Draft:Établissement public de coopération intercommunale
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Comment: Realistically it's not encyclopedic in the current format. Apart from all the red links which are unlikely to be fulfilled in English wiki, it's also very detailed, almost a directory, which will be difficult to keep up to date. All but one source are primary, mostly quotes from the legislative code, though given coverage in the regional French press it would not be difficult to come up with more independent sources. There are some substantial paragraphs with no sources. There is an article to be had here, but it needs some more editing. Perhaps to something much shorter and using more independent sources. ChrysGalley (talk) 16:01, 28 October 2025 (UTC)
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In France, an Établissement public de coopération intercommunale (EPCI) is an administrative structure grouping several communes to jointly exercise some of their competencies. It represents the most advanced form of intermunicipal cooperation in France. It is governed by the fifth part of the Code général des collectivités territoriales.
There are two types of EPCI. On one hand, EPCI with their own taxation—namely agglomerations (including metropolises, communauté urbaine, communauté d'agglomération, communauté de communes, Aix-Marseille, and Greater Paris)—are establishments known as “project-based” that exercise mandatory competencies set by law and optional competencies delegated by the communes within the framework of a “territorial project.” On the other hand, EPCI without their own taxation, known as intermunicipal syndicates, are created specifically to exercise certain competencies and are thus considered “technical” establishments.
Inheriting from districts, communities of cities, and new agglomeration syndicates, which were earlier forms of intermunicipal collaboration, contemporary EPCI have significantly developed since the Chevènement Law in 1999.
EPCI can themselves collaborate within metropolitan poles and territorial and rural balance poles, which are other forms of intermunicipal cooperation with the status of mixed syndicates.
Today, in principle, every commune must belong to an EPCI with its own taxation, pursuant to the territorial reform of 16 December 2010 and the NOTRe Law of 2015, with the exception of single-commune islands, which benefit from a legislative exemption: L'Île-d'Yeu, Île-de-Bréhat, Île-de-Sein, and Ouessant.
Types
[edit]Two categories of EPCI can be distinguished: those with their own taxation and those without.
EPCI with self-taxation
[edit]These intermunicipal structures have the right to levy taxes, either as additional taxation to that collected by the communes or, in some cases, in place of the communes (e.g., the single business tax, abolished in 2010). In practice, this means that EPCI vote on the tax rates they wish to apply, in compliance with legal provisions.
Since the territorial reform of 2010, the categories of EPCI with their own taxation, ranked by size and level of integration, are:
- communities of communes,
- agglomeration communities,
- urban communities,
- metropolises.
Some forms of EPCI have been discontinued, such as “communities of cities” or districts. Affected structures have generally transformed into communities of communes or agglomeration communities. Since 1 January 2016, under the NOTRe Law, the last new agglomeration syndicates have disappeared, converted into agglomeration communities (or, for Istres-Ouest-Provence, into part of the Métropole d'Aix-Marseille-Provence); this category of intercommunality was officially abolished on 1 January 2017.[1]
EPCI without self-taxation
[edit]Among them:
- intermunicipal syndicates in two categories:
- SIVU (single-purpose intermunicipal syndicates)
- SIVOM (multi-purpose intermunicipal syndicates) combining several purposes within the same entity.
- Mixed syndicates
Their resources primarily come from contributions paid by member communes.
A syndicate may be fiscalized. In this case, it collects additional taxation to that of the communes for the four local taxes.[2] Unlike communities with their own taxation, a syndicate cannot vote on its tax rates; it only votes on an expected tax revenue, with the tax administration determining the rates to achieve this revenue.
Intermunicipal syndicates (SIVU and SIVOM) are gradually being dissolved into EPCI with their own taxation to achieve economies of scale.
Some intermunicipal syndicates existed solely for cooperation between communes not belonging to the same EPCI with their own taxation, in areas where their own EPCI could not provide a service (e.g., waste management or school transportation), and these syndicates did not include all communes of the involved EPCI. All communes within the same EPCI with their own taxation are now encouraged to show solidarity, and if an EPCI cannot provide a service alone for all its communes, it will join a mixed syndicate in which all communes of all member EPCI are solidary. Mixed syndicates (and, on a larger scale, the new metropolitan poles) manage services and infrastructure covering areas much larger than those of a single intermunicipal syndicate or EPCI (e.g., a regional natural park, a major port or airport, a long-distance public transport system, a shared social housing stock, a university, or a specialized recycling plant), involving multiple EPCI, the department, the region, or national agencies.
Other intermunicipal syndicates within an EPCI serve only to manage non-mandatory services that do not involve all member communes and do not require cooperation with other EPCI or entities outside the EPCI. They may exist, for example, to manage shared infrastructure between two neighboring communes not directly managed by the EPCI, such as a stadium, cultural center, sewage treatment plant, or recycling center, or a school cafeteria. These often have a single purpose (SIVU) related to that infrastructure and persist until that purpose is transferred to the EPCI with its own taxation (after acceptance by other communes to share responsibility).
Creation
[edit]The creation of an EPCI involves three successive steps.[3] It is governed by Article L. 5211-5 of the Code général des collectivités territoriales. The prefect plays a significant role in the process.
- Definition of the EPCI’s perimeter. This involves a request from communes wishing to associate or a proposal from the state representative. In the latter case, and in the interest of the general public, the prefect may mandate the inclusion of communes that did not express a desire to participate..[4] If the creation is initiated by the prefect, the Departmental Commission for Intermunicipal Cooperation must be consulted.
- Consultation of the concerned communes. Within three months, the concerned communes must vote on the project, its perimeter, and future statutes. A qualified majority is required, representing two-thirds of the communes accounting for half the total population, or half the communes representing two-thirds of the population. Additionally, this majority must include communes with more than a quarter of the total population for communities of communes and, for agglomeration or urban communities, more than a quarter of the population of the largest commune in the EPCI.
- The prefect issues the creation decree formalizing the establishment of the EPCI.
Organization
[edit]EPCI are administered by a deliberative council composed of members from each member commune.
They are chaired by the president of the deliberative council, who, in addition to preparing and executing council deliberations, holds specific powers. The president is assisted by a bureau, primarily composed of vice-presidents, which may receive certain delegations from the deliberative council.
Deliberative Council
[edit]The EPCI council is called, depending on the organization’s status, a syndicate committee, community council, or metropolitan council. Every member commune must be represented in this council.
Council Composition
[edit]Since the municipal elections of 2014, members of community and metropolitan councils are elected, pursuant to the law of 16 December 2010 and the law of 17 May 2013.[5] For communes with more than 1,000 inhabitants, they are elected during municipal elections, and for smaller communes, they are designated in the order of the electoral list. Previously, they were elected by the municipal council from which they originated by majority vote, respecting the distribution among communes set by the intermunicipal statutes.
Now, this distribution is set for EPCI with their own taxation in accordance with Article L. 5211-6-1 III to V of the Code général des collectivités territoriales, meaning seats are primarily allocated by proportional representation with the highest average, with numerous adjustments to ensure each commune has at least one seat, regardless of population, and that the largest commune does not hold an absolute majority of seats.[6]
For all EPCI with their own taxation, before each general renewal of municipal and community councils, the number of community councilors and their seat distribution among member communes is reviewed by prefectural decree to account for population changes during the term.[7]
For intermunicipal syndicates, their syndicate committee consists of two representatives per commune, elected by each municipal council, regardless of the communes’ populations. Eligibility requires being on the commune’s electoral roll and not being subject to any incompatibility.[8]
Election of Members
[edit]
Since the 2014 municipal elections, EPCI councilors are elected differently.
EPCI without self-taxation
[edit]Representatives of EPCI without their own taxation continue to be elected by the municipal councils of member communes.
EPCI with self-taxation
[edit]The voting method varies depending on the size of the commune:
- Representatives of communes with 1,000 or more in communities and metropolises are elected by direct election during the municipal elections, with each list’s ballot including, on the left, the list of candidates for the municipal council, and on the right, the list of candidates for the community council.[9]
- Complex rules govern the preparation of candidate lists for community councilor positions to ensure that all elected officials are also municipal councilors and to guarantee gender parity:[10]
I. — The list of candidates for community councilor seats is displayed distinctly on the same ballot as the list of candidates for the municipal council from which it originates.
Subject to II, the presentation of the list of candidates for the municipal council and the deliberative body of the Établissement public de coopération intercommunale with its own taxation is subject to the following rules:
1° The list of candidates for community councilor seats includes a number of candidates equal to the number of seats to be filled, plus one additional candidate if this number is less than five, and two additional candidates otherwise;
2° The candidates for community councilor seats appear in the order of presentation as they appear on the municipal council candidate list;
3° The list of candidates for community councilor seats alternates candidates of each gender;
4° All candidates listed in the first quarter of the community councilor candidate list must appear, in the same manner and order, at the top of the municipal council candidate list;
5° All candidates for community councilor seats must appear within the first three-fifths of the municipal council candidate list.
II. — When the number of community councilor seats to be filled, increased pursuant to 1° of I, exceeds three-fifths of the number of municipal councilor seats to be filled, the list of candidates for community councilor seats follows the order of presentation of the municipal council candidate list.
— Article L. 273-9 du Code électoral
- For example, in a commune with 9,000, with 29, and allocated three community councilors by the intermunicipal statutes, each candidate list must include the names of four candidates for the municipal elections who are also candidates for the community council (three seats plus one alternate). All candidates for community councilor positions must appear among the first 17 municipal council candidates (three-fifths rule), and the gender alternation rule must be respected for both municipal and community candidates. In this commune with 29 municipal councilors, the first-quarter rule rounded down (4x0.25=1) requires that only the head of the municipal list must be placed first on the intermunicipal list. The choice of the other four community candidates can be made from the 16 first municipal candidates, but respecting the order of presentation: for example, if candidate No. 8 is placed second, it is not possible to subsequently place candidate No. 5 from the municipal list in third position.
- During the election, the allocation of community councilor seats for the commune among the various candidate lists is done by proportional representation with a majority bonus, as for municipal councilors,[11] ensuring representation of municipal opposition in community councils and contributing to the goal of gender parity within community councils.
- Representatives of communes with fewer than 1,000 in communities and metropolises are, depending on the number of seats to be allocated, the mayor, possibly deputy mayors, and, if necessary, municipal councilors in the order of the electoral list,[12] which is defined as follows:
(…) After the mayor, the order is deputy mayors, then municipal councilors.
(…) Deputy mayors are ranked according to the order of their election and, among deputy mayors elected on the same list, according to the order of presentation on the list.
For municipal councilors, the order of the list is determined, even when there are electoral sections:
1° By seniority of their election since the last full renewal of the municipal council;
2° Among councilors elected on the same day, by the highest number of votes obtained;
3° In case of a tie, by age priority.
— Article L. 2121-1 du Code général des collectivités territoriales
In communities and metropolises, elected officials must also be municipal councilors (or arrondissement councilors in Paris, Lyon, and Marseille).[13] Some may be foreign nationals from the European Union, although they cannot be mayors or deputy mayors.
Numerous provisions of the French Electoral Code establish ineligibility and incompatibilities to ensure both the freedom of conscience of voters and the independence of elected officials. For example, certain public officials in the communes where they perform their duties (prefects, judges, police officers, military officers, senior officials of regional or departmental councils, etc.), as well as commune employees or managers of companies working for the commune, cannot be candidates for municipal councilor positions.[14] Since the 2014 municipal elections, additional incompatibilities apply specifically to community councilors. They cannot be employees of the Établissement public de coopération intercommunale or its intermunicipal social action center, nor employees of a member commune of the Établissement public de coopération intercommunale.[15] Similarly, senior executives and heads of departments with delegated signing authority in the Établissement public de coopération intercommunale with its own taxation to which the commune belongs cannot be candidates for municipal councilor positions.[16]
These provisions put an end to unsatisfactory situations characterized by a mix of roles between holding elected positions within intermunicipal structures and occupying professional roles in the same structures.[10]
President
[edit]The president of the Établissement public de coopération intercommunale is elected by the deliberative council.
The president is the executive body of the Établissement public de coopération intercommunale, prepares and executes the deliberations of the deliberative body, which they convene. They are the head of the public establishment’s services, represent it in court, and may delegate some of their functions to vice-presidents or other bureau members.[17] They are the “territorial authority” under the civil service statute.
They hold certain police powers, automatically for the exercise of the Établissement public de coopération intercommunale’s competencies or by voluntary delegation from the communes.[18]
This election system, as a third round decoupled from the municipal election campaign logic, poses, according to several political science researchers (Fabien Desage,[19] Simon Persico), a significant issue of democratic representation within Établissement public de coopération intercommunale.
Bureau
[edit]The bureau of an Établissement public de coopération intercommunale consists of the president, one or more vice-presidents, and, optionally, one or more other members.
It may receive delegated powers from the deliberative council, except on certain matters, particularly budgetary ones.[20]
Competencies
[edit]Établissement public de coopération intercommunale exercise competencies delegated by their member communes, some of which may be mandatory depending on the category of Établissement public de coopération intercommunale considered. These structures select mandatory and optional competencies.[21] For identical competencies, they encompass former structures (e.g., drinking water supply syndicates). They can notably adopt territorial coherence schemes since the Loi relative à la solidarité et au renouvellement urbains (13 December 2000).
Competency transfers are decided by concurrent deliberations of the Établissement public de coopération intercommunale’s deliberative body and the municipal councils, voting under the majority conditions required for the creation of the Établissement public de coopération intercommunale. The municipal council of each member commune has a three-month period, from the notification to the mayor of the deliberation of the public establishment’s deliberative body, to vote on the proposed transfers. In the absence of a deliberation within this period, the decision is considered favorable. The competency transfer is then formalized by a prefectural decree.
From a financial perspective, this transfer of competencies leads to an evaluation of the transferred costs from communes to the Établissement public de coopération intercommunale by the CLECT, the local commission for evaluating transferred costs. This commission calculates a compensation amount (which can be positive or negative) paid annually from the Établissement public de coopération intercommunale to its member communes.[22]
Before 15 August 2015, the date of the promulgation of the Loi portant nouvelle organisation territoriale de la République, mandatory and optional competencies were distributed as follows by intermunicipal structure.
| Intermunicipal Structure | Mandatory Competencies Before Loi NOTRe | Optional Competencies Before Loi NOTRe |
|---|---|---|
| Syndicat intercommunal à vocation unique (SIVU) | One single competency | |
| Syndicat intercommunal à vocation multiple (SIVOM) | Multiple competencies | |
| Syndicat d'agglomération nouvelle (SAN) |
| |
| Communauté de communes (CC) |
|
At least 4 among:
All or part of social action, after an agreement with the department |
| Communauté d'agglomération (CA) |
|
At least 3 among:
|
| Communauté urbaine (CU) |
|
All or part of social action, after an agreement with the department |
| Métropole |
Competencies previously held by communes:
Competencies previously held by the department:
Competencies previously held by the region:
|
After an agreement with the department:
After an agreement with the region:
Delegation from the State, at the request of the metropolis:
|
Resources
[edit]The fiscal resources of Établissement public de coopération intercommunale were ensured, until the 2018–2020 reforms, by the four local taxes: residence tax, property taxes on built properties, property taxes on non-built properties, and economic territorial contribution (which replaced the professional tax in 2010). Établissement public de coopération intercommunale may also benefit from the TASCOM and certain IFER. They may also benefit from the single wind energy tax (FEU) aimed at taxing onshore wind turbines located in their territory.
Two tax regimes are permitted: additional taxation to that of the communes or taxation partially replacing that of the communes (single business tax or agglomeration tax regime). An older hybrid regime, linked to the creation of an economic activity zone in the Établissement public de coopération intercommunale’s territory, combines additional taxation and single taxation.
With the 2020 tax reforms (abolition of the residence tax), the resources of Établissement public de coopération intercommunale are as follows, in broad terms:
| Resource | Billions of € (2018) |
|---|---|
| Residence tax (to be replaced by VAT) | 4 |
| Property tax | 2 |
| CFE | 7 |
| CVAE | 5 |
| FCTVA | 1 |
| Dotation globale de fonctionnement | 7 |
| Dotation d'équipement | 1 |
| Other investment grants | 1 |
Total resources 2018: approximately 28 billion €
Number of Établissement public de coopération intercommunale with Their Own Taxation in France
[edit]As of 1 January 2025, France (mainland France + DROM) has 1,254 Établissement public de coopération intercommunale with their own taxation, in addition to the Métropole de Lyon, which is considered equivalent to an Établissement public de coopération intercommunale, and 5 communities of communes in the overseas collectivity of French Polynesia. With the exception of four single-commune islands located in Loire-Atlantique and Finistère, which benefit from a derogation, all communes in mainland France and the overseas departments and regions (Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, Réunion, and Mayotte) are members of an Établissement public de coopération intercommunale with their own taxation.
CC = Communauté de communes; CA = Communauté d'agglomération; CU = Communauté urbaine. The names of the intermunicipalities are those used by INSEE[23]
| Rank | Intermunicipal Structure | Status | Department(s) | Number of Communes | Municipal Population (2022) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Métropole du Grand Paris | Special-status metropolis[24] | Paris (75); Essonne (91); Hauts-de-Seine (92); Seine-Saint-Denis (93); Val-de-Marne (94); Val-d'Oise (95) | 130 | 7,115,576 |
| 2 | Métropole d'Aix-Marseille-Provence | Special-status metropolis[24] | Bouches-du-Rhône (13); Var (83); Vaucluse (84) | 92 | 1,922,626 |
| 3 | Métropole de Lyon | Special-status collectivity[25] | Rhône (69)[25] | 58 | 1,433,613 |
| 4 | Métropole Européenne de Lille | Metropolis | Nord (59) | 95 | 1,194,040 |
| 5 | Bordeaux Métropole | Metropolis | Gironde (33) | 28 | 843,738 |
| 6 | Toulouse Métropole | Metropolis | Haute-Garonne (31) | 37 | 832,348 |
| 7 | Nantes Métropole | Metropolis | Loire-Atlantique (44) | 24 | 683,981 |
| 8 | Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur | Metropolis | Alpes-Maritimes (06) | 51 | 568,596 |
| 9 | Eurométropole de Strasbourg | Metropolis | Bas-Rhin (67)[26] | 33 | 517,386 |
| 10 | Montpellier Méditerranée Métropole | Metropolis | Hérault (34) | 31 | 516,657 |
| 11 | Métropole Rouen Normandie | Metropolis | Seine-Maritime (76) | 71 | 500,703 |
| 12 | Rennes Métropole | Metropolis | Ille-et-Vilaine (35) | 43 | 473,973 |
| 13 | Métropole Toulon Provence Méditerranée | Metropolis | Var (83) | 12 | 449,782 |
| 14 | Grenoble-Alpes Métropole | Metropolis | Isère (38) | 49 | 449,509 |
| 15 | CU Grand Paris Seine et Oise | Communauté urbaine | Yvelines (78) | 73 | 433,255 |
| 16 | Saint-Étienne Métropole | Metropolis | Loire (42) | 53 | 407,700 |
| 17 | CA Roissy Pays de France | Communauté d'agglomération | Seine-et-Marne (77); Val-d'Oise (95) | 42 | 362,933 |
| 18 | CA Grand Paris Sud Seine-Essonne-Sénart | Agglomeration community | Seine-et-Marne (77); Essonne (91) | 23 | 361,024 |
| 19 | CA Saint Germain Boucles de Seine | Communauté d'agglomération | Yvelines (78); Val-d'Oise (95) | 19 | 341,547 |
| 20 | CA du Pays Basque | Communauté d'agglomération | Pyrénées-Atlantiques (64) | 158 | 325,721 |
| 21 | CA Communauté Paris-Saclay | Communauté d'agglomération | Essonne (91) | 27 | 319,695 |
| 22 | CU Angers Loire Métropole | Communauté urbaine | Maine-et-Loire (49) | 29 | 308,806 |
| 23 | Tours Métropole Val de Loire | Metropolis | Indre-et-Loire (37) | 22 | 299,019 |
| 24 | CU du Grand Reims | Communauté urbaine | Marne (51) | 143 | 297,492 |
| 25 | Clermont Auvergne Métropole | Metropolis | Puy-de-Dôme (63) | 21 | 296,677 |
| 26 | Orléans Métropole | Metropolis | Loiret (45) | 22 | 293,673 |
| 27 | CA Val Parisis | Communauté d'agglomération | Val-d'Oise (95) | 15 | 288,829 |
| 28 | CU Perpignan Méditerranée Métropole | Communauté urbaine | Pyrénées-Orientales (66) | 37 | 277,926 |
| 29 | CU Caen la Mer | Communauté urbaine | Calvados (14) | 48 | 277,248 |
| 30 | CA de Béthune-Bruay, Artois-Lys Romane | Communauté d'agglomération | Pas-de-Calais (62) | 100 | 275,736 |
| 31 | CA Mulhouse Alsace Agglomération | Communauté d'agglomération | Haut-Rhin (68)[26] | 39 | 272,950 |
| 32 | CA Versailles Grand Parc | Communauté d'agglomération | Yvelines (78); Essonne (91) | 18 | 268,563 |
| 33 | CU Le Havre Seine Métropole | Communauté urbaine | Seine-Maritime (76) | 54 | 266,929 |
| 34 | CA Nîmes Métropole | Communauté d'agglomération | Gard (30) | 39 | 261,624 |
| 35 | Dijon Métropole | Metropolis | Côte-d'Or (21) | 23 | 258,630 |
| 36 | Métropole du Grand Nancy | Metropolis | Meurthe-et-Moselle (54) | 20 | 258,208 |
| 37 | CA de Lens - Liévin | Communauté d'agglomération | Pas-de-Calais (62) | 36 | 242,591 |
| 38 | CA de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines | Communauté d'agglomération | Yvelines (78) | 12 | 233,591 |
| 39 | CA Paris - Vallée de la Marne | Communauté d'agglomération | Seine-et-Marne (77) | 12 | 232,536 |
| 40 | Metz Métropole | Metropolis | Moselle (57) | 46 | 230,314 |
| 41 | CA Valence Romans Agglo | Communauté d'agglomération | Drôme (26) | 54 | 224,841 |
| 42 | CA Territoire de la Côte Ouest | Communauté d'agglomération | Réunion (974) | 5 | 218,990 |
| 43 | CA de Cergy-Pontoise | Communauté d'agglomération | Yvelines (78); Val-d'Oise (95) | 13 | 217,763 |
| 44 | CA Intercommunale du Nord de la Réunion | Communauté d'agglomération | Réunion (974) | 3 | 216,588 |
| 45 | Brest Métropole | Metropolis | Finistère (29) | 8 | 213,403 |
| 46 | CA du Grand Annecy | Communauté d'agglomération | Haute-Savoie (74) | 34 | 211,259 |
| 47 | CU Le Mans Métropole | Communauté urbaine | Sarthe (72) | 20 | 209,651 |
| 48 | CA Lorient Agglomération | Communauté d'agglomération | Morbihan (56) | 25 | 208,113 |
| 49 | CA Cœur d'Essonne Agglomération | Communauté d'agglomération | Essonne (91) | 21 | 208,019 |
| 50 | CU Limoges Métropole | Communauté urbaine | Haute-Vienne (87) | 20 | 207,147 |
| 51 | CU Grand Besançon Métropole | Communauté urbaine | Doubs (25) | 67 | 198,387 |
| 52 | CA du Grand Avignon | Communauté d'agglomération | Gard (30); Vaucluse (84) | 16 | 198,133 |
| 53 | CU du Grand Poitiers | Communauté urbaine | Vienne (86) | 40 | 196,849 |
| 54 | CU de Dunkerque | Communauté urbaine | Nord (59) | 17 | 192,635 |
| 55 | CA Valenciennes Métropole | Communauté d'agglomération | Nord (59) | 35 | 191,885 |
| 56 | CA Plaine Vallée | Communauté d'agglomération | Val-d'Oise (95) | 18 | 186,216 |
| 57 | CA de Sophia Antipolis | Communauté d'agglomération | Alpes-Maritimes (06) | 24 | 183,991 |
| 58 | CA Intercommunale des Villes Solidaires | Communauté d'agglomération | Réunion (974) | 6 | 183,641 |
| 59 | CA Amiens Métropole | Communauté d'agglomération | Somme (80) | 39 | 182,854 |
| 60 | CA de La Rochelle | Communauté d'agglomération | Charente-Maritime (17) | 28 | 181,057 |
| 61 | CA du Cotentin | Communauté d'agglomération | Manche (50) | 129 | 178,684 |
| 62 | CA Val d'Yerres Val de Seine | Communauté d'agglomération | Essonne (91) | 9 | 177,954 |
| 63 | CA Golfe du Morbihan - Vannes Agglomération | Communauté d'agglomération | Morbihan (56) | 34 | 177,719 |
| 64 | CA Troyes Champagne Métropole | Communauté d'agglomération | Aube (10) | 81 | 175,540 |
| 65 | CA Pau Béarn Pyrénées | Communauté d'agglomération | Pyrénées-Atlantiques (64) | 31 | 166,794 |
| 66 | CA de la Porte du Hainaut | Communauté d'agglomération | Nord (59) | 47 | 158,351 |
| 67 | CA Cannes Pays de Lérins | Communauté d'agglomération | Alpes-Maritimes (06) | 5 | 156,338 |
| 68 | CA Saint-Brieuc Armor Agglomération | Communauté d'agglomération | Côtes-d'Armor (22) | 32 | 154,023 |
| 69 | CA du Centre Littoral | Communauté d'agglomération | French Guiana (973) | 6 | 152,190 |
| 70 | CA du Centre de la Martinique | Communauté d'agglomération | Martinique (972) | 4 | 150,323 |
| 71 | CA Douaisis Agglo | Communauté d'agglomération | Nord (59) | 35 | 148,901 |
| 72 | CA du Grand Angoulême | Communauté d'agglomération | Charente (16) | 38 | 142,458 |
| 73 | CA du Grand Chambéry | Communauté d'agglomération | Savoie (73) | 38 | 141,091 |
| 74 | CA Pays de Montbéliard Agglomération | Communauté d'agglomération | Doubs (25) | 73 | 139,232 |
| 75 | CA Melun Val de Seine | Communauté d'agglomération | Seine-et-Marne (77) | 20 | 139,112 |
| 76 | CA Chartres Métropole | Communauté d'agglomération | Eure-et-Loir (28) | 66 | 136,921 |
| 77 | CA du Bassin de Bourg-en-Bresse | Communauté d'agglomération | Ain (01) | 74 | 136,092 |
| 78 | CA Alès Agglomération | Communauté d'agglomération | Gard (30) | 71 | 135,747 |
| 79 | CA du Sud | Communauté d'agglomération | Réunion (974) | 4 | 133,164 |
| 80 | CA Le Grand Narbonne | Communauté d'agglomération | Aude (11) | 37 | 133,006 |
| 81 | CA de Béziers-Méditerranée | Communauté d'agglomération | Hérault (34) | 17 | 131,383 |
| 82 | CA de la Région Nazairienne et de l'Estuaire | Communauté d'agglomération | Loire-Atlantique (44) | 10 | 131,317 |
| 83 | CA Sète Agglopôle Méditerranée | Communauté d'agglomération | Hérault (34) | 14 | 129,982 |
| 84 | CA Le Muretain Agglo | Communauté d'agglomération | Haute-Garonne (31) | 26 | 129,300 |
| 85 | CA Intercommunale de la Réunion Est | Communauté d'agglomération | Réunion (974) | 6 | 128,965 |
| 86 | CA Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrénées | Communauté d'agglomération | Hautes-Pyrénées (65) | 86 | 127,612 |
| 87 | CA d'Hénin-Carvin | Communauté d'agglomération | Pas-de-Calais (62) | 14 | 126,133 |
| 88 | CA du Niortais | Communauté d'agglomération | Deux-Sèvres (79) | 40 | 123,389 |
| 89 | CA Maubeuge Val de Sambre | Communauté d'agglomération | Nord (59) | 43 | 122,909 |
| 90 | CA Mauges Communauté | Communauté d'agglomération | Maine-et-Loire (49) | 6 | 122,374 |
| 91 | CA Estérel Côte d'Azur Agglomération | Communauté d'agglomération | Var (83) | 5 | 121,390 |
| 92 | CA Ardenne Métropole | Communauté d'agglomération | Ardennes (08) | 57 | 120,380 |
| 93 | CA Agglo du Pays de Dreux | Communauté d'agglomération | Eure (27); Eure-et-Loir (28) | 81 | 116,484 |
| 94 | CA de l'Espace Sud de la Martinique | Communauté d'agglomération | Martinique (972) | 12 | 115,038 |
| 95 | CA Laval Agglomération | Communauté d'agglomération | Mayenne (53) | 34 | 114,872 |
| 96 | CA Carcassonne Agglo | Communauté d'agglomération | Aude (11) | 83 | 114,411 |
| 97 | CA Colmar Agglomération | Communauté d'agglomération | Haut-Rhin (68)[26] | 20 | 113,600 |
| 98 | CA Dracénie Provence Verdon Agglomération | Communauté d'agglomération | Var (83) | 23 | 113,515 |
| 99 | CA Le Grand Chalon | Communauté d'agglomération | Saône-et-Loire (71) | 51 | 113,440 |
| 100 | CA du Boulonnais | Communauté d'agglomération | Pas-de-Calais (62) | 22 | 112,463 |
| 101 | CA Evreux Portes de Normandie | Communauté d'agglomération | Eure (27) | 74 | 112,285 |
| 102 | CA Loire Forez Agglomération | Communauté d'agglomération | Loire (42) | 84 | 112,261 |
| 103 | CA Porte de l'Isère | Communauté d'agglomération | Isère (38) | 22 | 111,450 |
| 104 | CA du Pays de Meaux | Communauté d'agglomération | Seine-et-Marne (77) | 26 | 110,552 |
| 105 | CA d'Épinal | Communauté d'agglomération | Vosges (88) | 78 | 110,099 |
| 106 | CA Marne et Gondoire | Communauté d'agglomération | Seine-et-Marne (77) | 20 | 110,064 |
| 107 | CU d'Arras | Communauté urbaine | Pas-de-Calais (62) | 46 | 109,781 |
| 108 | CA du Bassin de Brive | Communauté d'agglomération | Corrèze (19) | 48 | 108,611 |
| 109 | CA de Blois Agglopolys | Communauté d'agglomération | Loir-et-Cher (41) | 43 | 106,574 |
| 110 | CA Le Grand Périgueux | Communauté d'agglomération | Dordogne (24) | 43 | 104,933 |
| 111 | CA Cholet Agglomération | Communauté d'agglomération | Maine-et-Loire (49) | 26 | 104,711 |
| 112 | CA du Pays de Gex | Communauté d'agglomération | Ain (01) | 27 | 104,472 |
| 113 | CA Dinan Agglomération | Communauté d'agglomération | Côtes-d'Armor (22) | 64 | 104,442 |
| 114 | CA du Pays de Saint-Omer | Communauté d'agglomération | Pas-de-Calais (62) | 53 | 104,320 |
| 115 | CA du Beauvaisis | Communauté d'agglomération | Oise (60) | 53 | 103,404 |
| 116 | CA de la Provence Verte | Communauté d'agglomération | Var (83) | 28 | 103,248 |
| 117 | CC Le Grésivaudan | Communauté d'agglomération | Isère (38) | 43 | 103,196 |
| 118 | CA Seine-Eure | Communauté d'agglomération | Eure (27) | 60 | 102,892 |
| 119 | CA Quimper Bretagne Occidentale | Communauté d'agglomération | Finistère (29) | 14 | 102,574 |
| 120 | CA Cœur de Flandre | Communauté d'agglomération | Nord (59) | 50 | 102,562 |
| 121 | CA Bourges Plus | Communauté d'agglomération | Cher (18) | 17 | 102,172 |
| 122 | CA du Pays de Grasse | Communauté d'agglomération | Alpes-Maritimes (06) | 23 | 101,897 |
| 123 | CA Roannais Agglomération | Communauté d'agglomération | Loire (42) | 40 | 101,851 |
| 124 | CA Agglomération d'Agen | Communauté d'agglomération | Lot-et-Garonne (47) | 44 | 101,727 |
| 125 | CA Grand Belfort | Communauté d'agglomération | Territoire de Belfort (90) | 52 | 101,451 |
| 126 | CA Lannion-Trégor Communauté | Communauté d'agglomération | Côtes-d'Armor (22) | 57 | 100,877 |
References
[edit]- ^ For example, urban communities must have four mandatory competencies (spatial planning, economic development, urban policy, and social housing balance in the community territory). They must also choose three out of five optional competencies (roads, water, sanitation, parking facilities, cultural and sports facilities).
- ^ ">http://www.collectivites-locales.gouv.fr/reversements-fiscalite-des-epci-a-leurs-communes-membres-ou-a-dautres-epci-guide-2006 "Les reversements de fiscalité des EPCI à leurs communes membres ou à d'autres EPCI (Guide 2006)" [Tax revenue transfers from EPCIs to their member municipalities or other EPCIs (2006 Guide)]. collectivites-locales.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2016-10-24.
- ^ ">https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&view=map4</a> "Insee - Statistiques locales" [Insee - Local Statistics]. statistiques-locales.insee.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-07-23.
- ^ "Conseil d'État, 2 octobre 1996, communes de Bourg-Charente, Gondeville et Mainxe" [Council of State, October 2, 1996, communes of Bourg-Charente, Gondeville, and Mainxe]. Conseil d'État (in French). 1996-10-02.
- ^ "Loi n° 2013-403 du 17 mai 2013 relative à l'élection des conseillers départementaux, des conseillers municipaux et des conseillers communautaires, et modifiant le calendrier électoral" [Law No. 2013-403 of 17 May 2013 on the Election of Departmental, Municipal, and Community Councilors, and Amending the Electoral Calendar]. Légifrance (in French). 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-08-09.
- ^ "Article L. 5211-6-1" [Article L. 5211-6-1]. Code général des collectivités territoriales (in French). Retrieved 2015-08-09.
- ^ "Article L. 5211-6-1" [Article L. 5211-6-1]. Code général des collectivités territoriales (in French). Retrieved 2015-08-09.
- ^ "Article L. 5212-7" [Article L. 5212-7]. Code général des collectivités territoriales (in French). Retrieved 2015-08-09.
- ^ "Article R. 117-4" [Article R. 117-4]. Code électoral (in French). Retrieved 2015-08-09.
- ^ a b Potier, Frédéric (2013-06-24). "L'architecte, la parité et le métronome : retours sur l'édification de nouvelles règles électorales pour les élections locales" [The Architect, Parity, and the Metronome: Reflections on the Establishment of New Electoral Rules for Local Elections]. La Semaine juridique, édition administrations et collectivités territoriales (in French) (2187). ISSN 1637-5114.
- ^ "Article L. 273-8" [Article L. 273-8]. Code électoral (in French). Retrieved 2015-08-09.
- ^ "Article L. 273-11" [Article L. 273-11]. Code électoral (in French). Retrieved 2015-08-09.
- ^ "Article L. 273-5" [Article L. 273-5]. Code électoral (in French). Retrieved 2015-08-09.
- ^ "Article L. 231" [Article L. 231]. Code électoral (in French). Retrieved 2015-08-09.
- ^ "Article L. 237-1" [Article L. 237-1]. Code électoral (in French). Retrieved 2015-08-09.
- ^ "Article L. 231" [Article L. 231]. Code électoral (in French). 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-08-09.
- ^ "Article L. 5211-9" [Article L. 5211-9]. Code général des collectivités territoriales (in French). Retrieved 2015-08-09.
- ^ "Article L. 5211-9-2" [Article L. 5211-9-2]. Code général des collectivités territoriales (in French). Retrieved 2015-08-09.
- ^ Jacques (2020-07-13). "L'élection des présidents dans les métropoles : la démocratie confisquée par les élus" [The Election of Presidents in Metropolises: Democracy Confiscated by Elected Officials]. Mediacités (in French). Retrieved 2020-07-22.
- ^ "Article L. 5211-10" [Article L. 5211-10]. Code général des collectivités territoriales (in French). Retrieved 2015-08-09.
- ^ For example, agglomeration communities must have four mandatory competencies (community spatial planning, economic development, urban policy, and social housing balance in the community territory). They must also choose three out of five optional competencies (roads, water, sanitation, parking facilities, cultural and sports facilities).
- ^ "Les reversements de fiscalité des EPCI à leurs communes membres ou à d'autres EPCI (Guide 2006)" [Tax Revenue Transfers from EPCI to Their Member Communes or Other EPCI (2006 Guide)]. collectivites-locales.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2016-10-24.
- ^ "Insee - Statistiques locales" [Insee - Local Statistics]. statistiques-locales.insee.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-07-23.
- ^ a b The Métropole du Grand Paris and the Métropole d'Aix-Marseille-Provence are special-status metropolises created by the MAPTAM law of 2014. They exercise competencies that are sometimes broader than those of common-law metropolises.
- ^ a b Since January 1, 2015, the Métropole de Lyon is a special-status territorial collectivity and no longer an Établissement public de coopération intercommunale. It exercises the competencies of a department and a metropolis.
Since that date, the communes belonging to the Métropole de Lyon no longer depend on the Rhône department as a collectivity but remain attached to it as an administrative district of the State. - ^ a b c Since January 1, 2022, the Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin departments have merged to form the Collectivité européenne d'Alsace.
Since that date, the Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin departments are no longer territorial collectivities but solely administrative districts of the State.
Bibliography
[edit]- Verpeaux, Michel (2013-06-24). "Réformes des modes de scrutin locaux : révolutions et continuités" [Reforms of Local Voting Systems: Revolutions and Continuities]. La Semaine juridique, édition administrations et collectivités territoriales (in French) (2186). ISSN 1637-5114. Verpeaux.
- Steckel-Assouère, Marie-Christine (2014). dir (ed.). Regards croisés sur les mutations de l'intercommunalité actes du colloque international ... organisé les 30 et 31 mai 2013, à l'université de Lorraine par le GRALE-CNRS, l'IRENEE et l'AdCF [Crossed Perspectives on the Transformations of Intermunicipal Cooperation: Proceedings of the International Conference ... Organized on May 30 and 31, 2013, at the University of Lorraine by GRALE-CNRS, IRENEE, and AdCF]. Travaux et recherches du GRAL (in French). Paris: Éditions L'Harmattan. p. 477. ISBN 978-2-343-03033-3. OCLC 879260924.
- Ministère de l'intérieur (2013). Élections municipales et communautaires de mars 2014: Mémento à l'usage des candidats des communes de 1000 habitants et plus [Municipal and Community Elections of March 2014: Guide for Candidates in Communes with 1,000 Inhabitants or More] (PDF) (in French). p. 75. MI1000+.
- Bardon, Cyrille (2014-03-01). "Élections municipales : premières listes intercommunales" [Municipal Elections: First Intermunicipal Lists]. Droit Administratif (in French) (3): 43–44. ISSN 0419-7461. Bardon.