Draft:Ionized Hydrogen Peroxide
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Ionized Hydrogen Peroxide (often stylized as ionized Hydrogen Peroxide or iHP; formerly known as Activated Ionized Hydrogen Peroxide or aIHP) is a hydrogen peroxide-based antimicrobial mist consisting of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) created via cold plasma ionization.
Ionization Process
[edit]Ionized Hydrogen Peroxide is generated through the simulation of naturally occurring atmospheric oxidation to create hydroxyl radicals via the use of a controlled cold plasma arc.[1] Ionized Hydrogen Peroxide generators use an aqueous solution of 7.8% hydrogen peroxide, dispersing a fine mist of particles ranging from sub-micron sizes to 3 µm.[2] The hydrogen peroxide mist undergoes ionization via cold plasma arc, breaking hydrogen peroxide bonds to create Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS).
Bacteria, spores, fungi, and mold are oxidized upon contact with the ionized mist by breaking down proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and other cellular components. Ionization additionally results in deodorization. Decomposition yields oxygen and humidity.[3] The production of hydroxyl radicals via ionization enables microbial reductions in both organisms present on both surfaces and in the air.
Validation for iHP treatments may be achieved by either chemical or biological indication, with the latter using Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus atrophaeus Tyvek and non-Tyvek strips as measurement.[4]
History & Registrations
[edit]The technology enabling ionized hydrogen peroxide was developed and funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) as a direct response to the 2001 anthrax attacks within the United States. Ionized Hydrogen Peroxide was ultimately successful at the decontamination of anthrax spores.[5]
In 2008, ionized hydrogen peroxide products were registered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a pesticide, becoming the first combination of solution and technology to do so.[6] By 2015, ionized hydrogen peroxide was designated as a hospital-healthcare disinfectant.
EPA registration was followed by registration by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA), as well as establishment within the Health Canada Drug Product Database in 2017.[7][8]
Since its initial EPA registration, ionized Hydrogen Peroxide has been added to EPA efficacy lists G (Norovirus), H (MRSA), K (Clostridioides difficile), L (Ebola), M (Influenza A), and N (SARS-CoV-2).
Testing & Performance
[edit]Initial independent testing against a variety of common aerospace materials confirmed negligible reductions in mass despite full submersion into the aqueous solution.[5] Further testing utilized the standard hydrogen peroxide solution in tandem with cold plasma ionization.
After obtaining EPA registration, testing by multiple independent laboratories analyzed the successful efficacy of ionized hydrogen peroxide particles on various microbes and media. Further testing focused on healthcare masks supplied during the coronavirus pandemic in an attempt to alleviate the pressure of supply chain difficulties at the time. An independent paper sponsored by Harvard Medical School and the Dana Farber Cancer Institute observed the effects of ionized hydrogen peroxide on N95 masks when applied for continued reuse. Results indicated the ability to decontaminate up to 7,200 masks per day, completely sterilizing bacterial spores (9-log10) without negatively affecting filtration retention or fit integrity.[9]
References
[edit]- ^ Song, Y.; Fan, X. (May 2020). "Cold plasma enhances the efficacy of aerosolized hydrogen peroxide in reducing populations of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria innocua on grape tomatoes, apples, cantaloupe and romaine lettuce". Food Microbiology. 87 103391. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/j.fm.2019.103391. PMID 31948632.
- ^ Jiang, Y; Sokorai, K; Pyrgiotakis, G; Demokritou, P; Li, X; Mukhopadhyay, S; Jin, T; Fan, X (2017). "Cold plasma-activated hydrogen peroxide aerosol inactivates Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria innocua and maintains quality of grape tomato, spinach and cantaloupe". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 249 (10). Elsevier B.V.: 53–60. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.004. PMID 28319798. Retrieved August 2025.
- ^ Song, Y; Fan, X (2021). "Hydrogen Peroxide Residue on Tomato, Apple, Cantaloupe, and Romaine Lettuce after Treatments with Cold Plasma–Activated Hydrogen Peroxide Aerosols". Journal of Food Protection. 84 (8). Elsevier, Inc.: 1304–8. doi:10.4315/JFP-21-051. PMID 33793766. Retrieved August 2025.
- ^ Grimaldo, M; Bouyer, D; de Siquera, CLM (2020). "Determining the Effectiveness of Decontamination with Ionized Hydrogen Peroxide". Appl Biosaf. 25 (3). Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.: 134–141. doi:10.1177/1535676020935405. PMC 9134624. PMID 36035760. Retrieved September 2008.
- ^ a b Stuhmiller, J; Montulli, L; Diniz, S; Sias, R (February 2004). Binary Ionization Technology Air Purification Module Analysis (Report). Titan Corporation & DARPA. p. 119.
- ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency (May 7, 2008). Notice of Pesticide Registration: Ionization Technology Hydrogen Peroxide 7.5% Ready-To-Use (EPA Reg. Number 83046-1) (PDF) (Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved August 28, 2025.
{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (August 28, 2025). "510(k) Premarket Notification Database: Device Listing (ID 475656)". United States Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved August 28, 2025.
- ^ Health Canada (August 28, 2025). "Drug Product Database Search Page". Health Canada. Retrieved August 28, 2025.
- ^ Liu, Y; Li, R; Xu, X; Zhang, Y; Li, S (February 4, 2021). "Rapid and effective inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in decontamination of N95 respirators". Nature Scientific Reports. 11 (1). Nature Portfolio: 3015. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81365-7. PMC 7862232. PMID 33542362.