Evenki grammar
This article outlines the grammar of the Evenki language spoken in Russia, in both Cyrillic and Latin scripts. Since the Cyrillic script does not usually mark long vowels, macrons will be used in this article (excepting е (ē), which is always long, at least in native words). Example sentences will be taken from either the Evengus (Russian: Эвенгус) website, or from Nadezhda Bulatova and Lenore Grenoble's book Evenki Grammar in 1997.
Morphology notes
[edit]Vowel harmony
[edit]Like other Tungusic languages, Evenki employs vowel harmony. There are two rows ("first and second row") with two neutral vowels, и (i) and у (u).[1] For simplicity, archiphonemes will be used for alternating vowels in suffixes, with capital О (O) for а/э/о (a/ə/o), А (A) for а/э (a/ə), and their iotated counterparts Ё (JO) for я/е/ё (ja/jə/jo), Я (JA) for я/е (ja/jə).
First row | Neutral | Second row |
---|---|---|
а a |
и i |
э ə |
е e |
у u |
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о o |
Syllables containing first row vowels can only be followed by another syllables that contain first row vowels, and vice versa. |
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и (i) and у (u) can be followed by either first or second row vowels. |
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Short о (o) can be followed by о (o); however, о (o) cannot follow long о̄ (ō) or being intervened by neutral vowels. In this place, а (a) is used instead. |
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Nominals
[edit]Pluralization
[edit]Here are some rules of forming Evenki plurals:[2]
The plural suffixes -л (-l) after vowels or -ил (-il) after consonants are usually used. |
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However, after -н (-n), -р (-r) is used instead and the final consonant before the suffix is removed. |
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Some nouns use -сал (-sal) in addition to the previous two suffixes. Notice that this suffix also removes -н (-n) from the stem. |
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Some kinship terms are irregularly pluralized: |
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Grammatical cases
[edit]Evenki nouns are inflected for 13 grammatical cases: nominative, accusative, accusative indefinite, dative, allative, locative, prolative (longitudinal), allative locative, allative prolative, ablative, elative, instrumental, and comitative cases.[3]
Case | Suffix | |||
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-V[a] | -C[+V][b] | -N[c] | -C[-V][d] | |
Nominative | -∅ (no marker) -∅ | |||
Accusative[5][e] | -вО -vO |
-мО -mO |
-пО -pO | |
Accusative indefinite[6][f] | -Ё -JO | |||
Dative[7] | -дӯ -dū |
-тӯ -tū | ||
Allative[8] | -ткӣ -tkī |
-тыкӣ -tikī | ||
Locative[9] | -лО̄ -lŌ |
-дулА̄ -dulĀ |
-тулА̄ -tulĀ | |
Prolative[10] | -лӣ -lī |
-дулӣ -dulī |
-тулӣ -tulī | |
Allative locative[11] | -клО̄ -klŌ |
-иклО̄ -iklŌ | ||
Allative prolative[12] | -клӣ -klī |
-иклӣ -iklī | ||
Ablative[13] | -дук -duk |
-тук -tuk | ||
Elative[14] | -гӣт -gīt |
-ӈӣт -ŋīt |
-кӣт -kīt | |
Instrumental[15][g] | -т -t |
-ит -it |
-ди -ʒi |
-ит -it |
Comitative[16] | -нӯн -nūn |
Possession
[edit]Evenki nouns can also be inflected for possession, where a possessive suffix is attached to the noun based on features of the noun which possesses it.[17][18][19] |
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When declined in grammatical cases, case suffixes are placed between the noun and the possessive suffixes:[20] |
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There are also reflexive-possessive suffixes; they do not inflect in the nominative, and instead use null on the accusative:[21] |
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Бӣ 1SG хунатпӣ daughter-REFL ичэм see-1sg.PRES "I see my daughter." | |
Some kinship nouns, as well as body part names (usually), are inalienable: |
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-ӈӣ (-ŋī) is used to mark non-attributive possessive:[22] |
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To negate presence of an object, а̄чин (āčin) is used:[23] | |
Миндӯ 1SG-DAT ӈинакин dog а̄чин. NEG. I don't have a dog. Дю̄дӯвӣ house-DAT-REFL энинмӣ mother-1SG а̄чин. NEG. My mother is not at her home. |
Final element in the stem → | Singular | Plural | ||||||
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Person ↓ | -V | -C[+V] | -C[-V] | -n | -l | -r | ||
Singular | 1st person | -в -v |
-ив -iv |
-мӣ -mī |
-вӣ -vī | |||
2nd person | -с -s |
-ис -is |
-нӣ -nī |
-лӣ -lī |
-рӣ -rī | |||
3rd person | -н -n |
-ин -in | ||||||
reflexive | -вӣ -vī |
-пӣ -pī |
-мӣ -mī |
-вӣ -vī | ||||
Plural | 1st person | exclusive | -вун -vun |
-мун -mun |
-вун -vun | |||
inclusive | -т -t |
-ит -it |
-ты -ty | |||||
2nd person | -сун -sun |
-нун -nun |
-лун -lun |
-рун -run | ||||
3rd person | -тын -tyn | |||||||
reflexive | -вОр -vOr |
-пОр -pOr |
-мОр -mOr |
-вОр -vOr |
Adjectives
[edit]Evenki adjectives can be declined, and agree with the noun's inflection:[24] |
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To create comparative degree forms, -дымАр (-dimAr) after consonants and -тмОр (-tmOr) after vowels are used: |
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To create superlative degree forms, -дыгӯ (-digū) after consonants and -ткӯ (-tkū) after vowels are used:[25] |
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Pronouns
[edit]Unlike other nominals, personal pronouns in Evenki have significantly irregular inflection:[26][27]
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |||||
Exclusive | Inclusive | |||||||||
Nominative | бӣ bī |
бӯ bū |
мит mit |
сӣ sī |
сӯ sū |
нуӈан nuŋan |
нуӈартын nuŋartin | |||
Accusative | минэ(вэ) minə(və) |
мунэ(вэ) munə(və) |
митпэ mitpə |
синэ(вэ) sinə(və) |
сунэ(вэ) sunə(və) |
нуӈанма̄н nuŋanmān |
нуӈарватын nuŋarvatin | |||
Dative | миндӯ mindū |
мундӯ mundū |
миттӯ mittū |
синдӯ sindū |
сундӯ sundū |
нуӈандӯн nuŋandūn |
нуӈардӯтын nuŋardūtin | |||
Allative | минтыкӣ mintikī |
мунтыкӣ muntikī |
миттыкӣ mittikī |
синтыкӣ sintikī |
сунтыкӣ suntikī |
нуӈантыкӣн nuŋantikīn |
нуӈартыкӣтын nuŋartikītin | |||
Locative | миндулэ̄ mindulə̄ |
мундулэ̄ mundulə̄ |
миттулэ̄ mittulə̄ |
синдулэ̄ sindulə̄ |
сундулэ̄ sundulə̄ |
нуӈандулэ̄н nuŋandulə̄n |
нуӈардулэ̄тын nuŋardulə̄tin | |||
Prolative | миндулӣ mindulī |
мундулӣ mundulī |
миттулӣ mittulī |
синдулӣ sindulī |
сундулӣ sundulī |
нуӈандулӣн nuŋandulīn |
нуӈардулӣтын nuŋardulītin | |||
Allative locative | миныклэ̄ miniklə̄ |
муныклэ̄ muniklə̄ |
митыклэ̄ mitiklə̄ |
синыклэ̄ siniklə̄ |
суныклэ̄ suniklə̄ |
нуӈаныклэ̄н nuŋaniklə̄n |
нуӈарыклэ̄тын nuŋariklə̄tin | |||
Allative prolative | миныклӣ miniklī |
муныклӣ muniklī |
митыклӣ mitiklī |
синыклӣ siniklī |
суныклӣ suniklī |
нуӈаныклӣн nuŋaniklīn |
нуӈарыклӣтын nuŋariklītin | |||
Ablative | миндук minduk |
мундук munduk |
миттук mittuk |
синдук sinduk |
сундук sunduk |
нуӈандукин nuŋandukin |
нуӈардуктын nuŋarduktin | |||
Elative[h] | минӈит minŋit |
мунӈит munŋit |
миткит mitkit |
синӈит sinŋit |
сунӈит sunŋit |
нуӈанӈидын nuŋanŋidin |
нуӈаргидитын nuŋargiʒitin | |||
Instrumental | минди minʒi |
мунди munʒi |
митит mitit |
синди sinʒi |
сунди sunʒi |
нуӈандын nuŋanʒin |
нуӈардитын nuŋarʒitin | |||
Comitative | миннӯн minnūn |
муннӯн munnūn |
митнӯн mitnūn |
синнӯн sinnūn |
суннӯн sunnūn |
нуӈаннӯнын nuŋannūnin |
нуӈарнӯнтын nuŋarnūntin |
There are three types of reflexive pronouns in Evenki.
(Impersonal) reflexive pronouns can be inflected into number and cases.[28] | мэ̄нмӣ (mə̄nmī) : мэ̄рвэр (mə̄rvər) |
Details differ regarding declension of these pronouns. Bulatova and Grenoble implied that the ending -мӣ (-mī) remains unchanged,[29] while Evengus has the ending changed into -вӣ (-vī). Both agree that case endings are placed between the stem and the ending. | мэ̄ндӯмӣ (mə̄n·dū·mī) v. мэ̄ндӯвӣ (mə̄n·dū·vī) |
Singular | Plural | |
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Accusative | мэ̄нмӣ mə̄nmī |
мэ̄рвэр mə̄rvər |
Dative | мэ̄ндӯвӣ mə̄ndūvī |
мэ̄рдӯвэр mə̄rdūvər |
Allative | мэ̄нтыкӣвӣ mə̄ntikīvī |
мэ̄ртыкӣвэр mə̄rtikīvər |
Locative | мэ̄ндулэ̄вӣ mə̄ndulə̄vī |
мэ̄рдулэ̄вэр mə̄rdulə̄vər |
Prolative | мэ̄ндулӣвӣ mə̄ndulīvī |
мэ̄рдулӣвэр mə̄rdulīvər |
Allative locative | мэ̄ныклэ̄вӣ mə̄niklə̄vī |
мэ̄риклэ̄вэр mə̄riklə̄vər |
Allative prolative | мэ̄ныклӣвӣ mə̄niklīvī |
мэ̄риклӣвэр mə̄riklīvər |
Ablative | мэ̄ндуквӣ mə̄ndukvī |
мэ̄рдуквэр mə̄rdukvər |
Instrumental | мэ̄ндивӣ mə̄nʒivī |
мэ̄рдивэр mə̄rʒivər |
Comitative | мэ̄ннӯнмӣ mə̄nnūnmī |
мэ̄рнӯнмэр mə̄rnūnmər |
Notes
[edit]- ^ after vowels
- ^ after voiced consonants, i.e. any other consonant
- ^ after nasal consonants (м (m), н (n), and ӈ (ŋ)
- ^ after voiceless consonants (к (k), п (p), с (s), т (t), and ч (č))
- ^ According to Bulatova and Grenoble, plurals use -ба/-бэ/-бо (-ba/-bə/-bo), although the Evengus website restricts it dialectally.
- ^ Nouns in -н (-n) and plurals use -О (-a/-ə/-o) (орон (oron) → ороно (orono) "deer".
- ^ -ди (-ʒi) in the plural.
- ^ These forms are not listed by Evengus.
References
[edit]- ^ "Гармония гласных". Эвенгус. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ "Единственное и множественное число имён существительных". Эвенгус. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- ^ "Падежи имён существительных". Эвенгус. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ Bulatova & Grenoble 1999, p. 8.
- ^ "Винительный падеж". Эвенгус. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- ^ "Винительный неопределённый падеж". Эвенгус. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ^ "Дательный падеж". Эвенгус. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ^ "Направительный падеж". Эвенгус. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Местный падеж". Эвенгус. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
- ^ "Продолный падеж". Эвенгус. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
- ^ "Направительно-местный падеж". Эвенгус. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
- ^ "Направительно-продолный падеж". Эвенгус. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
- ^ "Отложительный падеж". Эвенгус. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
- ^ "Исходный падеж". Эвенгус. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
- ^ "Творительный падеж". Эвенгус. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
- ^ "Совместный падеж". Эвенгус. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
- ^ "Лично-притяжательные суффиксы". Эвенгус. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
- ^ Bulatova & Grenoble 1999, p. 13.
- ^ Nedjalkov, Igor (1997). Evenki. London: Routledge. pp. 143–4.
- ^ "Притяжательное склонение имён существительных". Эвенгус. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
- ^ "Возвратно-притяжательные суффиксы". Эвенгус. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
- ^ "Употребление имён существительных с притяжательными суффиксами". Эвенгус. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
- ^ "Имя отрицания ачин". Эвенгус. Retrieved 2024-11-23.
- ^ "Склонение имён прилагательных". Эвенгус. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
- ^ "Степени сравнения имён прилагательных". Эвенгус. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
- ^ "Склонение личных местоимений 1-го и 2-го лица". Эвенгус. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
- ^ "Склонение местоимений 3-го лица". Эвенгус. Retrieved 6 September 2025.
- ^ "Склонение возвратных местоимений". Эвенгус. Retrieved 6 September 2025.
- ^ Bulatova & Grenoble 1999, p. 22.
Citations
[edit]- Bulatova, Nadezhda; Grenoble, Lenore (1999). Evenki Grammar (PDF). München: Lincom Europa.