Draft:Proto-Salafismm

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Proto-Salafism (Arabic: السَّلَفِيَّةُ الأُولِيَّةُ, romanized: al-salafiyyatu al-ūliyyatu), or Proto-Wahhabism, refers to the fundamentalist literalist[1] tendencies within Sunni Islam, that laid the foundation for the later Wahhabi-Salafi revisionist movement[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] and adhered to Hanbali and Athari theology.[8][9] Proto-Salafism mainly originated in the 14th century, especially influenced by the likes of Ibn Taymiyya[7][10][4] and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya.[10][5][11] The proto-Salafi ideology mainly aimed at "returning to the original Islam" of the salaf, that were the Prophet Muhammad and Sahaba (his companions), the Tabi'un (second generation after the prophet) and Tabi' al-Tabi'in (third generation), and also strictly opposing bid'ah, kalam, shrine-building and tawassul, by interpreting the Quran and Sunnah literally.[12][13][14] These are also the goals which make up the main core of the modern Salafi movement.[15]

Proto-Salafism is sometimes extended to early Athari, Ahl al-Hadith and Hanbali traditions,[16] while it is mostly associated more narrowly with later scholars and reinterpreters of those ideas.[17][18][10][9] These tendencies are seen as having laid the groundwork for the 18th century revivalist Wahhabi-Salafi movement of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab from Najd, who emphasized the same themes of literalism and rejection of bid'ah, kalam and other Sufi practices.[19][20][2][21][22]

Etymology

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Proto-Salafi, just like Salafi itself, is a modern constructive term, used by modern scholars to refer to the intellectual tendencies, particularly those of Ibn Taymiyya, whom Ann-Marie Wainscott has called a proto-Salafi,[23] and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya,[24][25] that influenced Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and contemporary Salafism,[18][23] hence the use of the prefix proto-. It is also occasionally used to refer to the scholars of Ahl al-Hadith.[16]

History

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Roots

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The earliest traces of Proto-Salafism go to the 8th and 9th century, where scholars, particularly Ahmad ibn Hanbal, started taking a more literal way of interpreting the Quran and Sunnah (ahadith), emphasizing it as the only sources for Islamic authority, which led to the emergence of Athari and Hanbali traditions, alongside the emergence of the Ahl al-Hadith.[26][27][28]

Ahl al-Hadith

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Ahl al-Hadith is an 8th century Islamic school and were primarily known for their literalist views,[29] traced back to Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, prioritizing the Quran and Sunnah over kalam and ra'y (personal judgement), alongside rejecting Qiyas (analogy)[30] and Mu'tazilite theology.[31]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Al-Matroudi, Abdul-Hakim (February 14, 2015). "Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
  2. ^ a b Lauzière, Henri (17 November 2015). The Making of Salafism. p. 7. ISBN 9780231175500.
  3. ^ Hosseinzadeh, Vahid. "Salafism and its Socio-Intellectual Foundations". International Relations at Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod.
  4. ^ a b C. Martin, Richard (2016). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Publishers. p. 1008. ISBN 978-0-02-866269-5. SALAFIYYA.. Contemporary Salafism can be defined as a Sunni reform movement that finds its roots in the Middle Ages, especially in the teachings of Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328)
  5. ^ a b E. Campo, Juan (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 601. ISBN 978-0816054541. Salafism (Arabic: al-Salafiyya) Salafism refers to a cluster of different Sunni renewal and reform movements and ideologies in contemporary Islam
  6. ^ Bennett, Clinton; Shepard, William (2013). "6: Salafi Islam: The Study of Contemporary Religious-Political Movements". The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 163, 169–70. ISBN 978-1441127884.
  7. ^ a b Shapoo, Sajid Farid (January 2025). Roots of Diversity: Re-examining Proto-Salafi Movements and the Foundations of Modern Salafism. Princeton University. p. 164.
  8. ^ a b "Selefilik nedir, selefiler kimdir? Selefilik hakkında bilgiler". www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 2022-07-20. Retrieved 2025-08-27.
  9. ^ a b c "وجهات نظر جديدة وقديمة في دراسة السلفية: مراجعة كتاب صناعة السلفية". Jusoor For Studies. Retrieved 2025-08-27.
  10. ^ a b c Lauzière, Henri (17 November 2015). The Making of Salafism. p. 81. ISBN 9780231175500.
  11. ^ Böttcher, Anabelle; Krawietz, Birgit (13 March 2021). Islam, Migration and Jinn: Spiritual Medicine in Muslim Health Management. p. 9. ISBN 9783030612474.
  12. ^ Ágoston, Masters, Gábor, Bruce (2009). "Salafiyya". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Facts on File. pp. 500–01. ISBN 978-0816062591.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Beránek, Ondřej; Ťupek, Pavel (7 August 2019). The Temptation of Graves in Salafi Islam: Iconoclasm, Destruction and Idolatry. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University. p. 149. ISBN 978-1474452632.
  14. ^ Bernard, Haykel (January 2014). On the Nature of Salafi Thought and Action. p. 44.
  15. ^ Turner, J. (2014). Religious Ideology and the Roots of the Global Jihad: Salafi Jihadism and International Order. Springer. ISBN 978-1137409577.
  16. ^ a b Sheikh, Naveed S. "MAKING SENSE OF SALAFISM". Keele Repository: 179.
  17. ^ Hoover, Jon (2025), "Ibn Taymiyya", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2025 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2025-08-27
  18. ^ a b James Fromherz, Allen; Samin, Nadav (2021). Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia. The Netherlands: Brill. p. 182. ISBN 978-90-04-43952-8.
  19. ^ "Saudi Arabia - Wahhabi, Islam, Arabian Peninsula | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2025-08-26. Retrieved 2025-08-28.
  20. ^ "'Wahhābism' by Cole M. Bunzel review". History Today. Retrieved 2025-08-28.
  21. ^ Richard Gauvain Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God Routledge 2013 ISBN 978-0-7103-1356-0 p. 6
  22. ^ Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set Routledge 2013 ISBN 978-1-136-91332-7 pp. 270–271
  23. ^ a b Wainscott, Ann Marie (2017). Bureaucratizing Islam: Morocco and the War on Terror. Liberty Plaza, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-316-51049-0. the medieval theologian and proto-Salafi Ibn Taymiyya was a critic of Ash'arism. He argued that the approach relied too heavily on philosophy. Instead, he advocated an approach that looked to the Salaf for guidance on correct beliefs.
  24. ^ Kuiper, Matthew J. (5 January 2021). Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice. p. 145. ISBN 9781474451543.
  25. ^ Ware, Rudolph T. (2014). The Walking Qurʼan: Islamic Education, Embodied Knowledge, and History in West Africa. p. 2021. ISBN 9781469614311.
  26. ^ John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Ahl al-Hadith". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0.
  27. ^ Abrahamov, Binyamin (2016). "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 263–279. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.025. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488.
  28. ^ Taufiq (2019, p. 18)
  29. ^ Halverson (2010, p. 36)
  30. ^ "Usul-Al-Fiqh Made Easy (Part 2) - Difference In The Methodology of Ahlul Hadith and Ahlur Rai". Arriqaaq. 2024-01-06. Retrieved 2025-08-28.
  31. ^ عباس, میرزایی (2012-07-22). "افول اندیشه اعتزال؛ میراث تقابل اصحاب حدیث و معتزله". هفت آسمان (in Persian). 14 (54). ISSN 2322-4290. Archived from the original on 2024-04-20.