Draft:Effects of hurricanes Frances and Jeanne in Florida

  1. Home
  2. Wiki

Frances

[edit]

Preparations

[edit]

On the evening of September 1, hurricane warnings were issued for the northwest Bahamas while hurricane watches were issued for the lower east coast of Florida and tropical storm watches were issued for the Florida Keys. There was the potential for catastrophic damage along Florida's heavily populated east coast, with warnings that damages from Frances could exceed the insured losses of Hurricane Andrew.[1] These damage estimates were in anticipation that Frances would strike Florida as a strong Category Four hurricane. Preparations for the storm were stepped up in Florida on September 1. Governor Jeb Bush declared a state of emergency,[2] Kennedy Space Center closed down,[3] and evacuations of 500,000 people were initially ordered. Eventually 41 counties received evacuation orders, covering 2.8 million residents, the largest evacuation in Florida's history.[4] The state education system also responded to the pending crisis. Many universities across Florida canceled classes. Both the University of Central Florida and the University of North Florida told all students to leave their dorms. Evacuation at the University of South Florida was performed on a dorm-by-dorm basis. Florida Atlantic University was closed for a week and a half. Most schools were shut down from southern Miami-Dade County to just south of Melbourne two days before the hurricane. The annual Florida State University-University of Miami college football game was rescheduled for the following week.Archived April 25, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on September 30, 2008.</ref> The entire Major League Baseball series between the Florida Marlins and Chicago Cubs was postponed as well.[5] Walt Disney World closed on September 4 and September 5  —[6] only the third time it had closed for a hurricane, but the second time in a month.[7]

Early during the morning of September 2, hurricane watches were extended southward to Craig Key. Later that morning, hurricane watches were upgraded to hurricane warnings for the lower east coast of Florida while a hurricane watch and tropical storm warning was raised for most of the Florida Keys and Florida Bay. Hurricane warnings were dropped for the Turks and Caicos Islands late on the morning of September 1 and for the Southeast Bahamas late that night. Late on the morning of September 3, hurricane watches were issued for the northeast coast of Florida, while early that afternoon tropical storm warnings were issued for the same area. Hurricane warnings were dropped for the central Bahamas that afternoon. That night, tropical storm warnings were issued for the southwest coast of the Florida peninsula with watches issued for the northwest Florida peninsula. On the morning of September 4, tropical storm warnings were extended northward to Anna Maria Island and along the Georgia coast. Tropical storm watches were extended northward to St. Marks, Florida. That afternoon, hurricane watches were dropped for most of the northwest Bahamas while warnings were extended up the coast to St. Marks, and watches were extended westward to Panama City, Florida.[8]

Early on morning of September 5, hurricane warnings were downgraded to tropical storm warnings south of Deerfield Beach, Florida, while tropical storm warnings were extended westward through the western Florida Keys. Later that morning, hurricane warnings were issued for most of the northwest Florida coast while hurricane watches were lowered for northeast Florida and hurricane warnings were dropped for the remainder of the northwest Bahamas. That afternoon, all warnings were dropped for southeast Florida south of Jupiter Inlet, while the remaining hurricane warnings along the east Florida coast were downgraded to tropical storm warnings. Hurricane warnings along the coast of western Florida were extended southward to Anna Maria Island. Late that night, tropical storm warnings were dropped south of Bonita Beach including all the Florida Keys. Early on the morning of September 6, all warnings were dropped in Florida south of Englewood and Cocoa Beach. Later that morning, hurricane warnings were downgraded to tropical storm warnings between Indian Pass and Destin as well as between Anna Maria Island and the Suwannee River while all remaining warnings were dropped south of Anna Maria Island, as well as the Florida east coast and the Georgia coast. That afternoon, all hurricane warnings were downgraded to tropical storm warnings, with all warnings dropped between west of St. Marks and south of the Suwannee river. On the night of September 6, all remaining tropical cyclone warnings were dropped.[8]

Impact

[edit]
Storm total Rainfall from Frances
A severely damaged mobile home in Pahokee

Prior to Frances weakening to a tropical storm, hurricane-force winds in Florida extended up to a width of 145 mi (235 km) from the cyclone's center.[9] The highest recorded sustained wind speed in Florida was 85 mph (137 km/h) at the United States Army Corps of Engineers's Port Mayaca station. Officially, wind gust observations in the state reached as high as 108 mph (174 km/h) in Fort Pierce, while an identical, unofficial wind gust was reported in Martin County.[8] Consequently, a peak total of 4,270,583 customers across Florida lost electricity.[9] Additionally, wind damage to citrus groves led to a near total loss near the coast of east-central and southeast Florida between Boca Raton and Melbourne, with lesser damage farther to the west across the Kissimmee River basin.[10] Between Hurricane Charley and Frances, citrus losses totaled $2 billion.[11]

Frances also produced heavy rains in the state, peaking at 16.61 in (422 mm) in Kent Grove, near Spring Hill.[12] Large portions of west-central and northeast Florida also reported precipitation amounts of at least 10 in (250 mm).[13] Significant storm surge impacted both coasts, with a surge up to 5.89 ft (1.80 m) above mean sea level recorded at the St. Lucie Lock. However, the National Weather Service estimated that storm surge may have reached as high as 8 ft (2.4 m) above ground near Vero Beach.[8] Extensive to moderate erosion impacted the Atlantic coast of Florida from Martin County to Volusia County,[14]: 12  resulting in substantial damage to 546 structures within the Coastal Building Zone.[14]: 16  On the Gulf Coast, however, erosion and coastal flood specifically relating to the storm often became difficult to determine due to Charley less than a month earlier and then Ivan and Jeanne shortly after Frances.[14]: 82 

Frances produced tropical storm-force wind gusts as far south as the Florida Keys. However, only minor damage was reported there.[15] In Southwest Florida, Glades and Hendry recorded sustained tropical storm-force winds and hurricane-force wind gusts.[16] The former suffered about $25 million in damage – $20 million to crops and $5 million to property.[17] Each county of the Miami metropolitan area – Broward, Miami-Dade, and Palm Beach – reported hundreds of thousands of power outages. Significant impacts occurred in parts of South Florida, especially Palm Beach County, where the southern eyewall of Frances crossed as it made landfall farther north.[16] Heavy rains, including 13.56 in (344 mm) at Palm Beach International Airport, caused a large sinkhole to develop on Interstate 95, which closed the highway to traffic.[18] Roughly 15,000 houses and 2,400 businesses in the county were inflicted some degree of damage. Frances left about $570 million in damage in Palm Beach County, with about $70 million incurred to crops. Broward and Miami-Dade counties suffered about $80 million and $34 million in damages, respectively.[16]

Near the point of its first landfall, few structures were destroyed and ocean overwash across the barrier island was limited, though the extent of the damage far exceeded that of Hurricane Charley.[19] Significant tree damage was reported within golf courses along the Treasure Coast, with an average of 300-500 trees experiencing damage per course.[20] Throughout the tri-county region – Martin, Indian River, and St. Lucie – hundreds of businesses, homes, and mobile homes suffered destruction, while thousands of other structures experienced various degrees of damage.[21] The storm inflicted impacts on 1,319 homes in Martin County, 52 of which were destroyed.[22] In St. Lucie County, Frances destroyed the municipal marina in Fort Pierce and several hangars at the Treasure Coast International Airport.[23] A total of 1,129 dwellings in the county became uninhabitable.[24] At least 3,000 homes and about 50% of businesses were damaged in Indian River County.[25] Property damage in the Treasure Coast totaled approximately $4.5 billion, while roughly $88.8 million in crop damage also occurred in the region.[26]

Xenon lights illuminate the 525 ft (160 m) tall Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center, Florida where workers make repairs on September 30, 2004.

Just inland from the Treasure Coast, Okeechobee County likely experienced sustained hurricane-force winds in most areas. The storm damaged 22,688 homes, nearly 700 of which were demolished.[27] In Osceola County, Frances damaged 69 dwellings and 3 businesses.[25] Heavy rainfall caused major street flooding in Kissimmee and St. Cloud, while water entered some workplaces and residences.[28] The Orlando International Airport in Orange County reported sustained winds of 54 mph (87 km/h) and gusts up to 69 mph (111 km/h).[8] Across the county, the cyclone damaged some 3,000 homes and 1,600 businesses.[25]

Ground-level wind gusts in Brevard County reached 90 mph (140 km/h) at Merritt Island Airport.[23] Across the county, Frances damaged 12,130 homes to some degree. Additionally, the storm ripped off 820 4-by-10 foot aluminum panels covering the large Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center.[29] While Charley caused $700,000 damage, Frances's damage was significantly greater. Two external fuel tanks for the Space Shuttle were in the building but seemed undamaged. The Space Shuttle Discovery's hangar was without power.[30] Overall, Brevard County experienced about $277.6 million in damage,[25] with more than one-third of that figure, $100 million, incurred to space and military facilities around Cape Canaveral.[8] Volusia County was also among those experiencing the most extensive effects. Throughout the county, Frances damaged 478 businesses, 19,958 single-family homes, 4,800 mobile homes, and 1,414 agriculture-related structures. The hurricane left about $238.5 million in damage in the county.[23]

Mosaic Hazardous Waste Release

[edit]

On September 5, 2004, acidic process water was released from the Mosaic Fertilizer, LLC storage containment system during Hurricane Frances. By the following day, an estimated 65 million gallons had emptied into Archie Creek Canal, Hillsborough Bay, and surrounding wetlands.[31]

Treasure Coast

[edit]
Martin County
[edit]

Frances moved ashore in South Hutchinson Island, or near Sewall’s Point, in Martin County, causing significant damage. 1,300 residences were damaged or destroyed in Martin County, with 421 homes sustaining major damage, and 846 homes sustaining minor damage.[32]

Severe beach erosion on Hutchinson Island.

At the St. Lucie River in Stuart, a water level rise of 5.89 feet occurred as a result of Frances.[33] In Port Salerno, a minimum central pressure of 963 mb and a wind gust to 82 miles per hour (132 km/h) were recorded.[34][35] Total losses in Martin County are at $1.020 billion (2004 USD).[36]

St. Lucie County
[edit]

In St. Lucie County, Frances caused widespread destruction, destroying 1,129 homes.[37] A wind gust of 111 miles per hour (179 km/h) was measured in Fort Pierce.[38]

Severe wind damage to a gas station in Fort Pierce.

The Fort Pierce City Marina was destroyed from Hurricane Frances.[39][35][40] Out of 269 slips present there at the time, the floating docks section, which hosted 138 slips, was destroyed beyond repair.[41] 50+ boats were damaged or destroyed at the marina.[42][43] Damage to the Fort Pierce City Marina exceeded $27.9 million (2004 USD).[41]

A boat at the Fort Pierce Marina heavily damaged.

A majority of the hangars at the Treasure Coast International Airport were destroyed as well.[35] A bridge carrying State Highway A1A located near the St. Lucie County Nuclear Power Plant was washed away and destroyed on Hutchinson Island.[35]

Damage to a house in Fort Pierce Beach.

Total property damage estimates are at $2.5 billion (2004 USD), and damage to the Citrus Industry of St. Lucie County is placed at $46 million (2004 USD).[36]

Indian River County
[edit]

In Indian River County, wind gusts up to 81 miles per hour (130 km/h) occurred in Vero Beach. More than 3,000 homes and 50% of businesses were damaged from Frances in Indian River County.[44]

Damage along the Indian River Lagoon in Sebastian.

Flooding was impactful to the Rock Ridge neighborhood of Vero Beach, particularly between State Road 60 and 17th Street (SR 656).[45] A storm surge of 8 feet was estimated in Vero Beach, resulting in significant flooding and beach erosion on Orchid Island.[46][47] Damage totals in Indian River County are placed at $1.023 billion (2004 USD).[36]

Aftermath

[edit]
President George W. Bush helps deliver water at a relief center in Ft. Pierce, Florida.

In the aftermath of the storm, many colleges and school districts across Florida remained closed. President George W. Bush declared all of Florida a federal disaster area.[48] Kennedy Space Center did not restore its complete work force until September 13 due to relief operations, as well as a lack of gasoline, ice, and water in the area.[49] A total of 8000 members of the National Guard helped out with recovery efforts soon after the storm left the Florida peninsula. Residents in the areas of impact after the storm were under a boil water order, because of the lack of electricity to area water systems.[18] Churches prepared meals for people without power and food.[50] Federal employees were granted excused absences if they helped with law enforcement and the cleanup.[51] Thousands of portable generators were sent to the state by Home Depot and Lowe's home improvement stores.[52] The United States Army Corps of Engineers installed blue tarpaulins on 41,556 damaged roofs statewide.[53] Damage to the Florida citrus crop caused orange futures to rise four cents a pound.[54]

Jeanne

[edit]

Preparations

[edit]

Preparations in Central Florida were rushed and sudden, as it did not become apparent that the storm would make a direct hit until the morning of the 23rd.[55] Indeed, it had appeared the storm would pass safely offshore just the night before.[56] Voluntary evacuations were advised on Thursday and Friday, plans for opening shelters on Saturday were distributed to the public, and Florida Power and Light warned that power could be out "for an extended period of time".[57] Canals were also drained on the same day.[57]

Preparations were complicated by the damage from Hurricane Frances, which made landfall in the state three weeks earlier. At least 21 county school districts closed classes. Schools in St. Lucie County remained closed since Hurricane Frances.[58]

On Friday, the Palm Beach Zoo prepared for the storm by moving small animals and birds into buildings such as restrooms and restaurants.[59] Evacuations began in earnest, with many residents leaving for the Keys, noting that the islands were the only location definitely out of harm's way. For once, evacuation to the Keys made sense.[60]

Impact

[edit]
A U.S. Navy member assesses a damaged sailboat in Jacksonville, Florida

Two tornadoes were spawned by Hurricane Jeanne in Brevard County, both of which tracked through Micco and were of F1 intensity on the Fujita scale. The first tornado moved through a mobile home community, though damage was mainly to trees which were knocked over.[61] In contrast, the second destroyed several mobile homes, resulting in $350,000 (2004 USD) in damage.[62] High winds were reported in the county, with wind gusts of 91 mph (146 km/h) recorded at the National Weather Service Office in Melbourne. Furthermore, it is estimated that wind gusts in excess of 115 mph (185 km/h) occurred in the southern portions of the county.[63] Throughout the county, rainfall was mostly between 6 and 8 inches (150 and 200 mm), which flooded streets and roads in the Palm Bay area. In addition, a man in Palm Bay drowned after driving his car into a flooded ditch.[64] Damage in Brevard County was estimated at $320 million (2004 USD).[63]

High winds also significantly affected Lake County. The highest wind sustained wind speed reported was 47 mph (76 km/h) in Leesburg, though gusts to hurricane force intensity were observed in the southern portion of the county. At least 2,800 homes were damaged, 111 of which were destroyed. One fatality occurred after a 91-year-old woman died in a fire, which was started by a candle lit in her home. Damage in Lake County totaled to $8 million (2004 USD), while an additional $8.2 million in loses occurred to the citrus and nursery industry.[65]

Damaged signs in Orlando, Florida caused by Jeanne.

In Orange County, high winds were also reported, with a gust to 76 mph (122 km/h) recorded at the Orlando International Airport. Throughout the county, extensive damage occurred to houses, businesses, and public buildings. Overall, damage was estimated at $40 million (2004 USD).[65]

In Osceola County, hurricane-force wind gusts damaged or destroyed several homes, resulting in $11 million (2004 USD) in damage.[65] Precipitation in the county peaked at 11.97 inches (304 mm) in Kenansville, which was the highest rainfall total associated with Hurricane Jeanne.[66] Due to heavy rainfall, flash flooding was reported, especially in the northern portions of the county. Streets and roads along U.S. Route 192 were inundated in the vicinity of St. Cloud.[67] Damage to agriculture was also significant, totaling to an $8 million (2004 USD).[65]

Storm surge and wave action from Hurricane Jeanne severely eroded Vero Beach.

Although the storm made landfall well to the south, Indian River County was severely affected due to the right eyewall passing through.[63] An F1 tornado spawned in Vero Beach and moved near the intersection of Florida State Road 60 and Interstate 95. The tornado knocked over numerous trees, resulting in approximately $20,000 (2004 USD) in damage.[68] Rainfall in the county was mostly between 6 and 8 inches (150 and 200 mm), which flooded streets and roads, especially in Vero Beach.[69] The highest wind gusts in Indian River County were 122 mph (196 km/h) at Vero Beach and 116 mph (187 km/h) in Sebastian. As a result of strong winds, more than 49,300 houses were either damaged or destroyed.[63] An elderly woman was injured while evacuating her home; she died from her injuries a few days later.[70] Damage was severest in Indian River County, with estimates of losses in excess of $2 billion (2004 USD).[63]

To the south in St. Lucie County, Jeanne produced tides at an estimated height of 10 feet (3.0 m) above normal.[71] As a result of high tides, marinas were damaged at the Fort Pierce Inlet, which, in turn, destroyed numerous boats. A private residence near the Fort Pierce Inlet recorded a wind gust of 128 mph (206 km/h). Throughout the county, high winds damage or destroyed thousands of homes and businesses, as well as several mobile home communities. One man was injured when he ran his truck over a downed power line. In St. Lucie County, damage was extensive, albeit less than Indian River County, with estimates totaling to $1.2 billion (2004 USD).[63]

Although the storm made landfall in Martin County, affects were less severe in comparison to the counties immediately north.[63] Along the coast of Martin County, tides were estimated to be up to 8 feet (2.4 m).[71] High winds also affected the county, with a wind gust of 105 mph (169 km/h) reported in Jensen Beach. In Sewall’s Point, 180 homes were destroyed, and 4,000 buildings were damaged or destroyed.[36] Overall, more than 4,180 homes were either damaged or destroyed. No fatalities occurred in Martin County.[63] Damages in the country totaled $50 million.[72]

In northern Palm Beach County, storm surge was mainly between 2 and 4 feet (0.61 and 1.22 m). 591,300 customers in Palm Beach County were left without electricity. Damage in Palm Beach County totaled to $260 million (2004 USD).[citation needed]

Hurricane Jeanne also affected areas Miami-Dade County, albeit less severely. At Fowey Rocks Light, the C-Man station recorded maximum sustained winds of 49 mph (79 km/h) and gusts to 59 mph (95 km/h). Winds were much lighter inland, with sustained winds reaching 29 mph (47 km/h) and gusts as high as 36 mph (58 km/h) at Miami International Airport. Rainfall was considerably lighter in Miami-Dade County in comparison to the counties north, with precipitation amounts average between 0.5 and 1 inch (13 and 25 mm). Overall, 25,100 power outages were reported and damage totaled to $10 million (2004 USD).[73] A National Football League game between the Pittsburgh Steelers and Miami Dolphins was delayed by 7 hours and 30 minutes because of the storm.[74]

Effects from Hurricane Jeanne were reported as far south as Monroe County. The highest winds gusts in the county were 51 mph (82 km/h) at the Sombrero Key Light C-Man Station and 49 mph (79 km/h) at the Molasses Reef C-Man Station. Storm tides were 1 foot (0.30 m) above normal on Vaca Key; it is estimated that tides reaching 2.5 feet (0.76 m) above average occurred near North Key Largo. The surge of water inundated a parking lot at the Jewfish Creek Bridge. Due to spring tides and elevated waters in Florida Bay, minor tidal flooding occurred at the Key West International Airport. Property damage was minor, totaling to only $5,000 (2004 USD).[75]

Treasure Coast

[edit]
Martin County
[edit]

In Sewall’s Point, 180 homes were destroyed, and 4,000 buildings were damaged or destroyed.[36]

Home in Sewall’s Point damaged by Jeanne

The highest wind gust was reported in Jensen Beach, at 105 miles per hour (169 km/h).[33]

Beach erosion on Hutchinson Island after Jeanne

Significant beach erosion was caused by Jeanne in Martin County, especially on Hutchinson Island. Due to the eyewall passing through Martin County, a special tornado warning was issued (precursor to the Extreme Wind Warning).[76] Total damage estimates from Martin County are at $50 Million (2004 USD).[36]

St. Lucie County
[edit]

In St. Lucie County, the high winds and significant storm surge occurred. A wind gust of 128 miles per hour (206 km/h) was reported at a home near Fort Pierce Inlet. Numerous boats were destroyed at a marina near the inlet from strong winds. Significant damage to mobile homes in Fort Pierce occurred.

Damage to mobile homes in Fort Pierce

A pressure of 952 mb was measured in Fort Pierce. A storm surge of 8–10 feet was felt along the coast of the county.[41] A man was killed after being electrocuted from driving his truck into a downed power line. Damage in St. Lucie County is estimated at $1.2 billion (2004 USD).[33][36]

Indian River County
[edit]

The most devastating impacts were in Indian River County, as the right eyewall of the storm passed through.

Severe wind damage to a home in Vero Beach

During the height of the storm, residents of the Fairlane Harbor neighborhood in Vero Beach, located at the intersection of the Alma Lee Loy Bridge and Indian River Boulevard, were forced to evacuate due to extensive flooding.[35]

Severe beach erosion at Jaycee Park in Vero Beach

High storm surge of 6–8 feet occurred, causing significant beach erosion on Orchid Island. However, storm surge impacts were less than anticipated, as Jeanne made landfall during low tide.[44] Storm surge caused an estimated $8 million in damage in the Treasure Coast.[41]

Significant beach erosion to Jaycee Park in Vero Beach

A wind gust of 122 miles per hour (196 km/h) was reported in Vero Beach, causing a Beechcraft Bonanza plane to be flipped over a perimeter fence at the Vero Beach Regional Airport.[77] A wind gust of 116 miles per hour (187 km/h) was reported in Sebastian.

Citgo gas station in Vero Beach severely damaged by winds

An F1 tornado spawned in West Vero Corridor near SR 60, causing more than $20,000 (2004 USD) in damage. Over 8,000 residences in the county were damaged or destroyed, and 41,000 residences were damaged by Jeanne in Indian River County.

Wind damage to a home in Vero Beach

An elderly woman was injured when attempting to evacuate her home in Indian River Shores, she died from her injuries later in the hospital.[78] Wind damage estimates from Jeanne are placed at $2 billion (2004 USD) in Indian River County.[36][33][44]

Aftermath

[edit]

Occurring weeks before the 2004 U.S. presidential election, the hurricane had significant political implications for the state of Florida. The storm cutting off electricity in the state lead to a lack of polling data, resulting in reduced campaign strategy by both candidates. In addition, especially in the aftermath of the previous election, Democrats made efforts to ensure everyone could vote in the aftermath of the hurricane.[79]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ CNN (2004).Frances could be most costly storm. Retrieved on September 30, 2008.
  2. ^ Bloomberg News (2004). Hurricane Frances Strikes Bahamas, Heads Toward Florida's Coast. Archived March 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on September 30, 2008.
  3. ^ Maggie McKee (2004). Hurricane Frances could destroy space shuttles. Retrieved on September 30, 2008.
  4. ^ CNN (2004). Downgraded Frances blows across Florida. Retrieved on September 30, 2008.
  5. ^ Frances postpones entire Marlins-Cubs series, New Haven Register, September 5, 2004
  6. ^ "What's New Archive 2004". WDWmagic.com. September 3, 2004. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  7. ^ Brendan Farrington (August 13, 2004). "Dangerous Hurricane Charley Poised to Pound Florida". Space.com. Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference TCR was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ a b Florida State's Energy Emergency Response to the 2004 Hurricanes (PDF). National Association of State Energy Officials (Report). United States Department of Energy's Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability. June 2005. pp. 2, 4. Retrieved July 19, 2024.
  10. ^ Hurricane Impact to Agriculture Industry (Report). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 2007. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  11. ^ Janette Ballman (2004). "Winds of Change: Hurricanes Devastate Florida Businesses". Disaster Recovery Journal. 17 (4). Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  12. ^ Roth, David M. (May 12, 2022). "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in Florida". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall. United States Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved January 6, 2023. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  13. ^ David M. Roth (2004). "Hurricane Frances - September 3-11, 2004". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved July 19, 2024.
  14. ^ a b c Hurricane Frances & Hurricane Jeanne: Post-storm Beach Conditions and Coastal Impact Report with Recommendations for Recovery and Modifications of Beach Management Strategies (PDF) (Report). Florida Department of Environmental Protection. October 2004. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  15. ^ Post-Tropical Cyclone Report...Hurricane Frances (Report). National Weather Service Key West, Florida. September 10, 2004. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
  16. ^ a b c Frances (Report). National Weather Service Miami, Florida. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  17. ^ Event Details: Hurricane (Report). National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
  18. ^ a b "Frances' Fury". PBS News Hour. September 6, 2004. Archived from the original on October 30, 2004. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
  19. ^ "Coastal Change Hazards: Hurricanes and Extreme Storms: Hurricane Frances". United States Geological Survey. October 7, 2007. Archived from the original on June 26, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  20. ^ John H. Foy (October 19, 2004). "The Impact Of The 2004 Hurricane Season On Florida Golf Courses". United States Golf Association. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  21. ^ "Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena" (PDF). Storm Data. 46 (9). National Climatic Data Center: 34. September 2004. ISSN 0039-1972. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
  22. ^ Jim Turner (September 17, 2004). "Frances wrecks 1,300 homes". The Stuart News. p. B1. Retrieved July 22, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  23. ^ a b c Post Tropical Cyclone Report...Hurricane Frances...Amended (PDF) (Report). National Weather Service Melbourne, Florida. September 17, 2004. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  24. ^ Deana Poole; George Bennett. "Shingles now held with nails, not staples". The Palm Beach Post. West Palm Beach, Florida. p. 6A. Retrieved July 22, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Free access icon
  25. ^ a b c d "Florida counties affected by recent hurricanes". The News-Press. Fort Myers, Florida. September 19, 2004. p. A8. Retrieved July 22, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  26. ^ Event Types: Hurricane (Typhoon) (Report). National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  27. ^ Event Details: High Wind (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2004. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  28. ^ Event Details: Flash Flood (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2004. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  29. ^ Jim Kennedy (September 8, 2004). "From Jim Kennedy Concerning Frances Aftermath". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on September 11, 2004. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  30. ^ "Frances tears panels from NASA shuttle hangar". CNN. September 6, 2004. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  31. ^ "Mosaic | Hazardous Waste | Damage Assessment, Remediation, and Restoration Program". darrp.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2025-03-11.
  32. ^ "Article clipped from The Stuart News". The Stuart News. 2004-09-17. p. 13. Retrieved 2025-07-29.
  33. ^ a b c d Greenlee, Will. "20 years ago, Hurricane Frances brought widespread damage to Treasure Coast". Treasure Coast. Retrieved 2025-07-29. Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  34. ^ "Hurricane FRANCES". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2025-07-29.
  35. ^ a b c d e "NOAA" (PDF). Hurricane Frances Tropical Cyclone Report. Retrieved 2025-07-29.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h "Hurricane Jeanne" (PDF). NOAA.
  37. ^ "Article clipped from The Palm Beach Post". The Palm Beach Post. 2004-09-25. p. 6. Retrieved 2025-07-29.
  38. ^ News, Chris Bonanno For Hometown (2023-09-27). "A look back at a wild 2004 hurricane season". Hometown News Treasure Coast. Retrieved 2025-07-29. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  39. ^ "FORT PIERCE MARINA TELLS A STORY OF HURRICANE FURY - Bellingham Marine". bellingham-marine.com. 2005-05-15. Retrieved 2025-07-29.
  40. ^ "The City of Fort Pierce marina was destroyed when Hurricanes Francis and Jeanne moved through #Florida's Central East Coast in 2004. | Tetra Tech". www.linkedin.com. Retrieved 2025-07-29.
  41. ^ a b c d "CITY OF FT. PIERCE MARINA". Maccaferri USA. Retrieved 2025-07-29. Cite error: The named reference ":3" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  42. ^ "One-two hurricane punch". soundingsonline.com. 2005-06-02. Retrieved 2025-07-29.
  43. ^ "Gallery: A look back at Hurricanes Frances and Jeanne 15 years later". Florida Today. Retrieved 2025-07-29.
  44. ^ a b c News, Chris Bonanno For Hometown (2023-09-27). "A look back at a wild 2004 hurricane season". Hometown News Treasure Coast. Retrieved 2025-07-23. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  45. ^ "Frances - Vero Beach". www.cbsnews.com. 2004-09-06. Retrieved 2025-07-29.
  46. ^ "Hurricanes: Science and Society: 2004- Hurricane Frances". hurricanescience.org. Retrieved 2025-07-29.
  47. ^ "Hurricane Frances (2004) | Florida Tech". research.fit.edu. Retrieved 2025-07-29.
  48. ^ State of Florida State Emergency Response Team (2004). Hurricane Frances Disaster Assistance Briefing Sheet: As of 9:00 am, September 9, 2004. Government of the state of Florida. Retrieved on September 30, 2008.
  49. ^ Jim Kennedy (2004). From Jim Kennedy Concerning Frances Aftermath. Archived September 11, 2004, at the Wayback Machine NASA. Retrieved on April 6, 2009.
  50. ^ Tom Hazelwood (2004). Hurricane Frances Aftermath & Response. Archived July 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine United Methodist Committee in Relief. Retrieved on April 5, 2009.
  51. ^ Daniel Pulliam (2004). OPM prepares for aftermath of Hurricane Frances. Archived December 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine National Journal Group, Inc. Retrieved on April 5, 2009.
  52. ^ CNN (2004). CNN Live Today. Retrieved on April 5, 2009.
  53. ^ United States Army Corps of Engineers South Atlantic Division (2004). Hurricane Frances in Florida.[dead link] Retrieved on April 8, 2009.
  54. ^ CNN (2004). Frances' costs: $3B or more. Retrieved on April 8, 2009.
  55. ^ Eliot Kleinburg and Mary McLachin (2004). Not Again! Archived 2008-10-11 at the Wayback Machine Palm Beach Post. Retrieved on 2009-04-16.
  56. ^ Lixion Avila (2004). Hurricane Jeanne Discussion Number 38. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2009-04-16.
  57. ^ a b Eliot Kleinberg, Mary McLachlin (2004). Region starts getting ready. Palm Beach Post. Retrieved on 2009-04-16.
  58. ^ "Jeanne Hits Florida Hard - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. 2004-09-27. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
  59. ^ Tim O'Meilia (2004). Zoo animals moved to emergency quarters. Palm Beach Post. Retrieved on 2009-04-16.
  60. ^ Jane Musgrave (2004). For once, evacuation to Keys makes sense to some. Palm Beach Post. Retrieved on 2009-04-16.
  61. ^ Stuart Hinson (2004). "Event Record Details: Tornado". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 26, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  62. ^ Stuart Hinson (2004). "Event Record Details: Tornado". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 26, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  63. ^ a b c d e f g h Stuart Hinson (2004). "Event Record Details: Hurricane/typhoon". National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
  64. ^ Stuart Hinson (2004). "Event Record Details: Flash Flood". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
  65. ^ a b c d Stuart Hinson (2004). "Event Record Details: Strong Winds". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
  66. ^ David M. Roth (December 30, 2006). "Hurricane Jeanne - September 25-30, 2004". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
  67. ^ Stuart Hinson (2004). "Event Record Details: Flash Flooding". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
  68. ^ Stuart Hinson (2004). "Event Record Details: Tornado". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
  69. ^ Stuart Hinson (2004). "Event Record Details: Flash Flood". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 26, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  70. ^ Miles B. Lawrence and Hugh D. Cobb (January 7, 2005). "Hurricane Jeanne Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  71. ^ a b Stuart Hinson (2004). "Event Record Details: Storm Surge". National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
  72. ^ News, Chris Bonanno For Hometown (2023-09-27). "A look back at a wild 2004 hurricane season". Hometown News Treasure Coast. Retrieved 2025-07-23. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  73. ^ Stuart Hinson (2004). "Event Record Details: Hurricane/typhoon". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 26, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  74. ^ NFL games affected by severe weather or natural disasters, NBC Sports Boston, December 16, 2022
  75. ^ Stuart Hinson (2004). "Event Record Details: Hurricane/typhoon". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 26, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  76. ^ NOAA https://www.weather.gov/media/mlb/research/2006_extreme_hurr_winds.pdf. Retrieved 2025-07-21. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  77. ^ Ledger, DIANE LACEY ALLEN The. "HURRICANE JEANNE DEVASTATES VERO BEACH RESIDENTS; COASTAL COMMUNITY SUFFERS FLOODING, POWER OUTAGES, STRUCTURAL DAMAGE". The Ledger. Retrieved 2025-07-23.
  78. ^ Franklin, James L. (March 17, 2005). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Jeanne (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2025-07-23.
  79. ^ Hurricanes Change Florida Politics, ABC News, September 30, 2004. Retrieved April 18, 2025