Empidinae

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Empidinae
Male Empis livida
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Empididae
Subfamily: Empidinae
Genera

Several, see text

Empidinae, also called dance flies,[1] are a subfamily of empidoid flies. They belong to the Eremoneura, a lineage of flies whose larvae pass through three stages. The name “dance flies” comes from their mating swarms, formed by males or, in some species, by females; in many cases males present captured prey to females during these gatherings.[2]They are mainly predatory flies like most of their relatives, and generally small to medium-sized. Most species are flower visitors and they can be effective pollinators.[3]

Description

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Empis stercorea

Most dance fly species perform lek mating, where males give courtship gifts to females.[1] About a third of such species also have sex-specific markings, which include pinnate leg scales, darkened or enlarged wings, and inflatable abdominal air sacs.[1]

Genera

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Most species of the Empidinae have long been placed in the large genera Empis and Rhamphomyia, separated by whether a particular wing vein (R4+5) forks near the tip.[2] Earlier work on Patagonian species also recognised smaller Neotropical genera, including Sphicosa, Clinorhampha, Macrostomus, Porphyrochroa, Lamprempis, and Opeatocerata.[2]

In South America the Empidinae fall into two broad sets: an Andean group in temperate Chile and Argentina, which shares features with Australian and New Zealand taxa, and a warmer-climate group in the wider Neotropics that includes Macrostomus, Porphyrochroa, Lamprempis, Opeatocerata, and some Empis.[2] Many Neotropical species remain undescribed, especially in Porphyrochroa. Recent taxonomy has revalidated Porphyrochroa as distinct from Macrostomus and added numerous new species in both.[2]

Distribution

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Empidinae are especially diverse in the Neotropical region. Fourteen genera are currently recognized worldwide, twelve of them recorded in the Neotropics and seven found only there.[2]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Murray, Rosalind L.; Herridge, Elizabeth J.; Ness, Rob W.; Bussière, Luc F. (2017-06-13). "Are sex ratio distorting endosymbionts responsible for mating system variation among dance flies (Diptera: Empidinae)?". PLOS ONE. 12 (6) e0178364. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1278364M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178364. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5469461. PMID 28609446.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Watts, Mirian; Winkler, Isaac S.; Daugeron, Christophe; de Carvalho, Claudio J. B.; Turner, Steven P.; Wiegmann, Brian M. (2016-02-01). "Where do the Neotropical Empidini lineages (Diptera: Empididae: Empidinae) fit in a worldwide context?". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 95: 67–78. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.019. ISSN 1055-7903.
  3. ^ Lefebvre V, Daugeron C, Villemant C, Fontaine C (July 2019). "Empidine dance flies pollinate the woodland geranium as effectively as bees". Biology Letters. 15 (7) 20190230. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0230. PMC 6684995. PMID 31362609.
  4. ^ Smith, Kenneth G. V. (1969). "The Empididae of southern Africa (Diptera)". Annals of the Natal Museum. 19: 1–342.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Collin, James Edward (1933). "Empididae". Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. 4: viii + 334.
  6. ^ a b Bezzi, M. (1909). "Beitrage zur Kenntnis der sudamerikanischen Dipterenfauna Fam. Empididae". Nova Acta Physico-medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosum. 91: 297–406.
  7. ^ Bickel, Daniel J. (2002). "Bandella, a new hilarine fly genus from Australia (Diptera: Empididae)" (PDF). Records of the Australian Museum. 54 (3): 313–324. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.54.2002.1369. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  8. ^ Frey, R. (1952). "Studien über ostasiatische Hilara-Arten (Diptera, Empididae)". Notulae Ent. 32: 119–143.
  9. ^ Bickel, D. J. (1998). "Cunomyia, a distinctive new hilarine fly genus from the Tasmanian World Heritage Area (Diptera: Empididae)" (PDF). Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 132: 59–63. doi:10.26749/rstpp.132.59. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  10. ^ a b Philippi, Rodolfo Amando (1865). "Aufzahlung der chilenischen Dipteren". Abhandlungen der Zool.-Botan. Gesellschaft in Wien. 15: 595–782. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  11. ^ a b Collin, James Edward (1928). New Zealand Empididae based on material in the British Museum (Natural History). London: British Museum (Natural History). pp. viii + 110.
  12. ^ a b c Chandler, Peter J. (1998). Checklists of Insects of the British Isles (New Series) Part 1: Diptera. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Vol. 12. London: Royal Entomological Society of London. p. 234. ISBN 0-901546-82-8.
  13. ^ Bezzi, Mario (1905). "Empididae neotropicae Musei nationalis Hungarici" (PDF). Annales Musei historico-naturalis hungarici. 3 (2): 424–460. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  14. ^ Plant, Adrian R. (1995). "A new genus of Empidinae (Diptera: Empididae) from New Zealand". New Zealand Entomologist. 18 (1): 25–28. Bibcode:1995NZEnt..18...25P. doi:10.1080/00779962.1995.9721998.
  15. ^ Wheeler, William Morton; Melander, Axel Leonard. "Empidae". Biol.Centr.-Am., Ins.: Dipt. 1(Suppl.): 366–376.
  16. ^ a b Melander, Axel Leonard (1928). Diptera. Fam. Empididae. In Wytsman, P., ed. Bruxelles. 185: Genera insectorum. pp. 1–434.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  17. ^ Malloch, John Russell (1930). "Notes on Australian Diptera.XXV". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 55: 429–450. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  18. ^ Bickel, Daniel J. (1996). "Thinempis, a new genus from Australia and New Zealand (Diptera: Empididae), with notes on the tribal classification of the Empidinae". Systematic Entomology. 21 (2): 115–128. Bibcode:1996SysEn..21..115B. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.1996.d01-2.x. S2CID 82738771.
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