an first risks heavy losses under a fortified city. Even if taken, Zhang Lan could regroup in Linzi, probing our weaknesses. Deep in enemy territory without supply lines, we’d falter in ten days without fighting. Your plan is unsuitable.” Geng Yan attacked Linzi, capturing it in half a day. Zhang Lan, terrified, fled to Ju County.

Geng Yan’s Battle at the Palace Terrace.

In winter, October, Geng Yan forbade plundering Ju County until Zhang Bu arrived, to provoke him. Zhang Bu laughed: “I defeated Youlai and Datong’s hundreds of thousands in their camps. Geng Yan’s fewer, weary troops—what’s to fear?” With his brothers Zhang Lan, Zhang Hong, Zhang Shou, and Datong’s former general Chong Yi, Zhang Bu led 200,000 troops to Linzi’s eastern great city to attack Geng Yan. Geng Yan advanced to the Zi River, encountering Chong Yi. His cavalry wanted to charge, but Geng Yan, fearing it would blunt Zhang Bu’s momentum, feigned weakness, retreating to a small city and arraying troops within. Zhang Bu’s spirited forces attacked, clashing with Liu Xin [zh]. From a ruined palace terrace, Geng Yan observed, leading elite troops to strike Zhang Bu’s army from the side in East City, routing them. A stray arrow hit Geng Yan’s thigh; he cut it off with a knife, unnoticed by those around him. Fighting continued until nightfall. The next day, Geng Yan led another battle. Hearing of Zhang Bu’s attack, Emperor Guangwu marched to aid, but had not arrived. Chen Jun [zh] advised: “Ju County’s enemies are numerous; we should rest and await the emperor.” Geng Yan replied: “With the emperor arriving, a vassal should prepare feasts to welcome the court, not leave rebels for the sovereign.” He fought from morning to night, devastating the enemy, filling ditches with dead. Knowing Zhang Bu’s troops were exhausted and retreating, Geng Yan set ambushes. At midnight, Zhang Bu withdrew, and the ambushes struck, pursuing to Jumei River, with corpses stretching 80–90 li and over 2,000 carts of supplies captured. Zhang Bu returned to Ju, and his brothers dispersed.

Days later, Liu Xiu arrived in Linzi to review the army. Comparing Geng Yan to Han Xin, he said: “Han Xin began his legacy at Lixia; you achieved merit at Zhua, both western Qi’s borders, with comparable feats. Han Xin struck surrendered foes, but you defeated a strong enemy, a harder task. When Tian Heng [zh] killed Li Yiji, and later surrendered, Gaozu decreed that Guard Commandant not seek vengeance. Zhang Bu killed Fu Long [zh]; if he surrenders, I’ll decree Grand Minister [zh] to forgo vengeance, a striking parallel. Your grand plan in Nanyang seemed rash, yet ambition achieves success!”.[15]

Liu Xiu went to Ju, and Geng Yan pursued Zhang Bu, who retreated to Pingshou. Su Mao [zh] arrived with over 10,000 troops, rebuking Zhang Bu: “Yan Cen [zh] had Nanyang’s elite and fighting skill, yet Geng Yan repelled him. Why attack his camp? You called me but didn’t wait?” Zhang Bu replied: “I’m ashamed, speechless.” Emperor Guangwu sent envoys offering marquess titles to whoever killed the other. Zhang Bu beheaded Su Mao, sending his head to surrender.[16] Zhang Bu, baring his torso and carrying an axe, stood before the army gate. Geng Yan sent him to the emperor via post carriage, entered the city, raised flags for the twelve commanderies, and had Zhang Bu’s troops gather under them. With over 100,000 troops and 7,000 carts, he dismissed them home. Geng Yan marched to Chengyang, subduing the Five Schools’ remnants, fully pacifying Qi, and returned to the capital.

Legacy and End

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In April 30 AD, Geng Yan, with Tiger Fang General Gai Yan [zh], Loyal Han General Wang Chang [zh], Captive-Capturing General Ma Wu, Cavalry General Liu Xin [zh], Martial Might General Liu Shang [zh], and Treason-Punishing General Zhai Zun, was ordered via Longxi to attack Gongsun Shu through the Long Road. Wei Xiao [zh] rebelled, and the generals fought him at Longdi, suffering defeat. Geng Yan garrisoned Qi County to guard against Wei Xiao.[17][18][19][20] In spring 32 AD, Laishe [zh] seized Lueyang but was besieged by Wei Xiao’s army. In summer, Emperor Guangwu marched to relieve him, with Geng Yan joining, advancing to Shanggui, which refused to surrender. Geng Yan and Gai Yan [zh] were ordered to besiege it.[21][22] In January 33 AD, Wei Xiao died, and his son Wei Chun [zh] became king. In August, Geng Yan, with General of the West Feng Yi, Tiger Fang General Gai Yan [zh], General of Martial Prominence Ma Cheng [zh], and Martial Might General Liu Shang [zh], under Lai Xi, entered Tianshui to attack Wei Chun, capturing camps in Anding and Beidi. The next summer, they defeated Gongsun Shu’s generals Tian Yan and Zhao Kuang.[23] In October, Lai Xi, Geng Yan, and Gai Yan broke Luomen, with Wei Chun’s allies Zhou Zong, Xing Xun, Ke Yu, and Zhao Hui surrendering, pacifying Longyou.[24][25]

In the 13th year of Jianwu (37 AD), with the nation pacified, Geng Yan, aged 35, resigned as Grand General. As a marquess, he attended court, and whenever major events arose, he was summoned to the palace to consult on strategies and tactics. Geng Yan and his brothers Geng Shu [zh], Geng Guo [zh], Geng Guang, Geng Ju, and Geng Ba—six brothers holding high ranks with green and purple sashes—were celebrated as a noble tale of their time.

In the first year of Yongping [zh] under Emperor Ming of Han (58 AD), Geng Yan died. His posthumous name was Marquess Min.

Critics

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  • Liu Xiu: "In the past, Han Xin defeated Lixia to establish his foundation; now the general has attacked Zhujia to rise to prominence. These are both on the western border of Qi, and the merits can be compared. But while Han Xin struck against those who had already surrendered, the general alone defeated strong enemies, so his achievement is harder than Xin's. Also, Tian Heng [zh] once executed Li Sheng, but when Tian Heng surrendered, Emperor Gao ordered the Commandant of Guards not to seek vengeance. Zhang Bu also killed Fu Long [zh], yet if Bu came to submit, I would order the Grand Minister over the Masses to forgive his grievance. These cases are much alike. The general had earlier devised this great strategy in Nanyang, and though it seemed difficult and unlikely, in the end the will of one with ambition prevails!"
  • Fan Ye, Book of the Later Han: "When Huaiyin discoursed with King Xiang, he assessed the trend of events and foresaw that the temple of Gaozu would prevail. When Geng Yan devised his strategies in Hebei and set plans in Nanyang, he too foresaw that the enterprise of Guangwu would succeed. Yet though Yan himself subdued all of Qi, he received no further reward. Was he not resentful? Perhaps the measure of the times did not allow room. Three generations served as generals, something Daoists say is inauspicious, but the Geng family ended with honor through their achievements. Did they use war to end war? How was it that only they could prosper so?". "Lord Haozhi waged war, skilled in planning and commanding. He recruited troops from Yan and assembled them in the Han camp. He sought audience in Zhao's palace, poured wine in Qi's city. Kuang [zh] and Shu [zh] followed, and they accomplished success. Guo [zh] planned long strategies, dividing the fierce barbarians. Bing [zh] harmonized relations with the Xiongnu, Kui broke through their ranks. Earnest Bazong [zh] drew forth springs from barren wells."

Family

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Marquis of Yumi Lie
Geng Kuang
Marquis of Haozhi Min
Geng Yan		Marquis of Muping
Geng Shu		Geng GuoGeng GuangGeng JuMarquis of Yumi
Geng Ba
Marquis of Haozhi
Geng Zhong		Marquis of Muping
Geng Xi		Marquis of Meiyang Huan
Geng Bing		Marquis of Suyi
Geng Kui		Geng GongMarquis of Yumi
Geng Wenjin
Marquis of Haozhi
Geng Feng		Marquis of Muping Ting
Geng Bao		□Geng JiMarquis of Meiyang
Geng Chong		□Geng PuMarquis of Yumi
Geng Xi
Marquis of Haozhi
Geng Liang		Marquis of Muping
Geng Ji		Marquis of Linlü Ting
Geng Cheng		□Geng HongGeng YeMarquis of Yumi
Geng Xian
Marquis of Haozhi
Geng Xie		Geng JiMarquis of Yumi
Geng Yuan
□
Geng Hong

Origin

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The Geng clan's ancestors, during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, moved from Julu to Fufeng Maoling when holding an official position of 2000 bushels (er qian shi).[26]

Children

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  • Gong Hong [zh]: Inherited the title of Marquis of Haozhi. As Cavalry Commandant, he followed Dou Gu on an expedition, attacking the Xiongnu in the Tianshan. See his article for details.

Descendants

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Geng Yan's younger brother Geng Guo [zh]’s great-grandson Geng Ji [zh] plotted against Cao Cao and his clan was exterminated; only Geng Hong, grandson of Geng Yuan, survived.[27]

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Legend

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Notes

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  1. ^ This was an official title under the Xin dynasty, equivalent to the Governor of Shanggu Commandery.
  2. ^ The Book of the Later Han likely erred, as there was no ''jihai'' day in the seventh month of Jianwu’s first year.
  3. ^ His original marquess title is unknown.

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Fan, p. 400.
  2. ^ Hòu Hàn Jì · Guāng Wǔ Huángdì Jì Juǎn Dì Yī 后汉纪·光武皇帝纪卷第一 [Annals of the Later Han · Records of Emperor Guangwu, Volume I] (in Chinese). 至宋子，会王郎反，从吏孙仓、卫苞劝弇降邯郸。/ At Songzi, when Wang Lang rebelled, attendants Sun Cang and Wei Bao urged Yan to surrender to Handan
  3. ^ Hòu Hàn Jì · Guāng Wǔ Huángdì Jì Juǎn Dì Yī 后汉纪·光武皇帝纪卷第一 [Annals of the Later Han · Records of Emperor Guangwu, Volume I] (in Chinese). 弇亦书与况，盛陈世祖度略，宜速来相见。/ Yan wrote to Kuang, extolling Shizu's [Liu Xiu's] vision and strategy, urging a swift meeting
  4. ^ Hòu Hàn Jì · Guāng Wǔ Huángdì Jì Juǎn Dì Yī 后汉纪·光武皇帝纪卷第一 [Annals of the Later Han · Records of Emperor Guangwu, Volume I] (in Chinese). 况乃驰至昌平，遣小子舒献马焉。/ Kuang hastened to Changping and sent his youngest son, Shu, to present horses
  5. ^ Hòu Hàn Jì · Guāng Wǔ Huángdì Jì Juǎn Dì Yī 后汉纪·光武皇帝纪卷第一 [Annals of the Later Han · Records of Emperor Guangwu, Volume I] (in Chinese). 初，闻二郡兵且至，或云王郎来，甚忧之。及闻外有大兵，公亲乘城勒兵，传问之，汉等答曰："上谷兵为刘公。"诸部莫不喜跃。/ Initially, hearing two commanderies' troops were coming, some said it was Wang Lang, causing worry. When a large army was spotted, the Duke personally led troops to the walls, inquiring, and Han replied: "Shanggu's troops are for Duke Liu." All rejoiced.
  6. ^ Hòu Hàn Jì · Guāng Wǔ Huángdì Jì Juǎn Dì Yī 后汉纪·光武皇帝纪卷第一 [Annals of the Later Han · Records of Emperor Guangwu, Volume I] (in Chinese). 耿弇得所归附矣？"耿弇拜于城下，具言发兵状，公廼悉召入，笑曰："邯郸将帅数言我发渔阳、上谷兵，吾聊应一言'我亦发之'，何意二郡良为吾来！方与士大夫共此功名耳。/ "Has Geng Yan found his allegiance?" Yan bowed beneath the walls, detailing the troop deployment. The Duke summoned them, laughing: "Handan's generals boasted of mustering Yuyang and Shanggu troops. I casually said, 'I'll muster them too.' Who knew these commanderies would truly come! Together, we'll achieve fame.
  7. ^ Zī Zhì Tōng Jiàn · Hàn Jì Sānshí'èr 资治通鉴·汉纪三十二 [Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government · Annals of Han, Volume 32] (in Chinese). 宗室刘茂聚众京、密间，自称厌新将军，攻下颖川、汝南，众十馀万人。帝使骠骑大将军景丹、建威大将军耿弇、强弩将军陈俊攻之。茂来降，封为中山王。/ The imperial clan member Liu Mao gathered forces between Jing and Mi, proclaiming himself General, conquering Yingchuan and Runan with over 100,000 men. The emperor sent Cavalry General Jing Dan, Grand General of Jianwei Geng Yan, and Crossbow General Chen Jun to attack. Mao surrendered and was made King of Zhongshan.
  8. ^ Hòu Hàn Shū · Guāng Wǔ Dì Jì Dì Yī Shàng 后汉书·光武帝纪第一上 [Book of the Later Han · Records of Emperor Guangwu, Part I (Upper)] (in Chinese). 己亥，幸怀。遣耿弇率彊弩将军陈俊军五社津，备荥阳以东。使吴汉率朱祐及廷尉岑彭、执金吾贾复、扬化将军坚镡等十一将军围朱鲔于洛阳。/ On jihai, [the emperor] reached Huai. He sent Geng Yan and Crossbow General Chen Jun to garrison Wushejin, securing defenses east of Xingyang. Wu Han led Zhu You, Court Gentleman Cen Peng, Gold-Wielding General Jia Fu, and General of Inspiring Transformation Jian Tan, among eleven generals, to besiege Zhu Wei in Luoyang.
  9. ^ Hòu Hàn Shū · Wú Gài Chén Zāng Lièzhuàn Dì Bā 后汉书·吴盖陈臧列传第八 [Book of the Later Han · Biographies of Wu, Gai, Chen, and Zang, Volume 8] (in Chinese). 明年春，率建威大将军耿弇、虎牙大将军盖延，击青犊于轵西，大破降之。/ The following spring, [Wu Han] led Grand General of Jianwei Geng Yan and Tiger Fang General Gai Yan to attack the Qingdu at Zhixi, greatly defeating and subduing them.
  10. ^ Hòu Hàn Shū · Féng Cén Jiǎ Lièzhuàn Dì Qī 后汉书·冯岑贾列传第七 [Book of the Later Han · Biographies of Feng, Cen, and Jia, Volume 7] (in Chinese). 帝怜奉旧功臣，且衅起吴汉，欲全宥之。彭与耿弇谏曰：'邓奉背恩反逆，暴师经年，致贾复伤痍，朱祐见获。陛下既至，不知悔善，而亲在行陈，兵败乃降。若不诛奉，无以惩恶。'于是斩之。/ The emperor pitied Feng's past merits and, as the conflict arose from Wu Han, wished to pardon him. Peng and Geng Yan remonstrated: "Deng Feng betrayed grace and rebelled, waging war for a year, causing Jia Fu's injuries and Zhu You's capture. Your Majesty, now present, he does not repent but surrenders only after defeat. If Feng is not executed, evil will go unpunished." Thus, he was executed.
  11. ^ Hòu Hàn Shū · Guāng Wǔ Dì Jì Dì Yī Shàng 后汉书·光武帝纪第一上 [Book of the Later Han · Annals of Emperor Guangwu, Volume 1, Part I (Upper)] (in Chinese). 冬十月壬申，幸舂陵，祠园庙，因置酒旧宅，大会故人父老。/ On renshen, winter, tenth month, [the emperor] visited Chunling, offering sacrifices at the garden temple, hosting a banquet at the old residence with elders and acquaintances.
  12. ^ Hòu Hàn Shū · Diào Qī Wáng Bà Jì Zūn Lièzhuàn Dì Shí 后汉书·铫期王霸祭遵列传第十 [Book of the Later Han · Biographies of Diao Qi, Wang Ba, and Ji Zun, Volume 10] (in Chinese). 四年，遵与朱佑及建威大将军耿弇﹑骁骑将军刘喜俱击之。遵兵先至，急攻丰，丰功曹孟厷执丰降。/ In the fourth year, Zun, with Zhu You, Grand General of Jianwei Geng Yan, and Cavalry General Liu Xi, attacked [Zhang Feng]. Zun arrived first, swiftly attacking Feng. Feng's Merit Officer Meng Xi captured Feng and surrendered.
  13. ^ Zī Zhì Tōng Jiàn · Hàn Jì Sānshí'èr 资治通鉴·汉纪三十二 [Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government · Annals of Han, Volume 32] (in Chinese). 吴汉率耿弇、王常击富平、获索贼于平原，大破之；追讨馀党，至勃海，降者上万馀人。上因诏弇进讨张步。/ Wu Han, with Geng Yan and Wang Chang, attacked the Fuping and Huosuo rebels at Pingyuan, greatly defeating them; pursued remnants to Bohai, with over 10,000 surrendering. The emperor ordered Yan to attack Zhang Bu
  14. ^ Hòu Hàn Shū · Wáng Liú Zhāng Lǐ Péng Lú Lièzhuàn Dì Èr 后汉书·王刘张李彭卢列传第二 [Book of the Later Han · Biographies of Wang, Liu, Zhang, Li, Peng, and Lu, Volume 2] (in Chinese). 五年，步闻帝将攻之，以其将费邑为济南王，屯历下。/ In the fifth year, Bu, hearing the emperor would attack, made General Fei Yi King of Jinan, stationed at Lixia.
  15. ^ Hòu Hàn Shū · Wáng Liú Zhāng Lǐ Péng Lú Lièzhuàn Dì Èr 后汉书·王刘张李彭卢列传第二 [Book of the Later Han · Biographies of Wang, Liu, Zhang, Li, Peng, and Lu, Volume 2] (in Chinese). 帝自幸剧。步退保平寿，苏茂将万馀人来救之。茂让步曰：'以南阳兵精，延岑善战，而耿弇走之。大王奈何就攻其营？既呼茂，不能待邪？'步曰：'负负，无可言者。'/ The emperor visited Ju. Bu retreated to Pingshou, and Su Mao came with over 10,000 troops to aid. Mao reproached Bu: "With Nanyang's elite and Yan Cen's skill, Geng Yan drove them off. Why attack his camp? You summoned me but couldn't wait?" Bu replied: "I'm ashamed, speechless."
  16. ^ Hòu Hàn Shū · Wáng Liú Zhāng Lǐ Péng Lú Lièzhuàn Dì Èr 后汉书·王刘张李彭卢列传第二 [Book of the Later Han · Biographies of Wang, Liu, Zhang, Li, Peng, and Lu, Volume 2] (in Chinese). 帝乃遣使告步、茂，能相斩降者，封为列侯。步遂斩茂，使使奉其首降。/ The emperor sent envoys to Bu and Mao, promising marquess titles for slaying the other. Bu killed Mao, sending his head via envoy to surrender.
  17. ^ Hòu Hàn Shū · Guāng Wǔ Dì Jì Dì Yī Xià 后汉书·光武帝纪第一下 [Book of the Later Han · Annals of Emperor Guangwu, Part 1 (Lower Part)] (in Chinese). 夏四月丙子，幸长安，始谒高庙，遂有事十一陵。遣虎牙大将军盖延等七将军从陇道伐公孙述。/ In summer, fourth month, bingzi, [the emperor] visited Chang'an, first paying respects at the High Temple, then performing rites at the eleven mausoleums. He sent Tiger Fang General Gai Yan and seven others via the Long Road to attack Gongsun Shu.
  18. ^ Hòu Hàn Shū · Guāng Wǔ Dì Jì Dì Yī Xià 后汉书·光武帝纪第一下 [Book of the Later Han · Annals of Emperor Guangwu, Scroll 1 (Lower Part)] (in Chinese). 五月己未，至自长安。隗嚻反，盖延等因与嚻战于陇阺，诸将败绩。/ On wuwei, fifth month, [the emperor] returned from Chang'an. Wei Xiao rebelled, and Gai Yan and others fought him at Longdi, suffering defeat.
  19. ^ Hòu Hàn Shū · Wěi Xiāo Gōngsūn Shù Lièzhuàn Dì Sān 后汉书·隗嚣公孙述列传第三 [Book of the Later Han · Biographies of Wei Xiao and Gongsun Shu, Volume 3] (in Chinese). 帝知其终不为用，叵欲讨之。遂西幸长安，遣建威大将军耿弇等七将军从陇道伐蜀，先使来歙奉玺书喻旨。/ Knowing Xiao would not serve, the emperor planned to attack. He visited Chang'an, sending Grand General of Jianwei Geng Yan and seven generals via the Long Road to attack Shu, first sending Lai Xi with an imperial edict.
  20. ^ Hòu Hàn Shū · Diào Qī Wáng Bà Jì Zūn Lièzhuàn Dì Shí 后汉书·铫期王霸祭遵列传第十 [Book of the Later Han · Biographies of Diao Qi, Wang Ba, and Ji Zun, Volume 10] (in Chinese). 六年春，诏遵与建威大将军耿弇﹑虎牙大将军盖延﹑汉忠将军王常﹑捕虏将军马武﹑骁骑将军刘歆﹑武威将军刘尚等从天水伐公孙述。/ In spring, sixth year, Zun, with Grand General of Jianwei Geng Yan, Tiger Fang General Gai Yan, Loyal Han General Wang Chang, Captive-Capturing General Ma Wu, Cavalry General Liu Xin, and Martial Might General Liu Shang, attacked Gongsun Shu from Tianshui.
  21. ^ Hòu Hàn Shū · Guāng Wǔ Dì Jì Dì Yī Xià 后汉书·光武帝纪第一下 [Book of the Later Han · Annals of Emperor Guangwu, Volume 1 (Lower Part)] (in Chinese). 进幸上邽，不降，命虎牙大将军盖延、建威大将军耿弇攻之。/ Advanced to Shanggui, which did not surrender; ordered Tiger Fang General Gai Yan and Grand General of Jianwei Geng Yan to attack.
  22. ^ Hòu Hàn Shū · Lǐ Wáng Dèng Lái Lièzhuàn Dì Wǔ 后汉书·李王邓来列传第五 [Book of the Later Han · Biographies of Li, Wang, Deng, and Lai, Volume 5] (in Chinese). 八年春，歙与征虏将军祭遵袭略阳，遵道病还，分遣精兵随歙，合二千馀人，伐山开道，从番须、回中径至略阳，斩嚣守将金梁，因保其城。嚣大惊曰：'何其神也！'乃悉兵数万人围略阳，斩山筑堤，激水灌城。歙与将士固死坚守，矢尽，乃发屋断木以为兵。嚣尽锐攻之，自春至秋，其士卒疲弊，帝乃大发关东兵，自将上陇，嚣众溃走，围解。/ In spring, eighth year, Xi, with General of Subjugation Ji Zun, seized Lueyang, but Zun fell ill and returned. Xi led over 2,000 elite troops, cutting paths through Fansu and Huizhong to reach Lueyang, beheading Xiao's guard Jin Liang and holding the city. Xiao, shocked, said: "How divine!" He besieged Lueyang with tens of thousands, building dikes to flood the city. Xi and his troops held firm, using roof timbers as weapons when arrows ran out. Xiao's troops tired from spring to autumn. The emperor mobilized Guandong troops, personally advancing to Long, dispersing Xiao's forces, lifting the siege.
  23. ^ Hòu Hàn Shū · Lǐ Wáng Dèng Lái Lièzhuàn Dì Wǔ 后汉书·李王邓来列传第五 [Book of the Later Han · Biographies of Li, Wang, Deng, and Lai, Volume 5] (in Chinese). 于是大转粮运，诏歙率征西大将军冯异、建威大将军耿弇、虎牙大将军盖延、扬武将军马成、武威将军刘尚入天水，击破公孙述将田弇、赵匡 / Thus, massive grain transport was ordered. Xi, with General of the West Feng Yi, Grand General of Jianwei Geng Yan, Tiger Fang General Gai Yan, General of Martial Prominence Ma Cheng, and Martial Might General Liu Shang, entered Tianshui, defeating Gongsun Shu's generals Tian Yan and Zhao Kuang.
  24. ^ Hòu Hàn Shū · Guāng Wǔ Dì Jì Dì Yī Xià 后汉书·光武帝纪第一下 [Book of the Later Han · Annals of Emperor Guangwu, Volume 1 (Lower Part)] (in Chinese). 冬十月，中郎将来歙等大破隗纯于落门，其将王元奔蜀，纯与周宗降，陇右平。/ In winter, tenth month, Middle Gentleman Lai Xi and others greatly defeated Wei Chun at Luomen. His general Wang Yuan fled to Shu, and Chun with Zhou Zong surrendered, pacifying Longyou.
  25. ^ Hòu Hàn Shū · Lǐ Wáng Dèng Lái Lièzhuàn Dì Wǔ 后汉书·李王邓来列传第五 [Book of the Later Han · Biographies of Li, Wang, Deng, and Lai, Volume 5] (in Chinese). 明年，攻拔落门，隗嚣支党周宗、赵恢及天水属县皆降。 / The next year, Luomen fell, and Wei Xiao's allies Zhou Zong, Zhao Hui, and Tianshui's counties surrendered.
  26. ^ Hòu Hàn Shū · Gěng Yǎn Lièzhuàn Dì Jiǔ 后汉书·耿弇列传第九 [Book of the Later Han, Biography of Geng Yan, Volume 9] (in Chinese). 耿弇字伯昭，扶风茂陵人也。其先武帝时以吏二千石自巨鹿徙焉。/ Geng Yan, courtesy name Bo Zhao, was from Maoling, Fufeng Commandery. His ancestors, during the time of Emperor Wu of Han, moved from Julu Commandery as officials of 2,000 shi rank.
  27. ^ Hòu Hàn Shū · Gěng Yǎn Lièzhuàn Dì Jiǔ 后汉书·耿弇列传第九 [Book of the Later Han · Biography of Geng Yan, Volume 9] (in Chinese). 后曹操诛耿氏，唯援孙弘存焉。 / Later, Cao Cao executed the Geng clan, with only Geng Yuan's grandson Geng Hong surviving

Bibliography

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