ESP32

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ESP32
ESP-WROOM-32 module with ESP32-D0WDQ6 chip
ManufacturerEspressif Systems
TypeMicrocontroller
Release dateSeptember 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)[1]
CPU
Memory520 KiB SRAM
Power3.3 V DC
PredecessorESP8266

ESP32 is a family of low-cost, energy-efficient microcontrollers that integrate both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities. These chips feature a variety of processing options, including the Tensilica Xtensa LX6 microprocessor available in both dual-core and single-core variants, the Xtensa LX7 dual-core processor, or a single-core RISC-V microprocessor. In addition, the ESP32 incorporates components essential for wireless data communication such as built-in antenna switches, an RF balun, power amplifiers, low-noise receivers, filters, and power-management modules.

Typically, the ESP32 is embedded on device-specific printed circuit boards or offered as part of development kits that include a variety of GPIO pins and connectors, with configurations varying by model and manufacturer. The ESP32 was designed by Espressif Systems and is manufactured by TSMC using their 40 nm process.[2] It is a successor to the ESP8266 microcontroller.

Features

[edit]
ESP32 function block diagram
ESP32 die shot. Most of the chip area is covered by a power distribution network on the top metal layers.

Since the release of the original ESP32, a number of variants have been introduced and announced. They form the ESP32 family of microcontrollers.[3] These chips have different CPUs and capabilities, but all share the same SDK and are largely code-compatible. Additionally, the original ESP32 was revised (see ESP32 ECO V3, for example).

ESP32 Family
Feature ESP32 ESP32-S2 ESP32-S3 ESP32-C2 ESP32-C3 ESP32-C5 ESP32-C6 ESP-C61 ESP32-H2 ESP32-P4
CPU Xtensa LX6 Xtensa LX7 Xtensa LX7 RV32IMAC RV32IMC RV32IMAC RV32IMAC RV32IMAC RV32IMAC RV32IMAFC
CPU Cores Single, Dual Single Dual Single Dual
CPU Frequency 240 MHz 120 MHz 160 MHz 240 MHz 160 MHz 96 MHz 400 MHz
Coprocessor FSM @ 20 MHz FSM @ 20 MHz

RV32IMC @ 17.5 MHz

No RV32IMC @ 40 MHz RV32IMC @ 20 MHz No RV32IMC @ 20 MHz
FPU Single Precision No Single Precision No Single Precision
SRAM 520 KiB 320 KiB 512 KiB 272 KiB 400 KiB 384 KiB 512 KiB 320 KiB 256 KiB 768 KiB
ROM 448 KiB 128 KiB 384 KiB 128 KiB 384 KiB 256 KiB 128 KiB 512 KiB
RTC SRAM 8 KiB 16 KiB 8 KiB 16 KiB 8 KiB 32 KiB
PSRAM 4 MiB 8 MiB No 8 MiB No 8 MiB No 16 MiB
SPI Quad Octal, Quad Quad Hex
UART 3 2 3 2 3 2
Wi-FI 802.11 b/g/n 802.11 ax No
Ethernet MAC + RMII Yes SPI only Yes
Bluetooth 4.2 (BR/EDR, LE) No 5 (LE) 5.3 (LE) 6 (LE) 5.3 (LE) No
GPIO Pins 34 43 45 20 22 30 26 50
SAR ADCs 2 × 12-bit

18 channels

2 × 13-bit

20 channels

2 × 12-bit

20 channels

1 × 12-bit

6 channels

1 × 12-bit

7 channels

1 × 12-bit

4 channels

1 × 12-bit

5 channels

No
DAC 2 × 8-bit DAC No
USB No USB OTG No USB OTG
I²C Controllers 2 1 2
I²S Controllers 2 1 2 1 2
DMA PDMA GDMA GDMA + UHCI GDMA
PWM LEDC, MCPWM LEDC LEDC, MCPWM
Temperature Sensor Yes No Yes No Yes
Thread + Zigbee No Yes No
Display Support SPI only LCD RGB LCD SPI only RGB LCD, HMI
AI/Vector ISA No Yes No Yes
Storage 4 bit SD SPI SD only 4 bit SD, eMMC SPI SD only 4 bit SD, eMMC
CAN Bus CAN 2.0 SPI only CAN 2.0
Secure Boot V1, V2 V2
Crypto Hardware No Yes No Yes No Yes
Other Features I²S camera support I²S and PDM Mic support PDM Mic support No Advanced audio support

QFN packaged chip and module

[edit]
ESP32-S3-Wroom-1 board

ESP32 is housed in quad-flat no-leads (QFN) packages of varying sizes with 49 pads. Specifically, 48 connection pads along the sides and one large thermal pad (connected to ground) on the bottom.

Chips

[edit]
NodeMCU board with an ESP32-C3-32S

The ESP32 system on a chip integrated circuit is packaged in both 6 mm × 6 mm and 5 mm × 5 mm sized QFN packages.

Series Identifier Processor
cores 		Processor
speed (MHz) 		Embedded flash
memory (MiB) 		Embedded PSRAM
memory (MiB) 		GPIOs Package
size 		Description
ESP32 ESP31B 2 240 0 0 34 6 mm × 6 mm Pre-release SoC used for beta testing; no longer available.
ESP32-D0WDQ6 Initial production release chip of the ESP32 series.
Not Recommended for New Designs (NRND).
ESP32-D0WD 5 mm × 5 mm Smaller physical package variation similar to ESP32-D0WDQ6.
Not Recommended for New Designs (NRND).
ESP32-D0WDQ6-V3 6 mm × 6 mm Introduces some fixes to ESP32-D0WDQ6.
Not Recommended for New Designs (NRND).
ESP32-D2WD 160 2 5 mm × 5 mm 2 MiB (16 Mibit) embedded flash memory variation.
Removed.
Not Recommended for New Designs (NRND).
ESP32-S0WD 1 0 Single-core processor variation.
Not Recommended for New Designs (NRND).
ESP32-D0WD-V3 2 240 Introduces some fixes to ESP32-D0WD.
ESP32-D0WDR2-V3 2
ESP32-U4WDH 4 0 Single-core processor and 4 MiB (32 Mibit) embedded flash memory variation.
Also 1 CPU 160 MHz variant existed.
ESP32-S2 ESP32-S2 1 240 0 0 43 7 mm × 7 mm With USB OTG.
ESP32-S2R2 2
ESP32-S2FH2 2 0
ESP32-S2FH4 4
ESP32-S2FN4R2 2
ESP32-S3 ESP32-S3 2 240 0 0 45 7 mm × 7 mm With USB OTG. With 3.3V and 1.8V VDD_SPI voltage.
ESP32-S3R2 2 With USB OTG.
ESP32-S3R8 8
ESP32-S3R8V With USB OTG. With 1.8V VDD_SPI voltage.
ESP32-S3FN8 8 0 With USB OTG.
ESP32-S3FH4R2 4 2
ESP32-C2 ESP8684H1 1 120 1 0 14 4 mm × 4 mm With Bluetooth 5.
ESP8684H2 2
ESP8684H4 4
ESP32-C3 ESP32-C3 1 160 0 22 5 mm × 5 mm With Bluetooth 5.
ESP32-C3FN4 4 Not Recommended for New Designs (NRND).
ESP32-C3FH4 With Bluetooth 5.
ESP32-C3FH4AZ 16 With Bluetooth 5. SPI0/SPI1 pins for flash connection are not bonded.
ESP-Shelly-C38F 8 11 With Bluetooth 5.
only for the manufacturer Shelly
ESP8686H4 4 15 4 mm × 4 mm Not released.
ESP8685H2 2 With Bluetooth 5.
ESP8685H4 4
ESP32-C5 ESP32-C5HF4 1H, 1L 240 4 Off-pkg 29 6 mm × 6 mm Ultra-low-power SoC w. Wi-Fi6 (802.11ax), Zigbee & Thread (802.15.4).
ESP32-C5HR8 Off-pkg 8
ESP32-C6 ESP32-C6 1 160 0 0 30 5 mm × 5 mm With Wi-Fi 6 and Bluetooth 5.
ESP32-C6FH4 4 22
ESP32-H2 ESP32-H2FH2 1 96 2 0 19 4 mm × 4 mm With Bluetooth 5 and Bluetooth Mesh.
ESP32-H2FH4 4
ESP32-P4 ESP32-P4NRW16 2H, 1L 360 Off-pkg up to 64MB 16 55 10 mm × 10 mm Powerful image and voice processing
ESP32-P4NRW32 32

In 2020, chips ESP32-D0WDQ6 and ESP32-D0WD also got a V3 version (ESP32 ECO V3), which fixes some of the bugs[4] and introduces improvements over the previous versions.

Modules

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The ESP32 PICO system in package modules combine an ESP32 silicon chip, crystal oscillator, flash memory chip, filter capacitors, and RF matching links into a single 7 mm × 7 mm sized QFN package.

The first released PICO was the ESP32-PICO-D4 with 2 CPUs at 240 MHz, 4MiB internal flash, a 40 MHz oscillator and 34 GPIOs.[5]

Later, in 2020, the ESP32-PICO-V3 and ESP32-PICO-V3-02 modules were introduced both based on the ESP32 ECO V3 wafer.[6][7]

In 2022 the ESP32-S3-PICO-1 module was introduced with USB OTG and internal PSRAM.[8]

Identifier Processor
cores 		Processor
speed (MHz) 		Embedded flash
memory (MiB) 		Embedded PSRAM
memory (MiB) 		GPIOs Package
size 		Description
ESP32-PICO-D4 2 240 4 0 34 7 mm × 7 mm Includes ESP32 chip, crystal oscillator, flash memory, filter capacitors, and RF matching links.[9]
ESP32-PICO-V3 31 Based on ESP32 with ECO V3 wafer.
ESP32-PICO-V3-02 8 2 29
ESP32-S3-PICO-1-N8R2 39 Includes USB OTG.
ESP32-S3-PICO-1-N8R8 8 8

Printed circuit boards

[edit]

Surface-mount module boards

[edit]

ESP32 based surface-mount printed circuit board modules directly contain the ESP32 SoC and are designed to be easily integrated onto other circuit boards. Meandered inverted-F antenna designs are used for the PCB trace antennas on the modules listed below. In addition to flash memory, some modules include pseudostatic RAM (pSRAM).

Vendor Name Antenna Flash memory (MiB) PSRAM (MiB) Description
Espressif ESP-WROOM-03 PCB trace 4 0 Discontinued. Limited distribution, pre-production module created by Espressif for beta testing purposes; this module used the ESP31B, the beta testing chip for the ESP32 series.[10][11][12][13][14] FCC Part 15.247 tested (FCC ID: 2AC7Z-ESP32).[15]
ESP32-WROOM-32 First publicly available ESP32 module board created by Espressif.[16] FCC Part 15.247 tested (FCC ID: 2AC7Z-ESPWROOM32).[17] Based on ESP32-D0WDQ6 chip. Originally named "ESP-WROOM-32".
ESP32-WROOM-32E 4,8,16 Same as ESP32-WROOM-32 but with the Eco V3 processor revisions[18]
ESP32-WROOM-32D 4 Revision of the ESP-WROOM-32 module which uses an ESP32-D0WD chip instead of an ESP32-D0WDQ6 chip.[19] Originally named "ESP-WROOM-32D".
ESP32-SOLO-1 Similar to the ESP32-WROOM-32D module, but uses the single-core ESP32-S0WD chip instead of the dual-core ESP32-D0WD.
ESP32-WROOM-32U U.FL socket Alternative to the ESP-WROOM-32D module which has a U.FL connector for external antenna in lieu of a PCB trace antenna.[19]
ESP32-WROVER PCB trace 4 ESP32 module board with 4 MiB pSRAM created by Espressif. FCC part 15.247 tested (FCC ID 2AC7Z-ESP32WROVER). Uses 40 MHz crystal oscillator. Does not include U.FL connector. Based on ESP32-D0WDQ6 chip. Since June 2018, new modules have been upgraded to 8 MiB pSRAM.
ESP32-WROVER-I U.FL socket, PCB trace Variation of ESP32-WROVER module configured to use an on-board U.FL compatible connector. PCB trace antenna not connected by default.
ESP32-WROVER-B PCB trace 8 Revision of ESP32-WROVER module with 8 MiB pSRAM (instead of 4 MiB pSRAM) operating at 3.3V (instead of 1.8V in previous versions) and ESP32-D0WD (instead of ESP32-D0WDQ6). FCC part 15.247 tested (FCC ID 2AC7Z-ESP32WROVERB). Does not include U.FL connector. (Custom order option for flash capacity of 8 MiB or 16 MiB also available.)
ESP32-WROVER-IB U.FL socket, PCB trace Variation of ESP32-WROVER-B module configured to use an on-board U.FL compatible connector. PCB trace antenna not connected by default.
ESP32-WROVER-E PCB trace 4,8,16 2,8 Revision of ESP32-WROVER module with 2 or 8 MiB pSRAM (instead of 4 MiB pSRAM) operating at 3.3V (instead of 1.8V in previous versions) and ESP32-D0WD-V3, or in 2MB pSRAM models, ESP32-D0WDR2-V3. FCC part 15.247 tested (FCC ID 2AC7Z-ESP32WROVERE). Does not include U.FL connector. (Custom order option for flash capacity of 2 MiB, 8 MiB, or 16 MiB also available.)[20]
ESP32-WROVER-IE U.FL socket, PCB trace Variation of ESP32-WROVER-E module configured to use an on-board U.FL compatible connector. PCB trace antenna not connected by default.
ESP32-PICO-V3-ZERO PCB trace 4 0 Based on ESP32-PICO-V3 SiP. It is designed as a module for Alexa Connect Kit (ACK) and connecting with Amazon Alexa.
Ai-Thinker ESP32-S PCB trace 4 0 Ai-Thinker's equivalent to Espressif's ESP-WROOM-32 module. (Same form factor and general specifications.)[21] Previously branded as "ESP-32S" with the hyphen before "32S", the initial release of the ESP-32S module replaced the previously announced, but never released, ESP3212 module.
ESP32-A1S U.FL socket, PCB trace 8 4 Contains an extra AC101 audio codec IC whose IO-pins (line, mic, etc.) are led to the board pins. Comes separately or soldered onto a corresponding audio development board ("ESP32-Audio-Kit").[22][23][24]
AnalogLamb ESP-32S-ALB PCB trace 4 0 Clone of the ESP-32S module (ESP-WROOM-32 compatible footprint). Seen with a green solder mask coating.[25]
ALB-WROOM 16 Variation of ESP-32S-ALB with 16 MiB of flash memory.[25]
ALB32-WROVER 4 4 ESP32 module board with 4 MiB pSRAM with the same footprint as the ESP-WROOM-32 module.[26]
DFRobot ESP-WROOM-32 PCB trace 4 0 Module board similar to Espressif Systems's ESP-WROOM-32, but is not FCC certified, and uses 26 MHz or 32 kHz crystal oscillator.[27]
eBox & Widora ESP32-Bit Ceramic, U.FL socket 4 0 Module has a ceramic antenna and an U.FL antenna connector. This module has a different footprint than the ESP-WROOM-32/ESP-32S modules.
Goouuu Tech ESP-32F PCB trace 4 0 Module board similar to Espressif Systems's ESP-WROOM-32. FCC certified (ID 2AM77-ESP-32F).
IntoRobot W32 PCB trace 4 0 Module similar in appearance to Espressif's ESP-WROOM-32, but footprint pinout differs.[28]
W33 Ceramic, U.FL socket Differs from IntoRobot W32 module in its antenna configuration.
ITEAD PSH-C32 PCB trace 1[29] 0 Module has unusually small flash memory on board. Also, footprint is unique and differs from all other ESP32 modules.[30]
Pycom[31] W01 (Not included.) 8 4 OEM module version of the WiPy 2.0. Supports Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. FCC ID 2AJMTWIPY01R.
L01 OEM module version of the LoPy. Supports Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and LoRa. FCC ID 2AJMTLOPY01R.
L04 OEM module version of the LoPy4. Supports Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LoRa, and Sigfox.
S01 Discontinued. OEM module version of the SiPy. Supports Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Sigfox (14 dBm and 22 dBm).
G01 OEM module version of the GPy. Supports Cellular LTE-CAT M1/NB1, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
u-blox NINA-W131 (Not included.) 2 0 Belongs to the u-blox NINA-W13 series of Wi-Fi modules.[32]
NINA-W132 PIFA Belongs to the u-blox NINA-W13 series of Wi-Fi modules.[32] On board planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is shaped (cut & bent) metal, not a PCB trace.

Development and other boards

[edit]
SparkFun Thing Plus – ESP32 WROOM
ESP32 dev board, SH1106 OLED display on breadboard with USB power meter

Development and break-out boards extend wiring and may add functionality, often building upon ESP32 module boards and making them easier to use for development purposes, especially with breadboards.

Vendor Name Surface-mount module used Description
Espressif ESP_Module_Testboard ESP-WROOM-03 Break-out board included with ESP-WROOM-03 beta modules.[10][11]
ESP32_Demo Board_V2 ESP-WROOM-32 Development & demonstration board created by Espressif.[33][34]
ESP32-DevKitC ESP32-WROOM-32, v4 comes with ESP32-WROOM-DA(Dual Antenna), ESP32-WROVER or ESP32-Solo (single-core variant) Compact development board created by Espressif.[35] Silkscreen labeling on PCB reads "Core Board".
ESP-WROVER-KIT ESP-WROOM-32 or ESP32-WROVER Large development board created by Espressif.[36] Previously named ESP32-DevKitJ.[37]
ESP32-PICO-KIT ESP32-PICO-D4 Small development board with Micro-USB and two header rows of 17 pins. FCC ID 2AC7Z-ESP32PICOKIT.
Adafruit HUZZAH32 ESP-WROOM-32 Also referred to as the "ESP32 Feather Board", the HUZZAH32 is a compact development board/module that is compatible with the Adafruit Feather family of products.
Ai-Thinker NodeMCU-32S ESP-32S NodeMCU-like development board.[38]
ESP32-CAM ESP32-S Compact (27 mm × 40.5 mm) board with ribbon cable Camera Serial Interface with support for 1600 × 1200 pixel OV2640 or 640 × 480 OV7670 camera. Has 9 usable IO pins and microSD card slot.[39]
AnalogLamb ESP32 Development Board ESP-32S-ALB or ALB-WROOM Development board similar to Espressif's ESP32-DevKitC with on board a CP2102 USB/serial bridge. 4 MiB variation uses ESP-32S-ALB; 16 MiB variation uses ALB-WROOM module.[40]
Maple ESP32 ESP-32S-ALB Development board with Arduino-style connections and CP2104 USB/serial interface.[41]
April Brother ESPea32 † Development board with perfboard area that may be optionally cut-off.
ArduCAM ESP32 UNO ESP-32S Arduino Uno-like development board based on ESP32 IoT UNO framework with support for SPI ArduCAM, battery pins and uSD card slot.[42]
Arduino Arduino Nano ESP32 U-Blox NORA-W106-10B (based on ESP32-S3 IC) Arduino Nano footprint
Banana pi BPI:bit ESP-32S a development for Webduino and Arduino
BPI-UNO32 ESP32-S a development board for Arduino
DoIT ESPduino32 ESP-WROOM-32 Full-featured Arduino Uno-like development board compatible with Arduino Shields. It also adds additional SPI & IO pins. The board is a clone of WeMos D1 R32 with a USB Type B socket.
ESP32 DEVKIT V1 ESP-WROOM-32 The ESP32 DevKit V1 is probably the most popular among hobbyists and educators for its ease of use and versatility in various electronic projects. The pinout[43] It's one of the most copied.
DPTechnics Walter ESP32-S3-WROOM-1 The Walter module combines cellular IoT (LTE-M and NB-IoT) and GNSS with the ESP32-S3 with 16MiB flash and 2MiB PSRAM. The module is suited for development as well as for production because of the CE, FCC, UKCA, RCM and IC certifications.[44]
EzSBC ESP32-01 Breakout and Development Board ESP-WROOM-32 Full-featured development board with two tri-color LEDs and fits on a breadboard.
Gravitech & MakerAsia Nano32 † Development board that directly incorporates the ESP32 chip.
HydraBus HydraESP32 ESP-WROOM-32 or ESP-32S HydraESP32 HydraBus v1.1 Rev1 shield/breakout board for ESP-WROOM-32 or ESP-32S. This shield can be used with or without a HydraBus board.
Noduino Quantum † Arduino-style development board that directly incorporates the ESP32 chip.
Olimex ESP32-Gateway ESP32-WROOM32 Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/Ethernet
ESP32-DevKit-LiPo ESP32-WROOM-32 pin compatible with ESP32-CoreBoard, but adds Lipo charger and ability to work on LiPo.
ESP32-POE-ISO ESP32-WROOM-32/UE Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/Ethernet development board with Power over Ethernet and 2W of isolated DC power
ESP32-POE ESP32-WROOM-32 Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/Ethernet development board with Power over Ethernet
ESP32-PRO † Wi-Fi/Bluetooth and PIC32MX270F256DT microcontroller and 32 Mb SPI flash and 32 Mb PSRAM. ESP32-PRO-C includes external crypto engine with ATECC508A
ESP32-EVB ESP32-WROOM32 Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/Ethernet development board with MicroSD, CAN, IR, LiPo, and two relays.
ESP32-ADF ESP32-WROVER-B audio development framework board with stereo microphones, speakers, audio output jack.
Pycom WiPy † MicroPython programmable Wi-Fi & Bluetooth IoT development platform with a 1 km Wi-Fi range. WiPy versions 2.0 and 3.0 use ESP32.
LoPy † Triple network Pycom board featuring LoRa, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
LoPy4 ? Quadruple network Pycom board featuring LoRa, Sigfox, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
SiPy † Triple network Pycom board featuring Sigfox, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
GPy † Triple network Pycom board featuring LTE-M, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
FiPy † Quintuple network Pycom board featuring LTE-M, LoRa, Sigfox, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
SparkFun ESP32 Thing † Compact development board with FTDI FT231x USB/serial interface and LiPo charger built-in.
SunDUINO ESP32 MiniBoard ESP-WROOM-32 Breakout compatible with the Espressif ESP32-DevKitC. Lacks on-board USB-UART.
ESP32 MiniBoard v2 ESP32-Wrover-B/IB Breakout board with Silabs CP2102, battery charger. Compatible with Espressif DEVkit.
ESP32 SunDUINO ESP-WROOM-32 or ESP-32S Arduino-style development board. Lacks on-board USB-UART.
SwitchDoc Labs BC24 ESP-WROOM-32 ESP32 Breakout with 24 SK6812RGBW LEDs with Grove Connectors for easy prototyping. Comes with USB-UART and Feather compatible pinout.[45]
Watterott ESP-WROOM32-Breakout ESP-WROOM-32 Breakout which is compatible with the Espressif ESP32-DevKitC.
WEMOS[46] LOLIN32 [Retired][47] ESP-WROOM-32
LOLIN32 Lite [Retired][48] † ESP32-D0WDQ6
LOLIN32 Pro [Retired][49] ESP32-WROVER MicroSD card slot (supports SD and SPI mode)
LOLIN D32[50] ESP-WROOM-32
LOLIN D32 Pro[51] ESP32-WROVER I2C port, TFT port and Micro SD Card slot (support SPI mode)
Widora Air † Compact ESP32 development board.
MagicBit Magic Bit Core ESP-WROOM-32 Compact ESP32 development board with displays and several sensors on board to make learning embedded development convenient.

† ESP32 SoC incorporated directly onto development board; no module board used.

Programming

[edit]

Programming languages, frameworks, platforms, and environments used for ESP32 programming:

  • ESP-IDF[52][53] – Espressif's official IoT Development Framework for the ESP32, ESP32-S, ESP32-C and ESP32-H series of SoCs.
  • Arduino-ESP32[54] – Arduino core for the ESP32, ESP32-S2, ESP32-S3 and ESP32-C3.
  • ESP32forth[55] – FORTH implementation for ESP32
  • Espruino – JavaScript SDK and firmware closely emulating Node.js
  • MicroPython (and CircuitPython) – lean implementation of Python 3 for microcontrollers
  • Mongoose OS – an operating system for connected products on microcontrollers; programmable with JavaScript or C. A recommended platform by Espressif Systems,[56] AWS IoT,[57] and Google Cloud IoT.[58]
  • mruby for the ESP32
  • Nim for the ESP32
  • NodeMCU – Lua-based firmware
  • Rust[59][60]
  • Swift[61][62]
  • Visual Studio Code with the officially supported Espressif Integrated Development Framework (ESP-IDF) Extension[63]
  • Zerynth – Python for IoT and microcontrollers, including the ESP32
  • Matlab Simulink

Reception and use

[edit]

Commercial, industrial and academic uses of ESP32:

Use in commercial devices

[edit]
  • Alibaba Group's IoT LED wristband, used by participants at the group's 2017 annual gathering. Each wristband operated as a "pixel", receiving commands for coordinated LED light control, allowing formation of a "live and wireless" screen.[64]
  • DingTalk's M1, a biometric attendance-tracking system.[65]
  • Pium, a home fragrance and aromatherapy device.[66]
  • HardKernel's Odroid Go, an ESP32 based handheld gaming device kit made to commemorate Odroid's 10th anniversary.[67]
  • Playdate, a handheld video game console jointly developed by Panic Inc. and Teenage Engineering.
  • Octopus Energy Mini, an ESP32-C6 based real-time energy monitor.[68]
  • Mysa smart thermostats, based on ESP32-WROOM.[69]

Use in industrial devices

[edit]
  • TECHBASE's Moduino X series X1 and X2 modules are ESP32-WROVER / ESP32-WROVER-B based computers for industrial automation and monitoring, supporting digital inputs/outputs, analog inputs, and various computer networking interfaces.[70]
  • NORVI IIOT Industrial Devices with ESP32-WROVER / ESP32-WROVER-B SOC for industrial automation and monitoring with digital inputs, analog inputs, relay outputs and multiple communications interfaces. Supports LoRa and Nb-IoT as expansion modules.[71]

Academic Uses

[edit]
  • ESP32 devices are utilized in educational settings [72] and academic research projects. For example, these devices have been used to develop a smart home system designed to monitor and control the charging of electric vehicles, considering the current consumption of other electrical appliances and the contracted power capacity.[73] Additionally, ESP32 is used in DIY projects such as building low-cost drones.[74]

Undocumented HCI Commands in ESP32

[edit]

In March 2025, researchers from Tarlogic Security identified undocumented Host Controller Interface (HCI) commands in the ESP32 Bluetooth firmware, prompting discussions about their functionality and potential implications.[75] This discovery was presented on March 6, 2025, at the RootedCON conference by the Tarlogic Security team.[76]

The identified commands, such as Write Memory (0xFC02), are vendor-specific HCI commands used primarily for debugging and testing purposes. These types of commands are common in Bluetooth controller implementations to assist with development and troubleshooting. They are not part of the standard HCI command set and are typically used in controlled environments.[77] While initially described as a "backdoor," further clarifications labeled them as "undocumented debugging features." These commands are not accessible remotely via standard Bluetooth connections but could be interacted with if an entity has physical access to the device or operates in an HCI-UART configuration.

Espressif Systems provided clarification regarding these commands, stating that they are intended for debugging and do not pose a security risk under normal operating conditions. The company emphasized that these commands cannot be triggered remotely and are not used in standard Bluetooth operations. These commands are present only in ESP32 chips and are not included in the ESP32-C, ESP32-S, and ESP32-H series. To address concerns raised within the security community, Espressif announced that future versions of the ESP-IDF would include updates to restrict access to these debugging commands and improve documentation for vendor-specific HCI commands. These actions aim to provide additional transparency and ensure developers are well-informed about available functionalities.[78]

See also

[edit]

References

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  1. ^ "Espressif Announces the Launch of ESP32 Cloud on Chip and Funding by Fosun Group". Espressif Systems. 2016-09-07. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  2. ^ "ESP32 Overview". Espressif Systems. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
  3. ^ "ESP Product Selector" (PDF). products.espressif.com.
  4. ^ Espressif (2020-09-25). "Eco workarounds and bugs in ESP32" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  5. ^ "ESP32-PICO-D4 Datasheet (v.2.0)" (PDF). Espressif. April 2022.
  6. ^ "ESP32-PICO-V3 Datasheet (v.1.3)" (PDF). Espressif. 29 March 2022.
  7. ^ "ESP32-PICO-V3-02 Datasheet (v.1.0)" (PDF). Espressif. 1 September 2021.
  8. ^ "ESP32-S3-PICO-1 (v.1.0)" (PDF). Espressif. 21 August 2023.
  9. ^ Espressif Systems (2017-08-21). "ESP32-PICO-D4 Datasheet" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-07-21.
  10. ^ a b Jim Lindblom (2016-01-21). "Enginursday: First Impressions of the ESP32". Sparkfun Electronics. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
  11. ^ a b Limor Fried (2015-12-22). Playing With New ESP32 Beta Module. Adafruit Industries. Retrieved 2016-09-02.
  12. ^ Martin Harizanov (2015-12-18). "ESP32". Retrieved 2016-09-02.
  13. ^ Brian Benchoff (2015-12-23). "The ESP32 Beta Units Arrive". Hackaday. Retrieved 2016-09-02.
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